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DEMAND SIDE
MANAGEMENT
TO AVOID POWER CUTS
The Urja Watch March 2010
Vol. III/Issue 21
DEMAND SIDE
MANAGEMENT
TO AVOID POWER CUTS
What’s inside…?
From the Editor…
Using Energy Smartly
3
Upcoming Events
5
DSM Application to HT
Consumers 10
During the 1970s, in response to the oil shock, the United States took a
lead in utility DSM programs and aggressively promoted the adoption
of energy-saving technologies and practices. They grew rapidly during
the late 1980s as state regulators provided incentives for utilities to
pursue least-cost or integrated resource planning. The utilities, in turn,
provided rebates and incentives to energy consumers who adopted
measures to use energy efficiently.
Despite known benefits, why is it that DSM has not taken off in India?
There are many reasons but a major constraint has been the luke
warm response of the electricity boards. Most of them have been
monopolies for a long time. Lack of competition, irrational tariffs,
political pressures, poor load research studies, and historical inertia are
some of the factors that have hindered the growth of DSM in India.
Many utilities may find it easier to resort to load shedding than to
implement DSM for load clipping.
Energetically,
Sundaresan Subramanian
Editor
Letters to the Editor
Dear Sirs:
Upcoming Events
Power & Electricity World Asia Singapore April 5-9, 2010
http://www.terrapinn.com/2010/asiapower/
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia New Delhi, India April 21-23, 2010
www.power-genindia.com
Renewable Energy:
Business opportunities for CO2 Reduction
Website: http://www.renewableenergy-asia.com
Contact name: Ms. Aroonsri Pimpaporn
Demand Side Management
The art of managing electricity-use
economically
By Ramanathan Menon
Various market failures rule out an ideal result. One is that suppliers' costs do
not include all damages and risks of their activities. External costs are
incurred by others directly or by damage to the environment, and are known
as externalities. Theoretically the best approach would be to add external
costs to the direct costs of the supplier as a tax (internalization of external
costs). Another possibility (referred to as the second-best approach in the
theory of taxation) is to intervene on the demand side by some kind of
rebate.
Energy demand management activities should bring the demand and supply
closer to a perceived optimum. Demand for any commodity can be modified
by actions of market players and government (regulation and taxation).
Energy demand management implies actions that influence demand for
energy. As a concept, DSM was originally adopted in energy distribution.
Today DSM is applied widely to utilities including water and gas as well.
Reducing energy demand is contrary to what both energy suppliers and
governments have been doing during most of the modern industrial history.
Whereas real prices of various energy forms have been decreasing during
most of the industrial era, due to economies of scale and technology, the
expectation for the future is the opposite. Previously, it was not unreasonable
to promote energy use as more copious and cheaper energy sources could be
anticipated in the future or the supplier had installed excess capacity that
would be made more profitable by increased consumption.
DSM in India: The historic problems of the Indian power sector can be
traced to three root issues – unacceptably high transmission and
distribution(T&D)losses, large commercial losses due to poor billing,
metering, collection and energy theft, and, low end-use efficiency of energy
use specifically in agriculture. There is now widespread agreement that
restoration of the financial health of the sector can be only enabled by
demand side initiatives.
The reasons a power utility in India may undertake DSM include: a) demand
outstripping the capability to provide supply, particularly peak supply, b)
improve the cash flow revenues of the utility, c) improve the quality and
reliability of power supply, and d) mitigate the impact of rising tariffs to the
subsidized customers. For agricultural sector particularly, utility DSM is highly
beneficial because of the subsidized prices and high costs of supply resulting
from technical and commercial losses.
Electricity network losses vary substantially from less than 4% to more than
20%. A major potential for reducing network losses lies in distribution
transformers as they are used by utility companies to transform the
electricity from a voltage level of 1 to 50 kV – the level at which the power is
transported locally and supplied to many industrial consumers – to a voltage
level ranging between 120 V and 1 kV - typically used by residential
consumers and the tertiary sector. A small efficiency increase can add up to
significant energy savings over the lifetime of the transformer.
Those associated with energy efficiency related work in India find some of the
barriers listed below:
Given this emphasis they do not have the time or other resources
necessary to successfully develop and implement energy efficiency
improvement projects.
POINT TO PONDER
We all claim to be law abiding citizens but how many of us follow even the
natures’ laws. How many of us care for the Mother Nature? Forget the laws of the
nature, how many of us willingly; and on our own initiative follow the law of the
land unless compelled due to fear of getting caught and fined/jailed? Even life
saving laws like ban on smoking in public places/wearing of helmet need strict
enforcement. How can we then prevent criminal wastage of energy and
DSM Application to HT Consumers
resources without enforcing the relevant laws and policies? Will it not help
manage the demand?
By R.V. Ramana Rao
Introduction
Energy Industrial
efficiency DSM
manage
ment
Unit
DSM Operation
Process
Peak
hour load
managem
ent Uninterrupt
Load ed power
response supply
Programme
Seasonal
load
Manage
ment
DSM Promotion
DSM Strategy
DSM Practices
POINT TO PONDER
If ‘Energy is Life-Conserve it” slogan is true (which indeed is) then aren’t the rich
with unlimited access to energy killing the poor by depriving them of even bare
minimum access to energy. Can they be booked under relevant section of the
Concept of Energy
Indian Panel Code? & Resources
Will it help managing the demand?Demand Audit-
An Effective Tool to Manage Future Demand
By Sunil Sood
Background:
A close look in to our annual budget reveals that major share of the planned
and un-planned expenditure is incurred on purchase of
equipments/items/systems which consume energy and resources not only
during their manufacture but also during operation and maintenance. The
same holds good for all private projects too. The planning and execution of
these projects goes through various stages such as preparation of feasibility
reports, detailed project reports, basic and detailed engineering and
finalization of specifications of various items and equipments. Though these
functions are carried out by the panel of persons specialised in their
respective fields or by respective consultants, none of these activities are
normally scrutinised by a competent third party expert who is trained and
tuned to look at the whole process from energy & resources efficiency point
of view. The final purchase decision is still on the initial cost basis and not on
the life cycle cost basis.
