EE040 Projects For Exercising Basic 2 PR Inst

INDUSTRIETECHNIK
SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL

EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Instructor Manual
Training Unit
Projects for Exercising

Basic 2
Practice
No: EE 040
Training Unit
Projects for Exercising - Basic 2
Practical Part
No.: EE 040
Edition:
2008
All Rights Reserved
Editor:
MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

Education and Training Systems, DM-1
Lunzerstrasse 64 P.O.Box 36, A 4031 Linz / Austria
Tel. (+ 43 / 732) 6987 3475
Fax (+ 43 / 732) 6980 4271
Website: www.mcelinz.com
EE 040
PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2
CONTENTS
Page
Learning objectives
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1
Electrochemistry - Electrolysis
Electrochemistry - Secondary cell
Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator
10
Voltage sources under no-load and under load
14
Voltage sources connected in series
17
Voltage sources connected in parallel
19
Magnetic field due to a current in a conductor
22
Magnetic field due to a current in a loop of wire
25
Magnetic field due to a current in a coil
27
Force between conductors carrying currents
29
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
32
Forces on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field
34
PRACTICAL TEST
66

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The trainee should
demonstrate the use of electrolysis by using the example of the galvanizing

process.
examine the charging and discharging process of a secondary cell.
charge a lead accumulator, observing the necessary safety regulations.
examine the behaviour of voltage sources under no-load and under load.
make the lines of a magnetic field visible in a conductor carrying a current, a

conductor loop, and a coil with the aid of iron fillings and magnetic needles.
examine the forces acting on a conductor carrying a current and on a coil in a

magnetic field.
This practical section is intended to demonstrate and extend the knowledge gained from
the theoretical part. This can be effected by demonstration, as well as by group work.
1. TASK
The aim is to demonstrate the use of electrolysis using electroplating (with copper) as an
example.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Copper electrode
Carbon electrode
Tank containing electrolyte (CuSO4)
Power supply
Ammeter
Test leads
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

-
Immerse one copper electrode and one carbon electrode in the tank with the
electrolyte (copper sulphate solution).
Connect the electrodes to the Power supply.
Anode = copper electrode

Cathode = carbon electrode
Adjust the voltage so that the current density in the plating tank is 20 mA/cm2 of the
surface to be plated.
Result:
After the demonstration has been completed, the carbon electrode which has been coated
with copper is to have the copper removed by reversing the polarity of the voltage.
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the charging and discharging processes for secondary cell.
2. EQUIPMENT
Lead electrodes
Tank with electrolyte
Power supply
Zero center ammeter
Voltmeter
Incandescent lamp 2 V
Lamp holder
Test leads

Charging process:
-
Immerse two lead electrodes, thoroughly cleaned of oxide residue, into the tank
containing electrolyte (dilute sulphuric acid).
Connect the electrodes to the power supply.
Adjust the voltage in such a way that approx. 100 mA d.c. is flowing.
Allow the charging current to flow a few minutes, and observe the lead electrodes
during the process.
Result:
Discharge process:
-
Replace the Power supply by an incandescent lamp.
Observe the ammeter and the incandescent lamp.
Result:
Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator
1. TASK
The aim is to charge a lead-acid accumulator, observing the necessary safety regulations.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Lead-acid accumulator 12 V/42 AH
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Charging unit
Hydrometer
Battery tester
Test leads
Distilled water

-
Set up the circuit for Charging a lead accumulator.
10
Safety regulations:
-
When transporting accumulators, take care that no electrolyte comes in contact with
the skin or clothing (risk of corrosive burns).
When charging accumulators, always place them on an acid-resistant surface. Any

electrolyte which flows out will cause damage to the surfaces of workbenches and
tables.
When charging, open the vent plugs; a chemical reaction takes place inside the
accumulator, and this generates gases.
Accordingly, never smoke in the vicinity of batteries emitting gas, or use a naked flame
when close to them - there is a considerable risk of explosion.
Never charge up a battery in an unventilated, enclosed area. Switch on a fan and

open the windows.
11
Hints for maintenance:

-
Clean accumulators, which have become very dirty, with tap water.
Always ensure that the poles are clean. Clean them and apply petroleum jelly
(vaseline).
The lead plates must be covered by at least 5 mm of electrolyte.

