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Training Unit
Respiration Protection
Theory
No: AS 022
Training Unit
Respiration Protection
Theoretical Part
No.: AS 022
Edition:
2008
All Rights Reserved
Editor
RESPIRATION PROTECTION
(Part 2)
CONTENTS
PAGE
Learning objectives.................................................................................................................. 4
SAFETY AT WORK........................................................................................................ 5
RESPIRATION ............................................................................................................... 7
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
5.1
5.2
RESPIRATORS............................................................................................................ 18
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
Fullmasks ....................................................................................................... 20
6.1.3
Mouthpieces ................................................................................................... 21
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.4
6.5
Compressed-air respiratons................................................................................ 25
6.5.1
General........................................................................................................... 25
6.5.2
6.5.3.1 Operation........................................................................................................ 28
6.5.3.2 Special innovations and advantages with the PA 80 25................................. 29
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
RESPIRATION PROTECTION
...
state the influence of the oxygen content in air on mans work output.
list 3 poisons absorbed during respiration which can lead to damage to or destruction
of the lungs.
name 2 respiration filters and explain under what circumstances they are applied.
...
RESPIRATION PROTECTION
SAFETY AT WORK
Enlightened industrial society attaches more and more importance to ensuring the degree
of safety which individuals expect at work. Extensive safety regulations and equipment are
designed to make processes at work involve as little danger as possible.
Permanent
presence
of
harmful substances
Rescue
operations
and
assistance
Composition
The atmosphere which surrounds us, the natural (but dry) air, consists - in round figures
expressed in % volume - of:
ln practice, however, all natural air contains a certain percentage of moisture, which is
equally important to life.
Function
We need oxygen for the metabolic process, CO2 as a drive mechanism for respiration.
Nitrogen can normally be considered a diluent; water vapor should balance out in the air to
what, in terms of our comfort, represents optimum atmospheric humidity (30 70 %).
RESPIRATION
Inhalation
Exhalation
21% Oxygen
17% Oxygen
78% Nitrogen
78% Nitrogen
1% other gases
4% Carbon dioxide
If one considers the difference between inhaled and exhaled air, one recognizes the nature
and a cause of the percentage change in the composition of air.
3.2
The air breathed by man and his oxygen requirement are not constants but depend to a
very great extent on the physical performance he is having to produce at any given time.
To a certain extent, however, a mans breathing air requirements are also determined by
his age and constitution, as well as his psychological state.
3.2.1
Activity
O2 consumption [e/min]
Rest (sitting)
8 10
0.3 0.4
15 20
0.6 0.9
20 30
0.9 1.3
30 40
1.3 1.8
40 50
1.8 2.3
60 90
2.7 4.0
walk
(without
breaks)
Heavy work (not over a long
period)
Short
period
of
top
If the oxygen content of the air decreases, mans output is reduced. When oxygen content
of the air inhaled decreases to 15%, the lowest limit at which man can still work is reached.
Life can be maintained with 8 10 % by remaining in a state of total inactivity.
3.2.2
Suspended matter
Small and very small solid and liquid particles floating suspended in the air (e.g. dust,
smoke, cloud).
Vapours
A number of liquids produce vapours at normal temperatures (e.g. ether, petrol, benzene).
Gases
Materials that are gaseous at normal temperature because of their low boiling points (e.g.
ammonia, CO, CO2)
Harmful substances can have a damaging effect both on the skin and internally; they can
penetrate our bodies either with the air we inhale or through our skin. The protection to be
provided is determined by many different factors of greater or lesser importance and so a
general statement is not possible.
Any given activity necessitates safety measure which are appropriate to it.
10
a)
b)
With asphyxiating effect but without damaging the tissue cells and vessels
Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, methane (natural gas), hydrogen
c)
d)
Substances poisoning the blood, nerves and cells and damaging the internal organs
and bloodstream
Prussic acid, petrol, benzene, nitrobenzene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide.
11
12
Prussic acid
lighter
acrid
tract,
coughing,
dizziness, vomiting
respiratory
almonds
of
colourless
smelling
insoluble in water
the
throat.
mucous
of
chemical
breath;
plants,
when
and
oil
gases
combustion
of
the
in
galvanising
workshops,
In
in
laundries.
tankers,
Grease-dissolving
chemical
on
machinery,
vehicles
cleaning materials.
refrigerating equipment,
laboratories,
In
Incidence
membranes, substances
shortness
the
high
twitching,
In
concentration:
a characteristic smell, of
in water
gas,
Colourless,
Characteristics
hydroxide smelling
(NH3)
Ammonium
Respiratory poisons
respiratory,
or
oxygen
respiratory,
or
oxygen
respiratory,
or
respirators
air
oxygen
otherwise compressed
filter
In small concentrations
respirators
air
otherwise compressed
filter
In small concentrations
respirators
air
otherwise compressed
filter
In small concentrations
used
Type of respirator to be
13
Ligthing gas
Chlorine Cl2
Respiratory poisons
gas, Irritation
of
the
eyes
ans
the lungs
of
oxygen
cy de s
chemical
plants, Compressed-air
has
explosive
characteristic
water,
odour,
works,
cotton
and
vol.
