Atlas-Of-Stress-Strain-Curves Ocr PDF

Atlas of
Stre~~-~train Curves
Second Edition
The Materials
lnformation Society
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

www.asminternational.org
IA
L-r60
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'2.-oc?.
Copyright 2002
by
ASM International
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
First printing, December 2002
Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WI1HOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this informatian is believed to
be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical sk:ill, at their sale discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material
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NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is
essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual cond.itions is recommended.
Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or
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Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.
Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001-2002), Charles A. Parker, Chair.
Prepared with assistancefrom the ASM Internationai Materials Properties Database Committee, P.J. Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
Director of Reference Publications.
'
Library of Congress Catalogng-in-Publication Data
Atlas of stress-strain curves.-2nd ed.

p.cm.
SAN: 204-586---T.p. versa.
!SBN: 0-87170-739-X
1. Stress-strain curves-Atlases. 2. Metals-Testing. 1. ASM International.
TA460 .A86 2002

620.1'63-dc 21
2002027674
ASM International
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Preface ....................................................... iv
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior .............................. 1
Ferrous Metals ................................................ 21

Cast Iron (CI) ................................................. 23
Carbon Steel (CS) .............................................. 67
Alloy Steel (AS) ............................................... 93
High-Strength Steel (HS) ........................................ 129
Stainless Steel (SS) ............................................ 161
Tool Steel (TS) ............................................... 269
Nonferrous Metals ............................................ 277

Cast Aluminum (CA) .......................................... 279
Wrought Aluminum (WA) ...................................... 299
Aluminum Laminates (LA) ...................................... 503
Copper (Cu) ................................................. 515
Magnesium (Mg) ............................................. 555
Nickel (Ni) .................................................. 631
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM) .............................. 705
Titanium (Ti) ................................................ 729
Pure Metals and Miscell<meous Alloys (MA) ......................... 799
Alloy Index ................................................. 809

UNS Index ........................................... ........ 815
iii
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, formability, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the performance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of StressStrain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and StressRupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful rnaterials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years ago---with the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database Committees-ASM International embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would

like to thank those who have contributed to, or assisted, this effort.
First and foremost, ASM International thanks the materials researchers
who created the original curves-without their efforts this volume
would not exist.
Donna M. Walker, FASM, Stressolvers Inc., and Veronica Flint,
ASM staff, initiated the project to revise and expand this book. ASM
International thanks them for their efforts in helping to detine the
goals for this project and in acquiring many of the new curves to be
added to the book.
Special thanks are extended to Special Metals, Gil Kaufman,
FASM, Kaufman Associates, and Bruce Boardman, FASM, Deere &
Company, for their contributions of stress-strain curves.
Hiro Okamoto and his associates performed the huge task of
redrawing the curves to normalize their presentation, and we are grateful for their accurate and timely work.
The organization and final quality of the data as seen in the book
are my responsibility, and any errors, omissions, or misclassifications
of alloys are mine. I thank Heather Lampman, the principal copy editor, and the members of the ASM International production staff, who
have worked diligently to keep any errors to a minimum. However, in
any endeavor of this scope, there will be mistakes. Corrections, comments, and criticisms are invited.
It should be noted that most of the data included in this book are
not specified as being minimum, typical, or having any defined confidence level associated with them. The reader may want to refer to the
source of a particular curve to find additional details. The
"Introduction" in this book provides a review of the information that
can be extracted from stress-strain curves, a clarification of terms used
in describing mechanical behavior, and a guide to the limitations ofthe
accuracy and precision of the information given.
Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
Seek out curves with a "pedigree" so readers can trace the source of
the information and have some indication regarding its reliability
Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, specimen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect materials performance and may be helpful when interpreting the curves
Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
Charles Moosbrugger
Technical Editor
ASM International
We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in

achieving these objectives in this edition.
iv
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior

Charles Moosbrugger, ASM International
IT IS APPROPRIATE that a collection of stress-strain curves is

narned an atlas. An atlas is a collection of figures, charts, or maps, so
named because early books pictured the Greek Titan, Atlas, on the
cover or title page, straining with the weight of the world and heavens
on his shoulders. This concept of visualizing the reaction to mechanical stress is central to development and use of stress-strain curves.
This introductory section provides a review of the fundarnentals of
the mechanical testing that is represented in the curves. The mathematical interpretation of aspects of the curves will aid in analysis of the
curves. A list of terms common to stress-strain behavior is given at the
end of this section. (Ref 1, 2).
Tensile Testing
The simplest loading to visualize is a one-dimensional tensile test, in
which a uniform slender test specimen is stretched along its long central axis. The stress-strain curve is a representation of the performance
of the specimen as the applied load is increased monotonically usually
to fracture.
Stress-strain curves are usually presented as:
"Engineering" stress-strain curves, in which the original dimensions
of the specimens are used in most calculations.
"True" stress-strain curves, where the instantaneous dimensions of
the specimen at each point during the test are used in the calculations. This results in the "true" curves being above the "engineering" curves, notably in the higher strain portion of the curves.
The development of these eurves is described in the following sections.
To document the tension test, an engineering stress-strain curve is
constructed from the load-elongation measurements made on the test
specimen (Fig. 1). The engineering stress, S, plotted on this stressstrain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the tensile specimen. It
Strain ta fractura
Uniform strain
1
~Su
E=Siej~
/
f\lecking
begins
!
'l
''
A'' 1 ' 'vs
,' (offset yield
1
j
1
,
(Eq 1)
The strain, e, plotted on the engineering stress-strain curve, is the average linear strain, which is obtained by dividing the elongation of the
gage length of the specimen, 8, by its originallength, Lo:
(Eq 2)
Because both the stress and the strain are obtained by dividing the load
and elongation by constant factors, the load-elongation curve has the
sarne shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The two curves frequently are used interchangeably.
The units of stress are force/length squared, and the strain is unitless.
The strain axis of curves traditionally are given units of in./in. or
mmlmm rather than being listed as a pure number. Strain is sometimes
expressed as a percent elongation.
The shape of the stress-strain curve and values assigned to the points
on the stress-strain curve of a metal depend on its:
Composition
Heat treatment and conditioning
Prior history of plastic deformation
The strain rate of test
Temperature
Orientation of applied stress relative to the test specimens structure
Size and shape
The pararneters that are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a

metal are the tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation, and reduction in area. The first three
are strength pararneters; the last two indicate ductility.
The general shape of the engineering stress-strain curve (Fig. 1)
requires further explanation. This curve represents the fullloading of a
specimen from initialload to rupture. It is a "full-range" curve. Often
engineering curves are truncated past the 0.2% yield point. This is the
case of many of the curves in this Atlas. Other test data are presented
as a "full-range" curve with an "expanded range" to detail the initial
parts of the curve.
Linear Segment of Curves

Tensile
strength
Fracture
stress
,/
Fig. 1
Ao
strength)
j
o 0.002
s = _!!__
Fracture
is obtained by dividing the load, P, by the original area of the cross section of the specimen, Ao:
Engineering strain,
Engineering stress-strain curve. lntersection of the dashed line with the curve
determines the offset yield strength.
From the origin, O, the initial straight-line portion is the elastic

region, where stress is linearly proportional to strain. When the stress
is removed, if the strain disappears, the specimen is considered completely elastic.
The point at which the curve departs from the straight-line proportionality, A, is the proportionallirnit.
Modulus of elasticity, E, also known as Young's modulus, is the

slope of this initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve:
E= _
(Eq 3)
2 1 Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
where S is engineering stress and se is engineering strain. Modulus of

elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of the material. The greater the
modulus, the steeper the slope and the smaller the elastic strain resulting from the application of a given stress. Because the modulus of elasticity is needed for computing deflections of beams and other structural
members, it is an important design value.
The modulus of elasticity is determined by the binding forces
between atoms. Because these forces cannot be changed without
changing the basic nature of the material, the modulus of elasticity is
one of the most structure-insensitive of the mechanical properties.
Generally, it is only slightly affected by alloying additions, heat treatment, or cold work (Ref 3). However, increasing the temperature
decreases the modulus of elasticity. At elevated temperatures, the modulus is often measured by a dynamic method (Ref 4). Typical values of
modulus of elasticity for common engineering materials are given in
Table 1 (Ref 5).
1250
Heat treated
chrome-tungsten
alloy
1000
750
a..
"'
:;;
<I
.,-
"'
!'!
;;
"'
!'!
;;
Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when
.!!1
deformed elastically and to retum it when unloaded. This property usually is measured by the modulus of resilience, which is the strain
energy per unit volume, Uo, required to stress the material from zero
stress to the yield stress, Sx. The strain energy per unit volume for any
point on the line is just the area under the curve:
."c
.!!1
-~
500
-50
(Eq 4)
From the definition of modulus of elasticity and the above definiti ou,
the maximum resilience occurs at the yield point and is called the modulus of resilience, UR:
UR
=2
So Eo
=2
So
Sa
(Eq 5)
This equation indicates that the ideal material for resisting energy loads
in applications where the material must not undergo permanent distorTable 1
Typical values for modulus of elasticity

Elastic modulus (E)
Metal
Aluminum
Brass, 30 Zn
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Soft
Cast
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Soft
Hard
Nickel-silver, 55Cu-18Ni-27Zn
Niobium
Silver
Steel
Mild
0.75 c
0.75 C, hardened
Tool steel
Tool steel hardened
Stainless, 2Ni-18Cr
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Source: Ref 5
0 "-o---o-'.o-o2___o__..o_o4-:----o-'.o-os--~o-'.o-os---=-o.-'-o1~o--o.-'o12
S;,
E =~
GPa
106 psi
279
130
10.2
14.6
40.5
18.8
211
152
16
45
324
30.7
22.1
2.34
6.48
47.1
199
219
132
104
83
28.9
31.8
19.2
15.2
12.0
211
210
201
211
203
215
185
50
120
411
128
105
30.7
30.5
29.2
30.7
29.5
31.2
26.9
7.24
17.4
59.6
18.5
15.2
70
JOI
Strain
Fig. 2
Stress-strain curves for selected steels. Source: Ref 7
tion, such as mechanical springs, is one having a high yield stress and
a low modulus of elasticity.
For various grades of steel, the modulus of resilience ranges from
100 to 4500 kJ/m3 (14.5 to 650 lbf in./in. 3 ), with the higher values representing steels with higher carbon or alloy contents (Ref 6). This can
be seen in Fig. 2, where the modulus of resilience for the chromiumtungsten alloy would be the greatest of the steels, because it has the
highest yield strength and similar modulus of elasticity. The modulus
of resilience is represented as the triangular areas under the curves in
Fig. 3.
Figure 2 shows that while the modulus of elasticity is consistent for
the given group of steels, the shapes of the curves past their proportionality limits are quite varied (Ref 7).
Strain, e
Fig. 3
Comparison of stress-strain curves for a high-strength high-carbon spring

steel and a lower-strength structural steel. Point A is the elastic Iim it of the
springsteel; point B is the elastic Iim it of the structural steel. The cross-hatched triangles are the modulus of resilience (UR)- These two areas are the work dane on the
materials to elongate them or the restoring force within the materials.
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior 1 3
Non/inear Segment of Curves to Yielding

The elastic limit, B, on Fig. 1, may coincide with the proportionality limit, or it may occur at some greater stress. The elastic limit is the
maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation to
the specimen. Some curves exhibit a definite yield point, while others
do not. When the stress exceeds a value corresponding to the yield
strength, the specimen undergoes gross plastic deformation. lf the load
is subsequently reduced to O, 1he specimen will remain permanently
deformed.
Measures of Yielding. The stress at which plastic deformation or
yielding is observed to begin depends on the sensitivity of the strain
measurements. With most materials, there is a gradual transition from
elastic to plastic behavior, and the point at which plastic deformation
begins is difficullt to detine with precision. In tests of materials under
uniaxial loading, three criteria for the initiation of yielding have been
used: the elastic limit, the proportionallimit, and the yield strength.
Elongation
(a)
Elastic limit, shown at point B in Fig. 1, is the greatest stress the

material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain
remaining after the complete release of load. With increasing sensitivity of strain measurement, the value of the elastic limit is decreased
until it equals the true elastic limit determined from microstrain measurements. With the sensitivity of strain typically used in engineering
studies (1 0-4 mmlmm or in .lin.), the elastic limit is greater than the proportional limit. Deterrnination of the elastic limit requires a tedious
incremental loading-unloading test procedure. For this reason, it is
often replaced by the proportionallimit.
The yield strength, shown at point YS in Fig. 1, is the stress required
to produce a small specified arnount of plastic deformation. The usual
definition of this property is the offset yield strength deterrnined by the
stress corresponding to the inte:rsection of the stress-strain curve offset
by a specified strain (see Fig. 1). In the United States, the offset is usually specified as a strain of 0.2% or 0.1% (e = 0.002 or 0.001).
Offset yield strength determination requires a specimen that has been
loaded to its 0.2% offset yield strength and unloaded so that it is 0.2%
longer than before the test. The offset yield strength is referred to in
ISO Standards as the proof stress (Rpo, 1 or Rpo, 2). In the EN standards
for materials that do not have a yield phenomenon present, the 0,2%
proof strength (Rpo,2) or 0,5% (Rpo,s) is deterrnined. The nonproportional elongation is either 0.1 %, 0.2%, or 0.5%. The yield strength
obtained by an offset method is commonly used for design and specification purposes, because it avoids the practica! difficulties of measuring the elastic limit or proportionallimit.
Some materials have essentially no linear portion to their stressstrain curve, for example, soft copper or gray cast iron. For these materials, the offset method cannot be used, and the usual practice is to
detine the yield strength as the stress to produce some total strain, for
example, e = 0.005. The European Standard for general-purpose copper rod, EN 12163 (Ref 8), gives approximate 0,2% proof strength
(Rpo,z) for information, but it is not a requirement. This approach is followed for other material fomts (bar and wire), but for some copper
tubes, a maximum Rpo,2 is specified For copper alloy pressure vessel
plate and some spring strip, a minimum Rpo, 2 is specified.
Materials wiith Yield Point Phenomenon. Many metals, particularly annealed low-carbon stee:l, show a localized, heterogeneous type
of transition from elastic to plastic deformation that produces a yield
point in the stress-strain curve . Rather than having a flow curve with a
gradual transition from elastic: to plastic behavior, such as Fig. 4(a),
metals with a yield point produce a flow curve ora load-elongation diagram similar to Fig. 4(b). The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
'O
"'
.2
.!!!
'iii
<:
Q)
Elongation
(b)
Fig. 4
ldealized plots of stress-strain. (a) Continuous yielding condition. (b) Discontinuous yielding with an upper yield point A and a relatively constant yieldi ng stress B to C
drops suddenly, fluctuates about some approximately constant value of

load, and then rises with further strain.
In EN standards for materials exhibiting a yield point, the upper yield
strength, ReH may be specified. The upper and lower yield stress (ReH
ReL) are specified in some EN and ISO standards in units of N/mm2
(1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa). EN 10027-1 (Ref9) notes the term "yield strength"
as used in this European standard refers to upper or lower yield strength
(ReH or ReL), proof strength (Rp), or the proof strength total extension
(R1), depending on the requirement specified in the relevant product
standard. This serves as a caution that the details on how the "yield
strength" or "yield point" is defined must be known when making any
comparisons or conclusions as to the materials characteristics.
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel is shown in Fig. 5.
The slope of the initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve, designated by E, is the modulus of elasticity. The load at which the sudden
drop occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load is called
the lower yield point, and the elongation that occurs at constant load is
called the yield-point elongation. The deformation occurring throughout the yield-point elongation is heterogeneous. At the upper yield
point, a discrete band of deformed metal, often readily visible, appears
at a stress concentration such as a fillet. Coincident with the formation
of the band, the load drops to the lower yield point. The band then
propagates along the length of the specimen, causing the yield-point
elongation.
In typical cases, severa! bands form at severa! points of stress concentration. These bands are generally at approximately 45 to the ten-
Upper yield
point
{ '--Yield point
1
1- elongation -+i
...o
"C
this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. The
strain up to this point has been uniform, as indicated on Fig. 1. Because
the cross-sectional area is now decreasing far more rapidly than the
ability to resist the deformation by strain hardening, the actual load
required to deform the specimen decreases and the engineering stress
defined in Eq 1 continues to decrease until fracture occurs, at X.
....1
The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength, 50 , is the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen:
S _ Pmax
Unyielded metal
Elongation
Fig. 5
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel
sile axis. They are usually called Liiders bands, Hartmann lines, or
stretcher strains, and this type of deformation is sometimes referred to
as the Piobert effect. They are visible and can be aesthetically undesirable. When severa! Liiders bands are formed, the flow curve during the
yield-point elongation is irregular, each jog corresponding to the formation of a new Liiders band. After the Liiders bands have propagated
to cover the entire length of the specimen test section, the flow will
increase with strain in the typical manner. This marks the end of the
yield-point elongation. The transition from undeformed to deformed
material at the Liiders front can be seen at low magnification in Fig. 6.
The rough surface areas are the Liiders bands in the low-carbon steel.
These bands are also formed in certain aluminum-magnesium alloys.
Non/inear Segment of Continued Deformation
Strain Hardening. The stress required to produce continued plastic

deformation increases with increasing plastic strain; that is, the metal
strain hardens. The volume of the specimen (area x length) remains
constant during plastic deformation, AL = AoL0 , and as the specimen
elongates, its cross-sectional area decreases uniformly along the gage
length.
Initially, the strain hardening more than compensates for this
decrease in area, and the engineering stress (proportional to load P)
continues to rise with increasing strain. Eventually, a point is reached
where the decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is greater than the
increase in deformation load arising from strain hardening. This condition will be reached first at some point in the specimen that is slightly
weaker than the rest. Ali further plastic deformation is concentrated in
u-
Ao
(Eq 6)
The tensile strength is the value most frequently quoted from the results
of a tension test. Actually, however, it is a value of little fundamental
significance with regard to the strength of a metal. For ductile metals,
the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load that a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of
uniaxialloading. This value bears little relation to the useful strength of
the metal under the more complex conditions of stress that usually are
encountered.
For many years, it was customary to base the strength of structural
members on the tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety.
The current trend is to the more rational approach of basing the static
design of ductile metals on the yield strength. However, because of the
long practice of using the tensile strength to describe the strength of
materials, it has become a familiar property, and as such, it is a useful
identification of a material in the same sense that the chemical composition serves to identify a metal or alloy. Furthermore, because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a reproducible property, it is
useful for the purposes of specification and for quality control of a
product. Extensive empirica! correlations between tensile strength and
properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often useful. For
brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid design criterion.
Measures of Ductility. Currently, ductility is considered a qualitative, subjective property of a material. In general, measurements of
ductility are of interest in three respects (Ref 10):
To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion
To indicate to the designer the ability of the metal to flow plastically
before fracture. A high ductility indicates that the material is "forgiving" and likely to deform locally without fracture should the designer err in the stress calculation or the prediction of severe loads.
To serve as an indicator of changes in irnpurity level or processing
conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material quality, even though no direct relationship exists between the
ductility measurement and performance in service.
The conventional measures of ductility that are obtained from the
tension test are the engineering strain at fracture, er, (usually called the
elongation) and the reduction in area at fracture, q. Elongation and
reduction in area usually are expressed as a percentage. Both of these
properties are obtained after fracture by putting the specimen back
together and taking measurements of the finallength, Lr, and final specimen cross section, Ar:
(Eq 7)
Ao-At
q=~
Fig. 6
Luders bands (roughened areas), which have propagated along the length
of a specimen of annealed stee/ sheet that was tested in tension.
Unpolished, unetched. Low magnification
(Eq 8)
Because an appreciable fraction of the plastic deformation will be

concentrated in the necked region of the tension specimen, the value of
er will depend on the gage length Lo over which the measurement was
taken (see the section of this article on ductility measurement in tension
testing). The smaller the gage length, the greater the contribution to the
overall elongation from the necked region and the higher the value of
er. Therefore, when reporting values of percentage elongation, the gage
length, Lo. should always be given.
Reduction in area does not suffer from this difficulty. These values
can be converted into an equivalent zero-gage-length elongation, eo.
From the constancy of volume relationship for plastic deformation
(AL= AoLo):
L- Lo
e0 = - Lo
Ao
= -A
-1
= -1- --1 = -11-q
1-q
for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. Thus,
if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will
behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading.
The true stress, cr, is expressed in terms of engineering stress, S, by:

(Eq 10)
The derivation of Eq 10 assumes both constancy of volume (AL =

AoLo) and a homogeneous distribution of strain along the gage 1ength
of the tension specimen. Thus, Eq 1O should be used only untii the
onset of necking. Beyond the maximum load, the true stress should be
determined from actual measurements of load and cross-sectional area.
p
(Eq 9)
This represents the elongation based on a very short gage length near
the fracture. Another way to avoid the complications resulting from
necking is to base the percentage elongation on the uniform strain out
to the point at which necking begins. The uniform elongation, eu, correlates well with stretch-forming operations. Because the engineering
stress-strain curve often is quite flat in the vicinity of necking, it may
be difficult to establish the stmin at maximum load without ambiguity.
In this case, the method suggested in Ref 11 is useful.
The toughne~ss of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the

point of fracture or rupture. The ability to withstand occasional stresses
above the yieldl stress without fracturing is particularly desirable in
parts such as freight-car couplings, gears, chains, and crane hooks.
Toughness is a commonly used concept that is difficult to precisely
define. Toughn1~ss may be considered to be the total area under the
stress-strain curve to the point of fracture. This area, which is referred
to as the modulus of toughness, UT, is the amount of work per unit volume that can be done on the material without causing it to rupture.
Figure 3 shows the stress-strain curves for high- and low-toughness
materials. The high-carbon spring steel has a higher yield strength and
tensile strength than the medium-carbon structural steel. However, the
structural steel is more ductile: and has a greater total elongation. The
total area under the stress-strain curve is greater for the structural steel;
therefore, it is a tougher mate:rial. This illustrates that toughness is a
parameter that eomprises both strength and ductility.
True Stress-Strain Curves

The engineering stress-strain curve does not give a true indication of
the deformation characteristics of a metal, because it is based entirely on
the original dimensions of the specimen and these dimensions change
continuously during the test. Also, a ductile metal that is pulled in tension
becomes unstable and necks down during the course of the test. Because
the cross-sectional area of the specimen is decreasing rapidly at this stage
in the test, the load required to continue deformation lessens.
The average stress based on the original area likewise decreases, and
this produces the downtum in the engineering stress-strain curve beyond
the point of maximum load. Actually, the metal continues to strain
harden to fracture, so that the stress required to produce further deformation should also increase. If the true stress, based on the actual crosssectional area of the specimen, is used, the stress-strain curve increases
continuously to fracture. If the strain measurement is also based on
instantaneous measurement, the curve that is obtained is known as truestress/true-strain curve.
Flow Curve. The true stress-strain curve is also known as a flow

curve, because it represents the basic plastic-flow characteristics of the
material. Any point on the flow curve can be considered the yield stress
cr=
(Eq 11)
The true strain, e, may be determined from the engineering or conventional strain, e. From Eq 2:
= L-Lo =_.!::___ 1
Lo
Lo
e= t:.L
Lo
(Eq 12)
To determine the true strain, the instantaneous change in length (dl) is

divided by the length, /:
E= (~~=In(~)
e=In
(e
(Eq 13)
+ 1)
(Eq 14)
This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons
discussed above. Beyond maximum load, the true strain should be
based on actual area or diameter, D, measurements:
Ao
e = In A
= In
(7t D6)t4
(7t D2)/4
= 2 In
Do
D
(Eq 15)
Figure 7 compares the true-stress/true-strain curve with its corresponding engineering stress-strain curve. Note that, because of the relatively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into
the y-axis. In agreement with Eq 10 and 14, the true-stress/true-strain
curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum
load is reached.
Necking. Beyond maximum load, the high, localized strains in the

necked region that are used in Eq 15 far exceed the engineering strain
"'"'
c5i
Q)
Maximum load
o Fractura
o
Strain
Fig. 7
Comparison of engineering and true-stress/true-strain curves
~.,
VI
.S
1/2
Ol
.3
10
True strain,
Fig. 8
Log-log plat of true-stress/true-strain curve. n is the strain-hardening exponent; K is the strength coefficient.
1.0
Fig. 9
calculated from Eq 2. Frequently, the flow curve is linear from maximum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously
decreases to fracture. The formation of a necked region or mild notch
introduces triaxial stresses that make it difficult to determine accurately
the longitudinal tensile stress from the onset of necking until fracture
occurs. This concept is discussed in greater detail in the section
"Corrected Stress-Strain Curves" in this article. The following parameters usually are deterrnined from the true-stress/true-strain curve.
The true stress at maximum load corresponds to the true tensile
strength. For most materials, necking begins at maximum load at a
value of strain where the true stress equals the slope of the flow curve.
Let O"u and Eu denote the true stress and true strain at maximum load
when the cross-sectional area of the specimen is Au. From Eq 6 the
engineering ultimate tensile strength can be defined as:
S _
u-
Pmax
Ao
(Eq 16)
and the true ultimate tensile strength is:
Various forms of power curve cr = Kcn
measured values of ef. However, for cylindrical tensile specimens, the

reduction in area, q, is related to the true fracture strain by:
Er=ln -
(Eq 22)
1-q
The true uniform strain, Eu, is the true strain based only on the
strain up to maximum load. It may be calculated from either the specimen cross-sectional area, Au. or the gage length, Lu, at maximum load.
Equation 15 may be used to convert conventional uniform strain to true
uniform strain. The uniform strain frequently is useful in estimating the
formability of metals from the results of a tension test:
Eu=ln Ao
(Eq 23)
Au
The true local necking strain, E0 , is the strain required to deform

the specimen from maximum load to fracture:
A
Eu= In__.!!_
(Eq 24)
Ar
(Eq 17)
Mathematical Expression of the Flow Curve. The flow curve of

many metals in the region of uniform plastic deformation can be
expressed by the simple power-curve relation:
Eliminating P max yields:

Ao
cru = SuAu
(Eq 18)
a= KE"
and from Eq 15:

(Eq 19)
where e is the base of naturallogarithm, so

(Eq 20)
The true fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the crosssectional area at fracture. This stress should be corrected for the triaxial state of stress existing in the tensile specimen at fracture. Because
the data required for this correction frequently are not available, true
fracture stress values are frequently in error.
The true fracture strain, Ef, is the true strain based on the original
area, Ao, and the area after fracture, Af:
Ao
Er=ln-
Ar
(Eq 21)
This parameter represents the maximum true strain that the material
can withstand before fracture and is ana1ogous to the total strain to fracture of the engineering stress-strain curve. Because Eq 14 is not valid
beyond the onset of necking, it is not possible to calculate Ef from
(Eq 25)
where n is the strain-hardening exponent and K is the strength coefficient. A log-log plot of true stress and true strain up to maximum load
will result in a straight line if Eq 25 is satisfied by the data (Fig. 8).
The linear slope of this line is n, and K is the true stress at E = 1.0
(corresponds to q = 0.63). As shown in Fig. 9, the strain-hardening
exponent may have values from n = O (perfectly plastic solid) to n = 1
(elastic solid). For most metals, n has values between 0.10 and 0.50
(see Table 2).
Table 2
Values for n and K for metals at room temperature

K
Metals
Condition
0.05% carbon steel

SAE 4340 stee1
0.6% carbon steel
Annealed
Annealed
Quenched and tempered
at 540 'C (1 000 'F)
Quenched and tempered
at 705 'C (1300 'F)
Annealed
Annealed
0.6% carbon steel

Copper
70/30 brass
MPa
ksi
Ref
0.26
0.15
0.10
530
641
1572
77
93
228
12
12
13
0.19
1227
178
13
0.54
0.49
320
896
46.4
130
12
13
The rate of strain hardening oo/de is not identica! to the strainhardening exponent. From the definition of n:
n
= d (log ol =
d (log E)
d (In a)
d (In E)
Eda
adE
The true strain term in Eq 25 to 28 properly should be the plastic

strain,
Ep =Etotal- EE
Ep = Etota1 -
or
(Eq 26)
Deviations from Eq 25 freque:ntly are observed, often at low strains

(l0-3 ) or high st:rains (E = 1.0) . One common type of deviation is for a
log-log plot ofEq 25 to result in two straight lines with different slopes.
Sometimes data that do not plot according to Eq 25 will yield a straight
line according to the relationship:
(Eq 27)
Eo can be considered to be the amount of strain hardening that the material received prior to the tension test (Ref 14). Another common variation on Eq 25 is. the Ludwik equation:
(Eq 28)
(Eq 31)
where EE represents elastic strain.

Graphically, this is shown on the engineering curve as a region of
elastic elongation and a region of plastic elongation summed together
to make the total elongation.
lnstability in Tension. Necking generally begins at maximum load

during the tensile deformation of ductile metal. An ideal plastic material in which no strain hardening occurs would become unstable in tension and begin to neck as soon as yielding occurred. However, an actual
metal undergoes strain hardening, which tends to increase the load-carrying capacity of the specimen as deformation increases. This effect is
opposed by the gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area of the specimen as it elongates. Necking or localized deformation begins at maximum load, where the increase in stress due to decrease in the crosssectional area of the specimen becomes greater than the increase in the
load-carrying ability of the metal due to strain hardening. This condition of instability leading to localized deformation is defined by the
condition that P is at its maximum, dP = 0:
where O'o is the yield stress, and K and n are the same constants as in
Eq 25. This equation may be more satisfying than Eq 25, because the
latter implies that at O true strain the stress is O. It has been shown that
O'o can be obtained from the intercept of the strain-hardening portion of
the stress-strain curve and the elastic modulus line by (Ref 15):
P=aA
ao = ( ; ) 1/(1-n)
From the constancy-of-volume relationship:
(Eq 29 )
The true-stress/true-strain curve of metals such as austenitic stainless

steel, which deviate markedly from Eq 25 at low strains (Ref 16), can
be expressed by:
(Eq30)
where eKl is approximately equal to the proportionallimit, and n 1 is the

slope of the deviation of stress from Eq 25 plotted against c:. Other
expressions for the flow curve are available (Ref 17, 18).
a!
Subtangent of unityo
versus
(Eq 32)
dP = adA + Ada
=O
(Eq 33)
dL =-dA =dE
(Eq 34)
and from the instability condition (Eq 32):

dA
A
da
(Eq 35)
so that at a point of tensile instability:

da
-=a
dE
(Eq 36)
:=,
(bl
{a)
8
Engineerlng
strain
Fig. 1O
Graphical interpretation of necking criterion. The point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding
(a) the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity or (b) the point where dcr!ck = cr.
Fig. 11
Considere's construction for the determination of the point of maximum

load. Source: Ref 19
Therefore, the point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from

the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity (Fig. IOa) or the point where the rate of strain
hardening equals the stress (Fig. lOb). The necking criterion can be
expressed more explicitly if engineering strain is used. Starting with Eq
36:
dL
dcr
dcr de
dcr _ljJ_ dcr L
dcr
- = - - = - = dL = - - = - (1 +e)=cr
dE
dedE
de
L deLo de
(Eq 37)
Equation 37 permits an interesting geometrica! construction for the

determinati an of the point of maximum load (Ref 19). In Fig. 11, the
stress-strain curve is plotted in terms of true stress against engineering
strain. Let point A represent a negative strain of 1.0. A line drawn from
point A, which is tangent to the stress-strain curve, will establish the
point of maximum load, because according to Eq 37, the slope at this
point is cr/(1 + e).
By substituting the necking criterion given in Eq 36 into Eq 26, a
simple relationship for the strain at which necking occurs is obtained.
This strain is the true uniform strain, Eu:
(Eq 38)
Although Eq 26 is based on the assumption that the flow curve is given

by Eq 25, it has been shown that Eu= n does not depend on this powerlaw behavior (Ref 20).
Corrected Stress-Strain Curves

Stress Distribution at the Neck. The formation of a neck in the
tensile specimen introduces a complex triaxial state of stress in that
region. The necked region is in effect a mild notch. A notch under tension produces radial stress, <>r, and transverse stress, <>~o which raise the
value of longitudinal stress required to cause the plastic flow.
Therefore, the average true stress at the neck, which is determined by
dividing the axial tensile load by the minimum cross-sectional area of
the specimen at the neck, is higher than the stress that would be
required to cause flow if simple tension prevailed.
Figure 12 illustrates the geometry at the necked region and the

stresses developed by this localized deformation. Ris the radius of curvature of the neck, which can be measured either by projecting the contaur of the necked region on a screen or by using a tapered, conical
radius gage.
Bridgman made a mathematical analysis that provides a correction
to the average axial stress to compensate for the introduction of transverse stresses (Ref 21). This analysis was based on the following
assumptions:
The contour of the neck is approximated by the arc of a circle.
The cross section of the necked region remains circular throughout
the test.
The von Mises criterion for yielding applies.
The strains are constant over the cross section of the neck.
According to this analysis, the uniaxial flow stress corresponding to
that which would exist in the tension test if necking had not introduced
triaxial stresses is:
(Eq 39)
cr=
where (<>x)avg is the measured stress in the axial direction (load divided
by minimum cross section). Figure 7 shows how the application of the
Bridgman correction changes the true-stress/true-strain curve. A correction for the triaxial stresses in the neck of a flat tensile specimen has
been considered (Ref 22). The values of a/R needed for the analysis can
be obtained either by straining a specimen a given amount beyond
necking and unloading to measure a and R directly, or by measuring
these parameters continuously past necking using photography or a
tapered ring gage (Ref 23).
To avoid these measurements, Bridgman presented an empirica! relation between a/R and the true strain in the neck. Figure 13 shows that
this gives close agreement for steel specimens, but not for other metals
with widely different necking strains. A much better correlation is
obtained between the Bridgman correction and the true strain in the
neck minus the true strain at necking, Eu (Ref 25).
0.75
Fig. 12
Stress distribution at the neck of a tensile specimen. (a) Geometry of

necked region. Ris the radius of curvature of the neck; a 1s the mm1mum
radius at the neck. (b) Stresses acting on element at point O. crx is the stress in the
axial direction; cr, is the radial stress; cr, is the transverse stress.
t___ _.J......_ _...L__ __,__ ___.
o
Fig. 13
0.5
1.0
Strain,
1.5
2.0
Relationship between Bridgman correction factor cr/(crxlavg and true tensile

strain. Source: Ref 24
Ductility
Compression Testing
Ductility Me~LSurement in Tension Testing. The measured elongation from a tension specimen depends on the gage length of the specimen or the dime:nsions of its cross section. This is because the total
extension consists of two components: the uniform extension up to
neck:ing and the localized extension once neck:ing begins (Fig. 1). The
extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of
the material ( thmugh tr,) and the effect of specimen size and shape on
the development of the neck.
The shorter the gage length, the greater the influence of localized
deformation at the neck on the ltotal elongation of the gage length. The
extension of a specimen at fracltUre can be expressed by:
The compression test consists of deforming a cylindrical specimen

to produce a shorter cylinder of larger diameter (upsetting). The compression test is a convenient method for determining the stress-strain
response of materials at large strains (e > 0.5) because the test is not
subject to the instability of neck:ing that occurs in a tension test. Also,
it may be convenient to use the compression test because the specimen
is relatively easy to make, and it does not require a large amount of
material. The compression test is frequently used in conjunction with
evaluating the workability of materials, especially at elevated temperature, because most deformation processes, such as forging, have a high
component of compressive stress. The test is also used with brittle
materials, which are difficult to machine into test specimens and difficult to tensile test in perfect alignment.
There are two inherent difficulties with the compression test that must
be overcome by the test technique: buckling of the specimen and barreling of the specimen. Both conditions cause nonuniform stress and strain
distributions in the specimen that make it difficult to analyze the results.
(Eq 40)
where a is the local necking extension and euLu is the uniform extension. The tensile elongation is then:
ef
4-Lo
= ----r;;- = Lo + eu
(Eq 41)
This clearly indicates that the total elongation is a function of the specimen gage length. The shorter the gage length, the greater the percent
elongation.
Numerous attempts have been made to rationalize the strain distribution in the tension test. Perhaps the most general conclusion that can
be drawn is that geometrically similar specimens develop geometrically similar necked regions.
Further details on the neck:ing phenomenon can be found in the article "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
(Ref26).
Notch Tensil<e Test. Ductility measurements on standard smooth tensile specimens do not always reveal metallurgical or environmental
changes that lead to reduced local ductility. The tendency for reduced
ductility in the presence of a triaxial stress field and steep stress gradients
(such as a rise at a notch) is called notch sensitivity. A common way of
evaluating notch sensitivity is a tension test using a notched specimen.
Buckling is a mode of failure characterized by an unstable lateral

material deflection caused by compressive stresses. Buckling is controlled by selecting a specimen geometry with a low length-to-diameter
ratio. UD should be less than 2, and a compression specimen with UD
= 1 is often used. It also is important to have a very well-aligned load
train and to ensure that the end faces of the specimen are parallel and
perpendicular to the load axis (Ref 27). Often a special alignment fixture is used with the testing machine to ensure an accurate load path
(Ref28).
Barreling is the generation of a convex surface on the exterior of a
cylinder that is deformed in compression. The cross section of such a
specimen is barrel shaped. Barreling is caused by the friction between
the end faces of the compression specimen and the anvils that apply the
load. As the cylinder decreases in height (h), it wants to increase in
diameter (D) because the volume of an incompressible material must
remain constant:
1t
vi h1 _ v;h2
4
"'
Il.
4 2
200
"'
::2
o 150
rn
~
100
1-
50
o
o
250
0..
()
Q)
100
50
o
0.20
0.30
0.40
Comparison of true stress-true strain curves in tension and compression

(various lubricant conditions) for AI-2Mg alloy. Curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 4, boron nitride + alcohol; curve 5, Teflon + Molykote spray; curve 8, tensile
test. Sau rce: Ref 3 O
!i
fi
0.50
~4
~~
150
::::>
t!=
~
2/
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
True compressive strain
True strain
Fig. 14
.........-:: ~
>
;;;
rn 200
Tensile
necking
instability
0.10
/.}
350
o 300
rn
Q)
/~~~a
1(
::2
~
"li)
Il.
Q)
(Eq 42)
400
250
"li)
Fig. 15
Flow curves for AI-2Mg alloy tested in compression for various lubricant
conditions out to E = 1.0. Curve 1, molygrease; curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 3, boron-nitride spray; curve 4, boron-nitride and alcohol; curve 5, Teflon and
Molykote spray; curve 6, polished dry anvils; curve 7, grooved anvils. Source: Ref 30
1O1 Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
14
28
42
56
70
84
100r------,------,------,------,-------,-----,700
Calculation of Compressive Stress and Strain. The calculation of

stress and strain for the compression test is based on developing a test
condition that minimizes friction (and barreling) and assumes the stress
state is axial compression. When friction can be neglected, the uniaxial
compressive stress (flow stress) is related to the deformation force P by:
80r-----~------T------+------4-----~r-----~560
Clf
420
"(ii
-""
u
cn
~
ii5
40
280
4P
4Ph
=-P =---=
----2
rtD2
(Eq 43)
rtD 2 1h1
where the last term is obtained by substituting from Eq 42. In Eq 43,

subscript 1 refers to the initial values of D and h, while subscript 2
refers to conditions at some subsequent value of specimen height, h.
Equation 43 shows that the flow stress can be obtained directly from
the load P and the instantaneous height (h 2), provided that friction can
be neglected.
The true strain in the compression test is given by:
E
=In(~~)= 2ln(~~)
(Eq44)
where either the displacement of the anvil or the diameter of the specimen can be used, whichever is more convenient.
L-----~------~------~------L-----~-L----~0
2
4
8
10
12
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
Compressive tangent modulus? 1O psi
Fig. 16
Curve combining compressive stress-strain with compressive tangent

modulus
As the material spreads outward over the anvils, it is restrained by the

friction at this interface. The material near the midheight position is
less restrained by friction and spreads laterally to the greatest extent.
The material next to the anvil surfaces is restrained from spreading the
most; thus, the creation of a barreled profile. This deformation pattern
also leads to the development of a region of relatively undeformed
materials under the anvil surfaces.
This deformation behavior clearly means that the stress state is not
uniform axial compression. In addition to the axial compressive stress,
a circumferential tensile stress develops as the specimen barrels (Ref
29). Because barreling increases with the specimen ratio D/h, the force
to deform a compression cylinder increases with Dlh.
Minimizing barreling of the compression specimen can be accomplished by minimizing friction between the ends of the specimen and
the anvils. This is done by using an effective lubricant and machining
concentric rings on the end of the specimen to retain the lubricant and
keep it from being squeezed out. An extensive series of tests have
shown what works best (Ref 30).
Figure 14 shows the true stress-true strain curve (flow curve) for an
annealed Al-2Mg alloy. Stress and strain were calculated as described
in the previous section. Note how the flow curve in compression agrees
with that determined in a tensile test and how the compressive curves
extend to much larger strains because there is no specimen necking.
Figure 15 extends the strain over double the range of Fig. 14. Note that
once beyond E > 0.5, the curves begin to diverge depending on the
effectiveness of the lubrication. The highest curve (greatest deviation
from uniaxial stress) is for grooved anvils (platens) that dig in and prevent sidewise flow. The least friction is for the condition where a Teflon
(E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE) film sprayed
with Molykote (Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI) is placed
between the anvil and the specimen.
.,..,...... ....
./
_!
1
Strain(g)-
(a)
fig. 17
Strain(g)-
(b)
Differences between constant stress increments and constant strain increments. (a) Equal stress increments resul! in strains of increasing increments. (b) Equal strain
increments result in decreasing stress increments.
104
102
10-6
10
10- 8
Characteristic time ls)
1(1-8
1o-
10-'
10- 2
10
102
104
106
ri"-1;-~-..,--r-,
1 -..,1 -.,1,---,~--,1--,1--~<"ll-rl--r~--11-,1 --,-1--Ilo~ Strain rate ls- )
1
1
;::~
;-:
~
Creep
Constant load
or
strnss machine
Quasi-static
~ strain rate ~
~
~
Bar
impact
~
~
1
1 Hydraulic or
1 screw machine
1
: Pneumatic : Mechanical
or
or
1 mechanical 1 explosive
1 machines 1 impact
1
1
Strain versus time 1
or
creep rate
recorded
~Intermediata~
High-velocity
plate impact
Light gas gun

or
explosively
driven
plate impact
Usual method
of loading
1
1
U Mechanical 1
Constant strain
rate test
resonance l Elasticl
11
H in specimen plastic wave
li
and
1propagation 1
li machine 1
1
~-Inertia forces neglected-::~-+---lnertia forces

-----lsothermal
Shock wave
propagation
Dynamic
considerations
important ---+-1
in testing
Adiabatic------"..1
11
- - - - - - - - - - - P i a n e stress ----------;o-to~;-Piane strain-+lncreasing stress levels
Fig. 18
Strain-rate ranges and associated experimental equipment, conditions, and consequences
Essentially no barreling occurs in room-temperature compression

tests when Teflon film is placed between the anvil and the end of the
specimen. Because the film will eventually tear, it is necessary to run
the test increffil~ntally and replace the film when an electrica! signal
indicates that there is no longe:r a continuous film.
Obviously, the need to run the test incrementally is inconvenient. A
series of single-increment compression tests on a range of materials
with strain-hardening exponents from n = 0.08 to 0.49 showed that
lubricant conditions do not become significant until E > 0.5 so long as
Elastic
range
Plastic (inelastic) range

Yield-point elon9ation
/Initial tension loading

'
. 1
'~---'c;=""""."'-''"---. __./!,,/
,. . . . . 8
/'A
.
,'--------.
'
_.------ ..'
First unloading ;
and
reloadin~...:
Residuall
.1
Strain-hardening range
lncrease in yield
point caused by
strain hardening
/
l/
n > 0.15- For strains E ~ 1.0, a grooved specimen with molybdenum

disulfide (MoS 2) grease lubricant gave consistently good results.
Nearly as good results are achieved with smooth anvils and a spray coat
of MoS 2 (Ref 30).
Another approach to minimize the effects of barreling is to remachine the specimens to their original diameter after some degree of
deformation. This is costly and inconvenient and adds uncertainties to
the results. For additional details on compression testing, see the article "Uniaxial Compression Testing" in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook.
Second unloading
and reloading
.;
~ --~~~~~~---,-------~-,------~---,-~-,~~~--~---~
Ci)
StrainDuctility after
1 second reloading
co
-~
strain - - - - - Ductility after first reloading
"'
1 - - - - - - - Ductility of virgin material-----__,<>!
Compression reloading
Fig. 19
Effects of prior tensile loading on stress-strain behavior; the graph is not to

scale. The solid line represents the behavior of a virgin piece. The dotted
line is a specimen that has been unloaded atA and then reloaded. The dashed line
represents a second unloading at B. In each case the stress is based on the cross-sectional area of the specimen measured after the unloading.
Fig. 20
o.
An example of the Bauschinger effect and hysteresis loop in tension-compression-tension loading. The initial tension loading is to about 0.001
strain, followed by i:ompression again to 0.001 strain.
Tangent Modulus Curves

The tangent modulus, Et. is the slope of the stress-strain curve at any
point on the curve.
_ dS
E ,de
(Eq 45)
Below the proportionality limit, E1 has the same value as E.