Any lack of electrolyte should be made up by adding distilled water.
The charging current should amount to approx. 1/10 of the rated capacitance (rated
capacitance 42 Ah = 4.2 A Charging current).
When charging the accumulator, make sure the polarity is correct.
Test the accumulator either with the hydrometer (density of the acid), or by testing the
level of the charge with a battery tester (voltmeter with load resistors connected in
parallel).
Make intermediate measurements, at specific intervals of time, of the level of the

charge. Use a voltmeter, hydrometer, and the battery tester.
Enter the measured results in the tables.
Density
Voltage
[g/cm]
[v]
Measurement 1
Measurement 2
Measurement 3
Measurement 4
Measurement 5
Measurement 6
Measurement 7
Measurement 8
Measurement 9
Measurement 10
12
Battery tester
Density of acid
Voltage
[g/cm]
[V]
Charged cell
Partially charged cell
Normally discharged cell
Fully discharged cell
Once the lead-acid accumulator has been charged, the charging process can be
terminated.
13
Voltage sources under no-load and under load
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of a voltage source under no-load and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Switch
Incandescent lamp
Lamp holder
Battery 1.5 V
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Test leads

-
Set up the circuit.
14
Voltage source under no-load:
Measure the no-load voltage U0 with the switch open.
Enter the measured results in the table.
Terminal voltage U [V]

No-load voltage U0 [V]
Result:
15
Voltage source under load:
Measure the current I and the terminal voltage U with the switch closed.
Enter the measured result in the table.

Current
I [A]
Result:
16
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of voltage sources connected in series, under noload and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Switch
Incandescent lamps 1.5 V
Lamp holder
Batteries 1.5 V
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Test leads
17

-
Set up the circuit.
Measure the no-load voltages when the switch is open.
Measure the current and the terminal voltages with the switch closed.
Switch open:
No-load voltage battery 1 U01 [V]
Total no-load voltage
U0 [V]
Switch closed:
Terminal voltage battery 1 U1 [V]
Total terminal voltage
Current
U [V]
I [A]
Result:
18
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the behaviour of voltage sources connected in parallel, under noload and under load.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Switch
lncandescent lamp 1.5 V
Lamp holder
Battery 1.5 V
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Test leads
19

-
Set up the circuit.
Measure the no-load voltage with the switch open.
Measure the current and the terminal voltage with the switch closed.
Switch open:
Total no-load voltage
U0 [V]
Switch closed:
Current
U [V]
I [A]
20
Result:
..
..
21
Magnetic field due to a current in a conductor
1. TASK
The aim is to make visible the lines of the magnetic field of a conductor under current.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Battery, 12 V/45 Ah
Switch
Copper conductor, 6 mm
Consuming component 0.48 /300 W (ballast resistor)
Connecting leads, 4 mm
Paper
Magnetic needles
Iron filings

-
Set up the circuit.

In order for a current of 25 A to flow, we require a consuming component (ballast
resistor) with 0.48 /300 W.
22
Pour some iron filings onto the sheet of paper.
If the switch is now closed, current can flow, and the iron filings will arrange
themselves in a pattern around the conductor.
Result:
Now repeat the experiment, and instead of the iron filings, three or four magnetic
needles around the conductor.
Now observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Now reverse the current in the conductor loop (exchange + and -), and observe the
magnetic needles once again.
Result:
23
"Corkscrew or screw rule":
If we imagine a corkscrew or a screw being screwed in the direction of the current, the
direction of rotation corresponds to the direction of the field lines.
24
1. TASK
The aim is to plot the magnetic field due to a current in a circular loop of wire.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Battery 12 V
Switch, 25
A Copper conductor, 6 mm
Consuming component 0.48 / 300 W (ballast resistor)
Connecting leads, 4 mm
Paper
Magnetic needles
Iron filings