CO-Filter,
air
oxygen respirator
Compressed
or
otherwise compressed-
1%
In low concentrations
or
poisoning effects
appliances
Transport
used
Type of respirator to be
in
gas
Incidence
is paper industries
gas
(carburated
Colourless
odourless prevented.
Severe
blood
hydrogen),
producer
gas,
non-irritating, poisoning, produces headaches,
gas,
water
gas,
approx. as heavy as air, feeling
of
dizziness,
exhausted gas from
explosive
unconsciousness,
paralyses,
engines,
explosion
respiratory
deep
fas arrest
breathing, dizziness, form
industry,
non-inflamable, heavier
headaches, state of agitation.
infermenting
cellars,
than air, soluble in
Very
high
concentrations: mines, water wells,
water,
extinguish
immediate
poisoning
with drainage systems, grain
candles if present in a
sudden
collapse, silos, in normal air
concentration of 10% of
unconsciousness, death 5-10 0.35%, in exhailed air
Inflamable gas, lighter
in water
Acrid-smelling
Characteristics
14
mixture
gas,
in
causes
higher
cauterization
of oxygen
of
the
lighting
gas,
blastfurnace gases
and
in
Incidence
concentrations
Suffocating
acrid throat
(causing
respirator
Compressed-air oxygen
and
COCl2
(war
and
paper
(HNO3)
reddish-brown and
faintness,
Phosgene
used
Type of respirator to be
respirator,
air oxygen
otherwise Compressed-
filter
In low concentrations
respirator
Compressed-air oxygen
dioxide (NO2), irritant odour, soluble in water apparent recovery (latent period) acid on metal, wood respirator
with
(firedamp)
explosive
of: Heavy
and
almost
Colourless,
Characteristics
nitrogen vapours,
mixture
vapours
nitrogen,
gases
Nitrous
CH4
Respiratory poisons
15
(H2S)
Hydrogen
sulphide
Respiratory poisons
Incidence
liquid
with
and
inflammable
air,
easily
of
olfactory
concentrations
paralysis
larger
dissolved in water. In
than
of explosions)
are
vapours
Yellowish
soluble in water
hoarseness, ores
in
paint
and
followed
by
cyanosis,
unconsciousness,
headaches,
respiratory
dizziness,
unconciousness,
sudden
present,
are
quickly
disturbances in consciousness
control
laboratories,
silk
respirator,
oxygen respirator
Compressed-air
or
or
otherwise compressed-
filter
In low concentrations
used
Type of respirator to be
factories, Compressed-air
pest control
Colourless gas, acrid tract and of the lower tract if of sulphur and sulphur
Characteristics
RESPIRATOR FILTERS
Respirator filters are chosen in accordance with the system of degrees of protection and
identification letters and colours.
5.1
Degree of protection
Degree of
Protection against
protection
1
Gases
Matter in suspension
2a
2b
2c
3a
3b
3c
16
5.2
Letter
Colour
Protection against
Brown
Grey
Yellow
Sulphur dioxide
Green
Ammonia
CO
Hg
Carbon monoxide
Brown / red
Respiration filters
Their purpose is to clean the air inhaled and to retain the poisons in it. They do not
themselves provide air or oxygen.
In principle, respirator filters may therefore only be used when the ambient atmosphere
contains at least 17% vol. oxygen. As filters or escape filters they can only be used with
masks or mouthpieces.
17
Insertion filters:
are inserted into the filter case of halfmasks. Because of their low filter mass,
Insertion gas filters are used only with low
gas concentrations (0.1% vol.)
Screwed-on filters:
are
fitted
threaded
with
connector
standardized
and
are
roundscrewed
CO canister filters:
Filtens
for
protection
against
carbon
18
CO self-rescue filters
These afford reliable protection against CO and all other combustion gases. As with all CO
filters, in the CO self rescue filter air is transformed into -CO2 in a CO catalyst by means of
the oxygen in the air. The concentration of harmful substances may not exceed 1% vol.
RESPIRATORS
We differentiate between respirators which leave the wearer dependent on the ambient
atmosphere (air) and those which leave him independent.
19
6.1
6.1.1
Every respirator requires a reliable gas-tight attachment which connects the respiratory
tract of the wearer with the part of the respirator providing the air.
20
6.1.2
Full masks
Full masks cover the whole face, thereby protecting the eyes also. The wearer of a full
masks cannot be affected by harmful substances which cauterize or which iritate the eyes.
the mask body with inner mask, the gas-tight frames, the window, the connecting pieces,
the banding, the valves and the speaking membrane.