Figure l O has a construction of E 1 = 1 at the point where the strain
was Eu. The slope has the same units as the stress.
Many of the curves in the Atlas have the plot of the tangent modulus
superimposed on the stress-strain curve. These curves have dual units
along the x-axis, one set for strain aud one set for E 1 Figure 16 is an
example. The modulus of e1asticity can be visually estimated on the linear segment of the stress-strain curve as slightly more than 280 MPa/4
X 0.001 = 70,000 MPa or 70 GPa (40 ksi/4 X 0.001 = 10,000 ksi, or
10 X 106 psi). This corresponds to the constant value (vertical line) on
the tangent modulus curves up to the proportionality limit. At higher
stress, the stress-strain curves flatten aud the tangent modulus curves
decrease in value.
Torsional Testing
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials to determine
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, shear
yield strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, aud
ductility. The torsion test can also be conducted on full-size parts
(shafts, axles, aud pipes) aud structures (beams aud frames) to determine their response to torsionalloading. In torsion testing, unlike tensile testing aud compression testing, large strains can be applied before
plastic instability occurs, aud complications due to friction between the
test specimen aud dies do not arise.
Torsion tests are most frequently carried out on prismatic bars of circular cross section by applying a torsional moment about the longitudinal axis. The shear stress versus shear strain curve can be determined
from sirnultaneous measurements of the torque aud angle of twist of the
test specimen over a predetermined gage length.
When converted from torque (in units of newton-meters or inchpounds) aud angular displacement (in degrees or radians) torsional
stress-strain has the same units as engineering stress-strain, but the
variance from "true" stress-strain is typically much less. On a cylindrical specimen that does not buckle, the difference is 5% or less from
engineering to "true" stress-strain, even in the plastic (nonlinear) range.
There is evidence that torsion testing of hollow tubes is one of the
better ways to determine the effects of strain, strain rate, aud temperature on the flow stress of materials over the range of these variables
usually encountered in the metal working process. Details on torsional
testing aud analysis can be found in the articles "Fundamental Aspects
of Torsional Loading" aud "Shear, Torsion, aud Multiaxial Testing" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook.
Mechanical Testing Details

For credibility aud repeatability, tests that are the hasis of the stressstrain curves are conducted in accordance with some industry, national,
or multinational standard. In the Atlas, when the source documentation
cites a standard, it is so indicated in the caption. These standards provide insight to interpret the data.
Details of testing methods are found in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook. Pertinent articles include:
"Testing Machines aud Strain Sensors"

"Accreditation of Mechanical Testing Laboratories"
"Mechanical Behavior under Tensile aud Compressive Loads"
"Stress-Strain Behavior in Bending"
"Bend Testing"
"Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading"
"Uniaxial Tension Testing"
"Uniaxial Compression Testing"
"Hot Tension aud Compression Testing"
"Tension aud Compression Testing at Low Temperatures"
"Shear, Torsion, aud Multiaxial Testing"
1
b
Strain,-
Fig. 21
Two types of hysteresis stress-strain loops resulting from Bauschinger

effect in titanium alloys
Fig. 22
Stress-strain loop for constant-strain cycling
()"
()"
()"
Steady state hysteresis loops
Cyclic stress-strain curve
Fig. 23
Construction of cyclic st1ess-strain curve by joining tips of stabilized hysteresis loops
Test Variables
The condition of the test environment, composition, conditioning,
size, shape, and history of the specimen are among the factors affecting the stress-sltrain data. These parameters are given to the extent that
they are available.
Test Tempe1rature. Relative to room-temperature (RT) tests, most
materials become stronger, but less ductile, at lower temperatures, and
more ductile, but weaker, at higher temperatures. There are anomalous
behaviors such as blue brittleness. Carbon steels generally exhibit an
increase in strength and a reduction of ductility and toughness at temperatures around 300 oc (570 F). Because such temperatures produce
a bluish temper color on the surface of the specimen, this problem has
been called blue brittleness. Typically, brittleness is associated with
cold-temperature behavior.
Speed of Tt!St. ASTM E 8 (Ref 31) lists five ways of defining the
speed of the test:
Rate of strailning the specimen, deldt

Rate of stressing the specimen, dS/dt
Rate of the separation of the test machine heads during the test
Elapsed time for completing part or all of the test
Free-running cross-head speed (speed of machine heads when unloaded)
Strain Rate. Average strain rates for most tension tests range
between 10-2 and 10-5 s-1. Greater strain rates (I0- 1 and 102 s- 1) are
considered dynamic tests. For a specimen of initial gage length Lo and
deformed lenglth L, the specific deformation rate is:
de
dt
1 d(L- 1'-IJ)
= Lo -----;;;--
(Eq 46)
If the deformation occurs homogeneously throughout the specimen,

then the specific deformation rate corresponds everywhere to the strain
rate. However, if the deformation is nonhomogeneous, then the strain
(and strain rate) varies the specimen length, and the specific deformation rate represents the spatial average strain rate. A well-known example of nonhomogeneous deformation is the propagation of deformation
bands called Liiders bands.
Stress Rate. Figure 17 illustrates the differences in curves constructed
from constant stress increments and constant strain increments.
Slow Speeds. Under relatively slow straining, most materials are
assumed to transfer the heat generated by plastic deformation to their
surroundings; that is, the straining is assumed to be isothermal (no
change of temperature). The degree to which slow tension tests remain
truly isothermal has been investigated (Ref 32). The flow stress, which
is the uniaxial stress needed to continue plastic deformation of the
material at a given stage of a test, is then assumed to depend only on
strain and strain rate.
The strain-hardening parameter n has been defined. From Eq 26:
E da
n=--
a dE
(Eq 47)
In an analogous manner, the strain-rate sensitivity parameter m can be

defined as:
da
m=-----:-
a dE
(Eq 48)
Both n and m are functions of strain and strain rate. m can be negative under some conditions. However, average values frequently are
selected for these parameters, which are then treated as constants.
Values of n usually are between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals; they are
determined from, but not identica! to, strain-hardening rates. Values of
c
Monotonie
(a) Cyclic softening
(b) Cyclic hardening
Strain,
(c) Cyclically stable
Fig. 24
Strain,
(d) Mixed behavior
Examples of various types of cyclic stress-strain
m for metals are usually much smaller than the corresponding n values
(m < 0.1). m does increase with temperature. However, fine-grained
metals have relatively large rate-sensitivity parameters (m > 0.1) under
specific deformation conditions. Under such conditions, these materials can be deformed to extremely large strains and are called superplastic metals.
High Rate Testing. For extremely high rates of testing, it is commonly assumed that deformation occurs under adiabatic (no heat transfer) conditions. Plastic work is mostly (about 90%) converted to heat.
The remainder is inelastically stored as changes in defect structure. In
high-speed tests, this heat raises the temperature of the material.
Consequently, the material properties are changed. This is another
major complication in analyses of high-speed tests.
Consequences of testing over a wide spectrum of strain rates are
summarized in Fig. 18 (Ref 33).
Hysteresis. If a specimen is loaded past its yield point and then

unloaded, or loaded in reverse, subsequent testing on the specimen
would result in a different pattern of behavior. Figure 19 shows this
effect. The specimen is loaded initially to point A. The solid line represents the behavior of the virgin sample. If instead, the sample were
unloaded at point A, the path of unloading is parallel to the initialload
path (dotted line). There is some permanent deformation (residual
strain), and the area is redetermined as A 2 . When reloaded, the dotted
line is retraced and the yield point is now higher due to strain hardening. If this unloading and reloading were done again at point B, the
dashed line indicates the behavior.
Figure 19 illustrates the effect of stopping and restarting a test. It also
points to a consideratiou when a test sample is machined from a failed
part. If the testpiece were subjected to deformation prior to the failure,

the properties obtained from the test should not be equated to the original material properties (Ref 34).
If the prior history of the test specimen includes compression, a hysteresis is present, know as the Bauschinger effect. This is illustrated in
Fig. 20. The initial tensile loading is to about 1% strain. The specimen
is unloaded and reloaded in compression to 1% strain (measured on the
second scale on the x-axis). On unloading and reloading in tension, the
shape of the stress-strain curve is significantly different than the original. Again the prior deformation of a test sample will affect its behavior (Ref 34). Figure 21 shows the two types of hysteresis possible in
titanium alloys, one with load reversal, and one with load application,
rest, and reapplication.
Nature of loading. Figure 22 illustrates a stress-strain loop under

controlled constant-strain cycling in a low-cycle fatigue test. During
initial loading, the stress-strain curve is 0-A-B, with yielding beginning about A. Upon unloading, yielding begins in compression at a
lower stress C due to the Bauschinger effect. In reloading in tension, a
hysteresis loop develops. The dimensions of this loop are described by
its width !le: (the total strain range) and its height L'lcr (the stress range).
The total strain range !le: consists of an elastic strain component L'lEe =
Llcr/E and a plastic strain component L'lEp. The width of the hysteresis
loop depends on the level of cyclic strain. When the level of cyclic
strain is small, the hysteresis loop becomes very narrow. For tests conducted under constant !le:, the stress range L'lcr usually changes with an
increasing number of cycles. Annealed materials undergo cyclic strain
hardening so that L'lcr increases with the number of cycles and then levels off after about 100 strain cycles. The larger the value of !lE, the
greater the increase in stress range. Materials that are initially cold
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior
Test data
1,.... Rupture
1...--r
1
-~
U5
1\LI
1
1
1
1
Stress
cyclically induced changes in mechanical behavior. This is illustrated

in Fig. 24. Note that 50% may not always be the life fraction where
steady-state response is attained. Often it is left to the discretion of the
interpreter as to where the steady-state cyclic stress-strain occurs. In
any event, the criteria should be noted on the cyclic stress-strain curve
for the material being tested (Ref 35).
The article "Fundamentals of Modem Fatigue Analysis for the
Design" in Fatigue and Fracture, Volume 19 of ASM Handbook (Ref
35), provides more details on cyclic behavior of metals and was the
hasis for this section.
lsochronous Curves
(a)
lsochronous
Strain~
(b)
Fig. 25
1 15
Creep data (a) transferred to isochronous stress-strain curve (b)
worked undergo cyclic strain softening so that b.cr decreases with

increasing number of strain cycles. Thus, through cyclic hardening and
softening, some intermediate strength level is attained that represents a
steady-state condition (in which case the stress required to enforce the
controlled strain does not vary significantly).
Monotonie. Some metals are cyclically stable, in which case their
monotonie stress-strain behavior adequately describes their cyclic
response.
Cyclic. For other materials the steady-state condition is usually
achieved in about 20 to 40% of the total fatigue life in either hardening
or softening mat:erials. The cyclic behavior of metals is best described
in terms of a stress-strain hysteresis loop, as illustrated in Fig. 22.
Changes in stress response of a metal occur relatively rapidly during
the first several percent of the total reversals to failure. The metal,
under controlled-strain amplitude, will eventually attain a steady-state
stress response.
Now, to conslruct a cyclic stress-strain curve, one simply connects
the locus of the points that represent the tips of the stabilized hysteresis loops from c:omparison specimen tests at severa! controlled-strain
amplitudes (see Fig. 23).
In the particular example shown in Fig. 23, it was presumed that
three companion specimens were tested to failure, at three different
controlled-strain amplitudes. Failure of a specimen is defined, typically, as complete separation lnto two distinct pieces. Generally, the
diameter of specirnens are approximately 6 to 10 mm (0.25 to
0.375 in.). In acltuality, there is a "propagation" period included in this
definition of failure. Other definitions of failure appear in ASTM E 60.
The steady-state stress response, measured at approximately 50% of
the life to failure:, is thereby obtained. These stress values are then plotted at the appropriate strain levels to obtain the cyclic stress-strain
curve. One woulld typically test approximately ten or more companion
specimens. The cyclic stress-strain curve can be compared directly to
the monotonie or tensile stress-strain curve to quantitatively assess
Isochronous curves are included in this Atlas, although they are not
simply stress-strain curves. The parameter of time is added to them.
Mechanical tests can be performed as short-time static tests or longterm creep deformation tests. Data from the long-term tests are
recorded as sets of strain as a function of time for different loads
(stresses) for a given temperature. As the stress increases, this time to
rupture is less as seen in Fig. 25(a). Collections of these data can be
analyzed by holding one of the three variables (time, stress, and strain
constant). From Fig. 25(a) (where stress is constant on each curve), valnes at constant time can be found in effect by constructing a vertical
line, perpendicular to the time axis, that intersects the farnily of curves.
Values at the intersection points form sets of stresses and strains at constant time that can be plotted on a linear coordinate system at these
selected times to make the isochronous curves (Fig. 25b). These farnilies of curves are plotted at a given temperature, since temperature is so
significant to the creep behavior of an alloy.
Guide to the Curves in the Atlas

As much of the information about the test specimens that is available
in the source and that is able to be abstracted in the caption is given
with the curves that follow. The prime sources of ali curves is given so
further details may be gathered.
Parameters affecting the stress-strain behavior are:
Composition. The compositions listed are intended as a guide to
alloy identification. Nominal compositions have been added for this
purpose, so this information is not necessarily from the source of the
curve. If a more precise composition is given (listed to tenths or
hundredths of a percent) in the source, this has been used.
Heat treatment and conditioning are given in the style common to
the alloy group. Temperature conversions are approximate.
Strain Rate of Test. In some cases, the speed of the test head is given,
which differs from the strain rate.
Temperature of the test specimen is sometimes specified as being
held for a set time prior to the test. Other times it is given in the
source without qualification. At cryogenic temperatures, the stressstrain behavior of pure copper, brasses, bronzes, austenitic stainless
steels, and some aluminum alloys exhibits a discontinuous yielding,
and the curve appears serrated. Such behavior is indicated in the
Atlas using a shaded envelope.
Orientation. The orientation of the specimen relative to rolling or
extruding direction is illustrated in Fig. 26 (Ref 36).
Specimen size and shape information is provided to the extent found
in the source documentation.
Units and Unit Conversions. The units on the left side and bottom
of the curve are the units of the source document. The conversion of
strain units on the curves is 1 ksi = 7 MPa. This conversion is used so
that a common grid can be used. The more precise conversion is 1 ksi
Short
Long
transverse
Long
transverse
Sheet and plate
Extruded and drawn tube

Rolled and extruded rod, bar, and !hin shapes
Transverse
Fig. 26
Long
transverse
Grain orientation in standard wrought forms of alloys. Source: Ref 36
=6.894757 MPa. The converted stress in MPa can be multiplied by the

correction factor of 6.894757/7.000000 = 0.98497 to obtain a more precise conversion.
Ramberg-Osgood Parameters. The Ramberg-Osgood Method is a
method of modeling stress-strain curves. An equation (ideally a simple
one) for the stress-strain curve is necessary for finding a quantitative
expression for the available energy in fracture studies. The RambergOsgood equation is useful:
(J
crn
E=-+-
= Eelastic + Eplastic
knowledge of the strain-hardening capacity of the material in terms of

the Ramberg-Osgood strain-hardening relationship.
MIL-HDBK-5, 1998 (Ref 37) presents an explanation of the method
and uses the following expression for Epiastic:
EpJastic
= 0.002(cr/cro.zyp)n
(Eq 51)
It further explains how material behavior can be modeled for computer

codes using, E, n, and cro.2YP where the exponential relationship is
applicable.
(Eq 49)
where n is (unfortunately) called the strain-hardening exponent and F

is called the nonlinear modulus. This is said to be unfortunate because
n is already commonly called the strain-hardening exponent (Eq 25),
where it is, in fact the exponent of the strain. The Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n, is the reciproca! of the other n. The two can usually be
distinguished by their values. The Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n, usually is between 2 and 40.
Equation 49 separates the total strain into a linear and a nonlinear part:
E
transverse
transverse
(Eq50)
There are other forms of the Ramberg-Osgood equation.

The total strain energy in a body (per unit thickness) equals the area
under the load-displacement curve. The energy under the linear part of
the stress-strain curves is discussed in the section "Resilience" in this
article.
For applications where margins against ductile fracture must be
quantified or where components are subjected to large plastic strains,
elastic-plastic ]-integral methods can be used to predict fracture conditions. Calculation of applied J values for cracked components requires
Terms
Terms common to discussion of stress-strain curves, tensile testing,
and material behavior under test included here (Ref 1, 2).
accuracy. (1) The agreement or correspondence between an experimentally deterrnined value and an accepted reference value for the
material undergoing testing. The reference value may be established
by an accepted standard (such as those established by ASTM), or in
some cases the average value obtained by applying the test method
to all the sampling units in a lot or batch of the material may be used.
(2) The extent to which the result of a calculation or the reading of
an instrument approaches the true value of the calculated or measured quantity.
axial strain. Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by which plastic deformation
increases yield strength in the direction of plastic flow and decreases
it in other directions.
breaking stress. See rupture stress.
brittleness. A material characteristic in which there is little or no plastic (permanent) deformation prior to fracture.
chord modulus. The slope of the chofd drawn between any two specific points on a stfess-stfain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
compressive strength. The maximum compfessive stress a material is
capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compfession by fracturing, the compfessive strength has a definite value. In
the case of ductile, malleable, Of semiviscous materials (which do not
fail in compfession by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of
distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material.
compressive stress, Se. A stress that causes an elastic body to deform
(shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile
stress.
creep. Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain
occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary or transient creep;
that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary or
steady-rate cn!ep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep.
creep test. A method of determining the extension of metals under a
given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load;
a single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as lthe elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm, or 1 in.).
cyclic loads. Loads that change value over time in a regular repeating
pattern.
discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomogeneously distributed along the gage length. Undef some circumstances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield point,
either at the onset of or during plastic flow.
ductility. The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.
elastic constants. The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. See also modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
elasticity. The property of a material whereby deformation caused by
stress disappears upon the re:moval of the stress.
elastic limit. The maximum stress that a material is capable of sustaining without :my permanent strain (deformation) remaining upon
complete release of the stress. See also proportionallimit.
elongation. (1) A term used in mechanical testing to describe the
amount of extension of a testpiece when stressed. (2) In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after fracture of the
specimen within the gage length, er, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
elongation, pereent. The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as percentage of the original gage length:
Elongation, % = L,.
Zo Lo x 100
where L0 is original gage length and Lx is final gage length.

engineering strain, e. A term sometimes used for average linear strain
or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In
tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage
length by the original gage length.
engineering str1ess, S. A term sometimes used for conventional stress
in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the load applied to the specimen by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
failure. Inability of a component or test specimen to fulfill its intended
function.
fracture strength, Sr. The normal stress at the beginning of fracture,
calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension
test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
gage length, Lo. The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain or change of length is determined.
Hooke's Law. The law of springs, which states that the force required
to displace (stretch) a spring is proportional to the displacement.
hysteresis (mechanical). The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or
lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading
when a material is subjected to repeated loading.
load, P. In the case of mechanical testing, a force applied to a testpiece
that is measured in units such as pound-force or newton.
Liiders lines. Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible
with the unaided eye, that form along the length of a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45 to the loading axis. Caused by
localized plastic deformation, they fesult from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Liiders bands, Hartrnann lines,
Piobeft lines, or stretcher strains.
maximum stress, Smax The stress having the highest algebraic value
in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly.
mechanical hysteresis. Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of loading and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading.
mechanical properties. The properties of a material that reveal its
elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied Of that involve
the relationship between the intensity of the applied stress and the
strain produced. The properties included under this heading are those
that can be recorded by mechanical testing-for example, modulus
of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit.
mechanical testing. The methods by which the mechanical properties
of a metal are determined.
modulus of elasticity,E. The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal;
the ratio of stress, below the proportionallimit, to the corresponding
strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. Also known as Young's modulus. For
materials that do not conform to Hooke's law throughout the elastic
range, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any two
specific points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the
modulus of elasticity. In these cases, the modulus is referred to as the
tangent modulus, secant modulus, or chord modulus, respectively.
modulus of resilience, UR. The amount of energy stored in a material
when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the
area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. See also
strain energy.
modulus of rigidity. See shear modulus.
modulus of rupture. Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at
fracture (Mc) divided by the section modulus ([):
Mc
Sb=[
In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture (Tr) divided by
the polar section modulus (J):
Tr
s, =-.T
modulus of toughness, UT. The amount of work per unit volume done
on a material to cause failure under static loading.
m-value. See strain-rate sensitivity.
natural strain. See true strain.
necking. Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal in a localized area
by stretching.
nominal strain. See strain.
nominal strength. See ultimate strength.
nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on
the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets,

and so forth.
normal stress. The stress component perpendicular to a plane on
which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile or compressive.
n-value. See strain-hardening exponent.
offset. The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a parallel line that intersects the
stress-strain curve ata value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used
as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no
obvious yield point.
offset yield strength. The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area.
permanent set. The deformation or strain remaining in a previously
stressed body after release of load.
plastic instability. The stage of deformation in a tensile test where the
plastic flow becomes nonuniform and necking begins.
plasticity. The property that enables a material to undergo permanent
deformation without rupture.
plastic strain. Dimensional change that does not disappear when the
initiating stress is removed. U sually accompanied by some elastic
deformation.
Poisson's ratio, v. The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral)
strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional Urnit of the material.
proof stress. The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set
in a material.
proportionallimit. The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between
stress and strain. See also elastic limit and Hooke's law.
reduction in area. The difference between the original cross-sectional
area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as
specified for the material undergoing testing.
secant modulus. The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to
any specified point on the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of
elasticity.
shear modulus, G. The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear
strain for shear stresses below the proportionallimit of the material.
Values of shear modulus are usually deterrnined by torsion testing.
Also known as modulus of rigidity.
specimen. A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration,
that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more
specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample.
strain. The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force.
Also known as nominal strain. See also engineering strain, linear
strain, and true strain.
strain energy. A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a
material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain
diagram.
strain hardening. An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range.
Also known as work hardening.
strain-hardening coefficient, K. See strain-hardening exponent.
strain-hardening exponent, n. The value n in the relationship cr = KEn,
where cr is the true stress, E is the true strain, and K, which is called
the "strength coefficient," is equal to the true stress at a true strain of
1.0. The strain-hardening exponent, also called "n-value," is equal to
the slope of the true-stress/true-strain curve up to maximum load,
when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the ability of a material to be stretched in metalworking operations. The
higher the n-value, the better the formability (stretchability).
strain rate, t.The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain
as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain
rate are reciproca! time.
strain-rate sensitivity (m-value). The increase in stress (cr) needed to

cause a certain in crease in plastic strain rate (E) at a given level of
plastic strain (E) and a given temperature (T).
Lllog a )
m = ( Lllog E a
strength. The maximum nominal stress a material can sustain. Always

qualified by the type of stress (tensile, compressive, or shear).
strength coefficient. See strain-hardening exponent.
stress. The intensity of the intemally distributed forces or components
of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that
is or has been subjected to externa! forces. Stress is expressed in
force per unit area and is calculated on the hasis of the original
dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either
direct (tension or compression) or shear. See also engineering stress,
nominal stress, normal stress, and true stress.
stress-strain curve. A graph in which corresponding values of stress
and strain are plotted. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically
(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain diagram.
tangent modulus, ET. The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified point of the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
tensile strength, Su. In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to
original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength.
Compare with yield strength.
tensile stress, S, cr. A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on
either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. Contrast with compressive stress.
tensile testing. See tension testing.
tension. The force or load that produces elongation.
tension testing. A method of deterrnining the behavior of materials
subjected to uniaxialloading, which tends to stretch the metal. Alongitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both
ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs.
Also known as tensile testing.
transverse. Literally, "across," usually signifying a direction or plane
perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the
direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the
direction through the thickness, short transverse.
transverse strain. Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the axis of
the specimen.
true strain, E. (1) The ratio ofthe change in dimension, resulting from
a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to
axial force, the naturallogarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the
moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as
natural strain.
true stress, cr. The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a
member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it
acts.
ultimate strength, Su. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or
shear) a material can sustain without fracture, deterrnined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength.
uniform strain. The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension
test.
work hardening. See strain hardening.
von Mises criterion. The maximum distortion energy criterion that
yielding will occur when the von Mises effective stress equals or
exceeds the yield stress.
(J~ (Jyp
von Mises effedive stress and strain. The effective stress (a) and
effective strain (E) are given by:
and
v'2
= -3-
[(d[- dl)2 + (d2- d[)2 + (d3- d[)2]112
where 1, 2, and 3 indicate the principal axes.

yielding. Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also
known as plastic flow or creep.
yield point. The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without
an increase in stress. Only certain metals-those that exhibit a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation-produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after
yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield
points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is
called the upper yield point The constant load shown on the flow
curve is the lower yield point.
yield-point elo111gation. The amount of strain that is required to complete the yielding process. It is measured from the onset of yielding
to the beginning of strain hardening.
yield strength, YS or Sy. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of
0.2% is used for many metals. Compare with tensile strength.
yield stress. The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, alt which large strains take place without further increase
in stress.
Young's modulus, E. See modulus of elasticity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Portions of this article are adapted from G.E. Dieter, "Mechanical
Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads," Mechanical Testing
and Evaluation, Volume 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 99-108.
REFERENCES
1. Glossary of Terms, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM
Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 939-952
2. ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary, ASM International, 1992
3. D.J. Mack, Trans. AIME, Vol166, 1946 p 68-85
4. P.E. Armstrong, Measurement of Elastic Constants, Techniques of
Metals Research, Voi V, R.F. Brunshaw Ed., Interscience, 1971
5. G. Carter, Principles of Physical and Chemical Metallurgy, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 87
6. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th ~~d., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 33
7. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 314
8. "Copper and Copper Alloys-Rod for General Purposes," EN
12163, CEN, 1998
9. "Designation Systems for Steel-Part 1:Steel Names, Principal
Symbo1s," EN-10027-1, CEN, 1992, p 4
10. G.E. Dieter, Introduction to Ductility, Ductility, American Society
for Metals, 1968
11. A.C. Ugnral and S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1995
12. J.R. Low and F. Garofalo, Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal., Voi 4 (No.
2), 1947, p 16--25
13. J.R. Low, Properties of Metals in Materials Engineering, American
Society for Metals, 1949
14. J. Datsko, Material Properties and Manufacturing Processes, John

Wiley & Sons, 1966, p 18-20
15. W.B. Morrison, Trans. ASM, Vol59, 1966, p 824
16. D.C. Ludwigson, Metall. Trans., Vo12, 1971, p 2825-2828
17. H.J. Kleemola and M.A. Nieminen, Metall. Trans., Voi 5, 1974, p
1863-1866
18. C. Adams and J.G. Beese, Trans. ASME, Series H, Voi 96, 1974, p
123-126
19. A.Considere, Ann. Ponts Chaussees, Vol9, 1885, p 574-775
20. G.W. Geil and N.L. Carwile, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Vol45, 1950,
p 129
21. P.W. Bridgman, Trans. ASM, Voi 32, 1944, p 553
22. J. Aronofsky, J. Appl. Mech., Vo118, 1951, p 75-84
23. T.A. Trozera, Trans. ASM, Vol56, 1963, p 280-282
24. E.R. Marshall and M.C. Shaw, Trans. ASM, Vol44, 1952, p 716
25. W.J.McG. Tegart, Elements of Mechanical Metallurgy, Macmillan,
1966, p 22
26. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive
Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook,
2000, p 99-108
27. "Standard Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at
Room Temperature," E 9, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, ASTM
28. G. Sines, T. Okada, and S. Mack, Fixture for Accurate Load Path in
Axial Compression, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Composites, R. Chait and R. Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM,
1983, p 97-108
29. P. Dadras and J.F. Thomas, Deformation Inhomogeneities in Upset
Forging, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Composites, R. Chait and R. Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM, 1983, p 24-39
30. M.L. Lovato and M.G. Stout, Metall. Trans. A, Voi 23, 1992, p
935-951
31. "Tension Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book ofASTM
Standards, Voi 03.01, 1996
32. A.K. Sachdev and J.E. Hunter, Jr., Thermal Effects During Uniaxial
Straining of Stee1s, Metall. Trans. A, Voi 13, 1982, p 1063-1067
33. S. Nemat-Nasser, Introduction to High Strain Rate Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 427
34. J.M. Hoit, Uniaxial Tension Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 124-142
35. M.R. Mitchell, -Fundamentals of Modern Fatigne Analysis for the
Design, Fatigue and Fracture, Voi 19, ASM Handbook, 1996, p
227-249
36. G.H. Koch, Tests for Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Adv. Mater.
Process., Aug 2001, p 36
37. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures,
MIL-HDBK-5H, Departrnent of Defense and Federal Airline Administration, 1998
SELECTED REFERENCES
"Standard Terrninology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing," E 6, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Voi 03.01
"Tensi1e Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Voi 03.01
"Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials" E 21
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Voi 03.01
'
'
"Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus," E 111,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vo1 03.01
"Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," EN 10002: 1
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at E1evated Temperature," ISO
783
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperature," ISO
6892
"Metallic Materia1s-Tensile Testing at Low Temperature," ISO
15579
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ferrous Metals
Cast lron (CI)/23
Cast lron (CI)

CI.001 Unclassified cast irons, influence of graphite
morphology on stress-strain curves
60
Source: D.M. Stefanescu, Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast

Iron, Properties and Selection: lrons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Vol1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 8
50
"'
280
40
a.
a;
-"'
II
II
"'
210
30
"'
~
a;
~
a;
c:
c:
140
20
~-------OL.1-------0~.2-------0~.3-------0~.4------~0.~
Strain,%
350
Yieldpoint
200
::f
~
100
50
Caststeel
250
Cii 150
300
&.
CI.002 Unclassified cast steel and cast iron, tensile

stress-strain curves
1/ /V
1/
V
Test direction: longitudinal. Cast steel: shows definite

yield point; steel test bar diarneter = 12.83 mm
(0.505 in.); ultimate strength = 543 MPa. Cast iron:
25.4 mm ( 1 in.) cast bar, iron test bar diarneter =
12.83 mm (0.0505 in.); ultimate strength = 315 MPa.
Gage length = 51 mm (2 in.)
[::7
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, Factors Relating to the Stress/Strain Properties

of Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Vol6 (No. 6), April 1957, p 551
~tiran
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
24/Cast lron (CI)
CI.003 lron alloy casting, tensile stress-strain curves

with effect of graphite
300.---,---,----,---,---,,---,---~---,---,
Test direction: longitudinal. In curves 1 through 5, the

curvature increases as the amount of graphite in the iron
increases. Curve 6 had graphite similar in quantity to
curve 2, but it is coarser. Modulus of elasticity: curve
1, 145 GPa (21.1 psi x 106); curve 2, 116 GPa (16.9 psi x
106); curve 3, 123 GPa (17.9 psi x 106 ); curve 4, 103 GPa
(14.9 psi x 106); curve 5, 84 GPa (12.2 psi x 106); curve
6, 115 GPa (16.7 psi x 106)
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, Factors Relating to the Stress/Strmn Properties
of Cast Iron, BCIRA 1., Voi 6 (No. 6), April, 1957, p 553
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Strain,%
80
-,
PL
Ferritic drtile iron
10
~ray iron
YS
280 ui
"'~
i'i3
210
140
1/f/
&.
PL
./
20
350
:::::;
--r--=-
r---
Behavior of severa! irons compared to steel. 0.2% yield

strength: pearlitic ductile iron, 455 MPa (66 ksi); steel,
372 MPa (54 ksi); ferritic ductile iron, 276 MPa (40 ksi);
gray iron, 220 MPa (32 ksi). PL, proportionality limits
Source: Private communication with Lyle Jenkins
30
490
420
50
CI.004 Unclassified cast irons and steels,

irj
~s!eel
1/YS
60
~uctile
-/
-<s
1/f. -----h1/r
~ V ---V
Pearlitic
70
560
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Cast lron (CI)/25
1
1
1
40
10
_.........- ~
50
20
V
//V
---
1
1
IT
::!:
0.2
r..
(/)
0.3
0.5
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
o~
V
v-
0.7
420
CI.006 4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite

iron casting, tensile and compressive stress-strain
curves
350
0.1 %, 0.2%, and 0.5% yield strengths are indicated.

Proportionality limits (PL) are 201 MPa (29.1 ksi) in
compression and 124 MPa (18 ksi) in tension.
280
Source: G.F. Seargeant and E.R. Evans, The Production and Properties
of Compacted Graphite Irons, British Foundryman, May 1978. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., lron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, p 388
LJ::!%
Compressionl-
Tens1on
!--- ~rr-
8:.
::!:
210
PL
140
PL
70
j'
0.1
ui
70
lf
20
Source: C.F. Walton, Ed., lron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting

140
1
v
1//V
1V
40
280
210
60
50
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic; ultimate tensile strength =

410 MPa (59.5 ksi); elongation = 1.0%. Curve 2: ferritic;
ultimate tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.4 ksi); elongation
= 3.5%. Dashed curve (3) indicates modulus of elasticity,
144 GPa (20.9 x 106 psi).
350
8:.
1
1/
0.1
10
CI.005 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves
420
60
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
ui
26/Cast lron (CI)
1600
CI.007 Austempered ductile iron casting, stressstrain curves showing effect of matrix structure
1400
Solid curve for austempered ductile iron, 300 C, 1 h,

with lower bainitic matrix structures. Dashed curve for
austempered ductile iron, 375 C, 1 h, with upper bainitic
matrix structures
1200
1000
"'
Il.
:2
"'
~
1})
800
~--
--- -- ---
Source: P.A Blackmore and R.A. Harding, "The Effects of Metallurgical

Process Variables on tbe Properties of ADI's," p 117-134; J. Heat
Treat., Voi 3 (No. 4), p 320-325. As published in Structural Alloys
Handbook, Voi!, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 25
(/)
600
400
200
o
o
6
Strain,%
10
600
/~
....
12
CI.008 Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonie
....
and cyclic stress-strain curves
,:/
550
500
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ductile iron

(ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 310 C, 3 h. Monotonie curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K = 26,425.7; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.45. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, K' = 11,389.7; strain-hardening exponent,
n' = 0.37. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.6 GPa (25.18 X 106 psi). Composition:
Fe-3.59C-2.15Si-0.29Mn-0.012S-0.010P-0.056Mg0.80Ni-0.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.09Mo
450
/IT
"' 400
Il.
:2
ai 350
"O
:::J
~ 300
E
Zl"' 250
~
ii5 200
/
150
Source: M.J.D. Frier, "Strain Life Data and Stress/Strain Data for
Austempered Ductile Irons-Tests of the High-Strengtb Grade," Report
1820, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1991, p 3
100
50
- - Monotonie
........... Cyclic
- - - Elasti c
1
1
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
Cast lron (CI)/27
600
550
500
450
/j
"' 400
a.
::!:
CI
350
/!
"O
~ 300
"'lll
250
(f)
200
CI.009 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,

monotonie and cyclie stress-strain curves
/)~"
/V
//
V
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),

BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 325 C, 3 h. Monotonie curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K = 22,486; strain-hardening
coefficient, K' = 18,588.7; strain-hardening exponent,
n' = 0.40. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.2 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.65C-2.16Si0.47Mn-O.O 15S-O .O 1OP-0.056Mg -0 .58Ni-0.02Cr0.027Sn-0.07Cu
~/
Source: I.S. Matharu, M.J.D. Frier, and K. She1by, "Strain-Life Fatigue

Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ducti1e lrons," Report
J/
150
100
50
oo
- - Monotonie
Cyclic
- - j" Elastic
1
/
0.05
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain amplitude, %
600
/,
/
550
//
500
.a
'8. 300
lll"' 250
~
Ci) 200
150
Source: l.S. Matharu, M.J.D. Frier, and K. She1by, "Strain-Life Fatigue

Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ducti1e Irons," Report
100
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ducti1e iron

(ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength.
Austempered 375 C, 2.5 h. Monotonie curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K =6049.1; strain-hardening
coefficient, K' = 5190.4; strain-hardening exponent, n' =
0.27. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) =
174.6 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.67C-2.08Si-0.30Mn0.014S-0.014P-0.057Mg-0.77Ni-0.03Cr-0.028Sn-0.08Cu
350
"O
50
and cyclie stress-strain curves
/V
"' 400
a.
CI
//
450
::!:
CI.Ol O Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonie
- - Monotonie
........... Cyclic
---Elastic
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Strain amplitude, %
0.40
0.45
28/Cast lron (CI)
CI.011 Austempered ductile cast iron bar, monotonie

and cyclie stress-strain curves
700
600
500
"'
Q_
,.j
"O
:::l
:t::
Ci
~ 300
"'~
Ci)
200
100
?'
.
:2:
ai 400
.
~

BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
375 C, 1.25 h. Monotonie curve (solid line): strength
coefficient, K = 28,769.7; strain-hardening exponent, n =
0.46. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' =
12,075.7; strain-hardening exponent, n' = 0.37. Elastic
line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 173.9 GPa.
Composition: Fe-3.73C-2.21Si-0.47Mn-0.020S-0.011P0.059Mg-0.55Ni-0.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.08Cu
....
Souree: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
- - Monotonie
Cyclie
_ _ Elasr
1
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
CI.012 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,
700
monotonie and cyclic stress-strain curves

600
500
"'
Q_
,.}
:2:
ai 400
"O
~
Ci
~ 300
200
100
~.

BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
350 C, 1 h. Monotonie curve (solid line): strength
coefficient, K = 11,647.1; strain-hardening exponent, n =
0.36. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' =
8887.6; strain-hardening exponent, n' =0.33. Elastic line
(dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 174.1 GPa.
Composition: Fe-3.68C-2.22Si-0.40Mn-0.020S-0.012P0.056Mg-0.54Ni-0.02Cr-0.027Sn-0.07Cu
/-'''
.
oo
0.05
Source: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ducti1e Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
- - Monotonie
........... Cyelie
_
Elastr
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
Cast lron (CI)/29
CI.013 3.60-3.90% carbon ductile casting, tensile
875
125
Modulus of elasticity varies from the maximum 150 GPa
(21.7 x 106 psi) (curve 1) to the minimum 159 GPa
(23.0 x 106 psi) (curve 3), with an average of 157 GPa
(22.7 x 106 psi) (curve 2), based on 40 tests
700
100
230v
1
u;
';<y /
525
75
Source: Nodular Iron, Properties and Selection of Metals, Voi 1, 8th ed.,
Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961, p 386
"'
n.
-"'
::2:
"'"'
~
Ci)
350
50
"'"'
~
~----L---~2L---~3----~4----~5----~6----~7
60
55
50
45
315
280
1
1
vL/ 7
p
1
"'
245 ::2:
n.
"'
"'
210 ~
"'
PL
1
1
15
10
5
175 -~
~
20
140
105
70
35
1
0.1
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic, ultimate tensile strength =

745 MPa (108 ksi). Curve 2: annealed ferritic, ultimate
tensile strength = 400 MPa (58 ksi). Curve 3 (dashed):
0.2% offset yield strength. PL, limits of proportionality
350
i/
40
typical tensile stress-strain curves

385
li
CI.014 Pearlitic and ferritic ductile iron casting,
420
)---
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, Behavior of Cast Irons under Stress,

Engineering Properties and Performance of Modem Iron Castings,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1970, p 41. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
30/Cast lron (CI)
450
400
350
2A/
300
3/ jl
"'
o._
::1!:
CI
"'
250
~r
c:
~
150
50
lj/ v-
200
100
.---
~~
_....
11
f
1
CI.015 Ductile iron alloy casting, tensile

Test direction: longitudinaL Iron test specimen:
28.65 mm diam X 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x
3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922 mm diam
x 76.2 mm gage length (1.493 in. diam x 3 in. gage
length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1%
proof stress = 349 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
iron failed in elastic region at X. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 316 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
nodular iron; 0.1% proof stress = 232 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-L8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P0.76Ni-(1 = 0.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Voi 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 179
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
Strain,%
750
675
600
"'
::1!:
525
1
1
} v--
o._
CI
450
1ii
~
375
-~
Q)
o.E
300
75
_.... ~
~~
225
150
--
CI.016 Ductile iron casting, compressive

1-
Test direction: longitudinal. Iron test specimen:

28.65 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in.
diam x 3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922
mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.493 in. diam x 3 in.
gage length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1%
proof stress = 398 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
iron, 0.1% proof stress =676 MPa. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 283 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
nodular iron; 0.1% proof stress = 264 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-L8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P0.76Ni-(1 = 0.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C6.14Si-0.35Mn-O.O 14S-0.021P-O.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
---
h/
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodu1ar Cast

1964,p 185
11
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Cast lron (CI)/31
----
50
40
350
!---
280
&.
:2
210 ui
V
1
20
10
"'
~
1/
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
CI.018 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
490
60
50
40
:i~
Ci5 30
10
/
J
0.5
420
350
280
ui
210
140
70
1.0
1.5
&.
:2
1/
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Voi 104,
1996, p 723
70
70
20
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily

ferritic with 5-10% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
324 MPa (47 ksi); ultimate strength = 496 MPa (72 ksi);
elongation = 16%. Composition: Fe-3.599C-2.753Si0.193Mn-0.033P-0.014S
140
0.5
'iii
-"
CI.017 Ferritic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
420
60
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
"'
~

pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
elongation = 7.5%. Composition: Fe-3.684C-2.422Si0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
1996, p 723
32/Cast lron (CI)
70
490
60
420
50
_/
u; 40
VV
-"'
ui
"'!!!
/1 1
U5 30
20
10
---
350
280
210
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
60
./
50
~1
-"'
ui
cn 30
--
V: 1
V1
20

0.5
1.5
350
280
&
210
U5
70
'{
1.0
420
140
lj 1
/; 1
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, LY. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
1996, p 724
5.0
490
u; 40

345 MPa/rnin (50 ksilrnin). Typical yield strength (YS) =
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 85% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C2.753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-O.O 14S
70
70
10
~
U5
140
0.5
&
::;;:
ui
r; 1
V' V
11 1

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
::;;:

345 MPa/rnin (50 ksilrnin). Typical yield strength = 400
MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, LY. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile lron, AFS Trans., Vo1104,
1996, p 725
Cast lron (CI)/33
70
490
60
420
50
gj 40
rn 30
10
~~
gf
~
20
,.,.
llj
210
!.
Jj
2
7 8 9 10
1
11
60
50
,.,. v -- ---
30
20
10
1r;
,'l
!J
,v
2
7 8 9 10
1/l
11/
1/;
'!
oo
.._.."
1/;
11
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol104,
1996, p 726
12 13 14 15
,..-

345 MPa/min (50 ksilmin). Typical yield strength =
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 80% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C2. 753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-O.O 14S
70
80
70
::;
140
1V
350
280

560
CI.022 Pearlitic ductile bar, uniaxial tensile stressstrain curves
490

345 MPa/min (50 ksilmin). Typical yield strength =
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
420
350
::;
280 ui
"'
~
210
140
70
12 13 14 15
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol104,
1996, p 726
34/Cast lron (CI)
70
60
50
/i
u; 40
"'
Cii 30
;V)
20
10
. . .v
1'
--

345 MPa/min (50 ksi!min). Typical yield strength =
to 91 kg (200 lb), 1oaded to 75% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), 1oaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
420
350
11
1996, p 727
1/
140
VA f
70
V,1(1
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

490
70
60
50
u; 40
cn 30
li)
1/
1
0.5
1.0
1.5
rJ
~V
2.0
lhrt
350
rJ
210
140
lj
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

420
280 ~
:2
,IA1
1/
--
20
V
1
"'~
10

490
70
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
"'
~

345 MPa/min (50 ksi!min). Typical yield strength =
1996, p 727
Cast lron (CI)/35
300
ElaLc
250
~L
Elaltic
III
P~pt
,...... ---=rrrotal
200
CI.025 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage

length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =
232 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =242 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-O.O 12S-0.025P-O. 76Ni-0.064Mg
?'Total
{10.7%PS
0.1%PS

1964, p 177
100
50
o
(a)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Strain, %
280
....-
(
240
'/---;- 1
1 1
1/\
200
.J.
Total
iermanent
_1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(b) Strain, %
17
CI.026 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
~J
Total
"Permanent
Recoverable
1
10.2% PS
0.1% PSI
Recoverable
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage

length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =
266 MPa; 0.2% proof stress = 267 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-O.O 12S-0.025P-O.76Ni-0.064Mg
1/
"'
0..
:2
u
~ 160
~

Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Voll2 (No. 2), March
1964, p 182
"iij
~ 120
c.
f
f
(.)
80
40
1/
0
o
(a)
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5

Strain, %
0.6
0.7 0.8
o
(b)
0.1 0.2 0.3

Strain, %
0.4
36/Cast lron (CI)
CI.027 Ferritie nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

monotonie and cydic stress-strain curves
Curves based on the :first cycle of loading and cycle tests

carried out at less than 0.1% strain. The stress values are
raised by strain hardening. Modulus of elasticity = 177
GPa. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si-0.32Mn-0.022S0.017P-0.046Mg
li
1
--~~
0.1%
proof stress
200
"'
:2
Monotonie/
0..
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984
";
(fJ
//
2
u;
/
1
100
1
1
li
/
1
1
0.10
0.05
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
350
''
300
Q)
Cl
!!'! 200
oS
"C
150
"'
Cyclic
''
100
50
0.05
''
'
0.10
'
''
''
'
''
''
'
'
''
'
''
0.15
Strain,%
''
'
'
''
'
'
'
''
0.20
'
''
''
CI.028 Ferritie nodular ductile iron casting,

stress amplitude-strain curve for monotonie and
cydie loading
Curves based on the :first cycle of loading and a cycle at
approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
amplitudes (half stress range). Composition: Fe-3.51C2.07Si-0.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
'
;3~
'
''
''
''
''
- - ;"to.1%
F1rst cycle
'ffi
0.30
'
,'/
"'
~ 250
"'
,gc.
''
'
''
0.25
offset

(BCIRA), 1984
0.25
0.30
Cast lron (CI)/37
CI.029 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, log

stress-log plastic strain curve for monotonie and
cyclic loading
Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonie and

cyclic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to define cyclic
stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not
stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si0.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
(BCIRA), 1984
Plastic strain
1' ""' "''
300
o!1%/S
250
IY
200
0.~% PSj
r-r
CI.030 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curve
oy.Js
Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): 0.1 %,