-
Set up the circuit.
In order for a current of 25 A to flow, we require a component (ballast resistor) with

0.48 / 300 W.
25
The conductor is shaped to form a circular loop and is pushed through the sheet of paper.
Pour some iron filings onto the paper.
-
Result:
Now repeat the experiment and instead of the iron filings, place three or four magnetic
needles around both conductors.
Observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Result:
26
1. TASK
The aim is to show the direction of the magnetic field due to a current in a coil, with the aid
of magnetic needles.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Coil, 10 turns, on a plexiglas plate
Ammeter
Magnetic needles
Power supply
Test Ieads

-
Set up the circuit
27
Place magnetic needles around and inside the coil.
Now switch an the current supply (max. 7 A direct current).
Observe the magnetic needles before and during the current flow.
Result:
The north and south poles of a coil under current can also be determined by the "coil
rule".
Result:
28
Force between two conductors carrying currents
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the force between two parallel current carrying conductors.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Metal strip with plugs
Ammeter
Power supply
Test leads
Switch
Stand material

-
Set up the circuit.

Current is allowed to flow in the same direction through the two parallel metal strips.
29
The current supply is now connected (max. 7 A d.c.)
Observe the metal strips before and after the current flow.
Result:
30
Repeat the test.

The current now flows through the two parallel metal strips in opposite directions.
Observe the metal strips before and during the current flow.
Result:
31
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Conductive trapeze
Permanent magnet (U-shaped)
Ammeter
Switch
Power supply
Test leads
Stand material

-
Set up the circuit.

Ensure that the trapeze is able to move freely within the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
32
The power supply is now switched on. The current flows through the conductive
trapeze (approx. 1.5 to 2 A).
Observe the trapeze.
Reverse the current flowing in the trapeze (the current flows in the opposite direction).
Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the trapeze.
Finally, the permanent magnet is turned round, thus reversing the direction of the
magnetic field. The direction of the current in the conductive trapeze is maintained.
33
Result:
The direction of movement of the conductor can also be determined by means of the
"left-hand-rule".
Result:
34
Forces an a current carrying coil in a magnetic field
1. TASK
The aim is to examine the forces acting an a coil, carrying a current, in a magnetic field.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Moving coil
Permanent magnet (U shaped)
Ammeter
Power supply
Test leads
Stand material

-
Set up the circuit.

Ensure that the moving coil is able to move freely within the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
35
The power supply is now switched on. The d.c. voltage is slowly increased. The
current (max. 7 A) flows through the coil.
Observe the coil.
Now reverse the current flow through the coil.
Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the coil.
Finally, the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is reversed.
Result:
36

Instructions for Practical Exercises
37
INSTRUCTIONS for practical exercise No. 1


-
Immerse one copper electrode and one carbon electrode in the tank with the
electrolyte (copper sulphate solution).
Anode = Copper electrode

Cathode = Carbon electrode
Adjust the voltage so that the current density in the plating tank is approx. 20 mA/cm
of the surface to be plated.
38
Result:
-
The Cu ions migrate to the cathode.
The object which is to be galvanised must be brought closer to the cathode.
After the demonstration has been completed, the carbon electrode which has been coated
with copper is to have the copper removed by reversing the polarity of the voltage.
39


Charging process:
-
Immerse two lead electrodes, thoroughly cleaned of oxide residue, into the tank
containing electrolyte (dilute sulphuric acid).
Adjust the voltage in such a way that approx. 100 mA d.c. is flowing. AIIow the
charging current to flow for a few minutes, and observe the lead electrodes during the
process.
40
Result:
-
Charging is an electrolysis process, and the electrolyte will be chemically converted.
The negative oxygen ions form a brown lead oxide an the positive plate (PbO2).
The change in the electrode surface produces an electric cell.
+ = Lead oxide (PbO2)
Cell voltage approx. 2 V
- = Lead (Pb)
Discharge process:
-
Replace the Power supply by an incandescent lamp.
Observe the ammeter and the incandescent lamp.
Result:
-
The ammeter indicates the opposite current direction.
The incandescent lamp lights up until the accumulator is discharged.
41
INSTRUCTIONS for practical exercise