It has also been observed that various utility equipments and systems like
lighting, air conditioning and ventilation systems, air compressors, boilers
and steam piping, DG sets etc. are often selected keeping very high safety
margins of over 100 – 200 % in both capacities and quantities. This results in
un-necessary expenditures on the oversized and extra items, as huge sums
of money are blocked in procuring the same while in some cases more
important items are left out. The main causes of these problems are:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
WASHED AIR COOLING SYSTEM CALCULATIONS FOR VENTILATION OF
SWITCHGEAR ROOM & BASEMENT
VOLUME = L x W x H VOLUME = L x W x H
Length = 43 m Length = 43 m
Width = 10.5m Width = 10.5m
Height = 4.5m Height = 4.5m
Volume = 2032 cum – A Volume = 1128.75 – C
Length = 17 m Length = 7 m
Width = 11.98 m Width = 11.98 m
Height = 4.5m Height = 4.5m
Volume = 916.5 cum - B Volume 509.15 – D
Heat Load due to Electrical Equipment (HT,LT & Aux. Panels) = 12.75 kW
Heat load due to power cables = 10KW.
Heat Load due to Lighting
Area for Switch gear Room = 655 sq. mtrs.
Lighting Load = 655 x 5 watts / sq.mtr.
= 3275 Watts
= 3.275 KW
i) From Exposed Roof
Size of roof = 43 x 10.5 + 17 x 11.98 = 655 sq, mtrs.
Qr = U x A x temp. Diff
0.00277 x 655 x 5.2
= 9.4 kW
ii) By Exposed Wall
Size of wall = 10.5 x 4.5 + 11.978 x 4.5 = 101.15 sq. mtrs.
QW = U x A x temp diff.
= 0.00204 x 101.13 x 5.2
= 1.07 KW
Metabolic Heat Load
Considering 4 persons max. @ 125 Kcal / Hr. / person
Total Metabolic heat load = 4 x 125 = 500 Kcal /Hr. = 0.58 KW.
Total Heat (a+b+c+d+e)
Now, 1 KW = 860 Kcal / Hr.
Therefore QT = 31914 Kcal / hr.
When DBT = 40 degree C & RH = 59% , The WBT is 28.7 degree C for out
side air
(From Psychrometric Chart)
Considering 90% Saturation Efficiency, the supply air from Air Washer unit
shall be 30 degree C.
Hence, allowable temperature rise = (38 – 32.8) = 5.2 degree C
Required air flow rate = Total Heat Load/ Density of air x SP Heat x temp rise
= 21418 cum/hr. -------- (2)
Supply air quantity considered (higher of value (1) & (2) i.e. 68796 cum / hr.
Considering 10% margin on calculated air quantity = 75675 cum / hr.
We consider 1 no. Centrifugal Fan of capacity= 76000 cum / hr.
Pump Capacity
Fan Capacity = 76000 Cum./hr.
Capacity of pump for air washer = 76 Cum/hr
(Considering 1 cum / hr water per 1000 cum / hr. of Air)
Pump Head
Length of pipe considered
(including equivalent length for pipe fitting) = 20mtrs
Friction = 0.180 m/m
Heat loss in pipe = 3.6 mtrs.
Nozzle pressure required = 25 mtrs
Total head required = 28.6 mtrs
Considering 20% margin = 34 mtrs.
( Say 40 mtrs)
The above design if passed without proper scrutiny, would not only result in
huge initial cost to the owner but would also add much more to recurring
demand for electricity, water, spare parts and consumables which otherwise
could be brought down. The above calculations when subjected to a
systematic ERD Audit would have revealed the basic mistakes and wrong
assumptions in addition to exploring the other alternatives and innovative
ideas. Some of the points which the designer has overlooked in this particular
example are:
1. The designer has combined the calculations for the switchgear room
and the basement which is not correct as the ventilation requirements
are different for the two applications.
2. The designer has selected the air change criteria for fixing the capacity
of the system. The National Building Code, 2005 and ASHRAE
Standards also mention that air-change criteria are not very
appropriate for sizing the ventilation system.
3. The designer has considered air-washers of old design with nozzles
instead of modern designs with pads.
4. The calculations of pressure drops for sizing of fan and pumps are
done with very safe margins.
Combining all the good practices and innovative design, the system could be
designed with just one fourth capacity air-washer for the switchgear room
working in tandem with exhaust system for the basement utilizing the air
sucked from the switchgear room. Such a system could have reduced the
energy and water demand by as much as 50-60 %.
This is not an isolated example. Every day, similarly oversized systems are
being planned and there is hardly any check.. This not only results in huge
initial expenditure but also puts further strain on the already strained natural
resources. In the following paragraphs, expected benefits which can be
realized with introduction of ERD Audit have been mentioned in brief
Expected Benefits
Employment Generation
It is estimated that around one lakh engineers and other supporting staff can
be gainfully employed with very little investment.
Will Make Project Planners More Accountable
Conclusion
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