246 MPa; 0.2%, 253 MPa; 0.5%, 263 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength = 400 MPa; elongation = 26.5%;
hardness = 134 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C2.11Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
,(
lf
"'
a.
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and M.J.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of

a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyclically Loaded between Equal
and Opposite Strain Limits in Tension and Compression," Report 1579,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984
::::
"' 150
~
"'
.!!1
c;;
c:
~
100
50
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
38/Cast lron (CI)
Normalized
12 in. (3oasectiol
1Tin. (l45 mi' keel
t/" ,)1"" ''j" mT """
Ascast
V / '/" ,.".-J
12[in. (30.8 mm) [section
1
~/
1r
//
1~in.
........
(304.8 mm) section

1
1.75 in. (44.45 mm) keel
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
CI.031 Recarburized steel ductile casting, longitudinal tensile stress-total strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Comparison is made between 44.45 mm (1.75 in.) keel test blocks and 304.8 mm diam x 50.8 mm (12 in. diam x 2 in.) castings;
50.8 mm (2 in.) square test specimens cut from the latter. As-cast pearlitic nodular iron, normalized pearlitic, and annealed
ferritic nodular iron are shown for each size. Composition: Fe-3.52C-1.76Si-0.29Mn-0.026S-0.020P-0.92Ni-0.062Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Effect of Section Size on the Stress-Strain Properties ofNodular Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Voll2 (No. 6), Nov 1964, p 766
Cast lron (CI)/39
500
450
....--
400
350
.;
1/)
250
u;
c:
200
150
100
50
--
V
1~%PS
1/
a."'
::;; 300
~
'li)
~%PS
f..--'"
L
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Curve 1: nodu1ar iron; ultimate strength = 695 MPa;

0.1% proof stress = 378 MPa. Curve 2: nodular iron,
ultimate strength = 402 MPa; 0.1% proof stress =
238 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
than the proof stress.
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodu1ar and Malleab1e Cast
Irons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981
~V
o()
CI.032 Nodular ductile iron casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at 20 oc
0.8
0.9
40/Cast lron (CI)
500
/1 ~11\3~ -
450
400
350
"' 300
~
:li
~ 250
ly
/
--
~~/
<(e<f'.
'/
/0.2% PS
0.1%PS
d!
'(ii
~ 200
150
1
1
100
fi
"'
.!!!
50
tr
1/ /1
fec~~
1
o
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
CI.033 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam X 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =347 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
374 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Voi 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 175
Cast lron (CI)/41
500
450
400
350
f-----
ttf'a.nen{,jt-
;t)
fi
"'
";
:Il
ti
V/ ~/
~e
1!
"' 300
250
'iii
~ 200
150
100
50
1
1
1
--
L Reco~erable
C(\'1.1
![~V
6 4
~ f-
1/
1
0.2%PS
lf
0.1% PS
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain,%
CI.034 Pearlitic ductile iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
398 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCJRA J., Voll2 (No. 2), March 1964, p 180
42/Cast lron (CI)
400.---,----,---.----.---,----.----.---.---~
CI.035 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

Test direction: longitudinal. (a) Beginning of cycling in

tension to 350 MPa. (b) Behavior of same sample after
128 cycles to 350 MPa. 0.2% proof stress = 358 MPa;
ultimate tensile strength =659 MPa. Composition: Fe3.42C-2.11 Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
"'
0..
:2
"' 200
cn
150
100
50
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.45
0.20
{a)
Strain, %
400
350
300
250
"'
:2
0..
"'~ 200
cn
150
100
50
1
0.25
{b)
'/
1'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain,%
0.45
0.50
Cast lron (CI}/43
500
1
1
1/

Jlastic lit
450
tr:
400
~1
a!2% PS
f.-- f.--
o.1% Ps_lJ---
350
"'
::;;
1~
Il.
300
Ul
250
c;;
c:
200
150
100
50

1
1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
400
1
/1
1
0.8
0.9
"'
::;;
Il.
II
Ul
..,~
~
1/
200
0.05
/
/
0.10
/0.1%
proof
Monotonie / stress
1
/'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
0.25

monotonie and cyclic stress-strain curves
Curves based on the first cycle of loading and cycle tests
carried out at less than 0.1% strain. Strain hardening only
contributes a slight increase in raising tensile stress level.
Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-0.010S-0.019P0.044Mg
(BCIRA), 1984
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
cJclic
........
(/
lf
~ --~
/~
300
c:
0.7
1
1
--
Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): 0.1 %,

355 MPa; 0.2%, 358 MPa; 0.5%, 395 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength = 659 MPa; elongation = 6.5%;
hardness = 219 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C2.11Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
IJ
0.1
c;;
rr
11
lf
II
..,
0.5~ PS
0.30
44/Cast lron (CI)
CI.038 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting,

stress amplitude-strain curves for monotonie and
cyclic loading
"'
~ 300~----~------~----~~~~------4-~~---4~
i)
Cl
c:
Curves based on the first cycle of loading and a cycle at

approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
amplitudes (half stress range). Modulus of elasticity =
183 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-0.010S0.019P-0.044Mg
['!
Cii
.S
Q)
"tl
::l
%
200~----~------~----~-----4~----4------4~
E
1
1
"'"'
/
"'
~
//1

(BCIRA), 1984
(/)
100~-----v~----~----~1-----4------4------4~
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain,%
CI.039 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, log

stress-log plastic strain curve for monotonie and
cyclic loading
Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonie and
cyclic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to detine cyclic
stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not
stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si0.38Mn-0.010S-0.019P-0.044Mg
(BCIRA), 1984
1 -5
10
Plastic strain
Cast lron (CI)/45
400.---~---,---,----,---,----,----,---,---
CI.040 Ductile iron casting, cydic

(a) The first several cycles in tension to 350 MPa.
(b) 128 cycles in tension to 350 MPa. Composition: Fe3.45C-2.18Si-0.33Mn-0.012S-0.004P-0.048Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, ''The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties of a Ferritic
Nodular lron Tested under Completely Reversed Loading aud under
Tensile Lmiding," Report 1534, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1983
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain,%
(a)
400
350
300
L7
250
1/
"'
~ 200
Ci5 150
100
50
0.25
(b)
f'
'/
!/
1'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain,%
0.45
0.50
0.55
46/Cast lron (CI)
CI.041 Gray iron casting, tensile stress-strain curves

showing effect of graphite form
16------
112
75% UTS
84
12
a..
"'
u;
~
:ii
ui
"'
~
TS, total strain; RS, recoverable strain; UTS, 75%

ultimate tensile strength. (a) Compacted graphite.
(b) Type A graphite. (c) Widmanstatten graphite
ui
56
"'
~
cn
4~~------+---------+---------,_--------~28
00
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
(a)
84
12
75% UTS
56
a.."'
u;
~
:ii
ui
ui
rn
"'
~
28
0.4
0.1
Strain,%
(b)
42
------
u;
75% UTS
"'
28 a..
:ii
ui
rn
ui
rn
~
14 cn
i'i 2
0.3
0.1
(c)
Strain,%
0.4
Source: R.E. Maringer, "Damping Capacity of Materials," Report

RSIC-508, Battelle Memorial Institute, Redstone Scientific Information
Center, Redstone Arsenal, Jan !966, AD 640465. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Voll, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 20
Cast lron (CI)/47
45
40
35
30
~ 25
Ci5 20
15
750 J(399 c)
70 F (21 cyV
1//~
V
w
/) V
~ l--840 ~1 (449 c)
L---
CI.042 Gray iron casting, stress-strain curves to

fracture at room and elevated temperatures
280
Composition: Fe-3.19C-(CC-0.85)-1.66Si- 0.91Mn0.077P-0.089S
245
1
930 F (499 c)
~---~
315
Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile /ron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, 1965. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voll, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994, p 20
210
"'
175 ~
ui
140
CI)
105
10
70
35
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Strain,%
70.---~--~---,r---~---,---.----~--,---~490
CI.043 Pearlitic gray iron casting, stress-strain curves

showing effect of section size
Casting thickness: curve 1, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.); curve 2,

25.4 mm (1 in.); curve 3, 152.4 mm (6 in.); curve 4,
76.2 mm (3 in.). Dashed lines indicate plastic strain.
Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, Aug 1971. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1994, p 20
L---~-L-L--~~~~--~--~---L---L--~0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Elongation, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
48/Cast lron (CI)
40r-----,------r------,-----,------.-----.--.280
CI.044 Class 20 to 50 gray iron casting, tensile

Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 211
~----L_
0.05
_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~~o
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain,%
CI.045 Class 30 gray iron casting, cydic tensile

Permanent deformation results from removal and
reapplication of load.
Strain,%
Cast lron (CI)/49
315
CI.046 Class 40 gray iron casting, cydic tensile

280
Permanent deformation results from removal and

reapplication of load.
245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. F1inn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
210
~
"'
a.
:2
~25~----+---~~f-~~~~-~----~-----+-----1 175 u
VJ
~ 20~----+-~-h~~~~L_--~----~-----+-----1 140
<::
VJ
<::
105
70
35
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Strain,%
40
/
35
1
1
gj 25
u
VJ
Q)
c;;
V 1/
~ 15
10
./
Ela1
<::
30
~ 20
Plastic
V/
280
CI.047 Pearlite gray iron casting, tensile

245
Total strain is composed of plastic and elastic portions.
210
Source: J.W. Grant, Comprehensive Mechanical Tests ofTwo Pearlite

Gray Irons, J. Res. BCIRA, Vol3, April1951, p 861-875. Adapted
from C.F. Walton, Ed., lron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting Society,
1981, p 228
175
~
140 ~
VJ
;;;
<::
105 ~
A~
70
35
0.05
0.10
:2
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
0.25
0.30
50/Cast lron (CI)
550
./
500
./
450
400
350
~"' 300
u
~ 250
1ii
CI.048 Class 20 and 40 gray iron casting, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
~ 40 compression
70
60
;j
150
11
/f"
1
1 ~~-'Y
'(ii
..>::
----
- 40
100
.;
1/
0.2
-----
"'~
1ii
-
30
20
10
~,
-- --
50
- - class 20 compression
200
50
v--
- - ci;ss 20 tension
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.8
Strain,%
80
_,--70
compreV
60
50
~
u 40
"'
~
CI)
30
20
10
1V
f
0.2
---
560
CI.049 Class 35 gray iron casting, tensile and

490
420
350
"'
o_
::;;;:
280 u
v--
"'~
1-- Tension
1ii
210
140
70
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Cast lron (CI)/51
CI.050 Class 20, 40, and 60 gray iron casting, typical

tensile stress-strain curves
500~------r-------.-------,-------,-------,
Source: Gray Iron, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and HighPerformance Alloys, Voi!, ASM Handbook, !990, p 20
"'
:2
300
a_
"ijj
-"'
,;;
,;;
IJ)
IJ)
~
200
10
2
3
Strain, mrnlm (0.001 in./in.)
200
Lateral strain
175
li
150
2/1
125
1 j2 /
100
25
"' o
:2
,;;
1
##
ll
~ -25
t5
-100
-125
-150
-200
Progression oftest follows numbers 1-3 (solid line 1 to

dashed line 1 to solid line 2 to dashed line 2, etc.). Solid
lines are load applications; dashed lines are relaxations.
These are relatively high stresses. Composition: Fe-3.2C2.19Si-0.56Mn-0.031S-0.046P
/
/
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, Stress/Strain Properties of Cast Iron and

Poisson's Ratio in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol9 (No. 3),
May 1961, p 351
,"/
-75
-225
-0.3
.
..
'
,/'
.ll '/' /!'l'.111/3 V3/

..
1/ l3 1 ::1 /
ll
"A1 3~
..','/
.' 1/:~ J
-50
-175
;!1
il
,,'2
r/!.'
50
a_
t.--
2/
1/ !/
75
CI.051 Gray iron casting, tensile and compressive

longitudinal and lateral stress-strain curves
Longitudinal strain
'
1-
::-V/
.~V
-0.2
1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
52/Cast lron (CI)
250.-----r----,-----,-----,----~-----,----~
CI.052 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves with cydic loading to increasing
stress levels
Ultimate strength = 230 MPa. Permanent deformation
increases with increasing stress levels.
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"
Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1977
0.7
Strain,%
280
260
/com~ressive
240
200
180
"'
a. 160
1
1 /
1/
140
1ij 120
100
80
60
40
20
1
Fractura
...... ~
_....--re;;e
f/
;; /
1'
1
V
0.1
= 600 MPa
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"

Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1977
1/
:::;
"'
Compressive strength
/V
220
rn
~
CI.053 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, comparison

of tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
/'1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tensile and compressive strain, %
0.5
0.6
Cast lron (CI)/53
CI.054 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, cyclic

200
150
100
.,
50
a.
:o
ui
1/)
/,V
-50
Stress-strain curves for cycles 129-132 with loads

varying 175 MPa. The hysteresis loop advances to the
right as the number of cycles increase.
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and S.D. Kemp, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron-A Progress Report;' Report
1384, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), July 1980
1V
-100
-150
h~
1'
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain,%
CI.055 Gray iron casting, components of total

Considering iron as a composite, the total strain 5, can be
thought of consisting of the 1, plastic matrix; 2, voids
with recoverable deformation; 3, elastic matrix; 4, voids
with permanent deformation. Iron can be considered
having a steel-like matrix with volume changes occurring
in the spaces occupied by graphite. Iron tensile strength =
213 MPa
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, ''The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigtie
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain ControlA Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
QOL---~--~~--L_--~--~~--~--~--~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
54/Cast lron (CI)
250
CI.056 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves
200
fnd, 3rd i:ycles ~
150
1st cycle,
100
50
"'
:2
"'~
Cii
-50
fi ~
-100
hV
-150
-200
Source: G .N .J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
V/ V
o.
ui
V/
Curves for first three cycles to 0.20% strain.

Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si-0.35Mn-0.025S-0.086P
-250
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain,%
CI.057 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves
250
Curve for 2512th cycle to 0.20% strain. (Fatigue failure

occurred at 3769 cycles.) Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si0.35Mn-0.025S-0.086P
200
150
2512th cycle
100
"'
50
o.
:2
ui
"'
~
//
(/)
-50
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain ControlA Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast lron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
/
//
/
~V
h 1/
-100
-150
-200
-250
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
o
Strain,%
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Cast lron (CI)/55
CI.058 Gray iron casting, modulus of
170
elasticity-stress curves
Modulus of elasticity (E) for compression of first and
2512th cycle. At maximum compressive stress
(0.0020 strain controlled) first cycle, E = 144.95 GPa;
2512th cycle, E = 144.20 GPa
160
150
"'
0..
C!l 140
z.
~~
.......
"(3
"'
Qi
130
~~
---...;::
!1)
:::l
s"O
o
120
::2
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
~ ~ f;::- r--""' """!"-"
""
110
------~stcycle
2512th cycle
100
90
-250 -200 -150 -100
50
-50
Stress, MPa
100
150
200
250
CI.059 Gray iron casting, modulus of
170
elasticity-stress curves
Modulus of elasticity (E) for tension of first and 2512th
cycle. At maximum tensile stress (0.0020 strain
controlled) first cycle, E = 157.62 GPa; 2512th cycle,
E = 155.62 GPa.
160
150
"'
0..
C!l 140
z.
~ !'----.
r-
"(3
"'
o
Qi
~
~
130
~~
!1)
:::l
s"O
o
120
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
'
~ First cycle
2512thc~
::2
110
100
90
-200
-150
-100
-50
o
Stress, MPa
50
100
150
56/Cast lron (CI)
CI.060 Pearlitic and ferritic malleable iron casting,

700
100
!---
V
/
80
560
1.....-
~ 60
i
~
u;
c
~ 40
"'
420 ~
u;
280 ~
20
V
0.1
140
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
CI.061 Blackheart malleable iron casting, tensile and

350
300
250
&.
Compression
1/~ 1
200
1/1
<I
(/)
1i5
-,.._
:2
~
Source: L.W.L. Smith and G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Tensile Properties of

Blackheart and Pearlitic Malleable Irons-A Progress Report," Report
1363, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), Jan 1980,
p 49-62. As published in C.P. Walton, Ed., Tron Castings Handbook,
Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 304
1i5
v:-
Typical curves obtained from machined cast-to-shape test

bars. Curve 1, pearlitic, oil quenched; curve 2, pearlitic,
air quenched; curve 3, ferritic
150
1/0.1%
PS
Teniion
1/
50
0.1
0.2
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive

Stress/Strain Properties of Ma11eab1e Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 32
1
1
1/
1/ 1/ 1/
oo
1/0.5% PS
0.2% PS
1 11
1 11
100
Produced at 980 C, fast cooled to 760 ac, slow cooled to

700 ac. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rate of 0.01/min. 0.2% proof stress (PS): tensile,
346 MPa; compressive, 284 MPa. Compressive PS at
0.2% is slightly less than at 0.1 %. Composition: Fe2.46C-1.40Si-0.46Mn-0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001Al0.038Cr
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Cast lron (CI)/57
CI.062 Blackheart malleable iron casting,

compressive stress-strain curves with effect of
strain rate
350
300
_:::::::: :::::::::
~~
J=t=
250
a.."'
:2
.;
"'
200
~::::::. 1-;.-Strain rate:

r--0.2/min
0.021 min
0.0021 min
0.00061 min

Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
0.11%iS
"'>
"iii
"' 150
!!!
c.
0.2%
PS
(.)
Produced at 980 C, fast cooled to 760 C, slow cooled to

700 C. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
236-261 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-1.40Si-0.46Mn0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001Al-0.038Cr
0.5% PS
100
50
o
o
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
CI.063 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
600
500
/1.. 400
gf
!!!
ti
~ 300
"iii
~c.
8 200
100
--~t'b::::::
~
:2
r/1
11/r
;~i%
/;
1// 1
0.2
0.4
!'(
Annealed, 870 C, air quenched, tempered, 700 C, 6 h,

600 C, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at
strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
375-393 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.51C-1.43Si-0.50Mn0.201S-0.039P-0.0031B-0.015Al-0.040Cr
::--1--
Strain rate:
0.2/min
0.002/ min
0.00061 min