No. 3 Electrochemistry - Lead-acid accumulator

-
Set up the circuit for charging a lead-acid accumulator.
Safety regulations:
-
When transporting accumulators, take care that no electrolyte comes in contact with
the skin or clothing (risk of corrosive burns).
When charging accumulators, always place them on an acid-resistant surface. Any

electrolyte which flows out will cause damage to the surfaces of workbenches and
tables.
42
When charging, open the vent-plugs; a chemical reaction takes place inside the
accumulator, and this generates gases.
Accordingly, never smoke in the vicinity, of batteries emitting gas, or use a naked
flame when close to them - there is a considerable risk of explosion.
Never charge up a battery in an unventilated, enclosed area. Switch an a fan and

open the windows.
Hints for maintenance:

-
Clean accumulators, which have become very dirty, with tap water.
Always ensure that the poles are clean. Clean them and apply petroleum jelly
(Vaseline).
The lead plates must be covered by at least 5 mm of electrolyte.

Any lack of electrolyte should be made up by adding distilled water.
The charging current should amount to approx. 1/10 of the rated capacitance (rated
capacitance 42 Ah: 4,2 A charging current).
When charging the accumulator, make sure the polarity is correct.
Test the accumulator either with the hydrometer (density of the acid), or by testing the
level of the charge with a battery tester (voltmeter with load resistors connected in
parallel).
Make intermediate measurements, at specific intervals of time, of the level of the

charge. Use a voltmeter, hydrometer, and the battery tester.
43
Density
Voltage
[g/cm]
[V]
Battery tester
Measurement 1
Measurement 2
Measurement 3
Measurement 4
Measurement 5
Measurement 6
Measurement 7
Measurement 8
Measurement 9
Measurement 10
Density of acid
Voltage
[g/cm]
[V]
Charged cell
1.28
2.4
Partially charged cell
1.23
Normally discharged cell
1.18
1.8
FuIIy discharged cell
1.14
1.73
Once the lead-acid accumulator has been charged, the charging process can be
terminated.
44

Voltage sources under no-load and under-load.

-
Set up the circuit.
Voltage source under no-load.
Measure the no-load voltage U0 with the switch open.
1.5
No-Ioad voltage U0 [V]
1.5
45
Result:
If the voltage source is not under load, the terminal voltage U is the same as the no-load
voltage U0.
Voltage source under load:
Measure the current I and the terminal voltage U with the switch closed.
Enter the measured result in the table.
Terminal voltage U [Y]

Current
I [A]
Result:
-
Every voltage source under load undergoes an internal voltage drop Ui
The terminal voltage U, because of this internal voltage drop Ui, is smaller than the noload voltage U0.
Every voltage source has an internal resistance Ri .
46


-
Set up the circuit.
Measure the no-load voltages when the switch is open.
Measure the current and the terminal voltages with the switch closed.
Switch open:
No-load voltage battery 1 U01 [V]...
1.5
1.5
Total no-Ioad voltage
U0 [V]
47
Switch closed:
Terminal voltage battery 1 U01 [V]...
U0 [V]
Current
[A]
Result:
-
The total no-load voltage is as great as the total of the partial no-load voltages.
The total internal resistance is as great as the total of the partial resistances.
The capacitance of batteries connected in series is equal to the capacitance of an

individual battery.
48


-
Set up the circuit.
Measure the no-load voltage with the switch open.
Measure the current and the terminal voltage with the switch closed.
Switch open:
No-load voltage battery 1 U01 [V]...
1.5
1.5
Total no-Ioad voltage
1.5
U0 [V]
49
Switch closed
Terminal voltage battery 1 U01 [V]...
U0 [V]
Current
[A]
Result:
-
The total no-load voltage is equal to each partial no-load voltage.
The total internal resistance of N batteries, connected in parallel, is I/N th of the

internal resistance of one of these batteries.
The capacitance of equal batteries connected in parallel equals the sum of the
individual capacitance values.
50

Magnetic field due a current in a conductor

-
Set up the circuit.