21
6.1.3
Mouthpieces
nose
clip
prevents
harmful
22
6.2
Fresh-air-tube type
This is the simplest of all respirators that are independent of the ambient air. The wearer
takes in air from a container or a compressed air pipe; alternatively, air can be sucked in
from an area where the air is uncontaminated.
1)
With a sucking-tube respirator the wearer must suck the air required for breathing
through the air tube with his lungs. The tube may therefore not be longer than 20 m.
Care must be taken to ensure that only perfectly clean air is sucked in.
a) They are suitable for entering and working in confined spaces, containers, tanks,
shafts, silos and pipeline trenches in all branches of industry.
b) They consist of
respiratory protection mask with exhalation valve, breathing tube with inhalation
valve, connection pipe with hip-strap, air feed tube resistant to crushing and
bending, protective filter with holding-peg.
6.3
Pressurized-air-tube type
The pressurized-air-tube type respirator provides the user with breathable air independently
of the ambient atmosphere. The air breathed is taken from the pressurized-air pipe or from
gas bottles. An automatic lung regulates the air intake in accordance with requirements.
23
6.3.1
The basic respirator consists of a waistband with a buckle onto which the connection piece
is fastened. The automatic lung and the compressed-air feed tube (approx. 9mm inside
diameter, length up to 200 m) are attached to the connection piece. Breathing takes place
through a respiration protection mask with an exhalation valve.
a)
b)
Bottles can also be used for the air supply whereby the bottle pressure is reduced to
approx. 5 bar by a special pressure reducer.
24
6.4
The OXY SR 45 oxygen self-rescue device is a small respirator which is easy and fast to
operate and renders the wearer completely independent of the ambient air for
approximately 45 minutes. It has a supply of compressed oxygen and regenerates exhaled
air. It is designed mainly for escape and self-rescue from areas with an unbreathable
atmosphere where there is a high concentration of harmful substances and/or a lack of
oxygen.
1.
25
2.
6.5
6.5.1
Compressed-air respirators
General
Compressed-air respirators belong to the group of isolating respirators which render the
user completely independent of the ambient air, irrespective of whether it has a high on a
low concentration of harmful substances.
26
6.5.2
Fire-fighting
Emergency assistance
Rescue operations and other work
carried out in unbreathable air.
The storage bottle (1), which is held onto the carrier plate (6) by a strap (7), contains the air
to be breathed, which is highly compressed. When the bottle valve (2) is open, compressed
air flows into the pressure-reducer (3), where its pressure is reduced to approximately 5
bar.
27
It passes through the mean-pressure pipe (4) to the automatic lung valve, which
automatically supplies the amount of air needed to fill the lung.
Exhaled air is ejected into the environment through an exhaled-air valve. The manometer
(5) enables a check to be carried out on the amount of compressed air left throughout
operation.
The pressure reducer is fitted with an acoustic warning signal device which sounds when
the pressure of the air remaining has reached 60 - 70 bar.
The operating time of the PA 54 depends on the amount left in the compressed-air bottle
and on the hardness of the work, which influences air consumption considerably. When a 6
lt bottle is used with a full pressure of 300 bar (containing approx. lEOO lt of air), for
average, hand work the operating time is approx. 45 minutes.
6.5.3
Fire-fighting
Emergency assistance
Rescue operations and other
work carried out in unbreathable
air.
28
6.5.3.1 Operation
The store of breathing air is carried in the pressurized-gas container (6) in the form of highly
compressed air. The compressed-air bottle is fastened to the carrier frame (t) UV a strap
and by the hand-operated connection on the pressure reducer.
When the bottle valve (5) is open, compressed air passes to the pressure-reducer (2),
where it is reduced to a constant working pressure (mean pressure) of 5 bar.
lt flows through the mean-pressure pipe (3) to the rocker valve of the automatic lung (7),
which automatically supplies the amount of air needed to fill the lung.
29
Exhaled air is ejected into the environment through the exhaled-air valve of the mask.
The manometer (4) enables a check to be carried out on the amount of compressed air left
throughout operation.
The pressure-reducer is fitted with an acoustic air-reserve system which sounds when the
pressure of the air remaining has reached 60 - 70 bar.
a) The high grade steel carrier frame of the PA is made to fit the body and is rounded
on all sides. The round contours increase rigidity, protect the body against damage
and hold a rubber cushion covering the whole surface.
c) The new automatic lung made of strong plastic is lighter and flatter than
conventional automatic lungs; in practice this means less strain on the mask than
before. A new flexible membrane and a new air-guiding system render respiration
resistance perceptibly lower, especially when air consumption is high.
d) All conventional PA bottle types (200 or 300 bar) can be used on the PA 80 carrier
frame.
Air stored:
6l 300 bar single bottle
1800 lt
1800 lt
1600 lt
The operating time of the PA depends on the amount of air in the compressed-air
bottle, set or cluster.
30
PA 80-SYSTEM
31