Stress/Strain Properties of Malleab1e Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron ResearchAssociation (BCIRA), 1983, p 36
1/
0.5% PS
1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
58/Cast lron (CI)
600
...-:;:::::. ~
500
~~~
&.
Annealed, 870 ac, air quenched, tempered, 700 ac, 6 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 398-410
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.44C-1.54Si-0.50Mn-0.180S0.039P-0.0036B-0.020Al-0.048Cr
400
~ ~-0
~/ 1
:2
gf
~
1ij
.~ 300
Strain rate:
0.2/min
0.002/min
0.0006/ min

1lh1PS 1/
~
8 200
o.
E
0.5% PS
/; 1
111/ 1
PS
100
oo
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
700

Annealed, 870 ac, air quenched, reheated to 640 ac in
1.5 h, tempered, 640 ac, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to
shape. Tested at strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses
(PS) vary from 439-502 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.41C1.37Si-0.50Mn-0.192S-0.034P-0.0035B-0.041 Cr
600
500
a.."'
:2

.;
"'
~
1ij
400
(!)
>
'(ii
"'o.~
300
t)
200
100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
Cast lron (CI)/59
600
500
/) 7 1
::iE
i
~
300
-~
o.
11/ 'L. ;, .. ,.
11 1 1
!// 1 1
200
100
oo
~ ~train rate:
~~.2/min
~0.02/min
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
600
tt
500
lll
c..
::iE
~
400
.~
Ul
Ul
o.
E
o
1.8
Annealed, 840 C, oil quenched, tempered, 680 C, 2 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 468-502
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-1.40Si-0.51Mn-0.206S0.043P-0.0032B-0.040Cr
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleab1e Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
2.0

"'
1!1 1 1
1
11//g~%
/; 1 1
/
300
1.6
Annealed, 840 C, oil quenched, tempered, 650 C, 2 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 530-599 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.43C-1.35Si-0.50Mn-0.213S-0.042P0.0035B-0.040Cr
'\...
,......7
.,
0.005/min"o.0006/ min
1.4
700
ui
CI)
=-::::: ::::::::
PS
'hL,. 1
400
1---"":

Strain rate:
0.2/ min
0.005/ min
0.002/min

Stress/Strain Properties of Ma11eab1e lrons;' Report 1508, British Cast
/oiy;oPs
/0.5% PS
(.)
200
100
V/ 1/
0.2
0.4
1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
60/Cast lron (CI)

800
~
700
~
~
400
-~
(.)
~:train rate:
0.2/min
0.002/min _
"o.ooo6/ min
/o.,k PS
1 1
111 1
/; 1 1
1/1 1 1
1
Cl.
E 300
o
"
171 1
"'
[l_
:2: 500
600
-::

1/
0.2%
PS
0.5% PS
200
100
oo
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
CI.069 Malleable iron casting, typical tensile stressstrain curves at 20 oc
450
....lll
400
350
tf
:2:
Air quenched and tempered malleable iron was reheated

to 870 C, oil quenched, tempered, 600 C, 2.5 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 625-644 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.58C-1.45Si-0.53Mn-0.218S-0.032P0.0031B-0.043Cr
r--
Curve 1: pearlitic malleable iron, ultimate strength =

564 MPa; 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa. Curve 2:
whiteheart malleable iron, ultimate strength = 425 MPa;
0.1% proof stress =233 MPa. Curve 3: ferritic malleable
iron, ultimate strength = 324 MPa, 0.1% proof stress =
193 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
than the proof stress.
0.1% PS
1/
300
1
V ~PS
~
~ 250
t
~
u;
....
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodular and Malleable Cast

Irons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981
-;-
~ 200
~.V
150
~.1% ~s
!
1
100
50
1/
oo
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Cast lron (CI)/61
800
700 !-------
600
11\aj~l-
~
111
rti
.:;:
'1
~~/
1
o. 1% ps_0.2% PS
~
)
500
300
200
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain,%
CI.070 High-silicon nodular graphite iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam X 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 676 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
707 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.62C-6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA 1., Voi 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 183
62/Cast lron (CI)
CI.071 Nickel alloy iron casting, tensile

. - - - - - - - - - r - - - - r , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 560
Various classes of nickel cast irons

Source: "Engineering Properties and Applications of Nickel Cast Irons,"
International Nickel Co. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol1, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994, p 7
"'
u;
"""II
(/)
c..
:2'
40
280
II
(/)
(/)
(.i5
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
400
350
300
1/
250
li
"'
c..
:2'
II
(/)
200
(.i5
150
100
50
1/~
----
- 40
Ferritic
u;
- 30 "":.
(/)
(/)
- 20
0.1
Modulus of elasticity = 144 GPa. Pearlitic iron: tensile

strength = 410 MPa (59.5 ksi); e1ongation = 1%. Ferritic
iron: tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.5 ksi); elongation =
3.5%
- 50
CI.072 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical stress-strain curves
- 10
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
Source: E. Nechtelberger, H. Puhr, J.B. van Nesselrode, and

A. N akayasu, Paper presented at the 49th International Foundry
Congress, International Comrnittee of Foundry Technical Associations,
Chicago, 1982. As published in D.M. Stefanescu, Compacted Graphite
Irons, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Val 1, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 57
Cast lron (CI)/63
CI.073 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

700
Tested at 500 oc (932 F) at strain rates indicated.

Specimens were forged at 900 oc (1652 F) and annealed
at 750 oc (1382 F) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a bodycentered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Fe0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
600
Strain rate:
500
100/s
"'
Il..
v-F v-f?
:2 400
u
rn
i.,
~
300
l---
1.0/s
r--
0.1/s-
200
100
-~ ----
o
o
0.01/s
0.001/s
f_.-----
0.2
0.1
Source: G.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As

published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 263
10/s
0.4
0.3
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
CI.074 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

250
200
&.
:2
u
rn
150
.,
1il
~ 100
50
/
V
/
100/s
-10/s

Strain rate:
-----------
1.0/s
--
--....i'

at 750 oc (1382 F) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a bodycentered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Fe0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
0.1/s
0.01/s
0.001/s
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
64/Cast lron (CI)
CI.075 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

300

at 750 oc (1382 F) for 2 h. Above 910 oc (1670 F)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma iron. Composition: Fe-0.007C-0.03Mn0.005S-0.003P
250
200
//~
11.
:2
ui
~ 150
u;
Q)
~
100
50
--
Strain rate:
~10.Us
100/s

;;vV
1.0/s
1e-~
V
0.1/s
0.01/s
0.001/s
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
True plastic strain
0.6
0.5
Cl.076 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

150
120
Strain rate:
V/
60
30

at 750 oc (1382 F) for 2 h. Above 910 oc (1670 F)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma8 iron. Composition: Fe-0.007C-0.03Mn0.005S-0.003P
V"
.......-
- 100/s
V
(; -
10/s

~
VL
1.0/s
0.1/s
O.Q1/s
V"
0.001/s
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
Cast lron (CI)/65
CI.077 Steel preform powder metal forged cylinder,

Axial compression, %
20
40
60
70
150,---"---.--~.---,---rr----rr--,----,---,1050
840
630
90
a.
~
.;
::;;
.;
U)
U)
Test direction: longitudinal. Five steel powder

compositions used: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo; N2, Fe0.17C-2.7Ni-0.8Cr; N7, Fe-0.24C-0.6Ni-0.5Cr-0.2Mo;
Sl, Fe-O.OlC; S3, Fe-0.33C. Preforms compacted to
785 MPa (114 ksi), sintered at 1199 oc (2190 F),
30 min, and spheroidized (heating three times above and
below eutectoid point). The sintered and annealed
preforms are compared .
Source: Source Book on Cold Fonning, American Society for Metals,
1975, p 208
ii)
420
- - Annealed
- - - Sintered
0 o~--o~.2----0.~4---o~.6--~o.-s---1~.o--~1.-2---1~.4---1~.6--~1.R
Axial strain. in .lin.
CI.078 Steel preform annealed powder metal,

comparison of compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Three annealed powders

(A, Sl, and S3) are compared to wrought 0.35% C steel
and plain iron. Compositions: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo;
Sl, Fe-O.OlC; S3, Fe-0.33C
Source: Source Book on Cold Fonning, American Society for Metals,
1975, p 208
630
;;;
a.
-"'
::;;
U)
.;
.;
~
U)
ii)
420
- - Annealed
- - - Wrought material
Axial strain. in./in.
Carbon Steel (CS)/67
Carbon Steel (CS)

CS.001 Annealed low-carbon steel, load-elongation
curve showing Uiders bands
Upperyield
point
l
y
Laders band
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel. The

slope of the initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve
(E = y/x) is the modulus of elasticity. Many metals,
pirrticularly annealed low-carbon steel, show a localized,
heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic
deformation that produces a yield point rather than a
curve with a gradual transition from elastic to plastic
behavior. The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
then drops suddenly. After the upper yield point, severa!
discrete bands of deformed metal, called Liiders bands,
appear at stress concentrations, usually at about 45 to the
tensile axis. Load fluctuates about some approximately
constant value, and then rises with further strain.
Source: G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and
Compressive Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8,
ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 100
Unyielded metal
Elongation -
CS.002 Carbon steel, various alloys, load-extension

curves showing yield strength
Load-extension curves for steel sheet having the same
yield strength (YS) but different characteristic behavior.
(a) Annealed dead soft rimmed or alurninum-killed steel.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation. (b) Lightly temper rolled rimmed steel. The
stress at the jog in the curve is reported as the YS.
(c) and (d) Temper rolled low-carbon steel. May be
rimmed, alurninum-killed, or interstitial-free steel with
no detectable yield point. The YS is calculated from the
load at 0.2% offset (c) or from the load at 0.5% extension
(d). (e) Rimmed steel with a yield point elongation due
to aging at room temperature for severa! months.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(a)
(b)
0.2%
:(c)
(e)
--/1---- ---1 f-- 0.5% extension

Extension
Source: W.G. Granzow, Sheet Formability of Steels, Properties and

Selection: lrons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Voi!,
ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 574
68/Carbon Steel (CS)
CS.003 Annealed and normalized low-carbon steel,

stress-strain curves showing effects of aging
Strain aged lower

yield extension
Y is upper yield point, A is point of initial prestrain.

Curve 1: specimen is unloaded and immediately
restrained. Curve 2: specimen unloaded, aged, and
restrained. AcrY is the change in yield stress due to aging.
Acru is the change in ultimate strength due to aging.
Ae is the change in elongation. Similar aging effects can
be achieved with various combinations of time and
temperature.
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, lOth ed., 1985, p 1286
lnitiallower
yield extension
(Uiders strain)
Prestrain
Strain__.
CS.004 Rimmed carbon (0.03% C) steel,

true stress-true plastic strain curves
Effect of aging at 60 oc (140 F): curve 1, no aging;

curve 2, 15 min; curve 3, 30 min; curve 4, 4 h; curve 5,
500 h; 6, 126 h
~ 250~--~-----tr-~~~---r----~----t---~
:2
u;
35""'.
"'"'
~
~
(ii
Q)
Q)
~ 200~--~--~-tr----r-----r----~----t---~
30~
25
15or---~-----tr----r-----r----~----t---~
20
15
6
True plastic strain, %
10
12
14
Steel, USS, lOth ed., 1985, p 1286
CS.005 Rimmed low-carbon (0.03% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curves
400
350
- 50
1
300
&.
::;:
250
l,lf
.;
"'
~
~ 200
,,~
lrf
/
--
40
.;
- 30 ~
c
-~
~
"g> 150
-~
c
c
;:;,
- 20 w
Curve 1: Dynamic strain aging, also called blue

brittleness. Straining at 200 oc (390 F) yields serrated
stress-strain curve and is more effective than straining at
room temperature. Curve 1 was unloaded and restrained
at 25 oc (77 F). Curve 2 was strained at 25 oc (77 F)
and unloaded, aged for 2 h at 200 oc (390 F), and
restrained at 25 oc (77 F).
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286
100
- 10
50
Strain, '!o
CS.006 1007 and 1 008 carbon steel, von Mises

effective true stress-von Mises true strain curves
1.50
Curve 1: 1008 alloy deformed by plane-strain

compression; data source, Ford. Cunre 2: 1007 alloy
deformed by torsion; data source, G. Sevillano. Curve 3:
1007 alloy deformed by wire drawing plus torsion; data
source, G. Sevillano. UNS G 10080
1.25
1ii 1.00
~
..",/
Q)
.5
~
~ 0.75
'al
~
:iE
c
0.50
P.
0.25
1(
0.5
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,

papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 9
-;;;;;;; ~ '2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
von Mises true strain
3.0
3.5
4.0
CS.007 1 008 carbon steel, true stress-true

strain curves
1000
900
Comparison of stress-strain curves. Curve 1: monotonie

plane-strain compression. Curve 2: rolling prestrain
followed by plane-strain compression. Stress states are
very similar, and yet the rolling-plus-plane-strain
compression curve is different. This difference can be
explained on the basis of redundant work; the curvature
of the rolls causes some redundant shearing (not
contributing to thickness reduction) and extra hardening.
UNS G10080
800
700
rf. 600
::;:
ui
~ 500
1ii
11
Q)
~ 400
300
-;:::::::::. :::---
.f

(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Meta1s, 1984, p 10
200
100
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
True strain, %
1.50
80
75
Compre~
/, y
70
/
/
1.75
'i"
2.00
Widmansttten
500
"'
o._
::;:
""sion
gi
450 ~
Q)
1/
55
1'
400
Niobium-stabilized (+0.02Nb), air cooled from 1200 oc.

ferrite-pearlite. Composition: Fe-0.17C0.96Mn-0.014P-0.026S-0.040Si-0.044Ni-0.028Cr0.008Mo-0.006Al-0.025Cu-0.020Nb. UNS Gl0150
...
);/
60
CS.008 1 015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-plastic strain curves
550
10
15
20
Plastic strain x 0.001
25
30
350
35
Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of
the Strength-Differentia1 Effect in Stee1s, Metall. Trans., Vo1 3,
Feb 1972, p 378
50
40
To
,J"""
----~
.....__
1'-
__,..-
fract~re ~
350
CS.009 Annealed low-carbon (0.18% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve
Curve shows a well-defined yield point. For such

cases the 0.2% offset yield strength is not used to define
yielding.
280
&.
:::;:
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of

Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 4
210 gf
g>
-~
140 o,
~
"
70
10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.25
1.00
1.50
1.75
Engineering strain, %
80
560
60
420
40
II 30
~
u;
~
!-"'
1--r'
280
Q)
20
140
70
0.02
0.03 0.04
0.06 0.08 0.1
True strain
Test direction: longitudinal. This figure was a typical

result from a series of reproducibility tests conducted on
50 adjacent specimens. Linearity is very good. n = 0.250,
k= 71.67.
Source: Source Book on Forming of Steel Sheet, American Society for
Metals, 1975,p 217
:::!
10
0.01
CS.Ol O Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing

carbon steel 20-gage sheet, logarithmic true
stress-strain curve
0.2
0.3
60
Comptssion ,.. !--'...
....
50
(\
....
....... ---....... ~
CS.011 1015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-total strain curves. UNS G10150
420
r-
Samples equiaxed ferrite-pearlite

350
,;'
Source: Metall. Trans., Voi 3, 1972, p 379
k:ion
280
40
"'
0..
:2
ui
li
210 ~
~ 30
u;
Ci)
Ci)
~
20
140
10
70
15
20
Total strain x 0.001
10
30
25
CS.012 1020 carbon steel, tensile stress-elongation

curves at room and elevated temperatures
90r-------------------------------------~
Strain rate = 0.000 175/s. Composition: Fe-0.20C. UNS

Gl0200
Source: W.C. Leslie, The Physical Metallurgy of Metals, McGraw-Hill
and Hemisphere Publishing, 1981, p 92
~ 50~~~~~~-~~-Td---~--~r----------1
ui
~ 40~--~--~---+---+----~--~-----?~--~
10
"'
o
~
oo
"'
"'
N
o
o
"'
Elongation, %
o
....
o
o
"'
o
o
"'
CS.013 1020 wrought and 1 030 normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel, monotonie and cyclic
stress strain curves
490
70
60
Cast SAE '1030
Monotonie
~
f\ K.__/V
50
gj 40
~-~
of
cn 30
[AE1030
Cyclic
420
The cyclic stress-strain characteristics show a reduction

of the strain-hardening exponent of the normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) from n =0.3 in
monotonie tension to n' = 0.13 under cyclic-straincontrolled tests. UNS G 10200
350
280 ~
V'
20
::;;:
Source: P.F. Wieser, Ed., Steel Castings Handbook, 5th ed., Steel
Founders' Society of America, 1980, p 14-15
210 Cii
Wrought SAE 1020
Cyclic
140
70
10
1
2
10
12
14
16
CS.014 Hot-rolled 1 020 carbon steel, static and

dynamic engineering shear stress-strain curves
600
80
500
70
.,
a.
::;;:
60
400
-!::.
Ul
Ul
50
~
(ii
OiQl 300
40
.<::
Ul
Ul
Ul
OiQl
.<::
Ul
Cl
Ol
c:
"55
30
Ql
c:
;:;, 200
c:
c:
"i
Ql
c:
;:;,
c:
20
100
Static
>
"f
"'
1
"'"'
>
>
"'"'
Engineering shear strain, y
10
Static and dynamic shear stress-shear strain curves for hot

rolled 1020 steel. To obtain the shear strain in the
specimen, the elastic rotation of the bar between the two
differential transformers is subtracted from the total
rotation. This elastic rotation is measured by cementing
the loading bars together without a specimen and loading
them quasi-statically. Typical test results obtained at a
variety of temperatures using the Kolsky bar to test 1020
steel at a quasi-static strain rate of 5 x 10-4/s and dynamic
strain rate of 103/s are given ..
Source: A. Gilat, Torsional Kolsky Bar Testing, Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Vol8, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 513
7 4/Carbon Steel (CS)
80
70
(
CS.015 Cold-worked carbon (0.2% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
560
...............
"""
Ultim ale tensile strengtt.

77.500 ksi (534 MPa)
60
'\
Fracture stress,
52 ksi (358 MPa) --....
~
1
1
1
490
Definition of mechanical property tenns
420

350
'"
~
gf
~
280 "'
"'r::
1
1
1
-~
Q)
210
1
1
1
20
1
1
1
10
Elongation al
~ractur~, 19%
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Engineering strain
0.14
0.16
r-- 0.2% yield ltrength,
----;;;; ~
10
140
70
"'-1
0.18
0.20
CS.016 Cold-worked carbon (0.2% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
490
Definition of mechanical property tenns
420

66 ksi (455 MPa)

-----
60
20
r::
560
80
70
,
w
1
1
1/
1
1
1
'"
n.
350 ::;:
280 ~
r::
"i
~
l
!
1
Q)
210
Slope gives elastic

(Young's) modulus,
6
30 x 10 psi (207 GPa)
140
0.2%
70
1
1
2
4
6
Engineering strain, x 0.001
r::
.g>
120
....
100
;r""
!>
80
40
20
::::-,.....
1/.,;- ~
----
........
---............
.""..,.",.-_...
t:::==
----
CS.017 AAR grade A and B high-carbon steel casting

wheels, stress-strain curves
840
_....p .....
~
Constant-amplitude strain-controlled test (open circles,

grade A; "plus" symbols, grade B). Curve 1, monotonie
tension test; curve 2, incremental step test. AAR,
Association of American Railroads. Compositions: grade
A, Fe-0.52C-0.78Mn-0.014S-0.009P-0.26Si; grade B,
Fe-0.65C-O. 83Mn-0.038S-O.O 15P-0.21 Si
700
560
Cll
Il.
::!:
420 ui
)il'
Source: D.H. Stone and Y.J. Park, Cyclic Plasticity of Class A and B
Heat-Treated Wheel Steels. As published in "The General Problem of
Rolling Contact," AMD-Vol40, ASME, 1980
280
- - Grade A wheel
- - - Grade B wheel
140
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain,%
150
Monotonie
125
100
~c
v---
--::::::::::::
CS.018 AAR grade C high-carbon steel casting

wheels, stress-strain curves
1050
Monotonie and cyclic loading curves. AAR, Association

of American Railroads. Composition: Fe-0.68C-0.83Mn0.038S-0.015P-0.33Si
875
Source: Courtesy of tbe Transportation Technology Center, Inc.

subsidiary of Association of American Railroads
700
Cll
Il.
::!:
525 ui
50
350
25
175
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain
0.04
0.05
140
CS.019 Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, stress amplitude-strain amplitude curves
980
1/
120
840
100
Static compression
40
Incremental steg
Block~
Block 1
......-::::
~
1~
V
~~
700 "'
a.
::!;
...-::
560
:2
15.
420 E
"'
(/)
280
cn
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain amplitude (!l.e/2), %
1.6
1.8
2.0
CS.020 High-strength nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, load-extension diagram
Extension, mm
254
20,000
508
7 62
10.16
12.70
17,500
15,000
"...---
15.24
17.78
-g 10,000
5670
~
4536
.3
.3
7500
3402
5000
2268
0.1
1134
0.2
0.3
Test curve for one specimen 12.751 mm diam x 50.8 mm

gage length (0.502 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Ultimate
tensile strength = 1106 MPa (160.5 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 644 MPa (93.4 ksi). Typical composition for
high-strength rail: Fe-0.74C-0.99Mn-0.005S(max)0.015P-0.17Si
6804
,Q
20.32
9072
7938
12,500
2500
Source: B.N. Leis, Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Resistance

Characteristics of a Raii Steel, Raii Steels, STP No. 644,
ASTM, Nov 1977
-o
20
s.,
" ' Static tension
Test direction: longitudinal. Static and incremental step

loading. Modulus of elasticity = 199 GPa (28.85 x
106 psi). Composition: Fe-0.82C-0.87Mn-0.032S0.035P-0.21Si
0.4
Extension, in.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.

100
~ f.--c;;
~
50
25
t---
~ f--
700
75
-""
ui
11)
CS.021 AAR specification M1 01 grade C austenitic

manganese steel casting, monotonie tensile stressstrain curve
875
125
525
1/
ui
11)
350
1
4
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
150
20
CS.022 AAR specification M1 01 grade C austenitic

1050
1"
c;;
120
840
90
630
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate

strength = 986 MPa (143 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
909 MPa (132 ksi); elongation = 19.6%; elastic modulus
= 217 GPa (31.474 x 106 psi). AAR, Association of
American Railroads. Composition: Fe-0.28C-1.35Mn0.025S-0.012P-0.44Si-0.17Ni-0.25Cr-0.17Mo
-""
ui
11)
ffl
Ci)
60
30
420
210
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001

175
a.
"'
::;;:
Normalized and tempered. Strain rate= 0.0002/s.

Ultimate strength = 696 MPa (101 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 605 MPa (87.8 ksi); elongation = 33%; elastic
modulus = 204 GPa (29.575 x 106 psi); strain-hardening
exponent= 0.097475; strength coefficient = 1059 MPa
(153.674 ksi). AAR, Association of American Railroads.
Composition: Fe-0.31 C-1.50Mn-0.027S-0.007P-0.49Si0.14Ni-0.20Cr-0.17Mo
14
16
18
20

CS.023 AAR specification Ml 01 grade E austenitic

875
125
....._
100
700
1
1
1
75
~
ui
IJ)
~
50
25
525
tll
c..
::!!;
ui
IJ)
~
(J)
350
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate

strength = 730 MPa (106 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
655 MPa (95 ksi); elongation = 27.8%; elastic modulus =
210 GPa (30.43 x 106 psi); strain-hardening exponent=
0.93697; strength coefficient = 1086 MPa (157.661 ksi).
AAR, Association of American Railroads. Composition:
Fe-0.29C-1.03Mn-0.026S-O.O 14P-0.49Si-0.60Ni-0.47Cr0.15Mo
175
1/
4
10
Strain x 0.001
1500
1400
1300
8!.
~
~
~ 1000
900
800
As-quenched
As-quenched martensite quenched in NaOH-NaCl

solution and quenched-and-tempered lath martensite with
packet size of 8.2 !liD was tempered in lead at 400 oc
(750 F) for 1 min. Work-hardening rate for as-quenched
is quite high compared to tempered sample. Composition:
Fe-0.2C
1/
1200
~ 1100
.......-
CS.024 As-quenched and quenched-and-tempered

carbon (0.2% C) steel, true stress-strain curves
-!.
.;..---
Quenchedand-tempered
Source: T. Swarr and G. Krauss, The Effect of Structure on the

Deformation of As-Quenched and Tempered Martensite in an Fe-0.2%
C Alloy, Metall. Trans. A, Voi 7A, 1976, p 41-48
l;r
1
700
10
15
20
25
True strain x 0.001
30
35
40
CS.025 Carbon steel, Bauschinger effect on stressstrain curves

!}, Bauschinger strain
The elastic limit of a metal is lowered after reverse

loading. The area EP is the energy expended in prestrain,
and E, is the energy saved in reverse loading.
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Banschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
t
Ten sion
r----- Prestrain, p------1
Compression
0.2% offset
Strain___.
80
70
v-
60
--~
/V"
L
50
Tension
20
420
350
0..
280 .;
"'
~
cn
210
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
(a)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Strain,%
80
560
70
....
60
.............
1\...
-- --
_........f-
50
420
"'
0..
~
280 .;
"'
~
cn
Tension
r;
30
490
350
Compression
210
20
140
10
70
(a) Bauschinger effect shown for test sequence of tension

to 2% strain followed by compression of another 2%.
(b) The sequence is compression-tension. Tested at 25 oc_
Composition: Fe-0.21 C-0.64Mn-0.030S-O.O 18P-0.23Si0.007N. UNS G10200
490
Compression
r;
30
--
~-
CS.026 1 020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves
560
0.5
(b)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Strain,%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
70
60
;:;
50
]1
!
cn
20
--
/i-
420
350
40
30
1.----
280
210
&
::;:
Curve 1: specimen is prestrained in tension at 250 oc to

2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at room
temperature to 2% strain and tested in compression at
room temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-0.64Mn-0.030S-0.018P-0.23Si0.007N. UNS G10200
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Stee1s by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metal/. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
140
lf
70
10
0.5
1.5
Strain,%
2.5
560
80
--- --
70
60
CS.027 1020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves
490
./
1\.
50
~----~
.....
490
420
350
/
Tension to 2% al 25 c
30
Compression to 2%
at25"C
210
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
;!.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension
Tested at 25 C. Composition: Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S0.003P-0.17Si-0.021Al-0.006N. UNS G10350
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Metal/. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
70
1--
60
50
;;;
-"' 40
li
~
20
"'
0..
ui
210
fi
1.5
1.0
True strain, %
2.0
fP.
1120
1040-283
980 "'
0..
::;;
840 ui
1020-283
1
(1)
80
1260
~~
160
~ 100
CS.030 1020, 1 040, and 1095 carbon steel plate,

true stress-strain curves showing effects of shock
loading
1400
~~
180
120
2.5
1540
1095-283
- - - 1095-158
1095-0
200
11>
(1)
70
220
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. F1asck, J.A. Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Metal!. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
140
0.5
ui
420
280 ::;;
10
~ 140

2% strain and tested in compression at 25 C. Curve 2:
the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 oc to 2%
strain and tested in compression at 25 C. Composition:
Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S-0.003P-O. 17Si-0.021Al0.006N. UNS G10350
350
(1)
~ 30
y ~
1-~
V
CS.029 1 035 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves
490
rt
10~0-158
./
V/
1040-158
+--~
v-:
V
60
v.,.,..... J._.---
40
r-
560
1020-0
=Unshocked
=158 kbar shock
=283 ~bar shock
0.02
0.04
420
280
- - -0
- - -158
- - - 283
20
700
1040-0
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
140
0.12
i
(1)
Preshock normalizing: 1020, 927 oc (1700 F), 45 min;

1040, 899 oc (1650 F), 45 min; 1095, 899 oc (1650 F),
45 min, austenitizing 802 oc (1475 F), 45 min, oil
quenched, tempered 204 oc (400 F), 1 h. Shocked at 158
and 283 kbar (peak) .. UNS G10200, G10400, G10950
Source: B.G. Koepke, R.P. Jewett, W.T. Chand1er, and T.E. Scott,
Effects of Initial Microstructure and Shock Method on the Shock
Induced Transformation Strengthening of Carbon Stee1s, Metall. Trans.,
Vo12, ASM, 1971, p 2045
(a) Longitudinal. (b) Transverse. Composition: 0.23C0.39Mn-0.009P-0.024S-0.03Si-0.02Cr-0.01Ni-0.01Mo.

UNS G10230
420
60
/
20
CS.031 1023 carbon steel sheet, tensile

560
80
Source: Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, Columbus, OH, 1980, p 28
1
4
140
12
16
20
(a)
80
560
60
420
20
1
4
(b)
a."'
::;:
280 .;
140
12
16
20
100
80
;;
r--
~ ......_
~
~~--
e"'2.5/s
1.1
12
"(ii
""'
0.14
0.035
1.5
2.0
Natural strain (s), %
1.0
"'
:2
a.
ii
~/ -
/s.,
,./
2.5
........
"'
Effect of different strain rates on the tensile response. The

yield stress and flow stresses at different values of strain
increase with strain rate. The work-hardening rate (m), on
the other hand, is not as sensitive to strain rate. This
illustrates the importance of correctly specifying the
strain rate when giving the yield stress of a metal. Not all
metals exhibit a high strain-rate sensitivity. Alurninum
and some of its alloys have either O or -m. In general, m
varies between 0.02 and 0.2 for homologous temperatures
between O and 0.9 (90% of melting point in K).
Therefore, one would have, at the most, an increase of
15% in the yield stress by doubling the strain rate. UNS
G10400
-~
~ "'<
v;
Cl
"
"55
"
u::
CS.033 1 040 carbon steel, engineering stress-strain

curves with effect of strain rate
600
-~Cl 400
Source: K. Lange, Ed., Handbook of Metal Forming, McGraw-Hill,

1985, p 16.11
!'!
U)
U)
0.0037
0.0020
0.0011/s
0.5
1-
Temperature
= 1100 oc (2012 F). Stress-strain
curves show that at higher strains the flow stress is
approximate1y constant. This is increasingly true at
smaller strain rates (e). Curves were obtained in hot
torsion experiments. UNS G10250
0.065
1000
800
CS.032 1025 carbon (0.25% C) steel, flow

stress-strain curves at various strain rates
<n
0.40
-0.017
0.0069
o
o
14
- 10
r-......
20
=10-1/s
2
8 =10- /s
2
3
8 =10- /s
3
8
200
Source: M.A. Meyers aud K.K. Chaw1a, Mechanical Metallurgy:

Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1984, p 572
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
Engineering strain
0.10
0.12
CS.034 1 045 carbon steel, flow stress-natural

strain curves
400r-----,------,------,------,-----,------,2800
2100
300
"iii
0..
:::;;
""ui
ui
Ul
1400 ~
~ 200
Ul
(ij
S:
~
u::
u::
100
Strain-rate hardening for 1045 steels with different

treatments. Curve 1: quenched and spheroidized.
Curve 2: as rolled. Curve 3: quenched and tempered. For
most of the curve the relationship is linear. The greater
the initial hardness, the greater the rate of strain
hardening throughout the range of possible deformation.
UNS G10450
Source: J.V. Russell, Stee1s for Co1d Forming, Sourcebook on Cald
Forming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 106
700
0.5
1.5
2.5
Natural strain (In A0 /A)
260r----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,1820
CS.035 10846 carbon steel, true stress-plastic strain

curves in tension and compression
Curves for lower, intermediate, and upper bainite in AISI
10B46 steel. Composition: Fe-0.44C-1.00Mn-0.025P0.026S-0.27Si-0.05Ni-0.08Cr-0.01Mo-0.01Cu-0.0013B
Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Les1ie, The Extent and Nature of the
Strength-Differentia1 Effect in Steels, Metal/. Trans. A, Feb 1972, p 377
Plastic strain x 0.001
CS.036 1 060 carbon steel rod, true stress-strain

curves
300
275
250
225
V
1 ..,....,..,.
200
'"
~ 175
"
::1
t=
150
125
100
75
.........._
11
Rod diameter = 5.6 mm (0.22 in.). Flow curves for steel

compressed at 780 oc at various strain rates. Letters A, B,
C, and D represent the interruption strains used in the
experiments. Composition: 0.68% C. UNS G 10600
1.0/s
Source: R.A.P. Djaic and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization of High Carbon

Steel between Intervals of High Temperature Deformation, Metall.
Trans. A, Feb 1973, p 622
.............
///
<l
"'
~
..........
0.1/s
_".,-- --.........
f/
//8
0.01/s
..........
1.3 x 10 /s
1//A
50
1/
25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
True strain, %
0.7
----
60
'iii
""<l
"'~
ii5
_ .Q~9!0X
s / Dualphas~ __-.....
.......
"l
e+
1
1
1
1
40
20
CS.037 Carbon and high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steels (SAE 950X, SAE 980X, and GM 980X),
700
100
80
0.8
SAE950X
'
- .... ,
_'\ ...
560
Dual phase plus
420
el?.
::;:
li
~
280
140
30
20
10
Strain in 2 in. (50 mm) gage length, %
ii5
The GM 980X has been intercritically annealed and dualphase microstructures produced. The two dashed ellipses
indicate reported ranges of elongation for dual-phase
steels. The hasis for three stages in the development of
ferritic low-carbon steels is shown. The lower stressstrain curve represents the deformation behavior of mild
steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructures. The yielding is
discontinuous and yield strengths are typically 30 ksi
(207 MPa). SAE 950X and SAE 980X are HSLA steels
with yield strengths of 50 ksi (345 MPa) and 80 ksi
(562 MPa), respectively. The microstructures stiH consist
of ferrite and pearlite, but the ferrite grain size is highly
refined because of controlled rolling and microalloying
with vanadium. GM 980X is similar to SAE 980X, but
has been intercritically annealed to convert the pearlite to
martensite. The resulting microstructure is termed "dual
phase" to distinguish the ferrite-martensite microstructure
from the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of conventionally
treated mild steels of HSLA steels.
Source: G. Krauss, Principles of Heat Treatment of Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1980, p 242
1120

with effect of strain rate
980
True stress-strain curves for 1112 steel at different strain

rates at 21 oc (70 F). When metals are tested in tension
at different strain rates, the flow stress corresponding to a
given strain is found to increase with strain rate. The
following equation is frequently used to relate flow stress
and strain rate at a given strain and temperature: a =
cr 1 Em, where E = dfldt and cr 1 and mare material
constants. The exponent m (strain-rate sensitivity) is
found to increase with temperature, especially above the
strain recrystallization temperature. In the hot-working
region, metals tend to approach the behavior of a
Newtonian liquid for which m = 1.
160
140
120
r;; 100
-"'
:g:
"'"'~
80
tii
~"
60
40
f
r;
V
~
~9\S
v
V
840
700 ~
::;
]:
560
"
420 ~
280
Source: M.C. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principles, Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1984, p 69
20
140
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
True strain,
1.0
1.2
150
CS.039 1112 carbon steel, relationship of

engineering, true, and corrected stress-strain curves
1050
Ultimate ltress
x Fractura stress
100
.,;
"'
~
50
~r::
v
700
j.A<
c.."'
co!l'acted
::;
.,;
"'~
iii
......
Engineenng
lf
o
o
"""'
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain
1.0
1.2
350
1.4
Re1ationship between engineering, true, and corrected

tensile stress-strain curves for AISI 1112 steel. The figure
above shows the relationship between the so-called
engineering stress-strain curve based on the original area,
the true stress-strain curve, and the corrected true stressstrain curve where the stress plotted (cre) is the uniaxial
tensile stress in the absence of the hydrostatic component
introduced by curvature of the neck. It is evident that
interpretation of tensile test results is really quite involved
despite the apparent simplicity of the test.
Source: M.C. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principles, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1984, p 67
800.-----,------,------.-----,------,-----,
CS.040 Carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

showing effect of different cooling rates
Specimens annealed at 810 C, 10 min. Cooling rate:
curve A, 1000 C/s; curve B, 300 C/s; curve C, 60 C/s;
curve D, 32 C/s; curve E, 5 C/S. Composition: Fe0.063C-1.29Mn-0.24Si
(St. Louis, MO); American Society for Metals, 1984, p 70
"'
Il.
::;;:
:i
~ 400~~--~?6~-+------~----,_-----+----_,
~"
200~----~-----+------~----~-----+-----4
!::,. True uniform strain
True strain
800.-----.------r------.-----.------,-----,
'"""-uc'-~
600~----~-----+------~----~----~~---~,
,
Fe-21Ni-1.0C"'-.
>7 _./
lf.
-'
~--
------
/~/
::;;:
~400~----~-----+----~~r_,~~~------t-----~
#,''!!"_/."
-~ ~ Co~33Ni-0.02C
#~
200~----4-~~-+------~----~-----+-----4
/~
0 oL-----o~.o~5----~o~.1~o----o~.~15~--~o~.2=o----~o~.2~5----o~.3o
..
CS.041 Carbon steel plate, true tensile stress (cr)

minus yield stress (cry) versus true plastic strain (E)
curves at room temperature
Tested at room temperature. Plate thickness = 6.35 mm
(0.25 in.). Comparison of work-hardening curve of
Hadfield steel (Fe-13Mn-1.2C) with that of austenites
deformed by slip (Fe-21Ni-l.OC) or twinning (Co-33Ni0.02C). The three have the same yield strength and
similar deformation below strain of 0.05.
Source: F. Maratray, High Carbon Manganese Austenitic Steels,
International Manganese Institute, Paris, 1995, p 28
2500
True
2000
a."'
1/
1500
::;:
ui
"'
~
/ -- --- - ------
1000
/-... ...
~--------
0.2
r---,
......
0.6
0.4
0.8
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel beat treated

1030--1040 C, for 1 b. Engineering curve is drawn to
fracture. True curve drawn to uniform strain at maximum
load. Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.0 1Mo-1.15C-O. 73Si0.33Cr
300
250
200 ~
gi
Engineering
500
CS.042 A 128-E2 carbon steel bar, true and

engineering tensile stress-strain curves
- 350
-=
150
100
50
Source: J .F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of

Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. Proc., ASM
International, 1992, p 145
1.0
Strain
CS.043 A 128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

stress-strain curves showing effect of
thermomechanical treatment
2000r---------~--------~--------~--------,
1.00
. ~~ ~======:..
, ,... - - -
0.75
----~----t'""'\0~6
- 250
1500 H;ril----~----=:b-""""':..._--+-----+-------4
- 200
"'
~-
~
0
i
c
1c
~ 1000~----r-----r-----r------4-150 ~
.Ii
500~----~----~----~-----4
- 50
OOL---------OL.1_________0L.2_________0L.3_________j0.1
Engineering strain
100 w
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel beat treated

1030--1040 C, for 1 b. Tbermomecbanical treatment
(TMT) at 454 C. 1.00, 0.75, 0.46 are tbe effective
strains, corresponding to 61, 50, and 35% thickness
reduction. Strength increased witb increased effective
strain, but uniform strain in tension decreased.
Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-1.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of
CS.044 A 128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

stress-strain curves showing effect of
thermomechanical treatment
- 200
:::!:
!c:
1000 H----+----+---+----+----+----1- 150
!c:
c:
Q)
.TI
100
UJ
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel heat treated

1030-1040 C, for 1 h. Therrnomechanical treatment
(TMT) at similar effective strains at the temperatures
noted. Thickness reduction at 343 C, 49%; at 399 C,
48%, at 454 C, 50%. Temperature had little effect on
strength, but uniform strain increased with temperature.
Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-1.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of
500~--4----+---~--4----+--~
- 50
OQL---Q~.0~5---0~.1-0--~Q.L15~--0~.2~0----~0~.2~5----~0.3g
Engineering strain
600r--------------------------------------.
~ 400~-~--~--?--~--~--~-~-~~
:::!:
li
~300~_-+---+-~~-~-----~-~~c:
":B
Q)
c:
o,
~ 200~-~~-~-~~-~----~---1--
0.5
oUL___ J_ _ _ _
10
_ __ J_ _ _ _
22
40
88
112 h
_ _ _ J L _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ J _ _
CS.045 Fe-0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21 Si carbon steel,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect
of aging
Cold-rolled 50% and intercritically annealed 760 C,

2 min, water quenched, aged at 120 oc (248 F) for the
times given. Yield strength and discontinuous yielding
increase with aging time.
Source: G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing Principles,
80
70
******
60
560
~---
/"'
'\... t - -
50
V
1
r/
Tension ta
2% at25 oc
30
420
Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension

Tested at 25 C. Composition: Fe-0.21C-1.10Mn-0.016S0.011P-0.05Si-0.007 Al-0.004N. UNS G 15220
350 "'
490
0..
::
ui
280 ~
ti
Compression
2% at25oc
Q)
210 1-
1/
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
True strain, %
80
560
70
490
60
50
<J
CI)
~ 40
Q)
30
20
.J__.!-V/ ~
1/
11
r;
r-
420
350 "'
0..
::
ui
280
!Il
-5;
.,
2
210 1-
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
True strain, %
2.0
2.5

2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 oc
to 2% strain and tested in compression at room
temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-1.10Mn-0.016S-0.011P-0.05Si0.007Al-0.004N. UNS Gl5220
420
0.24
560
True stress al 0.2 true strain (cr0_2), MPa

700
640
980
1120
1260
Variations in strain-hardening exponents (n) for various

plain carbon (lOx.x) and molybdenum alloy (4xxx) coldforming steels. 5140 is a chromium alloy and 8640 is a
Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel.
jt4023
0.22
0::
0.20
-E
Q)
~ 0.18
Q)
C>
c:c
1018
"030
1040
J.
"'
"E 0.16
tll
..c:
c
-~
Ci5
Source: R.R. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, J.H. Hurnphrey, Influence of

Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Saurcebaak an
Cald Farming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 142
4f1~
4027
4440~
5140
1340
4140~640
0.14
4340
1041"'-...
0.12
3140
60
80
CS.048 Various carbon steels, strain-hardening

exponent versus true stress curve at 0.2 true strain
140
160
100
120
True stress at 0.2 true strain (cr0.2), ksi
180
Alloy Steel (AS)/93
Alloy Steel (AS)

300
-"
200
"'~
Cii 150
100
50
250
"(ii
0.2
Heat treatment: 835 oc (1535 F), oil quenched and

tempered 160 oc (320 F), 20 min. Hardness = 65 HRC.
Composition: Fe-1C-1.45Cr. UNS G52986
2100
1750
1400 8:.
::;;;
:li
~
700
350
0.6
Strain,%
0.4
1.0
0.8
1.2
1750
200
150
~
u
"'
100
0.2
Source: G. Sachs. R. Sell, and W.F. Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression

and Fatigue Properties of Severa! Steels for Aircraft Bearing
Applications, Proc. ASTM, Voi 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
1050 Cii
250
50
AS.001 52100 chromium alloy steel rod, tensile

stress-strain curve
2450
350
/
/
1050
a."'
::;;;
ui
"'
700
0.6
Strain,%
Heat treatment: 835 oc (1535 F), oil quenched and

tempered 160 oc (320 F), 0.5 h, 274 oc (525 F), 1 h.
Hardness = 58 HRC. Composition: Fe-1C-1.45Cr. UNS
G52986
1400
350
0.4
AS.002 52100 chromium alloy steel rod,

compressive stress-strain curve
0.8
1.0
Source: G. Sachs, R. Sell, and W.F. Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression

and Fatigue Properties of Severa! Stee1s for Aircraft Bearing
Applications, Proc. ASTM, Voi 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
94/Alloy Steel (AS)
AS.003 2.25Cr-1 Mo annealed chromiummolybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile stress-strain

420
~
~
gf 40 !----H7---+----=-1'=----t----t--1_0,50,"_F_,(_56_6,"_C:__)--1 280 :
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D

plate. Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plate. Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage
length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate= 0.01/min. Mill composition: Fe-0.12C2.19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-O.O 14P-0.014S
Source: J.E. Bynum, F.V. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2!1.i-1Mo
Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5
1200 "F (649 "C)
o~--o.~o1----o.~o2----o~.0-3---o~.o-4---o~.o-5---o~.o-6---o-.o~7---o~.oR
Strain, in./in.
80
~75 "F (~02 "C)-..,
750"F(399~
60
~e~
AS.004 2.25Cr-1 Mo normalized-and-tempered

chromium-molybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile
stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
560
~
"'""'
~
--::-:.. .l
70 "F (21 "C)

1
900 "F (482 "C)
420
1;V ----
1050 "F (566 "C)
c.."'
::;;;
280 .;
1(
Cii
1200 "F (649 "C)
140
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.05
0.06
0.07
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D

plate. Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plate. Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage
length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate= 0.01/min. Mill composition: Fe-0.12C2.19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-O.O 14P-0.014S
Source: J.E. Bynum, F.V. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2!1.i-1Mo
Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5
Alloy Steel (AS)/95
200~----.------,------,------,-----,------,
1400
200 r-----,------,------,-----,------,------,1400
1260
180
1120
160
980
140
840
::"'
Il.
gf1ool------~---f~L-----~~~~~~~~~~ 700 .;
O)
560
(a)
1120
120
'iii
""gf 100
80
(b)
10
200,-----,------,------,------,-----,------,1400
(c)
AS.005 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different beat treatments. Left, 857 oc
(1575 F), oii quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oc (1575 F), oii
quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oc (1575 F), oii quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals
at Elevated Temperatures; WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1201, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
96/Alloy Steel (AS)
200,-----~----,------,-----,-----,----~
1400
200
1400
1260
180
1260
1120
160
1120
980
140
980
120
840
840
"'
o.
:;;
700 .;
"'
560
u;
"'
o.
.>:
:;;
700 .;
gf 100
"'
li5
560
80
420
280
140
4
(a)
6
8
(b)
6
8
240
1680
220
1540
200
1400
180
1260
160
1120
- 140
gf 120
980 o.
"'
:;;
840 gf
li5
700 (/)
"'
.>:
10
12
100
80
560
60
420
40
280
140
10
12
AS.006 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857
oc (1575 oF), oil quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oc (1575 F),
oil quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oc (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 oF); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
Alloy Steel (AS)/97
150
1050
1050
200 F (9 3 oq
1---\
150
1050
100 h
gf 150
;r
v--
150
1050 gf
40o F (204 oc)
1050 iii
)< 100 h
- -
150
"'
a.
:2
""\0.5h
......
150
AS.007 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
75 oF (k4 oc)
".... ~ 0.5 h
150
iii
'\.5h
...........,
Hot rolled and normalized, austenitized 857 oc

(1575 F), oil quencbed, tempered at 538 oc (1000 F)
for 1034 MPa (150 ksi) ultimate tensile strength.
Composition of beat: Fe-0.31 C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS 041300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination ofTensile,
Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and NonFerrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 22
1050
600 OF (316 'C)
1050
rx1oo h
2f5
-.-
~o.o5~
1;5
Strain, in./in.
175
150
1225
\~
1050
200 'F (9 3 'C)
..-o.5\
175
AS.OOB 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
75 oF (k4 oc)
r""""\
1225
100h~
"'
a.
400 'F 204'C)
:2
1400 gf
"..--0.5
/
..---1\
100 h
1225 iii
1*
600 'F 316 'C)

175
/
150
2f5
0.5
""'
100 h
1225
1050
}
+-0.05~
Strain, in./in.
H5
Hot rolled and normalized, austenitized 857 oc

(1575 F), oii quencbed, tempered at 443 oc (830 F)
for 1241 MPa (180 ksi) ultimate tensile strengtb .
Composition of beat: Fe-0.31 C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS 041300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Deterrnination of Tensile,
Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and NonFerrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi!,
98/Alloy Steel (AS)

70
105
140
175
210
35
180
160
--
......._
120
100
--~-
ii5
80
......
60
240
1
75 F (24 C)
200
~~oc
._
160
-...._
600 F (316 C)
840
Cll
a.
::;:
700 vi
ii5
560
r-- r--..
140
'ii)
-"'
vi
"'~ ~"'
600 F 1(316 C)
900 F (482 C)
1-=::--
120
800 OF (427
Cf)
800 F (427 C)
80
15
60
25
30
~680
1400
-..........
1260
1120
o~ (204 C)
980 a.
"'
............ ............__.
-..............
9~
::;:
840 vi
-........::
..............
~
r---..
""'
700
Cf)
560
420
280
1000F(538~
140
20
10
35
(a)
28
1540
1--r-
280
20
400
900 OF (482 oc
420
40
10
-......_
r--+-....
100
20
245
2QQ F (93 C}
140
---
180
980
1000F(5~ ~'--......_
40

70
105
140
175
210
35
1120
200 F (93 oc
-...
220
1260
75 F (2l 0 C)
140
ii
------::
--- --
245
15
20
25
30
35
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
(b)
70
105
140
175
210
35
220
~
180
160 -600 F (316
'ii)
-"'
vi
"'~
ii5
200 [F (93 oc
1400
1260
80~ oF ~~~oC)
120
9od F
100
80
1~00
60
40
........
r-............
OF (538 C)
1120
~o F (204 oc)
"-... ......__
(482lo~ ...............
..........
~680
1540
1 'K
140
28
(24 C)
75
200
o~
245
...............
F:::::::r--...
.....__
980 a.
"'
--.......
::;:
840 vi
............._
'--...
r-......
700
...."
Cf)
560
420
280
140
20
10
15
20
25
30
35
(c)
AS.009 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. (a) 857
(1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). (b) 857 oc (1575 F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). (c) 857 oc (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041300
oc
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Deterrninatiou of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol l, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
Alloy Steel (AS)/99
AS.Ol O 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at various
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat treated for

862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal tensile strength. Strain rate=
0.01/min. Composition of heat: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn0.019P-0.034S-1.05Cr-0.20Mo. UNS G41300
420
o;
ro
a.
""ui
"'~
:2
ui
"'~
Cii
280
Cii
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Tensile, Cornpressive, and

Bearing Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Materials at Elevated Ternperatures;' WADC AFTR 6517, Part V,
AD 142218, Arrnour Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994,
p 34
120.-------,-------,--------.-------,-------,MO
AS.011 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
80
560
60
420
a."'
o;
""gf
~
:2
ui
(/)
(/)
40
280
0 o~------~2------~4------~6L_______8L_______J1J
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm

(0.064 in.). Heat treated to 862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal
tensile strength. Strain rate= 0.01/min. Curve 1: Room
temperature, modulus of elasticity = 205 GPa (29.8 x 106
psi). Curve 2: 204 ac (400 F), modulus of elasticity =
189 GPa (27.4 X 106 psi). Curve 3: 316 ac (600 F),
modulus of elasticity = 178 GPa (25.8 x 106 psi).
Composition: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn-0.019P-0.034S-1.05Cr0.20Mo. UNS G41300
Source: R.J. Favor, W.P. Archbach, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-PropertyDesign Criteria for Metals, Part 7, The Conventional Short-Tirne
Elevated Ternperature Properties of Se1ected Low-and-Mediurn-Alloy
Stee1s," WADC TR 55-150, Part 7, AD 142064, Oct 1957. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol1, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1994, p 34
100/Alloy Steel (AS)
300
2100
ce
MC
.--:% ..-cr
AS.012 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

monotonie and cydic true stress-strain curves
......
250
/
t)
200
-"'
1/
"'
150
Q)
100
50
1400
,f
"iii
1750
MT
&.
:a;
1/
1050 ~
1
1
tii
Q)
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 oc (1830 F), 1 h, oii

quenehed. Gage seetion size =5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
Iong (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. Iong). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
Test eondition: MT, monotonie tension; MC, monotonie
eompression; CT, eyclie tension; CC, eyclie eompression.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
Metal/., Vol24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
700
350
True strain, %

monotonie and cydie true stress-strain curves
2100
300
MC
MT
... ce
......-:: ~
...... ......
250
...
0~
...
~ ""'
/
200
1400
f'
&.
'/
:a;
"/
1/
"'~
1750
~
tii
CT
150
Q)
:::J
t!=
100
50
1/
1050 ~
1
1
tii
Q)
:::J
t!=
700
350
2
True strain, %

quenehed, tempered 199 oc (390 F), 1 h, water
quenehed. Gage seetion size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
Iong (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. Iong). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Foumelle, Cyclic Stress
Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
Metal!., Voi 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
Alloy Steel (AS)/1 01
(
/, -~
150
ui
i.,
~
-MC
MT
--=::::::--
200

monotonie and cyclie true stress-strain curves
1750
250
1400
ce
,.....-..:--cr
..,. ."....".._:*
..,.
... ..,.
.........
1050
ui
rn
""
# ""
100
50
8:.
::;;
700

quenehed. Oage seetion size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
1ong (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. 1ong). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041400
Source: P.N. Thieien, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyciic Stress
Strain Reiations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4i40 Steei, Acta
Metall., Voi24 (No. i), Jan 1976, p i-10. As pubiished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi i, Cade i203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, i995, p i8
350
1/
2
True strain, %
150
1050
125
r--
1
100
o;
""'ui
"'~
.,
"lii
75
""
... ... ...
--

monotonie and cyclic true stress-strain curves
MC
!----!---- CT,CC- 875

..,. ...
... ..,.
---
~------
700
"'
a.
::;;
ui
525
rn
.,
"lii
:::J
t=
50
350
25
175
00
True strain, %
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 C (1830 F), 1 h, oii

quenehed. Oage seetion size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min .
Test eondition: MC, monotonie eompression; CT, eyclie
tension; CC, eyclie eompression. Composition: Fe-0.4C1Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041400
Source: P.N. Thieien, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Strain Reiations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steei, Acta
Metal!., Voi24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As pubiished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

true compressive stress-strain curve
Reduction in height, %
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1260
180
160
!:::..
~-
~~i!Oen
c't\lnedS
140
.~e(!.
ev'
.~s~
.........-B..==
t~.e!O
980
i').'ll
'iii
-"'_ 120
ii)
a.
"'
840 ::;;:
\(!.' It>.
-~~
.;
rn
rn
" 100
1120
700
~"'
Specimens taken from hot-worked 57.15 mm (2.25 in.)

diam bar, test specimen 20 mm diam x 40 mm long,
normalized and annealed. After compression of about
40%, specimens remachined to 14 mm diam x 21 mm
long. The discontinuity of results was typical. True yield
stress at 0.2% offset = 813 MPa (118 ksi); strainhardening exponent n = 0.145. Composition: Fe-0.39C1.00Cr-0.82Mn-0.26Si-0.21Mo-0.025S-0.012P. UNS
G41400
Source: J.D. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, and J.H. Humphrey, The Influence
of Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Saurce Baak an
Cald Farming, American Society for Metals, 1975, p 142
560
80
!::..Specimen A
o Specimen B
420
60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
280
True strain
120.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,840
AS.017 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (expanded
range) at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). 0.5-1000 h

exposure. Heat treated: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h, argon, oil
quenched, 718 oc (1325 F), 16 h, air cool. Composition:
Fe-25Ni-15Cr-2Ti-1.5Mn-1.3Mo-0.3V. UNS S66286
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessle, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
Aeraspace Structural Metals Handbaak, Vol2, Code 1601,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19
1120
AS.018 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room and elevated temperatures
140
980
120
840
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat treated:

982 oc (1800 F), 1 h, argon, oil quenched, 718 oc
(1325 F), 16 h, air cool. Composition: Fe-25Ni-15Cr2Ti-1.5Mn-1.3Mo-0.3V. UNS S66286
160
Room temperature
"'
u;
a..
.><
ai
"'
::2:
100
700
80
560
60
420
40
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
ai
"'
~
Source: J.R. Kattus, J .B. Preston, and H.L. Lessle, "Determination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1601,
1995, p 19
280
0.30
0.25
Strain, in./in.
AS.019 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
2500
v 4340
435~ /
2000
"'
a..
: 1500
"'
........
----
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm

diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oil quenched. Tested as-quenched with Instron
machine with crosshead velocity of 8.5 mm/s, which
corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
4330
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture, and

Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metal!. Mater. Trans., Voi 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 382
Cl
<::
-~
-~ 1000
Cl
<::
500
6
9
12
15
2500
2000
"'
o_
1500
/_
t;
4350
Test direction: Iong transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm

diam X 38 mm Iong, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oii quenched, tempered 10 hin 150 oc oii bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead veiocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
~4340
~4330
Source: M. Saegiitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and

in SAE 43xx Steeis, Metall. Mata Trans., Voi 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
Ol
-~
.~ 1000
Ol
UJ
500
o
o
10
15
20
2500
2000
"'
/_ -~
o_
~
"'
~
1500
1i5
Ol
c
"
Test direction: Iong transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm

diam x 38 mm Iong, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oii quenched, tempered 10 h in 175 oc oii bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead veiocity of
8.5 mm!s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
4350
~4340
~30
Source: M. Saegiitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and

in SAE 43xx Steeis, Metal!. Mater. Trans., Voi 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
-~
.~ 1000
Ol
UJ
500
o
o
10
15
20
2500
2000
"'
0..
1500
"'
~
1i)
f; ~
.............._
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm

diam X 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 hin 200 ac oil bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
1'-. 4350
.........
"4340
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and

Mechanical Properties of Low- Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metal/. Mater. Trans., Voi 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
~4330
C>
-~
-~ 1000
C>
500
200
-"'
120
80
40
Bar thickness = 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Vanadium-modified

version of the standard 4335 steel. Austenitized 829 ac
(1525 F), 1 h, oii quenched, room temperature, tempered
241 ac (465 F), 2 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.35C1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.35Mo-0.2V. UNS K33517
1120
&.
:2
840
1
1
AS.023 4335V nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve
1400
1/
u;
20
1680
160
u)
15
IV
240
"'~
Ci)
10
u)
"'
Ul
560
280
8
12
16
Source: R.C. Jones, "Materials-SAE 4335 (Modified) Steel 260,000 to

280,000 psi Heat Treatment-Development of Process Control and
Mechanical Properties for," Convair Division-General Dynarnics,
24 Oct 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Voi l, Code 1205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 17
200
AS.024 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
Room temperatura
u;
160
1120
120
840
Heat treated: 829 oc (1525 F), 10 min, air cooled,

tempered 427 oc (800 F), 1 h, to ultimate tensile
strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
"'
::2
a.
-"
.;
.;
"'~
"'~
Cii
80
560
Cii
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1206,
CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 28
1000 OF (538 C)
40
280
L-------L-----~------~------~------~0
10
300
/f'
250
200
~;.:;"
----
--,

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
2100
...... .... ......
',
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,

longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm
(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 177 oc (350 F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1750
1400
'!
u;
a."'
-"'
.;
UJ
::2
1050 gf
150
~
100
700
50
350
6
Strain,%
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannua1 Report on Pressure Vessel Design

Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. As published
in StructuralAlloys Handbook, Vo11, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
_.,
250
\\
1400
150
1050 gf
1
1
1
1
1
100
50
"'
::!!:
0..
1
1
-"'

longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 X 25.4 x 101.6 mm
043400
1750
11
u;
"'
~
""' .........-,
/(
200
"'-

2100
300
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design

Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Techno1ogy Laboratories, Air
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
700
1
1
1
1
1
350
o
o
10
Strain,%
250
200
u;

1750
~-----= ~~- ,~.
...
~'
f"

043400
1400
150
1050
"'
::!!:
0..
-"'
";
"'
100
700
50
350
6
Strain,%
10
Source: D.P, Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vesse1 Design

in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
250
200
~~
;
1
1
1
1
"'
U5
U)

043400
1400
150

1750
'
1050
''\
";
U)
100
700
50
350
"'
:2
Il.
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design

Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. Adapted
from Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
10
Strain,%

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treated to ultimate
tensile strength of 1862 MPa (270 ksi). Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS 043400
Source: "Design Properties as Affected by Cryogenic Temperatures,"
Battelle Memorial Institute, DMIC Memorandum 81, Jan 1961. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 1, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1994, p 41
200
V)
150
gf 100
1i5
50
2oo-ksi 1rel
180-ksi level
Heat treated to the levels indicated. Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
1050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-40

140-ksi level
~
!!!

steel (ali products), typical tensile stress-strain
curves
1400
V
2
350
10
2100

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 7.0,
n(-110 F) = 8.2, n(-312 F) = 8.9. Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
1400
"'
0..
~
:2
~ 150~----+-----~~~-+-----4------~--~ 1050 rJ
"'
~
700
350
6
8
10
o
12
11 0/Alloy Steel (AS)
250
35

70
105
140
-...........
1---
'-r
200
150
;;;
-"'
~"'
(/)
100
50
_.........

steel bar, compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
210
1750
/
...............
'\
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13.

Composition: Fe-0.4C-L8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, Dec 1998, p 2-41

1050
"'
[)_
:2
u
"'
700
350
175
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
12
[---
240
200
;;; 160
u
e
120
80
40
/
/
1120 rf
:2
u
840
560
280
6
Austenitized, oii quenched, tempered to ultimate tensile

strength of 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Tested at 24 ac (75 F).
G43400
1680
1400
-"'
U5

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve
1960
280
10
12
(f)
Source: MIL-HDBK-SC, Vo11, 15 Dec 1978. As published in Aerospace

Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Alloy Steel (AS)/111

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
140~-------~------~-------.-------.-------.980
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD X 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.

OD X 0.875 in. ID). Hot rolled, air cooled, tempered at
538 oc (1000 F), air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS 043400
~ 80~------+.~~--4-------~------~-------1560~
~
~
u)
moo
~m
4
6
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steeis at Slightly

Eievated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steeis for High-Temperature High-Pressure Appiications, 1960-1962.
As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi!, Code
1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
i995, p 29

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD x 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.

OD x 0.875 in. ID). Heat treatment 843 oc (1550 F), oil
quenched, tempered at 566 oc (1050 F), air cooled.
043400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steeis at Siightly
Eievated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steeis for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, i960-1962.
As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code
i206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
i995, p 29
150
120
o;
90
1050
...-
--.........
-V
K
~
840
~"
['\.
-"'
ui

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
elevated temperature
630
l1l
0..
:2
ui
"'
~
"'
~
(/)
60
420
30
210
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.20
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD X 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.

OD x 0.875 in. ID). Comparison at 350 oc (662 F) test
temperature. Curve 1: hot rolled, air cooled, tempered
538 oc (1000 F), air cooled. Curve 2: 843 oc (1550 F),
oil quenched, tempered 566 oc (1050 F), air cooled.
G43400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly
Elevated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code
1995, p 29
0.24
Strain, in./in.
1680

steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
200
1400
160
1120
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treated:

829 oc (1525 F), 10 miu, air cooled, tempered 427 oc
(800 F), 1 h, to ultimate tensile strength of 1379 MPa
(200 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo.
UNS G43400
240
Room temperatura
l1l
o;
0..
-"'
.,;
"'~
:2
840 .,;
120
"'~
Ci5
Ci5
560
80
1000 F (538 C)
280
40
00
10
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1206,
1995, p 32

steel (ali products), typical tensile stress-strain
curves at elevated temperatures
120.-----,------,-----,------~-----r-----.MO
Heat treated to ultimate tensile strength of 862 MPa

(125 ksi). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(500 F) = 9.0, n(850 F) = 19, n(lOOO F) = 4.4.
G86300
0 oL------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1f
0.001 in./in.
Strain,

120 .----------.,----------,-----------,---------, MO
Room temperatura
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and

tempered to u1timate tensile strength of 862 MPa (125 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
a.'"
~
~ 60~--------~~L-----~~~~
::!:
420
ui
rn
~
Ci5
1200 F (649 C)
2
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, A prii 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code 1208,
1995, p 14

160
140
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and

tempered to ultimate tensile strength of 1103 MPa (160 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
120
100
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Deterrnination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, Aprill954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi l, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 14
c;;
""'ui
"'
80
1ii
60
420
40
20
4
200
180