Pour some iron filings onto the sheet of paper.
Result:
When current flows through the conductor, a magnetic field is created around it.
51
Now repeat the experiment, and instead of the iron filings, place three or four magnetic
needles around the conductor.
Now observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Now reverse the current in the conductor loop (exchange + and -), and observe the
magnetic needles once again.
Result:
The direction of the lines of the magnetic field of a conductor under current depends an
the direction in which the current is flowing.
"Corkscrew or screw rule":
If we imagine a corkscrew or a screw being screwed in the direction of the current, the
direction of rotation corresponds to the direction of the field lines.
52


-
Set up the circuit.

The conductor is shaped to form a circular loop, and is pushed through the sheet of paper.
Pour some iron filings onto the paper.
-
Result:
When current flows through a circular loop, a magnetic field is created around it.
53
Now repeat the experiment and instead of the iron filings, place three or four magnetic
needles around both conductors.
Observe the magnetic needles, before and during the current flow.
Result:
The conductor loop behaves like a short bar magnet, with a north and south pole.
54


-
Set up the circuit.
Place magnetic needles around and inside the coil.
Now switch an the current supply (max. 7 A direct current).
Observe the magnetic needles before and during the current flow.
Result:
-
When the current flows through the coil, the magnetic fields of the individual coils
produce a common magnetic field.
Inside the coil, the field lines run parallel to one another, and are of the same density
(homogeneous magnetic field).
The field lines emerge from one end face of the coil (north pole) and enter the
opposite end face (south pole).
55
The north and south poles of a coil under current can also be determined by the "coil
rule".
Place your right hand an the coil in such a way that your fingers point in the direction of
the current flow. The extended thumb will then point in the direction of the field lines,
inside the coil.
56

Force between conductors carrying currents

-
Set up the circuit.

Current is allowed to flow in the same direction through the two parallel metal strips.
The current supply is now connected (max. 7 A d.c.)
Observe the metal strips before and after the current flow.
57
Result:
Two conductors, with current flowing in the same direction through them, attract one
another.
-
Repeat the test.

The current now flows through the two parallel metal strips in opposite directions.
Observe the metal strips before and during the current flow.
Result:
Two conductors which have current flowing through them in opposite directions repel one
another.
58


-
Set up the circuit.

Ensure that the conductive trapeze is able to move freely within the magnetic field of
the permanent magnet.
The power supply is now switched on. The current flows through the conductive
trapeze (approx. 1.5 to 2 A).
Observe the conductive trapeze.
Reverse the current flowing through the trapeze (the current flows in the opposite
direction).
59
Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the trapeze.
Finally, the permanent magnet is turned round, thus reversing the direction of the
magnetic field. The direction of the current in the conductive trapeze is maintained.
Result:
-
A conductor under current is deflected into a magnetic field.
The direction of the deflecting force is dependent on the direction of the magnetic field
and the direction of the current in the conductor.
The direction of movement of the conductor can also be determined by means of the
"left-hand-rule".
Hold your left hand in such a way that the field lines enter perpendicular onto the inner
surface of the hand, and so that the extended fingers point in the direction of the
current flow. Your extended thumb will then indicate the direction of deflection of the
conductor.
60

Forces an a current carrying coil in a magnetic field

-
Set up the circuit.