160
[
V
140
~ 120
"'
~
1ii 100
60
40
20
L~
0.2
840F 449 ocl
1120
990 OF 532 oc)
980
1110 oF (632 oc)
840 ~
ui
"'
700 ~
560
Normalized 1600 OF (871 C)

420
280
140
0.4
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm

(0.062 in.). Heat treatrnent: 857 oc (1575 F), oil
quenched, tempered at indicated temperature, lowest
curve normalized as indicated. Composition: Fe-0.3C0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
1260
UJ
1
1
V
1400
690 OF 366 oc)
(\]
1
1
ui
80

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves for various
tempering temperatures
1540
220
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Source: L.R. Jackson and N.A. Crites, "Development of Mechanical

Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, l Feb 1951. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi l, Code 1208,
1995, p 9
980
140
100
"'
80
40
20
1190 'F (643 'C)
420
1/
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1/
120
"iij
.><
80
l/
40
20
1.4
1--980
840
1190 'F (643 'C)
---
l.---v--
700
~
560 u
"'
~
Normalized 1600 'F (870 'C)
420
140
1/
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
.,
a.
:2
280
0.4

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves for various
1120
1
0.2
1.6
1000 'F (538 'C)

1
100
1.2
---+-
/"""'-
60

Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
1995, p 9
140
140
"'
oc
280
160
cn
Normalized 1600 'F (871 'C)
1
0.2
700
:2
560 u
1{-
60
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 857

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
G86300
840
"iij
.><
1000 'F (538 'C)
V
)
120

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves for various
1120
160
1.4
1.6
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 857

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
G86300
oc

Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Pnrdue University,
1995, p 12
160
140
IV
120
100
-"'
vi
UJ
80
40
20

steel casting, monotonie and cyclic stress-strain
curves at room temperature (a) and -46
(-50 F) (b)
oc
980
,.J--==-
-----
840
700
~/'
"'
a_
::2:
1/
560
1
1
1
420
1i5
60
~--~
-'":"'"
1-::
o;
---
1120
vi
UJ
1i5
280
140
10
12
14
Strain x 0.001
(a)
160 .----,----,----,..----,..----,----,.--....., 1120
_"v--
:-+--- 980
140 1---l----\-1---,
/.".C.+---+--_-.-~---:..---_-.
1/
;;:-:.
1
~::::---
120~--+---.~---~--~;~,~-+--+--+---840
/
."'
100~--+--.~~"'--+---+---+---r----700
:1
~
.1 /t~/
80 1----t---.P---p-t---r---r---r---r---- 560
1
1/
1i5
20
280
140
0 oL__ _2L__ _4L__ _6L__ _sL__ _1Lo---1~2--~1!

(b)
vi
1i5
601---f---t---+---+---+---t--~420
40
Strain x 0.001
Heat treatment: Normalized 900 oc (1652 F),

austenitized 885 C (1625 F), water quenched, tempered
510 oc (950 F), 1.5 h. Solid curve, monotonie loading;
dashed curves, cyclic loading. Composition: Fe-0.3C0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS 113042, UNS 113050
Source: R.I. Stephens, J.H. Chung, A. Fatemi, H.W. Lee, S.G. Lee,
C. Vaca-Oleas, and C.M. Wang, Constant and Variable Amplitude
Fatigue Behavior of Five Cast Steels at Room Temperature and -45C,
J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Vol106 (No. 1), Jan 1984, p 25-37. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Cade 1208,
1995, p 14
/ _ 20 ksi
1
1/
150
50

steel (ali products), typical stress-strain curves for
various heat treatments
1400
200
1/
35
l.---
(1379~Pa)
180 k i (1241 Mr) level
Curves for heat treatments to various strength levels.

086300
1050
150 ksi 1034 MP11evel

125 ksi (8 2 MPa) levi'
r--
Normalized
350
6
8
10

70
105
140
150
level
175

steel (ali products), typical compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature for various
heat treatments
210
1400
Heat treatments indicated by ultimate strength levels.

086300
1050
150 ksi (1034 MP ) level

125 ksi (862 MPa level
"'
a_
:2
700 ui
rn
r----
~alized
t----
50
----
350
10
15
20
25
140 r - - - - - , - - - - - . . , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 980

Room temperature
120r----------r--------~--~~~~~--------4MO
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:

quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
tensile strength of 827 MPa (120 ksi). Composition: Fe0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
400 F (204 c)
700

and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures;'
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, Aprill954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1208,
1995, p 15
0 oL---------~2----------~4----------~6--------~8o

1260
180
Room temperature
"iij
"""ui
"'~
Cii
160
1120
140
980
120
MO
100
700 ~
80
"'
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140

quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
tensile strength of 1102 MPa (160 ksi). Composition: Fe0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
"'
ui
cn
4

WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, A prii 1954. As
1995, p 16
AS.049 931 O nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel gears, true plastic stress-strain curves
2500
Uncarburized 9310 at 230 oc after quenching from

900 C. 0.2% yield strength = 1000 MPa. Workhardening rate, n = 0.17. Composition prior to
carburizing: Fe-0.11 C-3 .40Ni-1.26Cr-0.13Mo-0.56Mn0.26Si-0.04A1-0.03Cu-0.01S. UNS G93106
2000
0.2% offset =1000 MPa

11
,f 1500
Il
:lE
u
"'
Q)
~ 1000
---
Source: U .J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable

Austenite and Resulting Properties During the Ausform-Finishing of
1pct CarburizedAISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metall. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186
500
o
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
True strain
2500.-------.-------,--------,-------,------~
,f 15oor-------+---~~~-------r-------r------~
:lE
~
~
1i
Q)
~ 1ooor---~~~~----,_-------r-------r------~

steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
curves
Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite at
230 oc in 1% carburized steel. Strain rate = 0.005/s.
Steep and continuous increase in flow stress is sign of
high work-hardening rates (n). Type A, n = 0.56; type B,
n = 0.55. Type A specimen 10 mm diam X 2.2 mm thick
(0.4 in. diam X 0.086 in. thick), vacuum carburized to
1.06 wt% C. Type B stacked disks 10 mm diam x 15 mm
high (0.4 in. diam X 0.6 in. high), carburized in
atmosphere to 1.1 wt% prior to stacking. Composition
prior to carburizing: Fe-0.11C-3.40Ni-1.26Cr-0.13Mo0.56Mn-0.26Si-0.04Al-0.03Cu-0.01S. UNS G93106
Source: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable
1pct Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metal/. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186
0 oL_______OL.2_______0~.4------~0.~6-------0L.8------_J1.0
True strain, %
1600r------.-----,------.------.------.-----~
Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite in

1% carburized steel (type A). Type A specimen 10 mm
diam x 2.2 mm thick (0.4 in. diam x 0.086 in. thick),
vacuum carburized to 1.06 wt% C. Samples were
ausformed at different temperatures with the following
0.2% yield strengths: curve 1, 85 C, 425 MPa; curve 2,
110 C, 425 MPa; curve 3, 160 C, 431 MPa; curve 4,
232 ac, 327 MPa. UNS G93106
"' 1000
a.
:2:
ui
"'

steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
curves
800
Q)
:::J
Source: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable

lpct Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metal!. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 189
t= 600
400
200
00
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
AS.052 HNM nickel alloy steel sheet, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 482
(900 f) (a) and 649
(1200 f) (b)
80.-------------,------------~------------~560
oc
200 h 300 h
oc
Solution treated 2050 F, 15 min, oii quenched, aged

732 oc (1350 F), 15 h. Composition: Fe-0.3C-9.5Ni18.5Cr-3.5Mn
~"'
~ 40 1-----~+-~-----1~--~~--~--t-~~~--~~----j 280 "'
20~-r~--~~~~~~~~~~~~------~---1140
OOL-----------~4~----------~8-------------"1~
(a)
80,------------,------------~-------------,560
601---~-----------!--------------t----------------1420
(b)
Source: "Crucible HNM," Preliminary Data Sheet, Crucible Steel Co.,

Issue No. 2, June 1960. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, p 3
AS.053 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, tensile

temperatures
840
"(ii
Plate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified

steel treated 871 oc (1600 F), 25 min, oil quenched,
316 oc (600 F), 0.5 h to ultimate tensile strength of
1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-1.8Ni-1.5Si1.3Mn-0.4Mo. UNS K32550
<Il
o._
::;;;
-"'
<I
<I
(/)
(/)
Ci)
560
80
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1214,
1995, p 7
L-----~------L-----~------~----~------~0
6
8
10
12
240 ,---------,,---------,------,------,----,----,1680
AS.054 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, compressive

temperatures
200
Plate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified

steel treated 871 oc (1600 F), 25 min, oil quenched,
316 oc (600 F), 0.5 h to ultimate tensile strength of
1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-1.8Ni-1.5Si1.3Mn-0.4Mo. UNS K32550
160
1120
"(ii
-"'
<I
(/)
120
Ci)
80
1000 OF (538 C)
560
40
~-----L------4L_
00
_____6L______8L______1L0----~1~
2
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensi1e and
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Cade 1214,
1995, p 8
AS.055 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel tube, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
240.-------,-------,-------~------,-----~1680
Tube diameter =53.975 rnm (2.125 in.). Hollow section

with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 5 to 40. Ultimate
tensile strength of 1496-1703 MPa (217-247 ksi). Data
based on 30 tests. UNS K32550
Source: "Stress-Strain Curves for High-Strength Alloy Steel," Rep.
No. 732, The Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co., 25 Feb 1955. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Cade 1214,
1995, p 4
AS.056 lncoloy 803 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)
700
100
80
0.2% yield strength, 324 MPa (47.0 ksi); ultimate tensile

strength, 614 MPa (89.1 ksi); elongation, 45.7%.
Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
560
a."'
420 :::;_
rJ)
Ol
c:
280 .!:
Ol
c:
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
60
420

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (expanded range)
50
350

Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
280 ~
:2
gj 40
ui
rn
g' 30
-~
"'c
"O>
c
w 20
10
1
1
1
ui
rn
~
210 ~
c
-~
"'
c
"O>
c
140 w
70
1/
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
o.oPo
Strain
100
700
80
560
~
ui 60
Cl
-~
"'
,
c
40
.,---~

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)
strength, 552 MPa (80.1 ksi); elongation 40.5%; n, 0.371.
Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19Cr0.8Si-0.03C
a.'"
:2
420 gf
!!:!
1i
Cl
280 .!:
Cl
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
30
!.----
25

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (expanded range)
245
--
35
210

Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19Cr-0.8Si-0.03C
175
"'
c..
:2:
140 gf
~
1i
Cl
105
10
"[jc
a,
UJ
70
35
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.010
Strain
80
~
ui 60
Cl
c
"55
Ql
, 40
c
UJ
AS.060 lncoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (full range)
700
100
v-
~
560
&.
:2:
420 ui
Cl
c
"55
280 ~
"g>
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 283 MPa

(41.1 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi);
elongation, 37.8%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr1.25Mo
40
~
<I
30
Cl
~
Q)
.g, 20
c
LU
10
AS.061 lncoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (expanded range)
350
50
1 "--
280
1
1
1
"'
Il.
::l;
210
Cl
140 ~
LU
70
0.004
0.002
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 288 MPa

(41.7 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 644 MPa (93:4 ksi);
elongation 36.5%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr1.25Mo
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain
AS.062 lncoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)
700
100
80
(
,..,
........-
---

strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi); elongation, 43.6%; n,
0.4435. Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
560
"'
Il.
420
"'~
UJ
ti
Cl
-~
280 -~
Cl
LU
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
Strain
0.20
0.25
AS.063 lncoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stressstrain expanded range
350
50
--
40
----~-

strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi); elongation 43.6%.
Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
280
"'
a..
210 ::2_
gJ
~
iii
Ol
<::
"55
140
:!!
'61
<::
70
10
0.005
0.010
o.olo
0.015
Strain
320
-
280
a.."'
240
A-~
'~,\
~
''
::2
.;
"'~
iii 200
~-~
~~
.....
......
.,>
.....
...
..... ..... .....
...... _
..... "8:1
Ud=-
- - /1
- - i1
.....
t5
.&
w
- -- .. ---
45
'~
160
--
- - 4:1
120
-
15
4
Effective strain
AS.064 3.3% silicon alloy steel, von Mises effective

Strain rate= 6.5/s. Tested at 700 ac (1290 F). Stressstrain curves for solid torsion specimens of 3.3% Si steel
showing effect of gage length to diameter ratio (LI d) on
flow stress at high strain rates when adiabatic heating
occurs. The flow curves are in terms of von Mises
effective stress-strain (cr - "E ), defined by cr = ~.
and "E = r 1 V3 where 't - r is the shear-stress/shearstrain curve obtained in torsion testing. In both solid bars
and tubular specimens, the gage length-to-diameter ratio
may have a marked effect on the actual specimen
temperature during moderate-speed r = 10"2 to 10 s-I
torsion tests because of the effects of heat conduction.
Because of this, flow curves derived from data obtained
at these rates tend to show a dependence on the length-todiameter ratio (Lid). Flow curves for large L/d specimens
tend to fali below those for small L/d ratios, in which
most of the deformation heat is dissipated into the
shoulders. Interpretation of fracture strain data from such
tests should take into account not only the nominal
(initial) test temperature, but also the temperature history
during the test.
Source: H.A. Kuhn, Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing, Mechanical
Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
2000, p 191
High-Strength Steel (HS)/129
High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.001 Various HSLA and A36 steel high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA) steel, stress-strain curves
Comparison of stress strain curves for alloys with

specified minimum values. Curve 1: T-1, T-1 type A, T-1
type B; minimum yield strength (MYS) = 689 MPa (100
ksi). Curve 2: CON-PAC; MYS = 551 MPa (80 ksi).
Curve 3: EX-TEN 60; MYS = 413 MPa (60 ksi). Curve
4: COR-TEN, TRI-TEN, EX-TEN 50; MYS = 345 MPa
(50 ksi). Curve 5: EX-TEN 42; MYS = 289 MPa (42 ksi).
Curve 6: ASTM A36; MYS = 248 MPa (36 ksi). Modulus
of elasticity =200 GPa (29 x 106 psi)
Source: "High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels," U.S. Steel, Oct 1971. As
published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol1, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1980, p 3
20~----+----+---~----~----+----+----~140
QL---~----~--~----~----~--~----~0
0.05
80
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
70
60
0.10
r--
0.25
0.30
~'-..
50
0.35
'\
560
HS.002 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

sheet, stress-strain curve (complete range)
490
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Composition: Fe-0.09C0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS K11510
420
Source: E.A. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel

as a Missile Fue1 Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Beii Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/Purdue
350
&.
::<
280 .;
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
25
130/High-Strength Steel (HS)
60
55
50
45
40
245
1
1
105
70
<I
"'~
140
35
i/
1/
Source: E.A. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel

as a Missile Puei Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Beii Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/Purdue
175 00
&
:a:
210
15
280
l/0.2% offset
20
315
Ci) 25
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Sheet thickness = 1.778 mm

(0.070 in.). Composition: Fe-0.09C-0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS
K11510
350
Yield strength
at 0.2% offset
1/
~ba
385
_..... r-----7'
~ 35
10
HS.003 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

sheet, stress-strain curves (expanded range)
420
Strain, 0.001 in.lin.
150
HS.004 Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve
1050
700
100
"'
u;
a_
:a:
<I
"'
-"
<I
"'
~
rn
350
50
0.02
0.04
Strain, in./n.
0.06
0.08
Plate thickness 50 mm (2 in.). Heat treatment: 899 oc

(1650 F), 1 h, water quenched, 816 oc (1500 F), 1 h,
water quenched, 566 oc (1050 F), 2 h, water quenched.
Tensile yield strength = 944 MPa (137 ksi); elastic
modulus = 203 GPa (29.5 x 106 psi). Composition: Fe0.11C-5Ni-0.55Cr-0.47Mo-0.07V
Source: L.F. Parter et al., "The Development of an HY 130(T) Steel
Weldment," Report 39.018-001, NOBS 88540, U.S. Steel Applied
Research Laboratory, 1 July 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1216, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
HS.005 Microalloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA)

steel, compressive true stress-true plastic strain
curves at different strain rates
350
300
Hot rolled. Thermomechanical processing typically

includes rough rolling, 1100-1240 oc (2012-2264 F),
and finish rolling, 810-900 oc (1490-1652 F), fast
cooling to 700 oc (1292 F), and air cooling. (a) Tested at
900 C. (b) At 1200 C. Composition: Fe-0.08C-1.3Mn0.3Si-0.2Ni-0.08V-0.05Nb-0.015P-0.008S
250
<Il
0..
::;: 200
ui
"'~
u;
CI)
::>
Source: N.S. Mishra, in Hot Working Guide A Compendium of

Processing Maps, Y.V.R.K Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed., ASM International, 1997, p 337
150
::
100
50
o
o
0.1
0.2
(a)
0.1
(b)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
True plastic strain
0.2
0.3
True plastic strain
80
60
--
560
HS.006 A633 grade C high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve (complete
range)
-~
~
420
a."'
:2
280
ui
"'
~
Suitable for welded construction. Plate thickness =

19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Typical curve for 203.2 mm (8 in.)
test coupon. Yield strength = 435 MPa (63.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength =549 MPa (79.7 ksi); elongation
= 26.3%. Composition: Fe-0.2C-1.32Mn-0.32Si-0.03Nb.
UNS K12000
Source: "Plate Selection Guide Book," Bethlehem Steel, Bethlehem,
PA, 1985. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/
140
20
12
18
15
Strain,%
21
24
120
HS.007 Various high-strength structural steels,

typical stress-strain curves (full range)
840
-..........
100
80
1/
~'\
A~
~~
..--
A572
r--
Lf
..--
A36
700
~
- ---........
---..........
40 ._../
560
(Il
a.
'
:2
420 ui
"'
~
280
140
20
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
Comparison of structural steels with specified minimum

tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276-414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
(90 or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design
Manual, Jan 1981. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3,
HS.008 Various high-strength structural steels,

typical initial stress-strain curves
840
120
A514
100
80
-------
A537
560
40
A36
Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design

Manual, Jan 1981. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3,
-t::=
A572
280
20
140
10
15
20
30
25
100
60
-"'
"'
40
420
"'
0..
::;;;
.,;
280
ASTM A514 (high-strength plate suitable for welding);

or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel plate). Typical
composition, A514 grade A: Fe-0.18C-0.95Mn-0.65Cr0.60Si-0.23Mo-0.10Zr. UNS K11856
560
.,;
20
HS.009 ASTM A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

structural welded steel plate, typical tensile stressstrain curve
700
80
c;;
Comparison of structural steels with specified minimum

tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276--414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
(90 or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
700
140
3
Source: "Evaluation of Great Lakes Steel Corp. Steel Alloy NAXTRA

100," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec 1963. As published
1994, p 9
120
/v--
100
1
1/
80
20
140
120
1
1
100
40
20
/
1
1
1
1
"'
a.
:2
420 .;
iii
Source: "Evaiuation of Great Lakes Steei Corp. Steei A!Ioy NAX1RA

IOO," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec I963. As pubiished
I994, p 9
280
140
1
,
0.2
HS.011 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
980
840
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);

modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS Kl1630,
K11576, K11646
700
560 ~
1/
"'
Test direction: left, longitudinal; right, transverse. Typical

for Grade A from either ASTM A514 (high-strength plate
suitable for welding), or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel
plates). Typical composition, A514 grade A: Fe-0.18C0.95Mn-0.65Cr-0.60Si-0.23Mo-O.l OZr. UNS K11856
~
iii 60
700
1/
1/
I!1 80
HS.010 A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

structural steel plate, typical tensile stress-strain
curves
560
1
1
1
1
40
840
:2
~
~
420 iii
280
140
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
Source: DJ. Carney, U.S. Steei Corp., personal conununication witb

W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi I, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
HS.012 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive tangent modulus curve

160 0.---------,56_ _ _ _ _1.,...12_ _ _ __,16_8_ _ ____,221120
840
i20 ' - - - -
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);

modulus of elasticity in compression =208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
~
:::;:
80~----1-----+----~---1-1560 ~
00
00
Source: D.J. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with

W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voll, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
8
16
24
250
200
u;
V/
150
""'
!1)
1050
700
350
6
8
&.
:::;:
V
2
HS.013 AerMet 1 00 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
1750
1400
100
50
10
12
Bar thickness = ::;254 mm (::;10.000 in.). Test direction:

longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
1930-2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 6.8, n(ST) = 6.8. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
300
250
--
1---
--
HS.014 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

temperature
2100
...
...........
.....
'
',
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 127 rnm

(5.000 in.). Based on one heat. Heat treated to 1930-2068
MPa (280-300 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co3.1 Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
1750
',
200
'
1400
''
"'
'\
a_
:2
1050 ~-
iii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at
room temperature
2100
300
250
200
gf 150
~
iii
100
50
0.18
o
o
/
V
...--
1400
"'
a_
1050
700
8
6
l
:2
350
Bar thickness = :S:254 rnm (:S:lO.OOO in.). Test direction:

parameters: n(L) = 15.9, n(ST) = 16.1. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
1750
10
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998. p 2-113
--..~
300
250
2100
":;..._ Short transverse
200
'
Bar thickness = 127 mm (5.000 in.). Heat treated to

1999-2137 MPa (290--310 ksi). Based on one beat.
Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
1750
~t
Longitudin~'
.;
1400
8:.
::;;
gi
~
1ii 150
1050 1ii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
35
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain. in./in.
250
200
gi 150
~
1ii
100
0.12
0.14

70
105
140
50

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at
room temperature
2450
350
0.16

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
175
1400
8:.
::;;
700
350
6
8
10
Bar thickness = :-::;254 mm (:-::;10.000 in.). Test direction:

1930--2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 11, n(ST) = 12. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
1750
1050
V
2
0.18

70
105
140
35
.......
300
250
""
CfJ
150
90
70
60
1---
1
1
Bar thickness =:S:254 mm (:S:lO.OOO in.). Test direction:

longitudinal(L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
parameters: n(L) = 9.6, n(ST) = 13. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-11.1Ni
1750
..............
1400
lE
::;;:
<J
cn
2:!
1050 ii)
700
100
80
2100
100
50
1
1
u; 200
......_
HS.018 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
temperature
175
350
15
25
20
10
V- -
-......
......
30
D~al
U.S.S.
Phase 80
HS.019 U.S.S. Dual-phase 80 high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve,
compared with other steels
700
630
Ultimate tensile strength =660 MPa (95 ksi). Yield

strength for coils = 340 MPa (50 ksi); for cut leveled
lengths = 390 MPa (56 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.15C1.75Mn-0.75Si-0.025P-0.020S-0.02V. AH maximum
values except V which is the minimum
560
SAE 980
490
-~
--......
420
'\
::;;:
SAE 950 [\
350
uj
(/)
ii)
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
15
25
10
20
Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm), %
30
Source: SA-352, Alloy Digest, Dec 1978
2.85
2.80
lf.
2.75
::2:
"'"'
~;:::
o
2.70
1
1
""
Q)
.E
.3 2.65
Sheet thickness = 3 mm. Curve shows a double n

behavior with the transition at about 0.01 strain.
Composition: Fe-0.04C-1.28Si-1Mn-0.59Cr-0.40Mo
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Formability of the Next Generation of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials-2000 A.D.,
STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, p 253
./
2.60
2.55
HS.020 C5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, log true flow stress-log true
plastic strain curve
-2.8
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
Log true plastic strain
-1.3
-1.0
HS.021 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel sheet,

comparison of nominal stress-strain curves for a
variety of alloys
All specimens hot rolled 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen

A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, strainhardening exponent (n) = 0.181. Specimen B: Si-Mn;
YS = 458 MPa, n = 0.188. SpecimenE: Si-Mn (heat
treated); YS = 374 MPa, n = 0.223. Specimen F: Mn-Cr;
YS = 428 MPa, n = 0.144. Specimen G: Mn-Cr; YS =
453 MPa, n = 0.147. Specimen 1: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
n = 0.154. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, n = 0.145.
Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa, n = 0.126.
Specimen Z: commercial; YS = 300 MPa, n = 0.189
Source: I. Aoki, T. Horita, and T. Herai, Formability and Application of
New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic
Materials-2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, p 239
2500~-----~~----~2-------3L-----~.4------~5
Nominal strain, %

comparison of tensile strength and elongation for a
variety of alloys
45.---------,---------,----------,---------
All specimens hot rolled 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen

A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, elongation
(e) = 37.5%. Specimen B: Si-Mn; YS = 458 MPa, e =
32.1 %. Specimen C: Mn (heat treated); YS = 333 MPa,
e = 32.5%. Specimen D: Mn; YS = 467 MPa, e = 23.6%.
SpecimenE: Si-Mn; YS = 374 MPa, 34.3%. Specimen F:
Mn-Cr; YS = 428 MPa, e =37.3%. Specimen G: Mn-Cr;
YS = 453 MPa, e = 25.8%. Specimen H: Mn-Cr; YS =
395 MPa, e = 32.8%. Specimen I: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
e = 29.0%. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, e =
21.6%. Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa,
e = 27.8%. Specimen Y: conventional Si-Mn; YS =
400 MPa, e = 31.5%. Specimen Z: commercial; YS =
300 MPa, e = 39.7%
40r--..-----+---------1---------~--------~
~ 35r---------+-------~~------~~--------~
o
:g
Cl
<::
a;
$ 30~--------+-----~--1-----~~~~------~
tE!
Dual phase steels

O Conventional steels
2
~oo
500
700
600
800
Source: I. Aoki, T. Hori ta, and T. Herai, Forrnability and Application of

New Hot-Rolled High-Strengtb Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic
Materials-2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, p 233
Tensile strength, MPa

log true flow stress-log true plastic strain curves
Experimental steels El, E4, E5, and E6 are compared
with a commercial grade. El is a weathering steel, the
other three are boron steels. C3 is a ferritic commercial
HSLA Arctic steel with copper used for precipitation
strengthening. Curve shows a double n behavior of the
alloys strengthened with copper. Strengthening with
niobium produces single n behavior.
"'
a..
::2:
ui
2. 75
~~""f'-=-------+=o.JC--'--::
1/l
~
"li)
~
2. 70 1--_JC:.-+---------,t,...",::;_-
o=
Q)
.5
2.65 1----+-----.l?"'f'-------+-------t-------1-----:r'--
..:l"'
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
Log true plastic strain
-1.3
-1.0
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Forrnability of the Next Generation of

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials-2000 A.D.,
STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, p 259
300
L.-----~
250
u;
-"' 200
.;
HS.024 200 high-strength maraging steel, true stressstrain curve
2450
350
----
l----
--
Heat treatment: 816 oc (1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 482 oc

(900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-8.5Co-3.3Mo-0.2Ti0.1Al
2100
1750
1400
~"'
Source: "18% Nickel Maraging Steels," Data Bulletin, International

Nickel Co., Nov 1964, p 11. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code 1223, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
li
~
~
u;
(])
1050 gJ
~ 150
100
700
50
350
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
320
HS.025 T-250 high-strength maraging steel bar,

temperatures
2240
75 OF (24 C)
Bar thickness = 16.5 mm (0.65 in.). Heat treatment: 85%

cold formed, 482 oc (900 F), 4 h. Composition: Fe18.5Ni-3.0Mo-1.4Ti-0.1Al (Co free)
305 F (152 C)
240
1680
917 OF (492 C)
u;
a."'
-"'
.;
"'
~
160
1120 ui
"'
~
-1500 OF (-816 C)
80
560
QQ~----~0L.4------~0L.8------~1L.2-------1L.6------~2.~
Strain,%
Source: Personal communication from W.B. Austin, Hercules Inc.,

McGregor, TX, 14 Nov 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural
160
1120
140
980
120
840
HS.026 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

plate, monotonie and eyclic stress-strain eurves
a.
"'
:::;;
'iii
-"'
gf 100
700 <ii
11)
1ii
80
560
60
420
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm

(0.25 in.) diam, 18.03 mm (0.71 in.) long. Heat treatment:
austenitized 927 oc (1700 F), solution annealed 804 oc
(1480 F). Strain rate= 6.097 mrn!min (0.24 in./min).
Test condition: monotonie tension, MT; monotonie
compression, MC; cyclic tension, CT; cyclic cornpression, CC. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: W.B. Jones and J.C. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
p 225-235. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Plastic strain, %
300
280
260
240
~
.,..."... ~
~
,..._-
V: r:::: ---1//
VcT l/
V
~
~
180
160
11
1960
1820
1680
a.
"'
:::;;
1540 <ii
200
1400
1260
11
1120
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Plastic strain, %
0.5

plate, monotonie and eyclic stress-strain eurves
2100
0.6
980
0.7
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm

(1480 F), aged 482 C (900 F), 4 h, air cooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min). Test condition:
monotonie tension, MT; monotonie compression, MC;
cyclic tension, CT; cyclic compression, CC.
Composition: Fe-18Ni-7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
Voi 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
300 .-----,-----,------.---.,-----r---,-----, 2100

plate, monotonie and cyclic stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinaL Specimen size = 6.35 mm

(1480 F), aged 482 oc (900 F), 8 h, air cooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min). Test condition:
monotonie tension, MT; monotonie compression, MC;
cyclic tension, CT; cyclic compression, CC.
Ultrabigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
Plastic strain, %
300
250
200
2100
r r-..
-1 ~~
;;;
""vi
"'
~
1750
150
1400
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
HS.029 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment:

annealed 816 oc (1500 F), 30 min, air cooled, aged
482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5MoTi-A1
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultrabigh Strength Maraging
Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
300
Room temperature
Air melted. Heat treatment: annealed 816 oc (1500 F),

30 min, air cooled, aged 482 oc (900 F), 3 h.
250
200
&.
.;
"'~
::.:
150
1000 "F (538 "C)
1050
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nicke1 U1trahigh Strength Maraging

Stee1s," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
gf
i'ii
100
50
~---2~---4L----6L----8L---~1L0----1L2----1L4--~1;

temperatures

annealed 816 oc (1500 F), 30 min, air cooled, aged
482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5MoTi-Al
<Il
o._
::.:
1050 gf
~
i'ii
6
8
10
12
14
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nicke1 Ultrahigh Strength Maraging

Stee1s," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
HS.032 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and
1960
1680
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill

annealed 816 oc (1500 F), aged 482 oc (900 F), 3 h.
Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
1400
160~--~~--~----~~~~----~----~----1 1120~
::;:
-"'
ui
g
(J)
ui
"'
~
120~--~~--~~~~----~~~~~~~~~ 840 (J)
1000 "F (538 "C)
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
1995, p 44
560
280
6
8
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
280~-----r-~-.-----,-----r-----,----,-----,1960
Room temperature

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: miU
annealed 816 oc (1500 F), aged 482 oc (900 F), 3 h.
Exposure time attest temperature = 0.5 h. Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1995, p 48
L---~2L---~4----~6-----8L---~1-0----~12----~1l

typical stress-strain curves at room, low, and
"'
Il.
::;:
f-~~+--H/,H----J.-~~-+~~-+~~~f-~----l
1050
gf
~
Cii

70
105
140
35
............
250
1-----~
V
1
200
150
100
50
175
- r----
o
o
!'\
1400
"'
Il.
i
::;:
1050
700
350
Test direction: longitudinal. Consumable vacuum arc

remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 ac
(900 F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, compressive) = 22. Composition: Fe-18Ni
1750
1
V

typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
210
2100
1/
Cii
16
12
10
6
Source: M!L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-101
20
"iii
""<I
"'~
12
16

remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 oc
(900 F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. RT,
room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(-100 F) = 24, n(RT) = 26, n(300 F) = 29, n(600 F) =
26, n(800 F) = 11, n( 1000 F) = 11. Composition: Fe18Ni
20

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
350 r-----,-----,------~----,-----,-----,2450
300
250
200 ~----~---H~~--+-----+-----~----~1400&
::;;;
<I
l'i
1050 ~
"'
~
rn 150 ~----~~~+-~--~1_00_0_._F~(5_38_._C~)_,____~

Annealed, aged 482 oc (900 F). Exposure time at test
temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room temperature. RambergOsgood parameters: n(-100 F) = 19, n(RT) = 22,
n(300 F) = 17, n(600 F) = 17, n(800 F) = 12,
n( 1000 F) = 11. Composition: Fe-18Ni
100
50
L------L-----~----~----~----~----~0
00
12
16
20
24
Strain. 0.001 in .lin.
300
250
!'-......_
........
........
'-......_
................
......
..............
........
~
~
1750

(900 F). Composition: Fe-18Ni
1400
........
200
l'i

temperature (full range)
2100
"'
'
o._
1050
100
700
50
350
rn
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
l
::;;;
150
0.12
35
250
u; 200
~
~
cn
150
100
50
1750
1400
lE
II
1050 Cii
700
1
4

(900 F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, compressive) = 21. Composition: Fe-18Ni
2100
::;;:

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
175
------r------ --- \
.........
300

70
105
140
350
12
16
20
24

bar, typical stress-strain curve
2100
300
r~
250
...........
--........
200

annealed 816 oc (1500 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, aged
482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5MoTi-Al
1750
~ ..........
1400
...............
~
~ 150
o."'
::;;:
1050 ~
Cii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nicke1 Ultra High Strength Maraging

Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Cade 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
320
2240
280
1960

tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and

482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature
0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
240
1400
200
"'
!Il
"'
:li
[L
::;;:
160
1120
Ci5
Ci5
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
12
14
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for ISNi-Co-Mo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1,
Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
16
Room temperatura
HS.041 18N i (300) high-strength maraging steel bar,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and

482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature =
0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18Ni-Co-Mo
250 aud 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1,
120.---------,-------~,---------,---------,840
560
HS.042 17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel sheet,

temperatures

(0.062 in.). Heat treatment: 954 ac (1750 F), 0.25 h, oii
quenched, tempered 704 ac (1300 F), 1 h. Exposures at
temperature = 0.5-1000 h. Composition: Fe-0.3C-1.3Cr0.5Mo-0.25V. UNS K14675
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessiey, "Deterrnination of
Tensiie, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steeis at
Eievated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
As published in Aerospace Structural M etals Handbook, Voi i, Code
i210, ClNDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
OOL---------2~--------4~--------6~------~8
320 .------,------,-------,-----,------,-------, 2240
HS.043 300M ultrahigh-strength steel bar, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 871 ac

(1600 F), 4 h, oii quenched, 316 ac (600 F), 4 + 4 h.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-1.6Si-0.8Cr-0.4Mo-V
Source: S.L. Pendieberry, R.F. Simeng, and E.K. Walker, "Fracture
Toughness and Crack Propagation of 300M Steei," Technical Report
DS-68-18, Contract FA67-WA-1812, Lockheed-California Co., Aug
1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1,
160
u;
120
-"'
"'~
U5
80
40
HS.044 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperatures
1400
200
1--B
1120
840
8:.
::;<
560
4
6
10
1400
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
u;
HS.045 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength forged

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves at room
a."'
-"'
::;<
gf 100
700 u
"'~
U5
U5
75
525
50
350
25
175
Source: A.H. Rosenstein, M.R. Gross, W.G. Schreitz, and G.A. Wacker,
"Metallurgical Investigation of 9Ni-4Co-.2C Steel," Report 2678, Naval
Research and Development, July 1968. As published in Aerospace
280
200
o
o
Plate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Consumable electrode

vacuum process, carbon deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox)).
Heat treatment: 913 ac (1675 F), 1 h, air cooled, 843 ac
(1550 F), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered, 2 h, air cooled.
Tempered at: curve A, 538 and 566 ac (1000 and 1050
F); curve B, 482 ac (900 F). Composition: Fe-0.20C9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
10
12
Test direction: transverse. Bar size = 57.15 x 152.4 x

213.36 mm (2.25 x 6 x 84 in.). Heat treatrnent: 899 aC
(1650 F), 1 h, air cooled, 816 ac (1500 F), 1 h, oil
quenched, tempered 552 ac (1025 F), 6 h, air cooled.
Composition: Fe-0.20C-9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Voi Il, Sept 1972.
As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi!, Code
1995, p 65

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
250 ,-------,-----,--------,----,------;,-----, 1750
f---+---+-+-+---..~=+---1-----l1050
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate

thickness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000--4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. RambergOsgood parameters: n(RT) = 14, n(700 F) = 13,
n(900 F) =7.7. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
ui
10

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
250
o;:-_ _3;:5~--.:.7o=--_
__:.1o:;.:5~_
_:1:.;.4o=----.:.;17_::5_ __:_;21 750
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate

thickness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000--4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature =0.5 h. RambergOsgood parameters: n(RT) = 15, n(700 F) = 12,
n(900 F) = 9.0. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
Room temperatura
Room temperatura
1050
150
"ii;

c.
"'
~
""'ui
ui
(/)
(/)
jg
rJ)
700
100
00
10
o
12
25
30
10
15
20
6
HS.048 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength forged

steel billet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at various temperatures
1960
280
240
-110 "F (-79 "C)
1680
1400
200
1120 /f
u; 160
::;:
-"'
"'
"'~
1i5 120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
"'"'
~
1i5
Test direction: longitudinal, long transverse, and short

transverse. Billet size = 76.2 x 228.6 x 609.6 mm (3 x 9
x 24 in.). Consumable electrode vacuum process, carbon
deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox)). Heat treatment: 871927 oc (1600-1700 F), 1 h, air cooled, 621 14 oc
(1150 25 F), x h min, 843 14 oc (1550 25 F),
1 h, oil quenched, -73 oc (-100 F), 2 h, 510 14 oc
(950 25 F), 2 + 2 h, air cooled. Curves based on
average of 3 heats.
Source: D.F. Bulloch, T.W. Eichenberger, and J.L. Guthrie, "Evaluation
of the Mechanical Properties of 9Ni-4Co Steel Forgings," AFML
Contract AF 33615-67-C-1724, AFML TR 68-57, The Boeing Co.,
March 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol1, Code 1221, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
12
HS.049 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

forging, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at various
temperatures
Forging thickness = 76.2 mm (3.000 in.). For ali
directions. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room
temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(-110 F) =
11, n(RT) = 12, n(300 F) = 12, n(500 F)= 10.
Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
Compressive tangent modulus. 106 psi
300
250
200
_"LJ.C)
- :_:z
V70 'F (21
'C)
-............., / 300 'F (149 ~C)
.......
-- ::::: -.....................
p-
~--~
~...........
~
'/
500 'F (260
'Cl" ~
...............
~~,
2100

forging, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range) at various temperatures
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. Forging thickness

(3.000 in.). Exposure at ternperature = 0.5 h.
Cornposition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
1400
"'
o_
:2
1050
.....
700
50
350
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
li
'X
100
0.02
= 76.2 rnrn
0.18
Strain, in./in.
300
_"l,_,L,
250
,0
".--_
200
'fU
f---
;::::.
--
c-~
--~ ~~~~........
....... r-,"'=~
5oo 'F (260
o;
""'ui
!1)
/70 'F (21 'C)

'-........_k300 'F (149 'C)
":><
ci' ~~~
2100

1750
Test direction: long transverse. Forging thickness = 76.2

rnrn (3.000 in.). Exposure at ternperature = 0.5 h.
Cornposition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
1400
~
:2
1050 ~
150
Cil
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
_"J,J.C)
250
200
- ......
".:Zfl OF (21 C)
io"""
-::::.~
--
~-"'""
1--:::
"
2100

1750
Test direction: short transverse. Exposure at temperature

=0.5 h. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
K~o F (149 C)
:=::::z::r--.. '
1400
-~::::::::: ........~
500 OF (260 C) ......
........,
................
~~
lE
1050
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
2100
250
1750
Longitudinal J
200
HS.053 AF141 O ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 mm (~.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 11, n(short
transverse) = 9.1. UNS K92571
~ngitudinal
1400
vshort transverse
::!:
1050 gf
1
1
1ii
100
50
'"
a.
gf 150
~
700
o
o
350
6
8
10
12
14
g
::!:
300

56
84
112
140
168
28
......
250
........
"'1
200
u;
-"'
.;
rn
150
/sh~ transver~
1400
~~
~
"'
0..
:2:
1050
gf
~
700
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 nun (::;4.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 9.0, n(short
transverse) = 10. UNS K92571
o
o
HS.054 AF141 O ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical

compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
22~100
1750
100
50
~c
196
350
12
6
8
10
14
8
6
r
/
200
u;
150
Room temperatura
-:J
.;
rn
~
ii)
100
1400
250 "F (121 "C)
1050
/1
-"'
50
HS.055 D6A, D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
1750
250
700
lj
350
.,
0..
:2:
.;
10
12
D6A, air melted; D6AC, consumable electrode vacuum

melted (CVM). Heat treatment: 899 oc (1650 F), 1 h,
solution quenched, 204 oc (400 F), 10 min, air cooled,
604 oc (1120 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe0.46C-1.0Cr-1.0Mo-0.55Ni. UNS K24728
Source: Private Communication, G.R. Sipple, General Motors Allison
Division with W.F. Brown, Jr., 1965. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Cade 1213, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
HS.056 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 oc of alloy deformed at 450 oc and
martensite volume versus strain
300
(2100 )
250
(1750
ro
a.
5
)~
./
200
(1400 )
--
~"'
150
~ (1050
c
"5j
"'c
"g>
w
>"""
/
\1
100
100
(700 )
1
1
1V
"....
...................
---
2V
25
......--"
-.......
//
....
75
- ----
....
....
1
1
1
1
50
(350 )
/''
f,-----
i--2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to 9.525

nun (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 C, 3 h, in
4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat rolled 80% to
1.905 nun (0.075 in.) at 450 C. Curve 2: hot forged to
2.54 nun (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and reduced to
1.905 nun (0.075 in.) (20%) at 450 C. Test specimen
size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 nun (0.125 X 0.075 X 1 in.)
gage length. Curve 1V and 2V: vol% martensite versus
strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and W.W. Gerberich, Fatigue
Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metal!. Trans., Vol3, Oct 1972,
p 2664
0.5
0.6
Strain

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 oc of alloy deformed at 250 oc and
martensite volume versus strain
300
(2100)
250
(1750
ro
a.
)[\_-
200
(1400 )
"'
"g>
>r-
.......
100
(700 )
........
""
....
~:..--
0.1
----~
100
""\2
75
----1V
""'
.............. ---2V
1
1
1
1
1
50
(350 )
\1
------
li
~ 150
~ (1050
c
"5j
..........-
--"""""'
0.2
.......
,.."/
.
0.3
Strain
."...-"' ""
0.4
25
0.5
0.6
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to

9.525 nun (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 C,
3 h, in 4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat rolled
80% to 1.905 nun (0.075 in.) at 250 C. Curve 2: hot
forged to 2.54 nun (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and
reduced to 1.905 nun (0.075 in.) (20%) at 250 oc. Test
specimen size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 mm (0.125 x 0.075
x 1 in.) gage length. Curve IV and 2V: vol% martensite
versus strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr8Ni-3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and W.W. Gerberich, Fatigue
Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metal!. Trans., Vol3, Oct 1972,
p 2664
HS.058 Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced

plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel strip, stress-strain
and Hali voltage output-strain curves
TRIP steels can be used as strain sensors. (a) Roomtemperature stress-strain curves for specimens as wrought
(0% ), 20, 40, 60, and 80% reduction at 450 oc warm
rolling. The magnetic properties of the material change
irreversibly as austenite to martensite transformation
occurs. (b) As the magnetic susceptibility changes
dramatically, an accurate history of the peak strain can be
derived from the Hali effect voltages shown on lower
curves. Composition: Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni-2.1Mn-0.26C
Source: J.S. Dunning, Characterization of TRIP Steels as Strain Monitor
Materials, Microstructura! Science, Vol25, Proc. 30th Annual Technical
Meeting of the International Metallographic Society, IMS & ASM
International, July 1997, p 417
oo
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, mim
(a)
3.6
80%
3.0
>
-5o 1.6 f----+-+--+.f---+--,J-----::17-""---+----+------1
ro
I
0.05
(b)
0.10
0.15
Strain, mim
0.20
0.25
0.30
1200.------,-----,------,------,------,------,
Strip thickness = 2 mm. After 60% rolling reduction, tests

were conducted with 0.8 mm sheet. Material was
annealed, 780 C, 180 s, transformed, 400 C, 400 s.
Niobium adds about 15 MPa strength/0.01% without
significantly changing the shape of curve. Curve 1, 0%
Nb; curve 2, 0.02% Nb; curve 3, 0.04% Nb.
Composition: Fe-0.17C-1.4Mn-1.5Si + Nb as shown
800
"'
[l.
:2
<I
"'
~

high-strength steel strip, true stress-strain curves
with effect of niobium content
600
Source: K. Hulka, W. Bleck, and K. Papamantellos, Relationship

between Heat Treatment Conditions, Microstrncture, and Properties of
Niobiurn Microalloyed TRlP Steel, 41st Mechanical Working and Steel
Processing Conf Proc., Vol37, Iron & Steel Society, 1999, p 75
"'
Q)
400
200
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
True strain
Temperatura,
1050
160
967
883
800
717
140
;/
/:V.'"
"' 100
:2
Il..
.;
80
"lij
(])
60
40
20
.11
120
550
633
7'
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note

portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
indicate other transformations. Cooling rate = 0.5 C/s.
Strain rate = 0.0003/s. Composition: steel A, Fe-0.22C1.55Mn-1.55Si-0.035Nb-0.028Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel
B, Fe-0.19C-1.54Mn-1.50Si-0.024Al (N, 20-40 ppm)
Source: A.Z. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, P.D. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous
Cooling Deforrnation Testing of Steels, Metal/. Trans. A, Voi 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
True strain

high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
0.30
Temperatura, 'C
967
883
800
717
550
633
This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note

portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
indicate other transformations. Cooling rate = 0.5 C/s.
Strain rate= 0.0003/s. Composition: steel C, Fe-0.145C1.50Mn-1.55Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel D, Fe0.18C-1.50Mn-0.93Si-0.024Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel E,
Fe-0.21C-1.50Mn-1.10Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm)
140
IL
120
&:.
11
100
:2
~ 80
ft
t="
:>
60
40
20
0.05
J)o
~
1\.
/'C
Source: A.Z. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, P.D. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous

Cooling Deformation Testing of Stee1s, Metall. Trans. A, Vo1 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
?'
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25

high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
0.30
Stainless Steel (SS)/161
Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.001 201 stainless steel, stress-strain curves
showing effect of cold work
- - Longitudinal
- - Transverse
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:

Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn-4.5Ni. UNS S20 100
Source: P.D. Harvey, Engineering Properties of Steel, American Society
for Metals, 1982
875
350
L__ _ _ _2L_--~4----~6----~8-----1~0----~12~--~1;
SS.002 201 stainless steel sheet, tensile and

450
400
T~
350
TT .,...,..,.".
?r=pi"'~
--- ---
..~ Vl_T
""-:'"'"
".
#'
300
"'
~
//- / ...- -
;;tY-/
/
250
ui
rn
~ 200
rn
150
100
50
... 1-"'--Lc
V.;
/
Six tests were made in each orientation on cold-rolled

specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Elastic modulus: LT, 195.7 GPa;
TT, 196.7 GPa; LC, 189.7 GPa; TC, 197.0 GPa. Yield
strength (0.2%): LT, 359.6 MPa; TT, 383.1 MPa; LC,
295.8 MPa; TC, 380.2 MPa. Ultimate tensile strength: LT,
745 MPa; TT, 730 MPa. Composition: Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn4.5Ni. UNS S20100
Source: P. Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, R.A. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM International, 1992, p 129
/'
1
1/
2
3
Strain x 0.001
162/Stainless Steel (SS)
200
180
160
140
y_
120
A ~ /{
lC
1260
1120
~1
980
840
60
40
V:
1
1
1
20
0.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.4
560
0.8
0.6
Strain, in./in.
(2 in. gage)
1.0
~ 200
/
//
150
b/--
(/)
100
50
1.2
1/
1
1.4
3------
./
:i
Source: E.R. Cunningham, Co1d Forming Stain1ess Stee1s and Other

Specialty Grades, Source Book on Cald Forming, American Society for
Meta1s, 1975, p 126
140
350
"'
"'~
Cii
280
400
~ 250
tii
Comparison of true stress-strain for coiled strips of

ferritic (434) and austenitic (201, 301) alloys. Higher
work-hardening rates of austenitic grades indicate
improved deep-drawing capability. Localized reduction,
necking, is retarded. Vertical dashed lines are the points
of maximum uniform strain, above which the localized
deformation takes place. The load corresponding to this
point is the maximum load .
420
450
300
"'
a_
::;;
700
4~4
80
SS.003 201, 301, 434 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves used in case study
1400
__... ~
r-
----
...!-~
1/
Strain x 0.001
SS.004 201-1, 201-2, 301, 304 stainless steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves for various
annealed alloys
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1, types 201-1, 301,
304. Curve 2, type 201-2. Curve 3, type 205. Initial
elastic modu1us = 193 GPa, ali curves. Longitudinal
compressive yield strength: type 20 1-1, 185 MPa; type
201-2, 280 MPa; type 205,405 MPa; type 301, 185 MPa;
type 304, 185 MPa
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Stee1s in Co1d-Formed Design,
SS.005 202 (UNS 520200) annealed stainless

steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
300r---~--,--r-.~--,----r-,-,-r---r---,--r-ro2100
Bar diameter = 6.426 mm (0.253 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-8.75Mn-5Ni. UNS S20200

Source: C.J. Gunter and R.P. Reed, "Mechanical Properties of Four
Austenitic Stainless Steels at Temperatures between 300 and 20 K,"
National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, 1960.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 51
1C(
0.1
Strain, in./in.
80
v
itudina~t-----
560
SS.006 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel,

490
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:

Fe-low C-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
420
Source: "Armco 21-6-9 Stainless Steel," Produc! Data Brochure S-26c,

Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, Apri11969. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1314, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
Lon 1
70
1//
/ Transverse
60
~~-
50
30
20
10
350
"'
[]_
::2:
280
V
1
1
ui
Ul
(/)
210
140
70
2
3
80
--1/
1 ----Itk::::
70
50
20
10
400
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
420
Source: O. Dee1, P. Ruff, and H. Mind1in, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials;' AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Co1umbus Laboratories, Co1umbus, OH, June 1973. As
pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 2, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
"'
o_
(204 C)
::2;
280 "'
210
V
1
140
70
490
350
- 700 o,F (371 C)

900 OF (482 oc)
v-
SS.007 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Room temperature
60
30
560
10
70
SS.008 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
60
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
50
'iii 40 ~--~-+~~~+------+------4-------~----~280
""
"'"'
~
&
::2;
gf
(/) 30
~-,~~~----+-----~------1-------~----~210
20
10
00L------L----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~
2
00
Source: O. Dee1, P. Ruff, and H. Mind1in, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Co1umbus Laboratories, Co1umbus, OH, June 1973. As
pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 2, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
225
200
175
150
SS.009 21-6-9 stainless steel, stress-strain curves at

room and low temperatures
1750
250
x -4J2 F (-26b c)
1 .....-\\
1/
r;
1575
Composition: Fe-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS

S21900
-320 F (-196 c)
1400
1225
1050.,
0..
:2
875
Room temperatura
100
75
50
....---
/"
'
~-
700
1*
Source: M.B. Kasen, R.E. Schramm, and D.T. Read, "Semi-Annual

Report of Materials Research in Support of Super Conducting
Machinery," ARPA Order-2569, AD-B063554, National Bureau of
Standards, Cryogenics Division, Boulder, CO, Oct 1976. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
<li
525
350
175
25
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
Strain
250
200
150
~
<li
"'~
i)
~_",L ,_l.C)
---- H, charged
-107 F (-77 c)
-~
~ --,f'
..-"" ~
100
(/" V
/
...........
---
--- -
1050.,
0..
:2
<li
"'
T' :--,.Room temperatura
50
700
350
10
20
Specimens annealed 1050 oc (1922 F), 2 h. Hydrogen

charged 573 oc (1063 F), 14 days, 69 MPa (10 ksi) H2
Strain rate= 0.00045/s. Composition: Fe-low C-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21904
1400
SS.01 O 21-6-9 stainless steel plate, stress-strain

behavior of uncharged and hydrogen-charged alloys
at room and low temperatures
1750
_l_ _ l Unchalrged
30
40
50
Strain,%
60
70
80
90
Source: J .H. Holbrook and A.J. West, The Effect of Temperature and
Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Hydrogen-Charged 304L,
21-6-9, and JBK 75, Proc. Hydrogen Effects in Metals, 26-31 Aug 1980
(Moran, WY), TMS/AIME, 1981, p 655-663. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1314, CINDAS/
1260
SS.011 301 stainless steel sheet and strip, stressstrain curves at different tempers
1120
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Curves:

LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal compressive;
TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse compressive.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
980
840
<Il
700
u)
(/)
560 C/)
~
Source: M. Watter and R.A. Lincoln, "Strength of Stainless Steel

Structural Members as Function of Design," Allegheny Ludlum Steel
Corp., 1950. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo12, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
420
Annealed
280
140
o
SS.012 301 stainless steel sheet, stress-strain curves

at different tempers
280,------,------,--, .------,-------.---.1960
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet and

strip cold rolled to full hard and extra-hard tempers.
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
~----~------~--_,1680
~ 160~----~~~--~~-4
~----~----~~---;1120~
:2
u)
C/)120~-----H~~--~--~
4
8
~----~~~~~---;840
o
00
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stain1ess Steels," Data Sheet,

Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace
200r-------~------,-------,--------,-------,1400
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: 0.508 mm

(0.020 in.) sheet full hard, 40% reduction. Bottom:
0.813 mm (0.032 in.) sheet full hard, stress relief 427 ac
(800 F), 8 h. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
400 oF (204 oc
1
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels;' Data Sheet,

600 F (316 C}
840
"iii
-"'
c..
"'
:2
,;;
,;;
"'
~
"'
~
560
SS.013 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at various temperatures
cn

curves at various temperatures and exposure times
60% cold-reduced sheet, 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) thick.
Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevim, Jr., "Determination of the Effects
of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Severa! High
Temperature Alloys," ASD-TDR-61-529, June 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
0 o~--------~4----------~8----------1L2--------~1~

curves at room and low temperatures
280,---------,----------,---------,---------, 1960
-420 "F (-251 "C)
Extra hard cold-rolled sheet, 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) thick.

1680
1400
~160~--------+---~--~~~-------+--------~ 1120~
:2
"'
IJ)
ro120~--------~~-------r---------+--------~
840
560
280
OL_________L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8
4
o
L---------~------~
12
16
Source: L.P. Rue, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
and the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD-TR-60-254, Feb 1960. As published in

2240
320
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: sheet extra

hard, 65% reduction. Bottom: extra hard, stress relief
399 oc (750 F), 8 h. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
Room temperature
1680
240
"'
u;
c..
:;
-"'
vi
cn 160
1120
IZ
~
Cii
560
80
2240
320
Room temperature
240
1680
vi
cn 160
1120
"'
c..
:;
IZ
Cii
560
80
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,

240r-------~------,--------,-------,-------.1680
240r-------,-------~------~------~------~1680
1120
160
1
32
54
u)
U)
u)
u)
U)
U)
560
80
160
"'
:;;;
o._
~
cn i/5
1
2
3
4
5
160
"iij
""u)
1120
"'
:;;;
i/5
560
80
(a)
u)
"'
~
o
1680
1120
"'
o._
"iij
""u)
:;;;
"' "'~
~ i/5
u)
"'~
"'
o._
:;;;
560
80
240
o._
1120
1680
240
u)
CJ)
cn
80
(b)
SS.017 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Full hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Full hard sheet, stress relief 427 oc (800 F), 8 h. Top: longitudinal;
bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oc (400 F); curve 3, 316 oc (600 F); curve 4, 427 oc (800 F);
curve 5, 538 oc (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
240 , . - - - - , . - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 1680
u;
1120
160
-"
a."'
::!;
ui
U)
ui
U)
li)
560
cn
1120
u;
-"
a."'
::2:
ui
U)
ui
U)
li)
560
~---L----L---~---~---~0
320 . - - - - - - , . - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 2240
320 . . . . - - - - , . - - - - , - - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 2240
1680
240
u;
"'
a.
-"
g 160
1120!
U)
li)
80
560
1680
240
"'
a.
::2:
g 160
1120 ui
U)
~
80
560
(b)
SS.018 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Extra hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Extra hard sheet, stress relief 399 oc (750 F), 8 h.
Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oc (400 F); curve 3, 316 oc (600 F); curve 4,
427 oc (800 F); curve 5, 538 oc (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels." Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
240
/ V/
200
;/ /:V
160
VV1
gf
120
cn
80
40
1 V1'
V1V
1V1
o f.--2---1
;/
1680
SS.019 301 stainless steel sheet, room-temperature

tensile stress-strain curves with varying amounts of
cold work prior to stress-relief annealing
1400
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: 50% cold reduction

(CR), 399 oc (750 F), 1 b, air cooled. Curve 2: 60% CR,
399 oc (750 F), 1 b, AC. Curve 3: 70% CR, 399 oc
(750 F), 1 b, AC. Composition of beat: Fe-0.11C17.9Cr-6.72Ni-0.56Mn-0.27Si. UNS S30100
1120
"'
o._
:2
840 "'
Ci
Source: "Data Sheet 14-10256-301," Allegheny Lud1um Steel Corp.,

Pittsburgh, PA. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
1994, p 28
560
280
SS.020 301 stainless steel sheet, elevatedtemperature tensile stress-strain curves with
different stress-relief annealing
Test direction: longitudinal. Curves on left, 65% cold
reduction (CR), 482 oc (900 F), 2 b, air cooled (AC).
Curves on rigbt, 65% CR, 399 oc (750 F), 2 b, AC.
Composition of beat: Fe-0.11 C-17 .25Cr-7.00Ni-0.57Mn0.50Si. UNS S30100
Source: "Data Sheet 19-101656-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
1994, p 29
55.021 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Half-hard
sheet in as-rolled condition shows its anisotropic
behavior. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, p 3
55.022 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

980
TT
LT
840
700
80~~~--+-...~~~~~~~~~~-+~~~~
560 ~
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Stress relief

538 oc (1000 F), 2 h. A more isotropic nature and
improved load-carrying ability is noted. This is especially
true if longitudinal compression controls the design.
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
::;!;
gf
ui
(J)
U5 60r-~~~F-~~~+-~~~~~~~-r~~~~ 420 U5
~----~~2------~4------~6~------8L-----~1~
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com, Allegheny

Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, p 3
SS.023 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

1400
200
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 4.5; n(LT) = 5.9.
1120
160
Lon[~~
Long transverse
u;
120
-""'
,,;
"'~
(ii
80
40
V
~
1
840
a."'
::2:
ui
(ii
560
280
10
6
8
12

modulus curves
200
o;---..:,35.:___ _,7o.:___ _1,o_5_ _ _1,40_ _ _17,5_ _ _ _

21q
400

u;
840
120
-""'
a.
"'
::2:
ui
ui
(/)
"'~
(ii
(ii
560
80
10
6

840
120
Longit~
90
'Cii
""1/
"'
60
30
SS.025 301 1,4-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

1050
150
~ng transverse
630
1/
"'
420
"'
o._
:2
210
10
12
SS.026 301 1,4-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

modulus curves
150 or__--~3r5_____,7o____~1To5~--~14ro~--~17r5____~21~
050

630
o;
"'
o._
""1/
:2
"'~
1/
"'~
Ui
420
Ui

1750
250

1400
200
_,..V
150
1050"'
'""'fl~
~ngitudinal
"(jj
""'ui
!/)
Ci5
100
50
0..
~
.;
!/)
700
/
2
Ci5
350
10
6
8
12

modulus curves
250
o,__ _,35_ _ _7,o_ _ _

10r5_ _ _1,4_0_ _ _1,75_ _--..,21~
750

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.5; n(LT) =4.7.
1050
150
"'
0..
ui
!/)
.;
!/)
700
100
10
6
160 .----,----..,-----,------,------,----, 1120
SS.029 301 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
140

(0.020 in.). Specimen size = 5.08 x 30.48 mm (0.20 x
1.20 in.). Strain rate= 0.062/min. Annealed 600 ac
(1112 F), 30 min, grain size = 34 Jlm. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
120
86 OF (30 C}
~----4---~~~~--~~--~--~~~----1840
104 F (40 oc)
----1
122 OF (50 C}
100
700
C\l
c;;
o._
0.::
::2;
!1)
80
560 !1)u
60
420
40
280
20
140
cn
00
20
40
60
80
100
Source: A. Rosen, R. Jago, aud T. Kjer, Tensile Properties of Metastable

Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Sci., Voi 7, 1972, p 870--876. As published in
USAF CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
o
120
Strain,%
SS.030 301 annealed stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
50.--------,--------r--------.--------,-------~350
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
40~------~-------~------~~------+-------~280
400 OF (204 C}
600 F (316 C}
~----~~~~~~c--------~------4-------~210
&.
::2;
gf
~~~--4--------+--------~------4-------~140
0 o~------~2--------~4--------6L-------~8------~1~
00
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of the Tensile, Compressive aud

Bearing Properties of Ferrous aud Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Materials at E1evated Temperatures," AF TR No. 6517, Pt V, Armour
Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1301, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
Haudbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 47
u;
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
SS.031 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
temperature) = 4.4; n(400 F) = 3.4; n(600 F) = 4.6;
n(800 F) = 4.2; n(lOOO F) = 4.3. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
"'
Il.
-"'
:2
ui
ui
(/)
"'
~
700
100
cn
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
"iii
-"

temperatures
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
"'
Il.
:2
ui
ui
"'~
i'i5
700
100
!"'

250
14,o_ _ _1,7_5_ _---,21~

o.---------.35_ _ _7,o_ _ _1,o5_ _ _
750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated

200~----~-----+------+-----~----~----~1400
u;
1050
150

tU
[L
""ui
:2
ui
"'~
"'
Cii
700
100
o
12
20
30
L
o
250
or____3r5___ 70_ _ _1,0_5_ _1T4o_ _ _

17,5_ _2 1r0-__,241
1
750

Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 7.7; n(400 F) = 8.2; n(600 F) =
6.7; n(800 F) = 5.8; n(lOOO F) = 6.7. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
20
SS.035 301 stainless steel strip, true tensile stressstrain curves
200r----r--~--,----,---,----,---,----.1400
Ultim~te stres~ = 185 k~i (1276 ~Pa)
-.... /
180f-----t---+----t---+----+----+~--+----11260
16o r---+---+----t---+---+v..,./,._--+---+----1112o
140f-----+-~-+----t---t-74-~-t--+----t--~980
a~
Stress
maximum load
=107 ks1 (738 MPa)
120
/
Modulus of strain hardening
/ . - (slope) =107 ksi (738 MPa)
840
.\ /
8:
:2:
~ 100 r---t--+--,.z-;
"'+-----.--1---+--+----1---~ 700 ui
00
Jlv
8or---+~~+--~---+----+----+---+-~56o
"/".,
!/Yield strength
00
6or.-~~--+---rr----+---+----t---+----1420
d V = 49 ksi (338 MPa)l
Graph provides useful data for evaluating stretch-forming

operations. Yield strength is the stress at which specimen
shows deviation from linear proportionality of stress and
strain. Stress at maximum load is the stress at the highest
load sustained by the specimen. Maximum uniform strain
is the maximum value before uniform deformation ceases
and necking begins; this is the strain at point of
maximum load. Modulus of strain hardening is the slope
of plastic region of true stress-strain curve. Ultimate
stress is the stress at rupture. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni.
UNS S30100
Source: E.R. Cunningham, Cold Forrning Stainless Steels and Other
Specialty Grades. Sourcebook on Cald Forming, American Society of
Metals, 1975, p 124
280
1
1
2o ~--+---+----+-f-----t---+----1----+----1140
1
1 Uniforf strain 0.56 in.~in.
1
L----L----L---LL----L----L--~L----L--~0
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain, in./in.
500
./-321 'F
450
/
1
400
350
~
300
~ 250
"'
f--
1/
200
150
100
50
//
2100
-112 'F (-80 I'C)
v____.. ~
~--""'" 77 oF
(25 oc)
10
1050
700
350
20
30
True strain, %
40
8:
:2:
~
"'
1400 ~
1750
32 OF (O lC)
Annealed 1093 oc (2000 F), 1 h, grain size = 31 Jlm,

strain rate= 0.025/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-9Ni. UNS
S30200
2450
/ /~ ~
3150
2800
f_
"'2
(~196 'C)
SS.036 302 annealed stainless steel extruded bar,

true stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
3500
Source: S.N. Monteiro and H. Fonseca, The Effect of Phase

Transformation on the Tensile Fractnre of Austenitic Stainless Steel,
Proc. Fourth Int. Conf Fracture, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, June 1977, p 135-140. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
320
2240
SS.037 303 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

1960
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-9Ni + S. UNS S30300
1680
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo12, Code 1302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
1 -4J3 F (-253 d)
280
1
V1
11h
1 //
240
200
~
"'
"'
160
cn
120
80
-320 OF (-196 C)
1400
"'
c..
::;;
1120
\ -110 F (-79 C)
840
rwt~ ~
Room temperatura
560
40
280
'
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, in./in.
60
V
50
40
'Cii
-"'
"'"' 30
Ci5
~
20
b --
43d F (221 C)
il reactor pile
430 F (221
/
420
SS.038 304 annealed stainless steel bar, typical

stress-strain curves at room temperature and 221
(430 F) inside and outside of reactor pile
350
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Ultimate strength =

612 MPa (88.8 ksi); yield strength = 295 MPa (42.8 ksi);
elongation (in 4D) = 57.2%. Composition: Fe-19Cr9.25Ni. UNS S30400
ocl
outside of reaclor pile
Room
temp~rature
280
&.
::;;
210 "'
140
10
70
4
6
oc
Source: C.A. Schwanbeck, "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Materials at

Cryogenic Temperatures," NASA CR-54881, Lockheed-Georgia Co.,
Jan 1965. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/
SS.039 304 stainless steel wire, stress-strain curves

at 767 oc (302 F) showing effect of nitrogen
content
Wire diameter = 0.635 mm (0.025 in.). Heat treatment:
annealed 1010 oc (1850 F), 20 rnin, water quenched,
nitrided at 538 oc (1000 oF) and homogenize annealed
1010 oc (1850 F), 71 h, water quenched, carbide
reso1ution annealed 1093 oc (2000 F), 15 rnin, water
quenched. Composition: 18.65Cr-10.5Ni-0.05C-1.44Mn0.66Si-0.02P-0.008S-bal Fe-N as shown. UNS S30400
Source: B.N. Ferry and J.F. Eckel, The Effect of Nitrogen on AISI Type
304 Stainless Steel Proportional Limit aud Work Hardening Rate at
302F, J. Mater., Vo15 (No. 1), March 1970. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CJNDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
0.2
Strain,%
400
160
u;
""'II
!1)
80
oc
-....
Strain rate= 0.01/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.

Dimensions in inset given in inches (1 in.= 25.4 mm).
UNS S30400
1120
120
fE
Ci5
SS.040 304 stainless steel tube, compressive stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures
1400
200
/_
1(
.....
840
_____,
40
i
II
"'
!--o.1oo-
560
i
i
i
0.300
i!
280
..1..
~
0.2001
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
&.
:2
0.4
0.5
fE
Ci5
Source: M. Young et al., "Studies on the Warrn Working Characteristics

of Alloys," AMMRC CTR 72-27, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center, Dec 1972, AD 758912. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
SS.041 304 stainless steel, general, full-range stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
100.-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,700
Curves shown to failure. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.

UNS S30400
Room temperatura
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,

Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. As published in Aerospace
60
'iii
-"'
ui
~"'
(/)
40
20r-------,_-------+--------r-------,________,140
OOL-------L-------~------~-------L-------JO
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.8
60
420
SS.042 304 stainless steel, general, expanded-range

temperatures
50
350
Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Room temperatura
40
'iii
-"'
ui
"'
~
(/)
1.0
30
20
10
280
tll
a.
400 F (2J C)
::2:
:..-
600 OF
(31~ C)
210 ui
800 F (427 C)
140
70
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,

Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. As published in Aerospace
8
12
400
200
70 F (21 C}
SS.043 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2800
100
40
1---
10
o.001
_.,... V
~
;;~
....-....-
20
--
1400
oC)
(42/
oc)
V12oo F (649
1
-do
Source: J.B. Conway, "Evaluation of Plastic Fatigue Properties of HeatResistantAlloys," GEMP-740, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. As
1995, p 13
700 "'
0..
::2:
ui
Ul
420 ~
Ql
280
!..---' V
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (0.625 in.). Composition: Fe19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
~ ~o o/
V/
1-
ol (81l oc)
140
0.1
0.01
70
1.0
True strain
260
_.cr
240
220
21
200
180
Pmax'
~ 160
gf 140
~
120
1-
100
rY"
,//"
60
40
.,t:!'
/~ ~
VL ~
~-
20
o
o
/A:::
65d
816
0.2
0.3
.
\650
~---
..___Pmax
"- Pmax
0.1
430
oc
1400
1260
oc
oc (806 F)
o.-a-o.
840 1ii
Ql
2
700 1-
......
~
,.,
i.
560
oc (1200 1)
420
280
8~6 oc (15oo F)
140
'CI
oc
0.4
1540
::2:
980 gf
43o
,...--
0.5
1680
1120~
P~ax
~---"'"
80
1820
""() ....o-Q....
oc (70 F) .,....-aV
---------..:
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Total true strain
SS.044 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed tobe due to the formation of intemal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9 .25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 213
100
21
90
.."".-
80
70
~
rt
60
~"'50
c:
-~
Q)
, 40
c:
w
30
20
f- r--
430
560
~~
-o. .Q.
oc (1200 F)
_,...._
D--o.
~
1--...
10
0.2
.........
oc
- --)
ct -o.
-o 816
."'
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
Engineering strain
0.9
c:
w
210
'
oc (15oo F
o
1.0
"'c:
c:
280 o,
140
70
......'b
0.3
"'~
Q)
Q.
rt
o;
-~
1\
420
350
...
.
R.
:\
816
C\l
a.
::2:
""
oc
650
... .
..
490
.f "'..
oc (806 F)
650
0.1
630
""""
lk
ob (70 F)
/ /
lj
700
/\
1.1
1.5
"
2.9
3.0
SS.045 304 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-l9Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
1975, p 216
520
-452 F (-269
480
440
400
ot)
1 V /
J/ /
yV
/
360
- 320
~
li 280
~!"
v", V
~ 240
::J
t!= 200
)
160
1~ ",.
80 ~
120
V
a/
.. v
_..
-32~ F (-1 96 c)
1
-240 F (-151
y_
1
3360
2800
-105 F (-76 c)
".-!, 2240
.......
..-' ~om temperature
1960~
oi
1680 ~
ii5
1400
1120
840
560
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Composition: Fe19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
3080
2520
1.....
o
o
c)
SS.046 304 stainless steel bar, true stress-strain

3640
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechanical

Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
1200.----.----~---,----,----,----,-----,---~
-80 oc
SS.047 304 stainless steel sheet, true stress-strain

Strain rate= 0.015/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS
S30400
Source: G.L. Huang, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Martensite
Formation, Strain Rate Sensitivity, and Deformation Behavior of
Type 304 Stainless Steel Sheet, Metal!. Trans. A, Vol20A, 1989. As
published inG. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment Processing and
Principles, 1990, p 369
200~---+----~----~--~----~----+---~----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Engineering strain
0.6
0.7
0.8
SS.048 304 stainless steel sheet, tensile and

400
350
__...::;,:::::
300
~----
TS.
/
;:;:;;~
/
250
"'
a.
:2
CI
"'
~
200
150
100
50
.~
1
1
V
------TT
-:?
,/
24 to 35 tests were macte in each orientation on coldrolled specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tension; TT,
transverse tension; LC, longitudinal compression; and
TC, transverse compression. Elastic modulus: LT,
199.8 GPa; TT, 197.3 GPa; LC, 208.1 GPa; TC,
205.1 GPa. Yield strength (0.2% ): LT, 290.3 MPa; TT,
290.0 MPa; LC, 295.7 MPa; TC, 308.0 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength: LT, 676 MPa; TT, 651 MPa.
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
Strain x 0.001
.....-
100
"'
~
60
80
~
SS.049 304 annealed stainless steel bar,

840
120
'
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Specimen: 9.525 mm

(3/8 in.) diam threaded ends, 3.175 mm (0.125 in.) square
cross section of 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) gage length tested at
strain rate of 0.001/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
700
560
Source: P.C. Johnson, et al., "Basic Parameters of Metal Behavior under

High Rate Forming," Report No. WAL TR 111.2/20-3, Arthur D. Little
Inc., March 1962, AD 418727. As published in StructuralAlloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
1\1
40
280
1
20
140
20
10
30
40
50
60
Strain,%
25
Elastil
strain
20
15
"(ii
""'u
"'~
Cii
1/-
10 f
/
... ...
V
/
...... .........
--
10 h
.....---ros;;r--
---
~5h
175
SS.050 304 annealed stainless steel, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 538 oc (1 000 F)
140
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
----
105
70
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain,%
2.5
3.0
3.5
"'
o_
::2:
4.0
"'
~
25
Elastil
strain
1(fh
v~
20
o;
15
"'"'
~
Cii
10
f ---------
'//
",..
------
175

stress-strain curves at 593 oc (11 00 f)
140
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
..__--
~~
105
"'"'
~
"'
Il..
:2
1(Th
70
Cii
....
5 1
0.5
1.0
1.5
35
2.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
Strain,%

stress-strain curves at 649 oc (1200 f)
175
25
Elaslic
strain
o;
15
"'"'
V
/
Cii
10
ft- --
v--
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
140
20
"'
0.5
-------------
1.0
1tf h
"'
Il..
:2
"'"'
10 h
r-
--1.5
105
1-"
70
HTh
5 X 1cY h
2.0
Strain,%
35
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Cii
150.-----.-----.-----.-----.-----~
SS.053 304 hot-rolled solution-annealed stainless

steel plate, stress-strain curves at room temperature
(a) and 500
(b) for shock-strengthened material
,-.,...------, 1050
oc
700
100
"'
[L
::;;:
525 u
gf 75
"'~
ii5
50
350
25 1-----t-----t-
175
Source: M. Kangilaski and A.A. Bauer, "Mechanical Properties of

Shock-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steel," BMI-1909, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, June 1971; M. Kangilaski et al., Elevated
Temperature Mechanical Properties of Shock-Strengthened Austenitic
Stainless Steel, Metall. Trans., Vol2, Sept 1971. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
0 oL-----1~0-----2~0-----L-----L-----LJ
Strain,%
(a)
700
100
80
"Cii
-"'
"'~
ii5
40
560
~\,
60 li'
,,
3\ 4 ~
/~
'(/',/
----------,,
-----
-......_,
420
::;;:
gf
~
280 ii5
20
140
10
20
30
Strain,%
"'
[L
40
50
Plate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Curve 1: unshocked.

Curve 2: as-shocked at 320 kbar. Curve 3: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 100 h at 650 C. Curve 4, shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 750 C. Curve 5: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 800 C. Curve 6: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 900 C. Composition: 18.20Cr9 .60Ni-0.06C-1.45Mn-0.60Si-0.024P-O.O 18S-0.18Mo0.17Cu-bal Fe-N as shown. Dimensions in schematic are
given in inches (1 in.= 25.4 mm). UNS S30400
SS.054 304L annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves for room and low temperatures
280r---------,----------,---------,---------.1960
-423 F (-253
c)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Composition: Felow C-19Cr-1 ONi. UNS S30403
Source: "Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TRD-64-280,
Martin Co., Denver, CO, Aug 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1303, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
~ 160r-------~~+--------r-r------~----------11120~
::;;
1i5 120
840
0 oL-------~oL.2---------oL.4---------o~.6--------~o.f
Strain, in./in.
120
840
100
700
--o- ~
Ultimate tensile strength
80
"'
~
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
.o--<
560
IV
~
::;;
u;
""!I
SS.055 31 O annealed stainless steel sheet, effect of

strain rate on mechanical properties
420
60
40
Tensile yield strengt~ ~
~
280
140
20
0.1
Strain rate, s
-1
10
10
!I
(/)
Source: R.G. Davies and C.L. Magee, The Effect of Strain-Rate upon
the Tensile Deformation of Metals, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Aprill975,
p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12,
Code 1305, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
1400
SS.056 31 O annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

1260
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Shaded area

indicates serrated -452 op (-269 oq curve.
1120
980
"'
840 ~
CJ
cn
700
Source: C.J. Guntner and R.P. Reed, The Effect of Experimental

Variab1es Including the Martensitic Transformation on the LowTemperature Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stain1ess Stee1s,
Trans. ASM, Vo155, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo1 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
g
(/)
560
420
280
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
140
0.7
0.6
Strain, in./in.
36
75'F(24'C)------ 280
v-
40
28
6qo 'F (316 'C)
rJ)
CI)
c7> 20
"'
1200 'F (649
~~
16
12
gf
'Gl
140 ~
1400 'F (760 'C)

1
...'/
f/
196
1000 'F (538 ' C ) - 168 ~
'/~
ui
224
8qo 'F (427 'C)
IL
~ 24
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Test conditions:

resistance heated at 93 C/s (200 F/s). Strain rate=
0.001/s. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
252
32
112
1600 'F (871 'C)

1
1800 'F (982 ' C ) - 84

56
8
2doo 'F (1 o93 'C)
4
SS.057 31 O annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
308
44
1(-,
28
2200 'F (1204 'C)
2
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Mechanical Properties of 310, 316 and 317L

Stainless Steel Sheet Alloys at E1evated Temperatures," Contract
Number AF33(657)-8706, Project 281, The Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys,
CA, Dec 1962. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo1 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
280
1960
280
240
1680
240 1--
1:1 Biaxial
(::ipec No. BS 26)
200
a; 160
""'<J
~
cn
120
1400
J~
1120 ~
:;;
/(;
840
80
40
a; 160
<J
""'<J
VJ
VJ
iii
iii
1:1Biial
(Spec No. BS 20)
1680
1400
17
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 32)
1120 ~
1(/
:;;
<J
VJ
120
840
560
80
560
280
40
280
Room teperature
(a)
280
280
1960
240
1680
240
1400
200
::L./
J_...--
1:1 Biaxlal
(Spec No. BS 24)
a; 160
""'<J
VJ
cn
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 12)
::;;;-
........
7.0
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 3)
:;;
<J
1:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 18)
'/
40
1960
1680
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 7)
1400
1120 ~
""'<J
VJ
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 31)
lf
a; 160
:;;
<J
840
80
560
280
40
280
-423
iii
OI (-253 C)
3
Nominal principal strain, %

(c)
[/?"
IJ
560
-105 OF (-76 oc)

00
((;
~
~
840 cn cn 120
VJ
120
80
1120 ~
{b)
__,.-
~
cn
Room teperature
200
........
13.0
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 5)
//V?
200
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 7)
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 2)
!/
'1
1960
{d)
SS.058 31 O stainless steel, typical stress-strain curves for uniaxial and biaxial stress at room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: S.W. McClaren and C.R. Foreman, "Cryogenic Design Data for Materials Subjected ta Uniaxial and Multiaxial Stress Field," AFML-TR-65-140, May
1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Cade 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Ptlrdue University, 1995, p 23
45
~ ~2% btrset yield
40
RT
Lot2/
35
V
J
]j 25
ui
~ 20
11
15
280
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (Y. in.). Test section diameter =

12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Difference between two lots is
shown. RT, room temperature~ Composition lot 1:
17.81Cr-13.17Ni-2.23Mo-1.54Mn-0.56Si-0.042C-0.027P0.017S. Composition lot 2: 16.60Cr-12.15Ni-1.80Mo1.58Mn-0.46Si-0.090C-0.028P-0.013S. UNS S31600
RT
Lot 1
210
"'
175 ~
ui
(/)
140
1400 OF (760 C)
Lot 1
ff/
10
SS.059 316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

245
-,
v-1/
30
315
105
1600 OF (871 C)
(/)
Lot21
70
V~~
1800 OF (982 C)
Lot 1 1
o
o
(a)
35
63
1
.....J---Io.2% Offset yi~ld
8
7
6
3
2
56
1 ~F(982C)
Lot 1 and 2
1
1
1
49
average
42
2000 OF (1093 C)
Lot 1 a~d 2
average
"'
35 ~
ui
(/)
V ------
28
1
re
2200 OF (1204 C)
1
Lot21
21
2300 F (1260 C)
Lot2
14
3
(/)
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties ofType 316
Stain1ess Stee1 at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-11, Trans.
ASME, J. Basic Eng., 1960. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
100
700
80
420
60
'iii
"'vi
n.
"'
"'vi
vi
<fJ
<fJ
280
40
ti)
40
20
o
o
(a)
10
Strain x 0.001
15
---
60
--)
n."'
vi
t:
280 ti)
Monotonie
(0.004/s)
140
20
420
1/
(b)
80
'iii
Monotonie
(0.004/s)
<fJ
60
560
15
10
Strain x 0.001
560
80,--------,---------,---------,--------~560
420
60
o
420
8
"'
n.
:li
~
280 <fJ
vi
40
ti)
(0.004/s)
140
20
0 0L-------~5--------~10~-------1L5--------~2~
Strain x 0.001
(c)
"'
n.
'iii
"':li
~
280 rn
vi
40
ti)
ti)
140
20
L-------~5--------~10_________1L5--------~2~
Strain x 0.001
(d)
SS.060 316 stainless steel bar, monotonie and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Hot rolled, annealed 1066 oc (1950 F), 1 h. Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed
line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 oc
(1000 oF); solid diamond, aged at 649 oc (1200 F). Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain
rate= 0.00004/s. (a) 21 oc (70 F). (b) 427 oc (800 F). (c) 566 oc (1050 F). (d) 649 oc (1200 F). Composition:17.30Cr13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-0.003Ti. Dimensions in schematic given in inches
(1 in.= 25.4 mm). UNS S31600
Source: D.A. Keller, "Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972," BMI-1928, Final
Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
V
1
&
30
25
"iii 20
-"
rJ
rn
~
U5
77 t(25C)
~/
10
rt
Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Composition:

17.17Cr-12.96Ni-2.15Mo-1.7Mn-0.2Si-0.03C. UNS
S31600
210
175
-
5oo oF/ (260 oc)
l.,.---1ooo
140
o~ (538 oc)
&
:2
15
SS.061 316 stainless steel sheet, typical stress-strain

245
35
105
Source: T.W. Gibbs, W. Kyros, and C.L. Theberge, "Development of a

Resistance Heating Facility for the Deterrnination of Tensile Properties
of Aircraft and Missile Alloys," RaD. TM-63-8, Avco Corp., Feb 1963.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASfUSAF
::i
~
1400 F (760 1C)
f-1
70
16oo F (871 oc)
f-"
.........
T""
1
1800
35
"C)
50
)---
40
30
SS.062 316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture
Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at
Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research
Associates, Inc., Jan 1977. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Voi 2, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
10 oF (21 oc)
)---
350
210
a."'
:2
rJ
::i
rn
---..
......
-- ~;o-;;tF
-...
20
13oo F (704 oc)
~---
10
1
1
1
1
1
/'
~---
~- ~.--~- ~-~
140
(816 oc)
/'
1
1
~-
1100 oF (593 C)
(J)
70
1
1
o
U5
60
50
~~~ ~\OD
'dv
li
f
8
....
350
D
D
o
280
l= ~
<ll
o o o c
~Cb
40
~ 30
>DO
,.,.... D
a."'
if
SS.063 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples
420
:lE
tJ
210 ~
"'
<ll
20 ;::r
140
~
70
o
o
o
0.1 o
Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations
Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Terrn Tensile Behavior of
Irradiated aud Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726,
General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
10
0.05
True axial strain rate= 4 X I0-5/s. Test temperature = 649

oc (1200 F). Closed data points: unirradiated specimens
in duplicate tests. Open circles and squares: unirradiated
specimens. Open diamond: irradiated specimen 4 x 1018
n/cm2, E > 1 MeV at 70 oc in the ORR core facility.
Composition: Fe-17.3Cr-13.1Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.4Sc0.065Cu-0.06C-0.012Al. UNS S31600
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
True strain
440
IA
li
w prp
~ 240
<ll
~ 200
!J.V/
lffV
1/:V
2520
2240
-105 "C
"'
1960~
tJ
1680 ~
___.. _,u
,--o
2800
-196 "C
.......
fl#-
~ 280
80
3080
Fd
320
-269"C
_....A
360
120
400
160
SS.064 316 stainless steel plate, true stress-strain

curves at room and low temperatures for base and
weld metal
3360
480
Vo
1400 ~
24"C
1-
1120
840
560
/
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
True strain
1.0
1.2
1.4
Plate thickness = 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Squares: base metal

data. Circles: weld metal data. Specimen diameter =
6.401 mm (0.252 in.). Composition: 16.64Cr-12.84Ni2.69Mo-1.91Mn-0.45Si-0.068C-0.026P-0.012S. UNS
S31600
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base
aud Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR
63-08, Metals and Ceramics Research Agency, U.S. Army Materials
Research Agency, July 1963, AD 416 119. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
SS.065 316 stainless steel sheet, stress versus plastic

strain curves for elevated temperatures with effect of
annealing and cold working
Sheet thickness = 1.47 mm (0.058 in.). Plastic strain
resulting from constant stress for 2 min at elevated
temperature. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
Source: T.W. Gibbs and Wyatt, H.W., "Short-Time Tensile Properties of
Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper
No. 60-WA-11. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
5~-----i-------+-----_,
______
35
5% cold worked
10% cold worked
.A
0 o~-----2~----~4------~6------~a------1~o----~1l
Plastic strain, %
90
,-,.
80
70
60
rl ~
~ 50
ui
"'~
Ci5 40
30
~ vr
~~
630
SS.066 316 annealed stainless steel wire, effect of

vacuum on stress-strain curves at room temperature
560
Wire diameter = 0.457 mm (0.018 in_). Strain rate=

0.0001/s. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
.,()
~~
~
490
420
"'
350 ~
li
280 ~
cn
210
20
o
~
140
4 x 10- Pa (3 x 10" torr) (vacuum)

101 kPa (760 torr) (air)
10
70
10
12
14
Strain x 0.01
16
18
20
22
Source: I.R. Kramer and S.D. Podlaseck, "Effect of Low Pressures on

the Mechanical Behavior of Metals," Martin Marietta Corp., Oct 1963,
AD 424 292. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
1994, p 33
40
35
30
25
It/l--:_
'
245
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of

210
175
1
1v----11
15
10
----
~4JC)
SS.067 316 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

280
"'
[J_
:::e
140
1400 OF (760 C)
u)
(/)
1i5
1600 OF (871 oc)_ 105
1
1800 OF (982 C)- 70
~
1
2000F(1093C) ___ 35
2200 F (1204 C)
1
2300 OF (1260 C)
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
SS.068 316 miii annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true stress-strain curves for room and
low temperatures
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600

Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF
oL----L----L----L----L----L--~L----L--~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain, in .lin.
1.2
1.4
1.6
220
J:J' cr ..
200
180
160
Pmaxz:;;
140
gf 120
~
(ii
O)
::J
100
80
---
..,.,.-~
".,
-....._Pmax
Vpma\
1120
980
:>---o-o.
/.Pmax
........
0.2
0.3
0.4
700
0.5
0.6
816 oc
0.7
560
..
b
420
280
..o
0.8
O)
\:~ 816 oq (1500 F)I
..... .
.
~
(ii
::J
\,650 oc (12oo F)
/J.
0.1
(/)
'r--.Pmax
:2:
840 ui
43ooc
"<l.
"'
o.
\ 43o oc (806 F)
ax
~ f..o20
1400
od (70 F)
1260
ro-
~.r~~
60
.
650 oc
/~ ~
40
/
......-21
1540
---------- o o.uo
0.9
140
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Total true strain
This is believed to be due to the formation of interna! voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Inforrnation Center, USAEC,
1975, p 214
100
21
80
VV
~
"' 60
"'c:
-~
Q)
,
c:
40
LU
20
.A'
V: ~
700
(70 'F)
..._
j...---<r"
'""""--- r---
--~ io-a.
650 'C 1200 'F)
r----.,
t--- 1--1-)
<
r-.:,.
r-. 650 'C
..'"
... -~-~?-~~-- la--.....
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
"'
c:
......
280 ~
"6>
c:
LU
1>.
".b._
'""'().
..
140
"'o ...... "'C>.. ..,
..................
0.9
1.0
(/)
(/)
"tfi
..
''O
r...1t
0.2
420 :::;;:_
~
(ii
816 'C (1500 'F)
11
(1\
{
"<t
"'
Il.
:o-
o-."0.
)P--
IJ .
0.1
560
430 'C (806 'F)
,."
'b
......b
1.4
1.5
2.4
2.5
Engineering strain
SS.070 316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at roorn and elevated ternperatures
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other
curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
UNS S31600
1975, p 216
SS.071 316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stressstrain curves at roorn and low ternperatures
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 oc
(1920 F), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size = 100 J..Lm,
gage section = 6.35 x 0.762 x 25.4 mm (0.25 X 0.03 x
1.0 in.), strain rate= 0.004/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic
Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless
Stee1 at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., Vo1 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981,
p 523-530. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo12, Code 1307, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
True plastic strain, %
40
SS.072 316 annealed stainless steel wrought,

isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
280
~OOOh
--- . - . 10,000 h
---- 100,000 h
- - 500,000h
210
30
1 /
. 1
1 1
;//V
. 1
1
;/
o
o
/" .....
/""
1 /,
--~
1 .1
1.1
f.l
1 /
:,. 1'
40
;'""
"......
f. ..
"..
//
Strain,%
........
.......
10
Left: 538 oc (1000 F). Middle: 593 oc (1100 F). Right:

649 oc (1200 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
-- ---
,..,,..,
11
l /
--
",.
f.1
"'
a.
::;:;
140 ui
Ul
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," Technical Report 2012-Part 1,
United Nuclear Corp., Sept 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1307, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 40
U5
70
//
V ----1
2
Strain,%
40
2
Strain,%
140,----,-----,------,------,------,------,980
SS.073 316 annealed stainless steel bar, cyclic and

monotonie stress-strain curves in air at 627 oc
(1160 F)
Specimen reduced section 7.4 mrn (0.29 in.) diam x
12.7 mrn (0.50 in.) long. Solution annealed 699 oc
(1920 F). Cyclic test: triangular strain wave form,
R = -1, strain rate= 4%/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: D.S. Wood, J. Wynn, A.B. Baldwin, and P. O'Riordan, Some
Creep Fatigue Properties of Type 316 Steel at 625 C, Fatigue Eng.
Mater. Struct., Voi 3, No. 1, 1980, p 39-57. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1307, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
0 o~----~o~.5~----1~.o~----~1.~5----~2.~o------2L.s______J3.~
Strain range, %
SS.074 316 annealed and cold-worked stainless

steel sheet, stress-strain curves for room and
700
100
- !..._
75 oF (24loC)
- . - . 1400 OF (760 C)
- - - 1600 OF (871 C)
- - 1800 OF (982 C)
80

(0.058 in.). Specimens vacuum annealed, 1093 oc
(2000 F), 15 min, plus 5% and 10% cold worked.
560
.!
10% cald work
5% coldwork
60
v-
~
ui
(/)
~
1i5
1
1
l/
~---
20
Il: ....
1 .... ::..:: (
".......
1''
v- V
0.2
0.4
Strain,%
:2
f
1
0.2
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
140
~ 80
ui
(/)
<1l
2 60
1-
40
/~ r::::V
100
SS.075 316L stainless steel plate, true roomtemperature stress-strain curves showing effects
of grain size
980
120
/ rf
~
~
V
221-1m_l
/?_1.~-'m
/
1651-!m
840
"'
0..
560 :2
ui
420 ~
t!=
280
140
20
10
60 kg ( 11 O lb) laboratory heat containing O.11% N,

annealed 999-1199 oc (1830-2190 F), water quenched.
Strain rate= 0.06/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Molow C. UNS S31603
700
o
o
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of

1 /
f.---
oo
&.
1
280 ~
1
-1.~-- -/.'
-- -- -- - 140
....... ..... ...
420
40
1 - - 1-
~---
Annealed
/'
15
25
20
True strain, %
30
35
40
Source: L.-A. Norstrom, Influence of Grain Size on Flow Stress in an

Austenitic Stain1ess Steel, Scand. J. Metal!., Vol6 (No. 4), 1977,
;;;
50
350
40
280
210
30
SS.076 321 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
"'
0..
:;
-"!.
ui
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detennination of the Physical Properties of

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at E1evated
Ternperatures," AFfR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
ui
VI
VI
Cii
140
20
L------L------~----~------~------~------"0
3
4
100
-""
80 'F (27 'C)

80
;;;
60
-"!.
ui
"'~
Cii
40

complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
700
(:::-
---
-~
400 'F (204 'C)
r~
420
' 800 'F (427 'C)
~
1'
280 Cii
........... 1200 'F (649 'C)
20
140
0.08
"'
0..
:;
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). 0.5 h exposure.

Strain rate= 0.003/s. Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti.
UNS S32100
560
0.16
0.24
Strain, in./in.
0.32
0.40
Source: H.E. Dedrnan, EJ. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft-Structural Meta1s at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC TR58-440, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 2,

70
Sheet thickness = 1.27 nun (0.050 in.). Annealed 1066

(1950 F), air cooled. Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti.
UNS S32100
60
50
"iii
-"'
u
~~~-,q-~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~~280 ~
40
::;;:
70 "F (21 "C)
rn
Source: E.H. Schmidt and E.F. Green, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar
and Cast Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne
R-7564, Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
L~~~~~--~~h=====::j:::::===t==~~_J 210 ii5~
ii5 30
20
~~~~1-~~~-t~~~~~~~~+-~~~~140
10
~~~~+-~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~~70
L-------L-----~------~------~------~0
00
10
280
240
160
g
C/)
120
80
1vuuL
1/1 V
v~
1400
1120~
::;;:
~ ~-110 "F (-79 "C)
\
Room temperature
rn
840
"
560
280
40
0.2
Bar diarneter = 19.05 nun (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
~-320 "F (-196 "C)
0.1
SS.079 321 annealed stainless steel bar,

complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperatures
1960
-42~ "F {-253 b
1680
1 /
1V
200
"iii
-"'
---
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
ffl
oc
Source: T.F. Durham, R.M. McClintock, and R.P. Reed, "Cryogenic

Materials Data Handbook," U.S. Dept. of Cornrnerce, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2,

350
50
40
Sheet thickness =1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.

Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
280
400 "F (204 "C)

600 "F (316 "C)
800 "F (427 "C)
1000 "F (538 "C)
210
30
~
<ti
Il.
:2
ui
ui
tn
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detennination of the Physical Properties of

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
tn
140
20
(/)
0 oL---------~2---------~4----------6L-------~8
90
-423"Fl-253"C~ ~
~ ~F (-196 "C)
80
70
60
~ 50
ui
tn
!!?
Ci5 40
30
20
10
630

560
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
490
420
<ti
350 ~
~v-
70 "F (21 "C)
~
280 (/)
~
210
140
70
4
6
Source: E.F. Green and E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Metallic

Materials for Cryogenic Applications," R-7564, Rocketdyne, Aug 1968.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code
1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p Il

1---------JI<--..~--+---=--i_.....=---=---r-==----='"'"
Source: "Short-Time High Temperature Data," No. BLR 53-195, Bel!

Aircraft Corp., 16 Ju1y 1954. As pub1ished inAerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo1 2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
210
SS.083 347 annealed stainless steel bar, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS
S34700
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 ta 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
<li
"'
~.tl~~-7-~1-----r---1------r-~~840 ~
401-----~---~---+---r----+----1280
oL-----J_----~------L------L----~----~o
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
SS.084 347 stainless steel, general, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room
700
100
Room temperatura
u;
Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS

S34700
560
80
420
60
"'
0..
-"
400 F (204
<I
(/)
::E
c)
Source: Properties of AISI Type 347 aud 348 Stainless Steel, Bettis
Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse, May 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1309,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue
<I
(/)
1i5
(/)
280
40
20~--------~---------~~--------~--------~140
0 oL---------o~.2---------o~.4----------o.L6--------~o.R
Strain, in./in.
SS.085 347 miii annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true tensile stress-strain curves at room
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
2450
"'
0..
2100
::E
<I
(/)
1750 ~
1400
1050
700
5or---~~--~-----t-----+----~----~--~
350
0 oL_____OL.2_____0L.4~---0L.6_____0~.8-----1~.0----~----~
1.40
1.2
True strain, in./in.
Source: T.S. DeSisto aud F.L. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechauical

Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels aud Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
60
420

350
280
"'
c;;
0..
-"'
:.2
ui
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detennination of the Physicai Properties of

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materiais at Eievated
Temperatures," AFTR 65i7, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As pubiished in Aerospace
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p i6
210 ui
"'~
"'
~
(i5
20
140
10
70
L-------~------~2------~3------~k-----~50
450.------,------,------,------,------,------,3150
/ -452 OF (-269 C)
SS.087 347 stainless steel plate, complete

true tensile stress-strain curves at room
Plate thickness = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Comparison of
parent metal (solid line) and weld metal (dashed line).
Butt welded with type 347 coated stick electrodes and
annealed after welding. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb
(Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanicai Properties of Base
and Weid Deposits of Seiected Austenitic Stainiess Steeis," AMRA TR
63-08, United States Army Materiais Research Agency, Juiy 1963.
As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code
i995, p 21
~-T---+-
347 weld metal~
347 parent meta~

c0.252 in.
350
120
430
100
r_.,.?
Pmax
80
~
ui
"' 60
~
Ol
40
20
tt
~ Pmax
!:::-o
(B06 "F)
~
PJ43ooc
C\
~q
\\
650 oc (1200 F)
...__.__
~
~
-~
840
~-,
"""
1
1
1
1
1
~~
...
\
\
\
b
1~ ~
:2
ui
420 ~
ti
Ol
"
1 In
816 c (15oo F)
-.o
()
280
--,o
'o
816oc
li"
Pmax
0.2
1:.
...
Pmax
0.12
560
1
1
\1
- 65ooc
~
...
700
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
--..,
1.1
140
1.2
Total true strain
This is believed to be due to the formation of interna! voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the Iines are
dashed as they approach the f1acture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta
and Co restricted). UNS S34800
1975, p 215
21 0/Stainless Steel (SS)
80
560
70
_.. r-
60
_A~
ro-
lV
11
20
oc (806 F)
430
oc
650
-----
y
a
oc (1200 F)
-?---
816
r---._
It
~~
~
oc (1500 F)
816
350 :2
~
~
'. . .'Q.
280 :;
.'b
c:
~'tt
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.4
"g>
UJ
b
140
r-;
0.8
c:
210
A~
oc
0.7
0.6
(j)
70
_
.......
----
;..
0.2
0.1
-~
"'7'
"'
[)_
~=-
420
!-o7
10
o
o
-r-;
"
1~
490
430
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Engineering strain
SS.089 348 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 ac (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 ac (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12NiNb(Nb stabilized, Ta and Co restricted). UNS S34800
1975, p 217
300
2100
SS.090 Metastable austenitic stainless steel sheet,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect of
varying carbon content at room temperature
250
1750
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). After 80%

reduction in thickness at 450 ac. Crosshead speed 0.04
in./min. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni-3Mn with 0.2-0.5C
1400
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and

lts Effects on Strength and Ducti1ity of Metastab!e Austenitic Stainless
Steels, Metal!. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1887
~c
'" -,
200
u;
-"'
<I
"'~
o.tc/~~-re
~~
~3C
V
J
"'
[)_
:2
150
1050!
Ci5
rn
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain,%
30
SS.091 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, roomtemperature engineering stress-strain curves
300
250
Effect of different rolling temperatures is shown. Reduction in thickness = 80%. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-1Mn0.4C-bal Fe
200
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-lnduced Formation of Martensite and

Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastab1e Austenitic Stain1ess
Stee1s, Metal!. Trans. A, Ju1y 1971, p 1889-1890
"'
a.
"iii
-""
ui
"'
~
:2
150 r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~1050~
~
cn
100 ~~~--~4-~~--~-+~~~--~~--~~--1700
50 ~~~~~4-~~--~-+~~~--~,---~----1350
o L-~------~10-----------2L0--------~3L0--------~4~
o
Strain,%
300
2100
250
1750
(\

Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and rolling
times) at 450 oc rolling temperature is shown for a
relatively unstable alloy. Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.2C-bal Fe
180%
200
1400
n60%
"iii
-""
ui
"'!'!
...,...--
150
1--
"'
a.
40%
1050
ii5
100
1---h 20%
700
50
350
10
:2
20
Strain,%
30

lts Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastab1e Austenitic Stain1ess
Stee1s, Metall. Trans. A, Ju1y 1971, p 1889-1890
300 ,---------,----------,---------,---------,2100
Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and rolling

times) at 450 oc rolling temperature is shown for a
relatively unstable alloy. Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
250
200
20%
"'-
~"'
"'
c:L
::;;

Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, Metal/. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890
150 ~--------~~~----~~~-----4----------;1050~
(/)
100
50 r---------~--------~---------4----------;350
o
o
20
10
30
Strain,%
200
"iii
"'
150
Cii
h
1/
11
1750
um.mp,red
1400
"'
::;;
c:L
1050
1(1
700
50
350
10
100
o
o
Effect of annealing 450 C, 80 min, on partially

transformed (M 5 > room temperature) alloy (alloy 681113). 60% reduction in thickness at 450 C. Crosshead
speed = 0.04 in./min. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.1Cbal Fe
Tempered
250
""'ui
2100
300
20
Strain,%
30

Steels, Metal/. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890
/'""
250
200
"(ii
-"'
"'
(/)
150
2100
300
~ 2 Mn
1/
;v
A
........
1750
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction

in thickness, 450 C. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min.
1400

Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1885-1886
~3Mn
8:.
::2
_,
1050 ~
iii
iii
100
700
50
350
o
o
10
20
30
Strain,%
300
250
V\.
200
"(ii
-"'
"'
(/)
~/
//
L~ ~
2100
~1Mn
2 Mn
3Mn
1750
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction

in thickness, 450 oc. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min
1400

Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1885-1886
"'
0..
::2
150
1050 ~
iii
iii
100
50
700
1--
o
o
350
10
20
Strain,%
30
SS.097 S24000 (Nitronic 33) and S30400 (304)

stainless steel bar, typical engineering tensile stressstrain curves. UNS S24000, S30400
490
70
S24000
60
420
50
350
Test direction: longitudinal. Modulus of elasticity for

Nitronic 33 = 199 GPa (28.8 x 106 psi) at room
temperature. USN S24000, S30400
Source: Product Data, S-53b, Armco Steel Corp., 1977
280
40
'iii
-"'
I1
~"'
CI)
I1
"'~
30
210 Ci5
20
140
10
70
00
3
4
120
Ultimate t~nsile
strength
110
770
700
90
630
-~/
&
.,._0"'flf/
-- 70
~
~ 60
~/
40
20
'""'-Proportional /
limit
/
10
1
V
1--'/ 0.2% offset

/
yield strength
v'
350
280
,1
210
140
70
1
2
Composition: Fe-17Cr-8.5Ni-8Mn-4Si. UNS S21800

"'
490 (L
:::;:
420 I1
11
30
In steel tension. Rod diameter = 9.525 mm (3/8 in.).