Ensure that the moving coil is able to move freely within the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
61
The power supply is now switched on. The d.c. voltage is slowly increased. The
current I (max. 7 A) flows through the coil.
Observe the coil.
Now reverse the current flow through the coil (the current flow is inverted).
Switch the power supply on again, and observe what happens to the coil.
Finally, the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is reversed.
Result:
-
A coil carrying a current rotates in a magnetic field.
The direction of rotation of the coil is dependent on the direction of the current I
through the coil, and on the direction of the magnetic field.
62

Evaluation Sheet for Practical Exercises
63
EVALUATION SHEET
Name
Control No.
Group
10
11
12
48
44
Total:
lntermediate Mark :
Date :
8
Points:
64
100
Actual points
Possible A
points
in table
Actual points
Entries
Possible points
measurements
Actual points
Carrying out
Possible points
exercise
Actual points
Sheet No.
Setting up the
Possible points
Total
KEY TO EVALUATION
PER CENT
MARK
88 100
75 87
62 74
50 61
0 49
65
EE 040
Practical Test
66
EE 040
PRACTICAL TEST
Connecting voltage sources.
1. TASK
Connect 4.5 V voltage sources in such a way that a 12 V incandescent lamp can be
operated.
-
Design the circuit.
Measure the current I , the no-load voltage U0 , and the terminal voltage U.
2. EQUIPMENT
-
Switch, single-pole
Incandescent lamp 12 V
Lamp holder
Batteries 4.5 V
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Test leads
67

Circuit diagram:
Switch open:
Total no-load voltage U0 [V]
Switched closed:
Total terminal voltage U [V]
Current
I [A]
68
EE 040
PRACTICAL TEST
(Solution)
Circuit diagram:
Switch open:
Total no-load voltage U0 [V]
13.5 V
Switched closed:
Total terminal voltage U [V]
Current
I [A]
69
EE 040
EVALUATION SHEET FOR PRACTICAL TEST
Points
Designing the circuit
Correctness
20
Cleanness
25
Setting up the circuit

Correctness
10
Cleanness
15
Carrying out the measurements

Precision in taking readings
..5
Entries in table
10
Total 50
70
KEY TO EVALUATION
PER CENT
MARK
88 100
75 87
62 74
50 61
0 49
71

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INDUSTRIETECHNIK

SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL

ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC

Projects for Exercising

MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

The trainee should

demonstrate the use of electrolysis by using the example of the galvanizing

examine the charging and discharging process of a secondary cell.

charge a lead accumulator, observing the necessary safety regulations.

make the lines of a magnetic field visible in a conductor carrying a current, a

examine the forces acting on a conductor carrying a current and on a coil in a

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

Tank containing electrolyte (CuSO4)

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Connect the electrodes to the Power supply.

Anode = copper electrode

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

Tank with electrolyte

Zero center ammeter

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Connect the electrodes to the power supply.

Replace the Power supply by an incandescent lamp.

Observe the ammeter and the incandescent lamp.

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

Lead-acid accumulator 12 V/42 AH

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Set up the circuit for Charging a lead accumulator.

When charging accumulators, always place them on an acid-resistant surface. Any

Never charge up a battery in an unventilated, enclosed area. Switch on a fan and

Hints for maintenance:

The lead plates must be covered by at least 5 mm of electrolyte.

When charging the accumulator, make sure the polarity is correct.

Make intermediate measurements, at specific intervals of time, of the level of the

Enter the measured results in the tables.

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Set up the circuit.

Voltage source under no-load:

Measure the no-load voltage U0 with the switch open.

Enter the measured results in the table.

Terminal voltage U [V]

Voltage source under load:

Enter the measured result in the table.

Terminal voltage U [V]

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

Incandescent lamps 1.5 V

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Set up the circuit.

Measure the no-load voltages when the switch is open.

Enter the measured results in the table.

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

lncandescent lamp 1.5 V

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Set up the circuit.

Measure the no-load voltage with the switch open.

Enter the measured results in the tables.

PROJECTS FOR EXERCISING - BASIC 2

Consuming component 0.48 /300 W (ballast resistor)

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Set up the circuit.

Pour some iron filings onto the sheet of paper.

"Corkscrew or screw rule":