Ultimate tensile strength = 765 MPa (111 ksi). 0.2%
yield strength = 483 MPa (70 ksi). Modulus of elasticity
= 181 GPa (26.2 X 106 psi). Elongation = 69%. Reduction
of area = 71%. Developed with class B extensometer.
560
_l.---
0?5
50
SS.098 UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) stainless steel rod,

room-temperature engineering stress-strain curves
840
100
80
Ci5
:::;:
3
4
CI)
Source: Steel Company Technical Literature, Armco. As published in

Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
SS.099 41 O stainless sleel sheel, lensile stress-slrain

curves al room and elevaled lemperatures
200r-----~----,-----,-----,------,-----,-----,1400
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 982 oc

(1800 F), 30 min, oil quenched, 371 oc (700 F), 1 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
840
120
"'
"iii
0..
::;;:
""'fi
"'
~
fi
"'
~
560
80
Source: W.W. Gerberich, H.E. Martens, and R.A. Boundy, "Tensi1e

Properties of Five Low-Alloy and Stain1ess Stee1s under High-HeatingRate and Constant-Temperature Conditions," Technica1 Report No. 32222, Jet Propu1sion Laboratory, June 1962. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1401, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
L-----~----~----~-----L-----L----~----~0
6
8
10
12
14
SS.1 00 41 O stainless steel bar, lrue stress-strain

curves al various temperatures
280r-------,---------.------~--------r-------,1960
-320 F (-196 c)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 oc

(1800 F), 1 h, oil quenched, 427 oc (800 F), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
1680
"'
"iii
0..
1il
"'
~
""'fi
"'~
::;;:
fi
CI)
CI)
::J
F=
~
1400
160
0~-------0~.2------~0L.4-------0~.6--------0L.8------~1.d 120
Source: R. Chait and V. Weiss, "Isotherma1 True Stress-Strain Curves of

Body Centered Meta1s," Report No. MET. E. 1081-0666, Syracuse
University Research Institute, June 1966; see also R. Chait,
"Deformation and Fracture of High Strength BCC Po1ycrysta11ine
Alloys," Ph.D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1967, avai1ab1e from
University of Michigan, Order No. 68-5451. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1401, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
SS.1 01 41 O stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

2450
350
20 K
~K
250
c;; 200
""'vi
~"'
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 oc

(1800 F), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered 371 oc (700 F),
4 h, air cooled, to 42 HRC hardness. Composition: Fe12.2Cr-0.12C-0.5Mn-0.2Si-0.02P-0.01S. UNS S41000
2100
300
1750
------ ----=:::::::
(/) 150
1400
vi
~95K
1050
Room temperat~~
100
700
50
350
0.04
8:
:2
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
"'~
i'i5
0.20
SS.1 02 420 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

1400
200

(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 oc (1800 F), 15 min, oii
quenched, 482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-13Cr0.35C. UNS S42000
1120
160
Room temperatura
400 oF (294 oc)
800 OF (4f7 OC)
Y.-1000 h
840
120
'Cii
l1l
0..
""'<I
:2
<I
"'
"'~
560
80
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol
2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 22
i'i5
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
200r------r------~-----,------,-------,-----~1400
SS.1 03 420 stainless steel sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 oc (1800 F), 15 min, oii
quenched, 482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-13Cr0.35C. UNS S42000
206075, Southem Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
L------L------~----~------~------~------"0
10
12
200,---------,----------,----------,----------,1400
160~---------r--------~----------+-----------11120
SS.1 04 422 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 min, oil
quenched, 538 oc (1000 F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr0.23C-1Mo-1 W-0.8Ni-0.25V. UNS S42200
Room temperatura

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
206075, Southem Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
~------~2~------~4~------~6--------~a.o
SS.l 05 422 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-
1400
200
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures

Room temperature
160
1120
840
120

(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 min, oil
quenched, 538 oc (1000 F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr0.23C-1Mo-l W-0.8Ni-0.25V. UNS S42200
'iii
-"'
a.
"'
:2
ui
cn
ui
(/)
Ci5
560
80

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1403, ClNDAS/
Ci5
0 o~------~2--------4L-------~6~------~8------~1~
225,------,------,------,------,------,-----,1575
1400
1225
1050
SS.l 06 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371 oc
(700 F). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oc (-100 F),
30 min, 371 oc (700 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 145. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
0 o~-----2L______4L______6L______8L-----~1Lo----~1l
225.------,-----,------,------,-----,------,1575
1400
1225
SS.l 07 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 C
(1100 F). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 rnin in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 C (-100 F),
30 rnin, 593 oc (1100 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler. "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR -67-418,
April 1968, p 160. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p Il
L-----~2------~4------~6------SL-----~10----~1;
SS.l 08 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371 oc
(700 F). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oc (-100 F),
30 min, 371 oc (700 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 147. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals
0 o~-----~2------~4------~6------sL-----~1-o----~1;
275
250
~oo F (316 oc)
/#
200
//
gj 150
"'
"'
(])
&5 125
100
1.
f-':looo OF (!ha oc)

Land T
50
1400
1225
"'
1050 ~
"'
"'~
875
ii)
700
75
25
1575
TL
~soo~F(427C)
h} ~
175
1750
~Td,
225
SS.1 09 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

temperatures
1925
10 oF (21 oc)
Land T
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Sheet

thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 ac
(1100 F). Treatment: 1038 ac (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 ac (-100 F),
30 min, 593 ac (1100 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR -67-418,
Aprill968, p 162. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
525
''
350
175
10
240r-----~-----.------,------.------,-----~1680
SS.11 O 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves with effect of aged condition
H 1000
1400
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS Sl3800
1120
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Annco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
comrnunication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 15
"'
c..
::2
gf 120
840 "'
"'
~
ii)
80
560
40
280
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8______L __ _ _ _~1;
320
SS.111 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves with effect of heat treatment
2240
240
1680
3
2
-;;;
"'
[)._
::;:
--"'
ui
1/)
ui
1/)
1120 ~
iii 160
1/)
Q)
Q)
:::>
80
Test direction: transverse. Strain rate = 0.004/rnin. Heat

treatment: curve 1, 899 oc (1650 F), 0.5 h; curve 2,
899 oc (1650 F), 0.5 h, 599 oc (1110 F), 4 h; curve 3,
899 oc (1650 F), 0.5 h, 449 oc (840 F), 4 h; curve 4,
899 oc (1650 F), 0.5 h, 527 oc (980 F), 4 h.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: V. Seethararnan, M. Sundarararnan, and R. Krisknan,
Precipitation Hardening in a PH l3-8Mo Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol47 (No. 1), Jan 1981, p 1-11. As published inAerospace
560
L_______
0.02
0.03
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
0.01
~--------~0
0.04
True plastic strain
240.------,-----,------.------,------,------,1680
Room temperature
1400
SS.112 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 oc (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
cornmunication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
0 o~~-----2~-----4L------~6L_----~8------~1o~--~1l
55.113 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and Jow temperatures
320,---------,---------,----------.---------,2240
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:

538 ac (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Data represent one test
from one heat, according to Armco Data Bulletin S-24,
1984. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
-320 OF (-196 C)
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
0 0~--------~4--------~8----------1~2--------~1;
200
160
80
40
55.114 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar,

1680
240
1
1
1
1
4
v--
1400
Bar size = 50.8 x 152.4 mm (2 x 6 in.). Aging treatment:

538 ac (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1120
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
<Il
Q_
:a:
840 VJ
cii
(J)
560
280
8
12
225
SS.115 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel forging,

.-----,-----~------,-----,-----~-----.1575
200
175
Test direction: longitudinal. Forging size = 101.6 x 127

mm (4 x 5 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oc (1000 F), 4 h,
air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS
Sl3800
1225
150
"iii
-"'
"'
125 ~----~-----+~~~r-----~~--~~--~875~
";
";
UJ
UJ
100 ~----~--~~~~--~----~-----T----~700:
(J)

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol2, Sept 1972.
1995, p 23
75
L-----~2L-----~4-------~6------8L-----~10~--~1f
250
200
150
"iii
V ----
";
UJ
ui
UJ
!
700
350
"'
c..
::;;
1
2
1400
1050
100
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 19.05-50.8

mm (0.750-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oc (1000
F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS Sl3800
f.---
11
-"'
50
SS.116 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
1750
10
12
250

70
105
140
35
..........
..____
200
150
-"'
<J
"'~
U5
100
-r-----
v--
"Cii
50
r---
SS.117 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, typical

175
V
1

nun (0.875-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oc (1000
F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
1400

1050
"'
c..
2
ui
"'
700
350
10
12
240
220
200
180
160
10
r- ~---
r--
......
_,_
V
",
....,
'"~ "',
', "
.........
....
'.
'\,\
"'~
gj"
1540
"'......_
- 140
U5
1400
.....
H950
1120
!'-......_
H1000
100
',
H1100
"x
H1050
"'
980 c..
2
840 gj"
~
700 U5
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
Test direction: longitudinal. Based on one beat. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1260
120
0.02
SS.118 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, typical tensile

stress-strain curves (full range) at room temperature
for various heat treat conditions
1680
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
240
210
Transverse
180
150
-"'
ui
120
90
60
30
/
)V
SS.119 14-8 PH Mo SRH1050 stainless steel sheet,

1470
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet

thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). SRH aging treatment:
927 o c (1700 F), 1 h, -73 ac (-100 F), 8 h, 566 ac
(1050 F), 1 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-14Cr-8Ni2.5Mo-Al. UNS S14800
1260
0angitudinal
1050
11
'Cii
"'
p-
1680
"'
0..
::;;
840 ui
!JV
"'
~
Source: "Fatigue Evaluation of PH14-8Mo (SRH1050) Alloy," Armco

Stee1 Corp., Advanced Materia1s Div., 17 Sept 1969. As published in
630
420
210
6
8
10
12
14
200
SS.120 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
heat treat conditions
1400
H925
160
1120
120
840
'Cii
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 25.4--31.75

mm (1.000-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(H925) = 13, n(H1025) = 24, n(HllOO) = 22, n(H1150)
= 9.0, n(Hl150M) = 7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu.
UNS S15500
"'
0..
-"'
ui
::;;
ui
"'
"'
80
560
6
8
10
cn
SS.121 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical

200
o.----,-35_ _ _7,o_ _---,1o,5_ _ _1,4_o_ _ _1,75_ _ _2,1q
400
H1025
Test direction: long transverse. Bar thickness = 38.0139.7 rnrn (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(H1025) =20, n(H1150) =7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
840
120
"'
:2
a_
"iij
-"'
ui
!/)
!/)
Ci
560
80
10
SS.122 15-5 PH H1025 stainless steel bar, typical

modulus curves at various temperatures
200
35
70
105
140
175
21q400
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 38.0142.24 mm (1.500-5.600 in.). 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(400 F)
= 18, n(700 F) = 12, n(900 F) = 11. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Room temperatura
840
120
"'
:2
a_
"iij
-"'
!/)
!/)
560
80
10
Ci
SS.123 15-5 PH H1 025 stainless steel plate, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
200 0,-----,35_ _ _7,0_ _ _

10,5_ _ _1,4_0_ _ _1,75_ _----,21~400
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Plate

thickness = 38.0-139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 23, n(LT, tension) =
23, n(L, compression) = 20, n(LT, compression) = 21.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
840
-"'
"'
:2
"'~
"'~
u;
a_
.;
.;
Cii
560
Cii
o
35
70
105
140
175
210
200 r-----.-----,----,------.-----,-------, 1400

modulus curves at various temperatures
160 J - - - - + - - - - + - - - - t - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - 1 1 1 2 0
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.5, n(400 F)
= 14, n(700 F) = 12, n(900 F) = 10. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500

u;
120
-"'
.;
"'
C/)
80
0 o~--~2---~4---6L---~8--~1~o_L~_u1l
SS.125 15-5 PH H935 stainless steel casting, typical

.------4r2____-,84______1,2_6_____1,6_8_____2,1_o____~25i
400
Casting thickness = 12.7-47.625 mm (0.500-1.875 in.).

0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(tension)
= 12, n(compression) = 12. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni4Cu. UNS S15500
840
"'
a.
"iii
-"'
:;;:
<J
<J
"'~
"'~
i'ii
560
i'ii
320 r---------,---------,----------,---------,2240
SS.126 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
280

Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
240
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
of the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD TR 60-254, Feb 1960, p 40. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Cade 1503, CINDAS/
200
"iii
"'
a.
<J
~--------~L,~L---~---------r--------~1120 ~
:;;:
-"'
"'
_g;
160
i'ii
UJ
120
80
40
00~--------~4--------~8----------1L2--------~1~
u;
200
1400
160
1120
840
120
-"'
ui
cn
SS.127 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
ro
c..
:2
ui
cn
Ci5
560
80
Ci5
Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp.,

July 1968, p 37. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1503, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks
240
1680
SS.128 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1 050 (b) stainless

steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
200
1400
Sheet thickness = 1.27 nun (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
S15700
160
1120
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Technical

Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 March 1958. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
"'
u;
Q_
-""
:2
"'"' 120
840 "'
"'
ii5
80
560
40
280
(a)
240r-------,-------,--------,-------,--------.1680
(b)
300
RT
250
~
.;
tn
2100
SS.129 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1 050 (b) stainless

steel sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at room and elevated temperatures
1750
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
S15700
200
1400
150
1050 gf
a.
"'
:2
~
100
700
50
350
(a)
300,-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 2100
250r-----~-----+------r-----~-----+----~
1750
RT
1400
"'
a.
:2
1050 gf
~
700
350
(b)
10
Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp.,

Ju1y 1968, p 29. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
SS.130 15-7 PH TH1 050 stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures for various exposure times
200 ,--------,-----,------, .-------,------,------, 1400

RT
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Exposure times: (a) 30 min, (b) 10 h,
(c) 100 h, and (d) 1000 h. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni2.5Mo. UNS S15700
840
"'
:2
o._
~
rJ
rJ
"'
"'
1i5
560
'------'------'-------' '------'-------'-------' o
4
12 o
Stram, 0.001 in./in.
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in:
{b)
{a)
200 r - - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , . - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 1400
RT
160
o;
840
120
"'
o._
:2
rJ
rJ
rn
"'~
1i5
560
80
1000 OF {538 C)
280
40
0 o'----~4----~8---1~2 ~o---~4---~8------'1P

{c)
{d)
1i5
Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevino, Jr., "Deterrnination of the Effect

of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Severa! High Temperature Alloys," ASD TDR-61-529, June 1962, p 194-197. As published in
SS.131 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

250 . - - - , - - - - - - , - - - . . . . . . . , - - - - r - - - , - - - - - - - , 1750
Room temperatura
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.3,
n(200 F) = 6.6, n(400 F) = 7.5, n(600 F) = 5.5,
n(800 F) = 4.7, n(lOOO F) = 6.6. Composition: Fe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS Sl5700
L---~--~----L--~---~-~o
6
8
10
12

250.---..,-----,----,---r---,-------,1750
Room temperatura
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 F) = 10, n(400 F) = 11,
n(600 F) = 14, n(800 F) = 12, n(lOOO F) = 6.3.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
1050
c;;
o<;
a.
"'
::2
uj
uj
"'
"'~
700
L---~--~----L--~---~-~o
6
8
10
12
i'i5

compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
35
70
105
140
175

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 F) = 10, n(400 F) = 11,
n(600 F) = 14, n(800 F) = 12,.n(1000 F) = 6.3.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
u;
150
-"'
vi
$"'
100
50~----~-----+------r-----,_---r-+r-+-HH350
0 oL-----~5------1~0------1~5----~20----~2~5L-~~3~
6
180
140
V V
/
/_ 1 1
1 1 L
~
~ 100
80
20
H900
1---
1260
v-- -
1 1
120
40
----
160
60
SS.134 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves for various heat treat conditions
1400
200
1 1 1
1 V 1 r--2-4
H1050
~-
Source: W.J. Lanning, "Torsion Properties of 17-4PH and 15-5PH

Stainless Steel Bars," Advanced Materials Div., Armco Steel Corp.,
16 March 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1120
980
840
"'
[L
::2;
700
560
420
280
140
vi
"'
SS.135 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves for various heat treat conditions
1400
200

n(H900) = 11, n(H1025) = 24, n(H1150) = 13. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
1120
160
840
120
"'
'iii
0..
-"'
:2
ui
ui
"'~
"'
~
560
Ci5
80
SS.136 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical

200 or-----~3s~--~7ro____~1o~5____~1T4o~--~17rs____~21~ 400

H1025
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness: 25.4-114.3

n(Hl025) = 22, n(H1150) = 13. Composition: Fe-17Cr4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
H1025
840
'iii
-"'
"'
0..
:2
ui
ui
"'~
rn
~
Ci5
560
6
8
10
Ci5

temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni4Cu. UNS S 17400
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Voi 1, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
200.------,------,------,------.-~---,-----,1400
SS.138 17-4 PH H900 stainless steel bar,

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Voi 1, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
~-----2L_
_____4L______6L______ L_ _ _ _~L_----~1l
200
1400
160
1120
120
"iii
-"
(J)
80
!!!
560
&.
::;;:
Casting thickness =9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).

Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
840
Il)
40
SS.139 17-4 PH H 1000 stainless steel casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Cii
280
10
200
160
35
"'-..
120
........__
Il)
Cii
80
---
r--- ~
.......
840
!!!
560
10
"'
0..
::;;:
280
Casting thickness = 9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).

Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 13. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
1120
SS.140 17-4 PH H1 000 stainless steel casting, typical

175
1
1
"iii
-"
40

70
105
140
12
Cii
320
1
280
.J
-423
240
""'ui
"'
- r--
--
.....--
v-
160
"""" -100 "F (-73 "C)
:2
1120 gf
75 "F (24 "C) !"-
~
840
80
560
40
280
0.12
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.04
0.20
0.16
SS.142 17-7 PH stainless steel spring wire, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
2240
280
240
V/
/;'
200
u;
. .".,"".."".
120
/'
80
v~
1960
1680
1400
"'
:2
1120 gf
~
li
840
560
1
280
8
6
Curve 1, 5.08 mm (0.200 in.) diam, conditionA; curve 2,

2.032 mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition C; curve 3, 2.032
mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition CH900. Composition: Fe17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S17700
a.
~--
_.".~--
160
40
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
1400
.............
320
"'
~
120
00
""'ui
1960
1680
....... "320 "F (-196 "C)
o;
SS.141 17-4 PH H1100 stainless steel bar, complete

(-253 "C)
200
2240
10
Source: "Armco 17-7 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stain1ess Steel, Bar,

Rod and Wire," Bulletin No. S-29e, Armco Stain1ess Steel Div., April
j ~-
200
,;;;;
f'
u; 160
""'";
!cn 120
40
J/
240
80
1/
- - - Longitudinal
- - Trnsverse
12
1
V
o
(b}
200
40
12
/'*
f/~~
1
"
""'
80
1120 ti.
::ii
Source: ''Armco 17-7 Hand PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.

As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2,
280
/'
160
120
1400
1960
240
cn
---

thickness = 1.27 nun (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr7Ni-1Al. UNS Sl7700
560
280
1680
840
"iij
SS.143 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical tensile

stress-strain curves for heat treat condition RH950
(a) and TH1 050 (b)
1960
280
840
1
1
- - - Longitudinal
- - Trnsverse
12
560
280
1
o
4
(b)
1400
11208!_
::ii
1/
1
1
1/
1680
12
SS.144 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical

compressive stress-strain curves for heat
treat condition RH950 (a) and TH1 050 (b)

thickness = 1.27 nun (0.050 in.). Tested at room
temperature. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S17700
Source: "Armco 17-7 Hand PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.
320
Room JmperatuJ
280
1
1//
1V
200
"iii
-"'
"'
160
120
800 'F (427 'C)
1400
"'
0..
:2
1000 'F (538 'C)
1120 gf
.
.,
~
840
1200 'F (649 'C)
Source: J .R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Ruptnre Properties of Structural

Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short
Times at Temperatnre," Southern Research Institute Report 3962-867-2-I
to International Nickel Co., 10 April 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1502, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
560
11
o
o
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). Strain rate=

0.1/s. Heated to test temperature in 10 s and held for 10 s
prior to test. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S17700
1680
#! --
80
40
1960
/V
240
vi
SS.145 17-7 PH CH900 stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures under conditions of rapid heating,
rapid loading, and short time at temperature
2240
280
12
16
Strain, in./in.
20
24
SS.146 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
240.-------~-------.-------,-------,--------.1680
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Curve 1: room

temperature; curve 2: 93 oc (200 F); curve 3: 204 oc
(400 F); curve 4: 316 oc (600 F); curve 5: 427 oc
(800 F); curve 6: 482 oc (900 F); curve 7: 538 oc
(1000 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S17700
"'
0..
:2
840 vi
Cii
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data

Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
240 . - - - - , - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - . , - - - - - , 1680

200

(0.062 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S 17700
Elevated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
1995, p 24
160
;;;
-"'
ui
"'
120
Cii
80
40
;;;

isochronous stress-strain curves
1400
200
160
1120
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). (a) 316 oc

(600 F). (b) 427 oc (800 F). (c) 371 oc (700 F).
(d) 482 oc (900 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al.
UNS S17700
120
840

Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
"'
o.
-"'
vi
vi
"'~
li5
560
80
jg"'
cn
0 oL-----~4------~8------1~20L-----~4------~8--_JO
(a}
;;;
(b)
560
80
"'
o.
-"'
vi
vi
"'~
li5
280
40
OOL------~4------~8----~1::'2 OL------4.1.---------l-8----' O
(c)
(d)
jg"'
cn
200
u;
SS.149 17-7 PH TH1 050 stainless steel sheet,

1750
250
Room temperatura
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters n(room

temperature) = 12, n(200 F) = 8.3, n(400 F) = 9.0,
n(600 F)= 12, n(800 F) = 8.3, n(900 F) = 8.0,
n(lOOO F) = 7.7. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S17700
1400
150
"".;
.;
<J)
<J)
Ci)
700
100
~----~2------4L------~6----~8------1~0----~1f
250

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
1750
Room temperatura

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 F) = 11, n(400 F) = 9.3,
n(600 F) = 11, n(800 F) = 8.3, n(900 F) = 9.3.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S 17700
200
150
1050
"'
D..
::;
.;
.;
<J)
<J)
Ci)
100
700
SS.151 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical

250
o,__ _,35_ _ _7,o_ _ _1,o5_ _--,14_o_ _ _1,_7.:..5_ _-=,21~
750

temperature) =9.3, n(200 F) = 11, n(400 F) =9.3,
n(600 F) = 11, n(800 F) = 8.3, n(900 F) =9.3.
c;;
""""
ui
1050
150
c.."'
:;
ui
rn
~
rn
Cii
700
100
0 oL---~5----~10_____1L5---~2~o-~~25__L_L_U3~
6
280 . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 1960
SS.152 17-7 PH TH1 050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

RT, room temperature. Sheet thickness = 2.032 mrn

(0.080 in.) for low temperatures (below RT), 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.) for RT and above. Curve 1: -253 oc
(-423 F); curve 2: -196 oc (-320 F); curve 3: -79 oc
(-110 F); curve 4: RT; curve 5: 93 oc (200 F); curve 6:
204 oc (400 F); curve 7: 316 oc (600 F); curve 8:
427 oc (800 F); curve 9: 482 oc (900 F); curve 10:
538 oc (1000 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S17700
Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957 andA.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical Properties of
Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at Very Low Temperatures," WADC
TR 58-386, Nov 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1~
180
160
Room
1120
SS.153 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
980
Strain rate 0.0002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al.

UNS S17700
1260
t~mperatu1re
500 'F (260 'C)
!--"
140
1V
120
11
(/
u; 100
-"'
ui
i"'
80
OI
--
1000 'F (538 'C)
60
560 (/)
~
20
1500 'F (816 ' C ) _ 140
y--
2000
10
160
140
120
~ 100
.;
80
60
15
20
25
Strain, in./in.
v __-
~ (1093 b
30
35
500 'F
(~60 ' C ) -
1120
840
1000 'F (538 'C)
OI
700 ~
gi
560 (/)
~
420
280
1500 'F (816 'C)
2000 'F
h093 'C)
Strain rate 0.002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS

Sl7700
980
40
20

temperatures
1260
Room temperature
(/ V
f(
1//v-'/
16
24
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
420
280
180
"'
700 ~
40
o
o
840
32
140
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1502, ClNDAS/
980
Strain rate 0.02/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS

Sl7700
Room temperatura
. / 1-"""
160
//
140
500 'F (260 'C)
li
120
u; 100
.:.:
",..,.....
r; /
ui
!/)
1120

temperatures
1260
180
80
840
,._1000 'F (538 'C)
560 jg
rn
60
420
1
...20 1
40
"'
:i
700 ~
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
1500 'F (816 'C)

2000 'F (1093 'C)
10
15
20
25
30
280
140
35
Strain, in./in.
180
1260
160
1120

stress-strain curves with effect of various heating
rates
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of
0.0002/s and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS Sl7700
140
840
120
"'
700 ~
~ 100
ui
!/)
ui
!/)
80
560 jg
60
420
40
280
20
140
oo
rn
10
15
20
Strain, in./in.
25
30
35
40
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
180
1
Heating rate,
160
1120
20 (11)
140
.......... 840
"'
~ 100
700 ~
ui
"'~
(i5
80
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.002/s

and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni1Al. UNS S17700
980
120

rates
1260
ft~ (cts)
ui
"'
560 (J)
~
60
420
40
20
00
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strain, in./in.
Heating rate, fts (cts)

rates
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.02/s
and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni1Al. UNS S17700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating;' Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
20
Strain, in./in.
25
30
240 . . . - - - , - - - - , . . - - - - - r - - - , - - - - - , - - - - r - - - - , 1680
F (24 oc)+---~---11400
200 F (~3 oc)
4oo oF (204 oc)
6oo 'oF (316 oc)
1120
160 ~-~--+---h,__---i'--+--,V"""--+----"---::__..-1'-700 oF (371 oc)
200
~---+----+----+--75
Compressive
yield strength""'
8oo oF (427 oc)
~
ui
IJ)
120
rn
80

(0.050 in.). Specimens loaded at strain rate of 0.002/rnin.
Source: B.A. Stein, "Compressive Stress-strain curves Properties of
17-7 PH and AM 350 Stainless-Steel Sheet at Elevated Temperatures,"
NACA TN 4074, 19 Aug 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

..------.--------,----, r - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , 1120
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). (a) 316 oc (600

F). (b) 427 C (800 F). (c) 371 C (700 F). (d) 538 C
(1000 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S17700
Source: Annco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
Manual, Armco Stee1 Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As pub1ished in Aerospace
'--------'------1--.....l
4
8
L-----'----..1..---..J
(b)
4
8
120 ..-----..,..-----,----, r - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - , 840
560
"'
c;;
0..
.><
:;
oi
oi
"'
"'
~
cn
280
.___ ___.Jc___ __ _ j_ __ _ ,
4
s:
. __ _ _...___ _ _...J.__...J
4
(d)
SS.161 AM-350 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves at room and
80,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,560

(0.064 in.). Solid curves, tension; dashed curves,
compression. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
"' 80 'F (27 'C)
60~----~*-----~+-~----+-------~------~420
:gj
400 'F (204 'C)
~
gf 40 ~-rl------t-:#"---------:;;.J:E;;..--600 'F (316 'C)---+-------1280 ui
f!!
800 ',F (427 'C)
-~
Cii
1000 'F (538 'C)
rn
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane, "Mechanical Properties of

AM-350 Potomac A, Potomac M and Vascojet 1000 Steel Alloys in the
Annealed Condition," ASD-TDR-63-116, May 1963. As published in
1200 'F (649 'C)
Strain x 0.001
SS.162 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

Room temperatura
400 'F (204 'C)

600 'F (316 ~C)
c;;

Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
840
120
a."'
:2
-""
ui
ui
(/)
"'
~
560
80
0 0~------~2------~4------~6------~8~----~1~
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive

Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks
SS.163 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

temperatures
200r-------~------~------,--------.~-----,1400
Room temperatura

840
120
"'
o.
::!!:
ui

Properties of Type AM-350;' Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol2, Code 1504, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks
ui
Ul
Ul
Ci5
560
80
0 oL--------2L-------4~----~6------~8------~1~
240
1680
SS.164 AM-350 20% CRT stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
temperatures
1400
CRT: annealed to condition H, cold rolled 20%, 3 h,

tempered 441 oc (825 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-17Cr4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
160
1120
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1504,

CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 12
120
840 ui
Ul
200
80 'F (27 'C)

1
650 'F (343 'C)
u;
o.
"'
-"'
ui
Ul
::!!:
~
Ci5
Ci5
80
560
40
280
00
0.04
0.08
Strain,%
0.12
0.16
1680
SS.165 AM-350 30% CRT stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
temperatures
200
1400
CRT: annealed to condition H, cold rolled 30%, 3 h,

tempered 441 oc (825 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-17Cr4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
160
1120
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1504,

1995, p 12
240
-110 oF (-79 oc)
80 oF (27 oc)
"'
u;
a.
""gf
:2
120
840 "'
"'~
ii5
ii5
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
Strain,%
0.12
o
0.16
SS.166 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
2oo.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,14oo
Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). SCT, subcooled

and tempered. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
840
120
"'
Il.
:2
"'"'
"'
"'
~
ii5
560
80
rn
Source: "Room aud Elevated Temperature Tensile aud Compressive

Properties ofType AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Haudbooks
SS.167 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures
250 ~----.-----r---,-----.-----r----, 1750
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 10, n(400 F)
= 7.0, n(600 F) = 7.5, n(800 F) = 6.5. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
200 1------+----+---+------+----+-----l 1400
SS.168 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical

250
o,__ _-=;3.::..5_ _ _7.:.,:o:__._ __:.1-ro5:___ _;_,14;..:o_ _ _1:..;.7.::..5_ _.=,21~
750
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 9.3, n(400
F) = 6.2, n(600 F) = 6.8, n(800 F) = 6.2. Composition:
150
~
ui
(/)
ui
(/)
~
100
700
10
55.169 AM-350 5CT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

280
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). SCT850:

annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 oc (-100 F),
3 h, tempered 441-468 oc (825-875 F), 3 h.
240
200
1120~
c;; 160
::;:
""'ui
~"'
ui
(/) 120
840
80
560
40
280
oo
4
6
"'
~
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC-TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF
10
240 . - - - - - r - - - - r - - - - r - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 1680
55.170 AM-350 5CT850 stainless steel sheet,

Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). Treatment
SCT850: annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 oc
(-100 F), 3 h, tempered 441-468 oc (825-875 F), 3 h.
Properties ofTypeAM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
4
200 .---,.---...,------, .-----.-----r----, ,----,---,-------, 1400
840
a;
SS.171 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet,

temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.016-1.651 mm (0.040-0.065 in.).
SCT850: annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 oc
(-100 F), 3 h, tempered 441-468 oc (825-875 F), 3 h.
(a) 316 oc (600 F); (b) 371 oc (700 F); (c) 427 oc
(800 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
"'
Il.
-"'
::!:
rJ
rJ
"'
~
"'
~
560
Strain, 0.001 in .lin. (b) Strain, 0.001 in .lin. (c) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data Sheet ll9l21658S ... ; Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. As published inAerospace
240
1680
SS.172 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
200
1400
160
1120
Test direction: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse. Sheet

thickness = 1.422 mm (0.056 in.). CRT: cold rolled and
tempered. hardness = 50-51 HRC. (a) longitudinal
(b) transverse. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35500
120
840 .;
a."'
u;
""gf
~
::2
$"'
CI)
80
560
40
280
(a)
6
8
10
12
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
"'
a.
.;
"'
::2
840 .;
120
"'
~
80
560
40
280
2
(b)
6
12
Source: Data sheet 121-12159-355, Allegheny Lud1um, 1959. As

2 4 0 , . . . - - - - - - - , . - - - - - - , - - - - - - . - - - - - - - , 1680
SS.173 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet,

(0.056 in.). CRT: cold rolled and tempered. Hardness =
50-51 HRC. Specimen size =68.58 x 15.875 x
1.422 mm (2.7 x 0.625 x 0.056 in.); gage length =
38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo.
UNS S35500
Source: Data sheet 121-12159-355, Allegheny Ludlum, 1959. As
OOL----~4----~8-----1~2---~1~
SS.17 4 AM-355 SCCRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
320
280

thickness =0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
cold rolled, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
240
200

Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
"iij
"""ui
fJ)
160
120
80
40
(a)
2240
320
Room temperature
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
"'
~
ui
fJ)
~
0..
:;;:
gf
Ci5
840
80
40
(b)
320
SS.175 AM-355 SCCRT stainless steel sheet,

2240
Room temperatura
1960

thickness = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
cold rolled, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
1680
200
1400
"'
u;
0..
-"'
ui
1120 gf
"'
~
CI)
Cii
120
840
560
280
10
(a)
320
2240
Room temperatura
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
u;
-"'
ui
"'~
"'
0..
~
ui
rn
~
Cii
Cii
120
840
80
560
40
280
o
o
2
(b)
6
10
1i

Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
SS.176 AM-355 SCT stainless steel sheet,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at
various temperatures
1400
200
1 t
160
120
!fJ
1 1- 1000 h
,,t
,1-100h
1000 h
II
1120
SCT: subcooled and tempered. (a) 316 oc (600 F).

(b) 371 oc (700 F). (c) 427 oc (800 F). Composition:
Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
840
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data sheet 119121658-5, Allegheny Lud1um Stee1 Corp., 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF
<Il
a.
:2
II
(/)
(/)
1i5
80
1 1
40
1/
4
8
12
(a)
1/
o
4
8
12
V.-10h
100
1
1000 h
280
!/
o
560
1i5
12
8
(c)
(b)
SS.177 AM-355 XH stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness =0.203 mm
(0.008 in.). Heat treatment: mill solution treated and
water quenched, tempered 399 oc (750 F), 5 min.
Hardness = 54 HRC. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni3Mo. UNS S35500
Source: Data sheet 130-10859-355, Allegheny Lud1um, 1959. As
pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 2,
SS.178 AM-362 stainless steel bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 816 C
(1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 566 oc (1050 F), 2 h.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-0.88Ti. UNS S36200
Source: "Properties of AM 362 Maraging Stainless Steel," Sheet-19711763-362, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co., Research Data Center,
Nov 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
100
80
40
20
SS.179 AM-363 stainless steel strip, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
840
120
/v----
Composition: Fe(0.04C)-11.5Cr-4Ni-0.3Ti
700
560
<li
c.
::!:
420 ui
CI)
280
140
Source: "AM-363 Strip for Structural Applications," Preliminary Data

Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 11 Feb 1963. As published in
4
160
120
u;
1
1
""'.;
"'~
Cii
80
40
SS.180 Custom 450 H900 stainless steel bar, typical

1400
200
----
1120
840
l1l
a.
:2
.;
560
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar

thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb > 8C). UNS S45000
280
10
12
160
u;
120
80
840
j
560
280
l1l
a.
:2

thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 26. Composition: Fe15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb > 8C). UNS S45000
1120
~-
1
1
""'.;
"'
~
40
SS.181 Custom 450 H1 050 stainless steel bar, typical

1400
200
10
12
300
~
ui
"' 200
~
Q)
100
SS.182 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar, true

2800
400
--------------=====
---
,r
----
Heat treatment: annealed 816 oc (1500 F), 1 h, water

quenched; (solid curve):+ aged 482 oc (900 F), 4 h, air
cooled; (dashed curve):+ aged 510 oc (950 F), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.1 Ti(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
2100
"'
a_
:;
ui
1400 ~
1
1
1
Ui
Q)
11
Source: Private communication with N.B. Schmidt, Carpenter

Techno1ogy Corp., Reading, PA, 8 Jan 1974, and impub1ished data
sheets. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals\Handbook, Vo1 2,
Code 1514, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Opetation, Purdue
700
1
1
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
True strain, ln(-\/Ai)
2240
320
280
1960
Room temperatura
240
200
]
gf 160
~
Cii
120
80
40
"
4oo oF (204 oc)
------v-~
600 oF (316 og_
1400
rsOo F (427 oc>
840
560
1680
280
10
12
SS.183 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 19.05 mm
(0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 oc
(950 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr8Ni-2Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb +Ta). UNS S45500
Source: O.L. Dee1 and H. Mind1in, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Co1umbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p lO
35

70
105
140
175
SS.184 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,

typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves at room and elevated
temperatures
210

(0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 oc
(950 F), 4 h, air cooled. RT, room temperature.
Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb +Ta).
UNS S45500
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
10
6
8
12
250
200
150
ui
(/)
50
v--
---
1400
a..
:2
ui
(/)
700
350
6
8

thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n = 22. Composition: Fe-(low C)12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb +Ta). UNS S45500
1050"'
100
SS.185 Custom 455 H950 stainless steel bar, typical

1750
10
200
---
f-
~
ui
!1)
700
350
:o"'
c..
1400
1050
100

thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n = 25. Composition: Fe-(low C)12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.1Ti-(Nb +Ta). UNS S45500
V(
150
50
SS.186 Custom 455 Hl 000 stainless steel bar, typical

stress-strain curve at room temperature
1750
250
6
8
10
240
950 "F (51 O "C)

1000 "F (538 "C)
200
1680
SS.187 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for
different aging temperatures
1400

Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS S17600
1050 "F (566 "C)

160
1120
120
840 ui
!1)
:o"'
"iii
""ui
!1)
c..
Ci5
80
560
40
280
00
8
12
16
Source: Contributions to the Metallurgy of Steel: High Temperature

High Strength Alloys, AISI, Feb 1963, p 88. As published in Aerospace
240 r------,------,------,------,------,------,1680
SS.188 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet,

200

thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:
Solution annealed plus aged 538 oc (1000 F), 0.5 h.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS Sl7600
160
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, aud S.B. Prosser, "Tensile aud
Compressive Stress-Strain Curves Properties of Some High-Strength
Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954,
Code 1511, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue
;;;
~
<I
"'
120
80
40
00
10
1400,------,-----,------,------,------,-----~
SS.189 Al 2205 stainless steel, true stress-strain

Strain rate= 0.0167/s. Composition: Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3MoN. UNS S31803
Source: C.L. Beech, "Effect of Temperature aud Strain Rate on the
Mechauical Properties aud Deformation Behavior of a Duplex Stainless
Steel," M.S. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 1989. As
published in G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment Processing and
Principles, 1990, p 394
400~----~------+------+------~----~~----~
200~----~-----4------+------+------+-----~
QL------L----~------~----~------L-----~
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Test temperature,
80
18
93
204
316
427
538
649
760
871
98%
SS.190 XM-27 stainless steel, typical tensile

properties at elevated temperatures
60
jJ .... o '\o
o
70
...
60
50
u;
-"'
.1:0
o,
40
r:::
/
/
''O
1'- .o ....c
490
UTS
420
~ 1--.l..
0.2% YS
30
1
1
1
1
350
280
1\\
~
210
140
l\\~
10
70
160
140
120
100
1
1/
"#.
.Q
80
ii:i
C)
r:::
w
60
40
\..s
20
200
400
600
800
1
1
1000
1200
Test temperature, 'F
r:::
\~\
20
oo
Short-time tests on high-chromium ferritic samples show

pronounced decrease in strength with increasing
temperature above 538 oc (1000 F). Increase in strength
at 427-538 oc (800--1000 F) is due to precipitation
hardening, which goes with the 475 oc (885 F)
embrittlement phenomenon typical of high-chromium
ferritic stainless steels. UTS, ultimate tensile strength;
YS, yield strength. UNS S44627
1400
1600
1800
Source: F.K. Kies and C.D. Swartz, High Temperature Properties of

High Purity Ferritic Stainless Steel, J. Test. Eva/., Voi 2 (No. 2), 1974,
p 118-124. As published in E-Brite Alloy Product Data, Allegheny
Lud1um Steel Corp., 1980, p 14
70
60
50
'iii
"'gf
40
SS.191 409 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
490
'\
".....-
420
350
280 ~
~
Cii 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
f
Cii
Sheet thickness = 1.499 mm (0.059 in.). Tests were run

per ASTM StandardE 8. Standard flat sarnples 2 x
12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and
should not be construed as maximum or minimum values
for specification or for final design. Data on any
particular piece of material may vary from those shown ..
UNS S40900
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private communication,
March 2002
0.35
Strain, in./in.
60
50
'iii
"'
f
Cii
SS.192 439 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
490
70
-"\
",..--
420
350
280 ~
40
"'
30
210 Cii
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Sheet thickness = 1.549 mm (0.061 in.). Tests were run

per ASTM Standard E-8. Standard flat samples 2 x 12.7
mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and should not
be construed as maximum or minimum values for
specification or for final design. Data on any particular
piece of material may vary from those shown. UNS
S43035
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private communication,
March 2002
Tool Steel (TS)/269
Tool Steel (TS)

1400.------------.------------,-----------,
1400.------------.------------,-----------,
A2
D2
1200~-----------~------------~----------4
1200~----------~------------r-~~~~--~
..................................................
...............
1000~-----------~------------~~~--~--4
m
800
:i
,!\. .
/f
.....................: .............. ......
600
-~~
~ 800 f
~
~
~ 600~~.-,,~/'----------r-----------~----------~
1000 ,... ........
_"....
400~-----------~~--------~r-----------~
400~+---------~------------r-----------~
200~----------~------------r------------
200~---------~------------~----------~
o ./
o
0oL____________OL.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
0.1
True strain
1400.-----------.-~---------.------------.
01
M2
1200~---T--~~~-~-~_~~~~--~
...~
..-~~-..-.. ~----------~
!". .....:.
1000
1200~----------~----------~----------~
i /
~ 800~~~,~'~---------~------------~----------~
~
0.3
(b)
1400.------------~-----------.~----------,
/f
0.2
True strain
(a)
.... ........
1000
............
/f
(\........
~ 800~:~--==~~~~--~~~==~==--------~
600~-----------~------------~----------~
;---
600~----------~----------~~--------~
~
400H-----------~~----------~----------~
400~----------~----------~~--------~
20Qij------------~------------~----------~
200~----------~----------~~--------~
0 L----------~OL.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
True strain
(c)
0.1
(d)
0.2
0.3
True strain
1400r------------,------------,-----------,
W1
1200~-----------+------------r-~--------~
...................................
.....
. .. -./ ....
1000 j""...
----~ 80of.!~r~c_-------r------------r-----------~
/f
f 600~~+~-----------r------------~----------~
Q)
400~----------~------------~----------~
200H-----------~------------~----------~
Q0~----------~0L.1----------~0L.2----------~0.3
(e)
True strain
TS.001 Tool steel, uniaxial compressive true stress-strain curves
Solid curves, quasi-static strain rate ~0.001/s; dashed curves, dynamic strain rate= 2000/s. Quasi-static tests used a servohydraulic machine. High-rate tests used a compression split Hopkins pressure bar. Specimens were 4-6 mm diam, 8-12 mm long.
Compositions: A2 (UNS T30102), Fe-1C-5.1Cr-1.15Mo-0.3V; D2 (UNS T30402), Fe-1.5C-12Cr-0.95Mo; M2 (UNS Tll302),
Fe-l.OC-0.27Mn-0.3Si-4.1Cr-5Mo-6.12W-1.98V; 01 (UNS T31501), Fe-0.92C-1.2Mn-0.5Cr-0.5W; W1 (UNS T72301), Fe1.1 C-0.25Mn-0.25Si.
Source: G. Subhash, Dynamic lndentation Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 525
270/Tool Steel (TS)
TS.002 D2 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
tempering temperature
Specimens air cooled 1010 oc and then tempered: curve

1, 175 C, 60.6 HRC; curve 2, 290 C, 58.2 HRC; curve
3, 400 C, 57.3 HRC. Typical composition: Fe-2.1C12.5Cr-0.3Ni. UNS T30402
zE
20 1 - - - t - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - i 200
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts,

G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 213
200
100
Deformation, degrees
TS.003 D3 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
Specimens quenched in oii at 970 oc to maximum hardness and then tempered: curve 1, 175 C, 64.5 HRC;
curve 2, 290 C, 60.5 HRC; curve 3, 400 C, 59 HRC.
Typical composition: Fe-1.6C-13Cr-0.75Mo-0.3V. UNS
T30403
C:
z
~
~
20 1 - - - f - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - j 200
~
~
200
100
308
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts, G.

Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 213
Tool Steel (TS)/271
TS.004 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
360 ,------,----,-----,---..,---,--------,-----, 2520
Bar diameter = 51 mm (0.2 in.) for tension, 8.458 mm

(0.333 in.) for compression. Heat treatment: 1010 oc
(1850 F), 2 h, oil quenched, triple tempered, 566 oc
(1050 F), 1 h, air cooled. Data points: triangle, compression using special machine for alignment and Teflon
lubricant; circle, tensile with intermittent die drawing to
eliminate necking; square, tensi1e with data corrected for
necking. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS
T20821
Source: R. Chait, Factors Influencing the Strength Differentia1 in High
Strength Stee1s, Metall. Trans., Vo1 3, Feb 1972, p 365-371. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1218,
1995, p 22
240
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Truestrain
1680
0.7
___l"----:-'
L_ _ ____l_ __J__ _ _L__ _...~.__ _, _ __
0.5
0.6
500
400
Compressio~_...
/p
.,
(ii
200
100
------
~-
2100
ui
~.,
1400
700
10
15
True strain x 0.001
&.
:;
"'
2800
...t:.
~nsion
i/
]i 300
gf
1!:.

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
3500
20
1!:.
Bar diameter 51 mm (0.2 in.). Specimen machined from

ausformed 15.748 mm (0.62 in.) diam bar. Consumable
electrode vacuum melted bar hot worked at 1093 oc
(2000 F) from 63.5-38.1 mm (2.5-1.5 in.) diam, air
coo1ed, double annealed 704 oc (1300 F), 3 h, 649 oc
(1200 F), 2 h, 1038 oc (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled to
566 oc (1050 F), rolled to 83% plastic deformation at
566 oc (1050 F), oil quenched, double tempered, 538 C
(1000 F), 2 h to 60 HRC. Data points: triangle, compression; circle, tension. Ultimate strength = 2570 MPa
(373 ksi); tensile yie1d strength = 2026 MPa (294 ksi);
reduction in area = 33%. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: J.E. Matheny, Jr., "Low Cyc1e Fatigue Properties of the
Ausformed Stee1," University of Illinois, T & A.M. Report No. 308, Feb
1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11,
272/Tool Steel (TS)
320
-320F(-19~
280
~-~10F(-79C)
1V
240
200
u;
""ui
CI)
160
120
80
40
Room t~mperature
1
1
V
1960
1680
1400
"'
:::;
1120 gf
Preheated 788 oc (1450 F), 20-30 min, 1010 oc

(1850 F), 20 min, air cooled, triple tempered, 524 oc
(975 F), 1 h (each). After second temper, sheet ground
to 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) to remove decarburization.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
a_
TS.006 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
2240
~
840
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Cambell, and W.F. Simmons, "Evaluation of the
Effects ofVery Low Temperature on Properties of Aircraft and Missile
Metals," WADD TR 60-214, Feb 1960. As published in Aerospace
560
280
12
TS.007 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel,

temperatures
240
Heat treated to 50 HRC; ultimate tensile strength = 1791

MPa (260 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V.
UNS T20821
200 ~------+-------~----~-+~~--~~--~~1400
500,650F(260,343C)
800 OF (427 C)
900 OF (482 C)
160 ~------+--------I------",L~--z~.L-::.7"!""'-------11120
it.
u;
""ui
CI)
:::;
120 ~------+-----~A-~~~~------~----~~840
cn
ui
i5
80
40
00~------~2------~4--------L6------~8------~1~
Source: "Vascojet 1000 for Ultra High Strength Structural

Requirements," Vanadium Alloys Steel Co., 1959. As published in
Tool Steel (TS)/273
80.-------------,------------,-------------,560
TS.008 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room
Room temperatura
1
400 'F (204 'C)

600 'F (316 'C)
1
800 'F (427 'C)

Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
60~------~--~~--~~-----+-------------1420

AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-1000 Steel Alloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR-63-116, May 1963. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1218, CINDAS/
1200 'F (649 'C)
4
320
2240
TS.009 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Room temperatura
240
1680
160
1120
u;
""'<J
"'
~
"'
c..
::;:
~
80
560
0 oL-------4L-------8L-------1~2------~16~----~2~
Sheet thickness = 2.286 mm (0.090 in.). Heat treated to

ultimate tensile strength of 1929 MPa (280 ksi): 1010 oc
(1850 F), 30 min, air cooled, 538 oc (1000 F), 2 x 3 h,
552 oc (1025 F), 2 x 3 h. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: "AISI H Il or Potomac A," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum
Steel Corp., Sept 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voll, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
274/Tool Steel (TS)
360
320
'/~
280
~-110
240
TS.01 O H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
2520
/;-423 OF (-253 oq
-320 OF (-196 oq
2240
F (-79 oc)
t:--

1010 oc (1850 F), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 552
oc (1025 F), 0.75 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
1960
10 oF (21 C)
1680
"'
gj 200
1400 ~
ui
ui
~
1i 160
1120
120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
"'
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Strain, in./in.
280
270
260
Room temperatura
}~
!1
ffi
l
'1
1960

effect of strain rate on tensile yield strength at room
and elevated temperature
1890
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 1010 oc

(1850 F), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 566 oc
(1050 F), 1 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
~
1820
:2
~
1750
g>
~
'O
1680
1
~
'iii
c
600 oF (316 oc)

230
1610
1540
220
10
10
0.1
Elastic strain rate, in./in./s
1470
10
Source: D.P. Kendall, and T.E. Davidson, "The Effect of Strain Rate on
Yielding of High Strength Steels," Report WVT 6618, Watervliet
Arsenal, May 1966; D.P. Kendall, "The Effect of Strain Rate and
Temperature on Yie1ding in Steels," Report WVT 7061, Waterv1iet
Arsenal, Nov 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Tool Steel (TS)/275
TS.012 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at
80.---------,---------.----------r---------,560

Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
60~--------+---------+---~~--~--~----~420
Room temperature
1
40o F (2o1c)
6oo F (316 c)
8oo F (427 c)
1ooo F (538 c)
1!
'"
gf 40 f------'---?"F-:;..-:;.....-~---'-+----------+-----------j 280 .;

AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-1000 Steel Alloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR -63-116, May 1963. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 33
TS.013 L-type low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
tempera ture
Specimens quenched in oil at 815 oc and then tempered:

curve 1, 150 oc; curve 2, 175 oc; curve 3, 230 oc. (a) Ltype with vanadium. (b) Without vanadium
E
C:
m
E- 20 ~-+-----~------1--------l
~
1--+-----t--------l 200
m
E-
r+------~------~-------1
Hr------r-----~100
o 0..._______
1OL0_______
20L0------30--'0 o
(a)
100
(b) Deformation, degrees

G. Krauss, and R.L. Keimedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 154
276/Tool Steel (TS)
TS.014 L6 low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperature
40,--------,---------,---------,--------~400
Specimens quenched in oii at 790 oc and then: curve 1,

no tempering, 62.3 HRC; curve 2, tempered at 190 C,
58.1 HRC. Composition: Fe-0.70C-0.55Mn-0.85Cr1.40Ni-0.25Mo. UNS T61206
E
:2:
gi 20 1--------.,__---f~~~~--t~~~~-+~~~~---1200 gi
~

G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 163
100
200
300
TS.015 1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening tool

steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
300
_..3
"iij
"a. 200
~
i
Cii
..0
<;:::
E
:::>
-~
:2
100
~2
~
...----6
_5
Brne quenched 788 oc (1450 F) and tempered at:

curve 1, as quenched; curve 2, 100 oc (212 F); curve 3,
150 oc (300 oF); curve 4, 175 oc (350 F); curve 5,
205 oc (400 F); curve 6, 260 oc (500 F); curve 7,
315 oc (600 F), curve 8, 370 oc (700 F), curve 9,
425 oc (800 F). The toughness of the tool steel is measured in the torsion test as deformation in radians versus
the stress in the extreme fibers. 0.4 radians is about 23.
~
V
/
8
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Deformation in radians
2.0
2.4
Source: G.A. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th
ed., ASM International, 1998, p 137
2.8
Nonferrous Metals
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Cast Aluminum (CA)/279
Cast Aluminum (CA)

CA.001 124EG-T5 aluminum permanent mold
casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonie and
cyclic
1000
German casting material, Al-Sil2-Cu-Ni-Mg with T5

temper. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E
466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue
test practices.
800
a.
"'
600
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p B13
:::;:
ui
"'
~
400
200
...V
..
l&
.. ....
~~
--
1--"
............ ------............ ............ ............
10
Monotonie
12
14
............ ............
16
18
20
Strain x 0.001
70
PermanLt
60
/,
lP~
50
~ 40
ui
~
(f)
30
20
10
1
1
1
V
2
~ Sand
lnsulated
490
CA.002 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment: 2 h at

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 oc
(310 F), air coo1ed. Average mechanical properties for
permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
450 MPa (65.2 ksi); tensile yield strength, 402 MPa
(58.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 394 MPa (57 .1 ksi);
tensile yie1d strength, 372 MPa (53.9 ksi). Average
mechanical properties for insulated mold castings:
ultimate tensile strength, 359 MPa (52.1 ksi); tensile yield
strength, 349 MPa (50.6 ksi). UNS A02010
350
140
70
6
10
12
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
280/Cast Aluminum (CA)
490
CA.003 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

stress-strain curves, various casting processes
420
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F), water
(310 F), air coo1ed. Average compressive yield strength:
permanent mold castings, 433 MPa (62.8 ksi); sand
castings, 396 MPa (57.5 ksi); insulated mold castings,
382 MPa (55.4 ksi). UNS A02010
70
--i; ~
PermanJnt
60
-"
:i
~
Cii 30
20
10
50
350
280
1
1
1
14
60
lnsulated
50
"iii 40
~-
'-.......
"::
:i
210
-"
ui
6
8
1---
--
10
12

tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
70
Permanent
Sand
~ F===::::

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at
154 oc (310 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
420
--
350
280
tf
:2
ui
"'
~
(/) 30
210
20
140
10
70
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aiuminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," Oiin Corp., Jan 1973. As pubiished in Cast
Aiuminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/
70
~ t:--
"iii 40
Cii
140

28
42
56
- -
tf
:2
4
6
8
10
6
12
"'
Source: "Mechanicai Properties of Premium Aiuminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooiing Rates," Oiin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
70
60
50
;;; 40
-"'
li
cn 30
20
10
1
V
1
V
420

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F), water
(370 F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 385 MPa (55.8 ksi);
tensile yield strength, 374 MPa (54.2 ksi). Average
Sand
Insul~
350
280 ~
:2
210
~"'
140
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Alum.inum Casting Alloys

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3,
CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
70
------
Permanej
490
10
12
70
--:;:::::~
60
50
10
140
1
2

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F), water
(370 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
377 MPa (54.7 ksi). UNS A02010
210
420
280 ~
:2
"'
"'
cn 30

350
!'
-"'
Sand
~ted
;;; 40
20
Perman~nt
:::::-----r
490
70
6
8
10
12
~"'
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Prem.ium Aluminum Casting Alloys

14
60
50

28
42
56
"---- ~
u; 40
-"'

70
----- --Permanent
~nd
r.--,.
lnsulated
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

at 504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at
420
350
8:
280
:2
";
~
rJ)

with Various Cooiing Rates," Oiin Corp., Jan i973. As pubiished in Cast
";
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
12
Permanent
40
u;
-"
";
"'
~
20
10
280
~
;...-
30
350
50
1
1
2
Sand
~ ~:ed
210
"'
Il.
:2
140
70
6
8
10
12

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 oc
(310 F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
with Various Cooling Rates," Oiin Corp., Jan 1973. As pubiished in Cast
Aiuminum Section, Strurtural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/
Perman~
40
t r:::::
30
F- Sand
~lated
1-:=
280
210
~
1/
U)
UJ
20
10

350
50
1/
140
"'
a.
::::;

504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 oc
(310 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
238 MPa (34.5 ksi). UNS A02010

70
10
50
40
14
'~

28
42
56
70
CA.01 O 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive

84
350
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

at 504-521 oc (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oc (985 F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at
280
~
~ ._____
30
"iii
""1/
Permanent
Sand
210
"'
a.
::::;
lnsulated
1/
U)
Cii
20
140
10
70
4
6
8
10
6
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium A1uminum Casting Alloys

80
60
20
1
1/
v-- -
420
"'
a.
:2;
280
fi
~
C/J
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-463, 3-465
10
CA.012 242.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Cyclic
800
"'
0..
:2;
fi
Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(tension) = 14. S basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for strength class 1 and 2,
designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength,
414 MPa (60 ksi); tensile yield strength, 345 MPa
(50 ksi); compressive yie1d strength, 352 MPa (51 ksi).
UNSA12010
140
ti)
CA.011 A201.0-T7 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
560
600
U5
400
200
V
2
/--
L_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13
......... ............
Monotonie
10
12
Strain x 0.001
Al-Cu-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A02420
............ ..........
................. .............
...............
14
16
18
20
CA.013 A332.0-T5 (PC) aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A13320
replaced by UNS A03360
800
"'
a_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Dl4
r;; 600
CI)
~
400
Cyclic
200
~::=----
----
M~~otonic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
CA.014 E332.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
800
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Fl3
"'
a_
r;; 600
CI)
(fJ
400
Cyclic
200
vv
/
~f..----
V'"
M~~~tonic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200
1000
800
l1.
:2
g 600
ui
(/)
400
Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for

cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test
practices. UNS A63320 replaced by UNS A03320
Souree: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Al4
Monotonie
............ .............. ............ ............
............. ............ ............
v--. ........
200
CA.015 F332.0-T5 (SR) aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200r---~--~--.---.---.---~---.---.---,--~
800~--+---+---+---+---+-~+---~--~---r---
a."'
:2
ui
"'~
600~--~--+---+---+---+---4---4---~--~--~
Ci5
400~--~--~--+---+---+---+---+---~---r--~
........................................ .
200
ov
o
:.::~:
/ " ' ~ Monotonie
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
CA.016 354.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

cyclie
354.0-TS casting material, Al-Si-Cu-Mg system. Tested at

room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic
force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
UNSA03540
Source: John Deere Materials Data, courtesy of Deere & Co., Moline,
IL, p El2
50
40
L---
1---
--
u; 30
ui
Q)
a."'
::;:
1-
Specimen size: 6.25 mm (0.250 in.) diam, 31.75 mm

(1.25 in.) gage length. UNS A33550
280
210
""'ui
"'
CA.017 C355.0-T61 aluminum casting, tensile

uniaxial true stress-strain curve
350
20
140 (/)
10
70
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
True strain
0.50
0.60
0.70
Source: J. Mattavi, "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Under Biaxial Strain

Distribution," TP-67 -16-T, Hamilton Standard, Sept 1967. As published
in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 3,
30
25
20
CA.018 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

strain curves at severa! temperatures
245
35
,-- 80 F 27 C}
-'
'\
210
300 F [149 C}
175
450 OF [232
oc
140
"'
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 1.0 s- 1

Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
(bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 ac
(1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 ac (310 F)
for 3 h. UNS A03560
0..
10
--
1(
:2
105 IJ)
u
~
ii5
70
600 F [316 C}
--~
35
o
30
25
20
rr
210
1
50 0 F [26b 0 C}
T T
175
""X 4do OF [20~ oq
140
"'
0..
:2
1/
600 OF [316
105 IJ)
u
oc
ii5
10
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southem Research Institute,
Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71
30
25
20
300
;;
(149
'l)
175
450 'F (232 'C)

after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute,
Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71
70
600 'F 316'C}
5 /
35
30
20
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.01

s- 1 Ho1d times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
(bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 oc
(1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 oc (310 F)
for 3 h. UNS A03560
140
1/
10
25
CA.019 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

strain curves at severa! temperatures
210
210
~
f/
3j0 'F .(1 j9 'C)
175
~ 450 'F (232 'C)
140
"'
Il.
::!E
105 C/l
600 'F (316 'C)

10
Cii
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
25
CA.020 356.0-16 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves at several temperatures
210
30
80 OF J7 C)
'T
1/
Yr- ~
175
X 300 T(149t
20
140
"'
a.
:a;
450ioF (232IC)
105 ui
"'~
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is

0.00005 s- 1 Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s
(top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at
540 oc (1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 oc
(310 F) for 3 h. UNS A03560
Cii
10
----
o
30
25
20
~
ui
~ 15
300
35
~3161)
o
210
175
(149 C)
140
450 OF (232 oc
"'
a.
:a;
105 ui
"'
(/)
10

after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southem Research Institute,
Part l, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71
70
- --0.01
0.02
0.03
70
35
160~ OF (31r C)
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
70
60
"iii 40
""1/
E
cn 30
50
20 K
420
Chill cast aluminum. Hardness, 41 HRB. UNS A03560
280
::i:
Room temperature
1/
210
20
140
10
70
0.06
0.03
of Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70
76K
195 K
~~
CA.021 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves at low temperature
350
(_------
490
0.12
0.09
0.15
Strain, in./in.
CA.022 A356-T6 aluminum cast cylinder, monotonie

tensile stress-strain curve
300
X
250
/; ~
200
~::
.-
r:--,-
......
''
z
Near-net-shape casting formed by pouring molten alloy,

704 oc (1300 F) into investment molds at room
temperature (X), 538 oc (1000 F) (Y), and 982 oc
(1800 F) (Z). Three different cooling rates create
different microstructures. Curves are results from one
laboratory. Property values are averages from seven labs
as part of a round-robin test program. Young's modulus,
GPa (psi x 106), X, 70 (10.1), Y, 70 (10.1), Z, 71 (10.3);
yield strength 0.2% MPa (ksi), X, 229 (33.3), Y, 224
(32.5), Z, 217 (31.5); ultimate strength MPa (ksi), X, 283
(41.1), Y, 266 (38.6), Z, 252 (36.6); strain hardening
exponent (n), X, 0.083, Y, 0.087, Z, 0.091; strain
hardening coefficient K, MPa (ksi), X, 388 (56.4), Y, 397
(57.6), Z, 382 (55.4). UNS Al3560
"'
a_
:::;;
gf 150
1!
~
100
V
50 ~
1/
5
10
15
Strain x 0.001
20
25
30
Source: Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-T6 Cast Aluminum

Alloy, R.l. Stephens, Ed., SP-760, Society of Automotive Engineers,
1988.
50
350
40
280
CA.023 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
~ermanent
30
20
10
~
V
\Sand
210
\
::::;
g
140
"'
c..
lnsulated
Source: "Mechanica1 Properties of Premium A1uminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," 01in Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
A1uminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 3, CINDAS/
70
10
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 oc

(1000 F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
temperature, 3 h at 154 oc (310 F), and air cooled.
Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile
strength, 253 MPa (36.7 ksi); tensile yield strength,
223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
(29.8 ksi). UNS A13560
12
40
30
'Cii
~
,;;
"'
~
20
10
CA.024 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

350
50
----~---
280
f- Permanent
f- Sand
v--
lnsulated
210
gf
140
70
6
8:::::;

Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
castings, 219 MPa (31.7 ksi); sand castings, 245 MPa
(35.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 192 MPa (27.9 ksi).
UNSA13560
10
12
Source: "Mechanica1 Properties of Premium A1uminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," 01in Corp., Jan 1973. As pub1ished in Cast
A1uminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 3, CINDAS/
50
14

28
42
56

70
280
40
30
~
<I
"'
~
cn
20
~"-...
-~-1---;::
""' 1---1--..
210
--.!:,ermanent
~ulated-:--
::i:
r-
r--
140 Ci5
1-
70
14
4
10
6
8

28
42
56
CA.026 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves
70
280
40
Compression \
30
'<~
"(ii
-"'
<I
"'
~
cn
20
10

Alurninum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 3, CINDAS/
<I
10
50

temperature, 3 h at 154 oc (310 F), and air cooled. UNS
Al3560
V:
V
~---~---
210
Tension
140
.......
\
70
"'
c..
::i:
6
8
10
6
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters,

n(tension) = 10, n(compression) = 9.2. In the temper
designation, T6P, P indicates a difference in the standard
procedure or difference in the minimum tensile requirements as compared to the Aluminum Association's limits.
S basis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218: Ultimate
tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and compressive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS A13560
294/Cast Alurninurn (CA)
CA.027 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, fu li range

350
50
40
30
v---
280
210
u;
.l<
,f
::;;;
ui
ui
<Il
<Il
Ui
140
20
o
o
0.02
0.06
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.08
CA.028 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, tensile

420
60
..---
50
40
1-- 0.001
in./in.
280
a."'
::;;;
210 ui
<Il
(J)
140
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full

range strain is given in% (top curve) and the expanded
range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottom curve).
Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS Al3570
350
10
70
10
20
Ui
Tested at room temperature. X indicates fracture. In the

temper designation T6P, P indicates a difference in the
standard procedure or difference in the minimum tensile
requirements as compared to the Aluminum Association's
limits. S hasis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218:
ultimate tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and
compressive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS
A13560
70
Strain, % and 0.001 in .lin.
10
Source: "Deve1opment: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"

A1coa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
40
u;
1-280
210
"'~
Ci5
10
30
..><
u)
20
CA.029 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
350
50
~-
140 Ci5
IV
&.
:2
Class 2 alloy casting, designated area, at room

temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension) =
16. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi)
for :strength class 2, designated area within casting:
ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile and
cornpressive yield strength, 276 MPa (40 ksi). UNS
A13570
70
10
12
u;
50
350
40
280
.L-~
30
? ----
..><
u)
"'~
Ci5
20
10
+--
Permanent
Sand
210
-
:2
gf
~
140
70
"'
o.
lnsulated
CA.030 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
10
12
CI)
Effe:ct of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C

Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile
strength, 268 MPa (38.9 ksi); tensile yield strength,
229 MPa (33.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
.179 MPa (26.0 ksi); tensile yield strength, 179 MPa
(26.0 ksi). UNS Al3570
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
350
50

Permanent\.
40
280
~->::::::r-
~ ~~sulated
nd
30
ui
"'~
Cii
50
40
30
'iii
ui
140
1
o
14
a."'
:2
20
10
210
1r
6
8

28
42
56
~r---
10
12

70

temperature, 5 h at 177 oc (350 F), and air cooled. UNS
Al3570
- - Permanent
r-::::::::: ~
~
ui
"'~
Cii
210
"'
a.
:2
F==:::r-
ui
1--
CI)
20
140
10
70

with Various Cooling Rates," 01in Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
A1uminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 3,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66
70
280
-"'

Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
castings, 256 MPa (37.2 ksi); sand castings, 240 MPa
(34.8 ksi); insulated mold castings, 232 MPa (33.7 ksi).
UNS A13570
4
6
8
10
12

with Various Coo1ing Rates," O!in Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 3, CINDAS/
60
50
40
1
1/
1
~
gf 30
~
Ci)
---
o
o
CA.033 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, compressive

stress-strain curve
350
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.).

Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
Source: "Deve1opment: PremiumAlloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"
Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
280
20
10
r-
420
140
70
o
4
10
12
40
u;
280
210
1/
""u;
!/)
Ci)
10
v-~
30
20
CA.034 D357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
350
50
IJ..
:2
140
"'
70
Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(tension) = 16. B basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for designated area within
casting: ultimate tensile strength, 338 MPa (49 ksi);
tensile and compressive yie1d strength, 285 MPa (41 ksi).
UNSA43570
10
~
Ci)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Wrought Aluminum (WA)/299
Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.001 Heat-treatable aluminum alloys, true stressstrain curves
X2020-T6, 2014-T4, 2024-T36, 2024-T86, 6061-0,
6061-T4, 6061-T6, 6063-T6, 7075-0, 7075-T6, 7079-T6,
7178-T6
8L--------L--------L---~---L--L-------~s6
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.1
0.2
98
14
./
12
84
T~y
10
1~ ~
70
.,-o- )o-U'"
Nominal
IV
1
1
1
1
28
1
..ryC'
,.....o-" >--'"
Yield strength
14
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44
0.4
Slrain, in./in.
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
WA.002 1060-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves

The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identica! for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 67.2 MPa
(9.75 ksi). True tensile strength, 86.2 MPa (12.5 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 21 MPa (3.0 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 42.7%. Reduction of
area, 91%. True strain at maximum load, 24.8%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA91060
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
Oct 1951
300/Wrought Aluminum (WA)
14
12
/~
10
ui 8
"'
IL
84
Nominal
"'"'
~
.,...~
Yield
\
strength1
1
1
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
2.0
1.2
1.6
12
1
1
~
28

July 1954
0.28
2.4
2.8
'\.
.,/"'
1o
0.32
3.2
126
WA.004 1060-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

112

essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 119 MPa
(17.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 121 MPa (17.5 ksi).
area, 79%. True strain at maximum load, 2.0%. A log-log
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
0.02 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
A91060
~~
strength 98
84
"'
Il.
70
\
\
u;
28
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
o
o
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.8
1.2
"'~
56 .!!!
\
\
1
1
~
1ii
42
1/
0.24
-...., ~o~inal
~
42 ~
1 14
"'
~.,
\
\
0.04
14
"'
Il.
56 :2
ui

(10.6 ksi). True tensile strength, 87.6 MPa (12.7 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 31.1 %. Reduction of
of 0.14 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
A91060
18
16
70
~ f.--
1ii
.!!!
u;
c
WA.003 1 060-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

98
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Strain, in./in.
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
0.08
0.09
0.1 o
c
~

July 1954
16
14
/
~~
12
<=
t!!1
'\
:2
56 ~
~
u;
<=
t!!1
42
28

UNSA91100
70 a.
"'
:2
..k,
Yield strength
98
84
u;
WA.005 11 00-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
Nominal
-"'
~
1i)
.....--
/,
10
u;
ui
!1)
112

July 1954
14
1
1
1
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.112
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
2.0
0.24
0.28
0.32
2.4
20
WA.006 11 OO-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

140
.]:.Yll
. ..rl
15
Nominal
~ ....
r-tr
105
''
strength
''
a."'
:2
0.01
<=
t!!1
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
-i;
u;
o
o
())
70
:2
i_
0.08
35

Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 99.3 MPa (14.4
ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 8.5%. Reduction
of area, 76%. True strain at maximum load, 3.4%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
UNSA91100
July 1954
0.09
20

140
_.,..True
f clv ~~
.T - -
Nominal
strength
15
105
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
1
1
1
35
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 o
o
o
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.05

203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensi1e strength, 132 MPa
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 122.7 MPa
(17.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 6.8%.
Reduction of area, 79%. True strain at maximum load,
1.7%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
yield a slope (n) of 0.02 in the area of uniform plastic
deformation. UNS A91100
July 1954
0.07

210
30
_.
True
25
~ 20
Nominal
ui
-~ 15
/~ ~dstrength
10
1
V
o
o
0.01
"'
(J_
140 :2:
gf
~
""'
1/
175
p-
Cii
~
105 -~
\
\
\
\
\
70
\
\
\
\
35
\
\
\
)..
0.02
2
0.04
0.03
Strain, in./in.
0.05
5
0.06
0.07

0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA91100
July 1954
20
1-::::::::
L ~d
140
Nominal
True_
strength
15
1/
""~\
105
1\
1
\
\
0.01
1
1
35
1
1
1
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
1 o
0.09


UNSA91100
July 1954
Temperatura,
80
WA.010 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-T6,

room-temperature tensile properties
1r8________,93~-------2,o_4________3T16________,42ko
Effect of exposure to elevated temperature. Composition:

Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
~
u..~
Source: Metal1ic Materials & E1ements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

M/L-HDBK-5, Dept. of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS/
60
~c
~
.sa
"'
5""
40
0.5 h
o 100 h
20
1000 h
L---------L---------~--------~--------~140
80 .---------,---------,---------,---------,540
420
60
"'
0..
::1:
u...i:'
u...i:'
.c
;;,
c
280
40
.c
g>
~
"'>=
"'
"C
"C
Cii
140
20
OL---------L---------~--------~--------~0
i"l 1 ,:P--E 1
oo
200
400
Temperatura, F
600
800
WA.011 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-T6, bar,

80,-------r-------,-------,-------,-------,560
Tested at various temperatures. Bar diameter: 19.05 mm

(0.75 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg.
UNSA92014
50~------+--------h~~~-+~~~~~------4350"'
a.
::;;
Source: "Phase II--Cryogenic Properties of 2014-T6 and A-286,"

Beii Aerosystems Co., BLR61-35(M) Rev. A, 29 June 1962. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201,
: 40 1----------1------~L.L-----,~_.j,~:::==-1---------J280 ~
~
QL-------L-------~-------L-------L-----~0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain, in./in.
50

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
350
Shorttime
,.
40
/
...... ........
""
--- -----
Tested at 205 C (400 F). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014

280
Source: F.M. Howell and G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress-Strain

Curves for Severa! Heat-Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300
and 400 F," Alcoa Research Laboratories, 29 Aprill958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
1h
10 h
30
210
'iii
"'uicn
~ 20
ui
cn
140
1000 h
10
70
o~----------~o-.o~o-4-----------o-.o~o-8----------~o.of2
Strain, in./in.
a."'
::;;
100 h
80
Rolled
60
1~3
20
in. (76 mm)
--
f=_--
:.--
t, thickness. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg.

UNSA92014
420
"'
[)._
:2
280 ui
140
- - - Tension
- - Compression
t= 0.125-0.499 in.
(3.175-12.675 mm)
gf 40

rolled bar, rod, and extrusions, tensile and
560
b~r, rod, and shapes
1--~~~+-~~~'-f-~~~--+~~~--t~~~--J
"'
280 ui
w
0 0~----~2~---~4~--~--~6--~-~8--~~~1~
Source: Metallic Materials & E1ements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

MIL-HDBK-5, Dept of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As pub1ished
inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS/
Temperature,
150
95
"""' ~ " ""
20
~~
Exposure time
30 min
... 96 h
10,000 h
1
80
- 60
20
"'
260
315
"'
c..
:2
--...___
420
280
'~
.______
140
560
420 c..
"'
:2
....-'
~
c
"'
&i ~00
200
~-
300
"*E
'---
-~
="'
c
~ "~
~ """
;; 20
::J
LI..-
..........
",,
ec

rolled and drawn rod, effect of exposure to elevated
temperature on tensile properties
oc
205
400
_.....
500
Exposure temperature, F
600
700
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014

Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Properties of Aluminum
and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oct 1960. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
Temperatura,
oc

forged rod, effect of exposure to elevated
,1_5________,95__________
20r5_________3,1_5________-,42~
60
80
~
-=-
60 f-----------1------\---.-''-;t---------'"rl----------l 420
~"'
-=-
~
c
~
c
2
~ 40
~
2
280 ~
~
Exposure time
30 min
100 h
1000 h
o 10,000 h
20L---------~---------L--------~--------~140
80
560
60
420
"'
a..
:;
-=-
-=-
~
.s::
o,
c
'5,
280
40
"O
"O
Ci
Ci
;;::
;;::
20
140
80
560
40
280
E'
E
~
-~
N
.!:
c
o
1iiOl
c
o
[jJ
o
o
200
... ~
../-:
400
Exposure temperature, oF
V
600
?.
o
800
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014

Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Properties of Aluminum
and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oct 1960. As published
Test temperatura,

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
compressive yield strength
80~15
________~95__________
20~5_________3,1_5_________,42~60
Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014

Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous and
Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures;
AFTR 6517, Pt 3, Dec 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 22
Exposure
1/2 h
o 100 h
A 1000 h
200
400
8o8
600
Tes! temperatura, F
80
60
.---;;::_
r-
--

sheet, uniaxial and biaxial stress-strain curves
560
X
Biaxial
2:1
Uniaxial
~ 13.5%
Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for sheet thickness

3.18 mm (0.125 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Biaxial
420
1:1
i
Cii
280 "
c
..
Cii
c
.E
o
z
20
140
Source: E.L. Terry and S.W. McCiaren, "Biaxial Stress and Strain
Data on High Strength Alloys for Design of Pressurized Components,"
ASD-TDR-62-401, Chance-Vought Corp., 1962. As published in
31 0/Wrought Aluminum (WA)
WA.018 2014-16 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-16,

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
70.---.---.----r---r---.---,---,----.---r-~490
Ro om
Temperatura
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
~--+---~--~---r---+--~--~-=~~--r-__,420
350
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous

Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3201, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1995, p 19
2
560

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
490
Tested at room and elevated temperatures (1/2 hour at

temperature). Sheet thickness: 1.626 mrn (0.064 in.).
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Room
temperatura
420
350
:i
"'
0..
::;;;
40 ~--+---+---~-----/"-A----71"'-----+--~----1----t--__, 280 ui
U)
~
210
5oo F (260 c)
140
Strain, in./in.
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous and

Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
1995, p 22
100~--------r---------r---------~--------,
700
80~--------~--------~--------+---------1
560
Tested at 150-315 oc (300-600 F). Thermal expansion

included. Sheet thickness: 1.016 mm (0.040 in.).
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
oq-------+--------+-------1 420
300 OF (149
60

sheet, short-time total strain curves
..
o
0.27%
400 OF (204
40
oq
280
"'
Il.
J.A. Van Echo, W.F. Wirth, and W.F. Simmons, "Short-Time Creep
Properties of Structural Sheet Materials for Aircraft & Missiles," AFTR
6731, Pt III, May 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Pnrdue University, 1995, p 25
::2
140
tJ
CI)
~
(/)
70
10
56
8
Total strain
2%
o 3%
... 5%
V 7%
4
10-3
42
28
10
10- 1
Time, h
10-2
80
----
560
WA.021 2014-T4 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
490

YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 19.05 mm
(0.75 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 448 MPa (65.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
517 MPa (75.0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
302 MPa (43.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
16.8%. Reduction of area, 32%. True strain at maximum
load, 14.1 %. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A92014
True
70
~ 50
CI)
"'
~ 40
.!!1
Nominal
420
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
~ !,.o-o-o-<
Yield strength
~ 30
10
'/
~
a;
20
60
~
f,.-<>-
1
V
o
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
350
::2
tJ
CI)
280 ~
CI)
.!!1
c
210 ~
a;
140
70
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
6
8
10
0.14
0.16
&
0.18
Sonrce: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

June 1953
--
80
70
60
gj
--~
30
l:l
"ijj
c
210 ~
140
70

July 1954
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
(a)
0.12
10
12
560
70
-~
50
l:l
())
~ 40
"ijj
30
10
.r...-of' ~
~---420
Yield strength
350
1
V
&.
:2
"'"'
280 ~
"'
~
u;
c
210 ~
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08

(b)
490
20
-~ ~
Nominal
60
0.10
80
gj
&.
280 ~
(/)

YS, yield strength. Test direction: (a) longitudinal; (b)
transverse. Test specimen thickness, 15.9 mm (5/8 in.).
Gage 1ength: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
473 MPa (68.6 ksi). True tensile strength, 514 MPa
(74.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 436 MPa
deforrnation. UNS A92014
:2
1/
20
490
350
~
u;
WA.022 2014-T6 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

420
Yield strength
"'
:!!
1ii 40
10
lj
50
ui
~
Nominal
560
0.10
0.12
10
12
WA.023 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-TG,

700
100
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 27; n(long transverse, tension) = 20. UNS A92014
560
Longitudinal
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
_l
60
~
ui
"'
~
(/)
40
20
V
2
Long
tr~nsverse
420
CII
Il..
:2
!!:!
280
U5
140
10
12
14

28
42
56
80
-- /
V
V
60
""fi
~"'
(/)
40
20
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness :S:76.20 mm (:::::3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 31;
n(L, compression) = 25. UNS A92014
560
Longitudinal, compression
o;
WA.024 2014-T6 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,

and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
70
r--
Longitudinal, tension
---
~ :=:---t:"ongitudinal, co~pression
420
CII
Il..
:2
ui
1'\
8
6
10
6
280 (/)
140
12
14

28
42
56
80
"--..... r--
;;;
-"'
oo"
"'~
i'ii
40
20
V
2
L, compression
---:::::
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998

420
1--L, tension
1---
~
280 i'ii
6
8
10
4
12
90
630
WA.026 2014-T6 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
80
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical. UNS A92014
70
60
-+
Long transverse
---
Source: MILBDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998
490
420
(Il
350 ~
gj 50
ui
"'
(Il
a.
::;;;
140
Longitudinal
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for extrusion thickness 3.17 5-12.67 5 mm
(0.125-0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
tension) = 23; n(L, compression) = 15. UNS A92014
560
L, compression
60
WA.025 2014-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

and compressive stress-strain and compressive
70
ui
40
280 ]
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
Cll
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
14

28
42
56
70

84
80.------,-----,------.------.------~-----,560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
::;;12.675 mm (::;;0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) =29; n(LT, tension) = 17; n(L, compression)
= 29; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A92014
Source: MILHDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
g
~
:2:
40 f------t-------F-t------+------+-------t---1-----l 280 o
Cii
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------1~0--~~1~

6
80

560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness

parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long transverse, tension) = 19. UNS A92014
Longitudin~l"""
Long transverse
60
20
420
V
1
2
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, 1 Dec 1998
"'
o._
:2:
280 o
140
6
10
WA.029 2014-T651 aluminum alloy plate,

modulus curves
80 Fo____~1r4____~28~----~42~----~56L---~T-----~M560
LT, compression
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;

LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness 6.35-50.80
mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 18.
UNSA92014
20~----~-----1------+------+------+--+--~140

6
80
70
60
--
(- f.---
__
Longit~n~.,
t---x
560
WA.030 2014-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.70-19.025 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A92014
420
Long transverse
350
50
"'
[L
::;;:
gf 40
280 .;
"'
~
rn
rn
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14

490
70
Longitudinal
-==--- . . . .
Long transverse :'""" ~ "
_,/ ~
60
420

350
50
280 ~
::2
'iii 40
"'ui
ui
(i5 30
210 (i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
14
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10

28
42
56
0.12
70
0.14
84
80.-----.------,------~----~----~-------560
WA.032 2014-T652 aluminum alloy hand forging,

Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 50.825-76.20 mm (2.001-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT,
tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) = 13; n(L, compression) =
17; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 22.
UNSA92014
IL..__ _ _ _
_J2_____..,L4______.L6______8L______j10---'-------'12
6
WA.033 2017-T4 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

rod, tensile stress-strain curves
80
True
70
./
60
]1 50
tl
40
_/"
30
10
1
1
210
1
1
1
1
0.06
--
0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
50
~ 40
0.14
l'
1 Yield strength
1:1
/
f
1
1
o
o
0.16
630
WA.034 X2020-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

560

490
"'
a..
1
1
:2
350 u
"'~
280 ~
c
~
210
"'
140
70
l
0.02
2
0.18
420
/
V
140
30
Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
280
0.04
10
70
~ 60
20
Yield strength
Nominal
u;
350
1
1
Tru;._
"'
tl"'
420
1
1
1
1

(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 459 MPa (66.5 ksi). True tensile strength,
load, 14.8%. UNS A92017
1
1
90
70
'1
1
0.02
80
~!>-o-!>-o-
490
Nominal
u;
20
H-
~~...o-
l.--
560
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
6
8
4
0.10
0.12
10
12
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
WA.035 2024-T3 and 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, ciad

2024, rolled bar, extrusion, and sheet, complete
700
100
11
80
;;;
60
-"
ui
"'~
Ci5
118 in. (3.175 mm) thick extrusion, T4 condition
~
V
420
Rolled bar, T4 condition
ui
280
20
140
rf.
Source: A.J. McEvily, Jr., W. Illig, and H.F. Hardrath, "Static Strength
of Aluminum-Alloy Specimens Containing Fatigue Cracks," NACA
TN3816, Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 15
:2
40
2.5
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
560
\ Sheet, T3 condition
7.i>
10
12.5
Strain,%
15
17.5
20
WA.036 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, true-stress, truestrain curves
100.-------------,--------------,-------------,700
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

50
350
;;;
<ti
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
Q)
:::J
t=
Source: G.W. Brown and R. Ikegami, The Fatigue of Aluminum Alloys

Subjected to Random Loading, Exp. Mech., Vol10, Aug 1970,
Vol3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
"'
20
140 2Q)
1-
10~----------~-------------+-------------170
5L---L---~--~----L---~--~--~-----L--_J35
1o- 3
1o- 2
10-'
70
.---
~ - - - Tran~verse
60
~~
50
"ii)
40
""'g
1!
1i5 30
20
10
Short transverse
'/
420
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
350
Source: D.J. Brownhill et al., "Mechanical Properties, Including

Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, Corrosion Characteristics and FatigueCrack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aluminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-10, Alcoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As published
280 rf.
::2:
ui
210 1i5
1
V
140
70
WA.037 2024-T852 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

490
Lon~itudinal
6
8
10
12
WA.038 2024-T6 and 2024-T852 aluminum alloy

forgings, effects of heat treatment on tensile
properties
Test direction: short transverse. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
455
65
a."'
;;;
-"'
::!!:
-5
420 ~
g> 60
c:
(ii
385
55
50L-------~------~-------~------~L-----~350
!--;-_--.!_
4
6
Cold reduction, %
10
Source: J.H. Huli and S.J. Erwin, How Deformation Affects the
Mechanical Properties of A1uminum Forgings, Met. Eng. Quart.,
Vo112, Nov 1972, p 1-6. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo13, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
Exposure temperatura,
oc
-,15_________,95__________
20,5_________3,1_5________4~2~
80
60
WA.039 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, effects of exposure

to elevated temperature on tensile properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cul.6Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: "2024-T4 Products," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet,
Sept 1957. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo1 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
h
o 100 h
y"
"'1000 h
ZQL---------~---------L--------~--------~140
n. bhd:::
o
200
400
Exposure temperatura, F
600
800
95
"Cii
""'- 60
Exposure temperature, C
205
o,
\\
Cii
E 40
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
.\\ ~
\
~
.c
WA.040 2024-T81 aluminum alloy, effects of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
315
Tested at room temperature

1
1/2 h
o 100 h
1000 h
8:
420 :::?:_
~
.c
o,
"'
Cii
Ql
280 1ii
E
.... i'----o
20
140
60
420
"'
(J_
"Cii
:::?!
""'-".,.
!:!:.
.c
.c
g> 40
280
g>
~
Cii
Cii
"O
"O
a;
a;
:;:
:;:
20
140
~~J;J;~
__ -~
rc____1
._
o
200
-o _ _ _ _ _
400
600
800
Source: "2024-TSl," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.

Exposure temperature,
95
oc
205
WA.041 2024-T86 aluminum alloy, effects of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
315
....
~
~ 60~--------1--------1~+------*~----------1420 ~
~
~
~
c
~
-~ 40
280 ~
Tested at ro9m temperature
Y:. h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
2QL---------~----------~--------~--------~140
80.---------,----------,---------,----------,560
420
60
"'
0..
:2
>-
>-
g> 40
~
280
g>
~
"O
"O
:;:::
:;:::
Cii
Cii
140
20
oL_________
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
L-------~o
r1L____.L___..-l.L~---P~--~1
o
200
400
600
800
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: "2024-T86," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.
80
Lo~git~al
70
60
/
V
50
"Cii
""'.;rn
~
10
350
"'
o._
::2
Ci.i
210
140
70
8
6
10
12
WA.043 2024-T3, 2024-T6, 2024-T81, and 2024-T86

aluminum alloy sheet and plate, tensile stress-strain
curves
560
T81
T3
T6
T86
490
Tested at various temperatures; 30 min exposure. RT,

room temperature; 93 oc (200 F); 100 C (212 F);
150 oc (300 F); 205 oc (400 F); 260 oc (500 F);
315 oc (600 F); 363 oc (685 F). Composition: Al4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
60
50
350
40
280 .;
"'
c;;
""'gf
Source: D.J. Brownhill et al., "Mechanicai Properties, Including

Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, Corrosion Characteristics and FatigueCrack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aiuminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-10, Alcoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As pubiished
Purdue University, i995, p i7
280 .;
80
70
490
420
1
1

Transverse
Ci.i
20
1Short transverse
40
30
560
o._
::2
rn
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
Source: "Tensiie Stress-Strain Curves for 2024," Alcoa Research

Laboratories Data Sheets, Oct and May i957. As pubiished in
Purdue University, i995, p 18
60
WA.044 2024-T4 aluminum alloy bar and extrusions,

420
Room temperature
Tested at various temperatures. Extrusion dimensions:

6.35 X 38.1 mm (0.25 x 1.5 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
200 F (93 C)
300 F (149 C}
400 F (204 'C)
50
350
280
40
"'
u;
""'tJ
<f)
0..
Source: S.A. Gordon, R. Simon, and W.P. Achbach, "MaterialsProperty-Design Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Pt 4,
Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19
::.;;:
210
30
tJ
<f)
cn
140
20
0 oL-------~2--------4L-------~6--------~8------~1~
70
60
50
u; 40
""'tJ
---v-- ---
.....
'1'
Room
te~perature
~
U 30
WA.045 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: transverse.

Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
420
300 'F (149 'C)
400 'F (206 'C)
1--
490
--!---...
350
280
&.
::.;;:
~o
'F(260 'C) gf
~
210 U
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: "Correlation of Infonnation Available on the Fabrication of

Aluminum Alloys, Section IV," Case Institute Final Report to Nat. Def.
Res. Comm., 15 Sept 1944. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 19
Temperatura,
-15
-130
100-240
~
~~
...
--
205
WA.046 2024-13, 2024-T4, and 2024-1351

aluminum alloy sheet and plate, effects of
315
Tested at -195 to 370 oc (-320 to 700 F) after 10,000 h

exposure. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-1Mn.
UNSA92024
f!u
~~
... ... _...
..... ;::: ... ,::-
95
.... 1-,!==
i!y
Source: "Aluminum Standards and Data," The Aluminum Association,

6th ed., March 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
~~
'~
'~
Sheet, T3
"'Plate, T4 and T352
120
.
~IlO
-200
-.- / '
200
Temperatura, f
400
/
600
800
WA.047 2024-T6 aluminum alloy, isochronous

stress-strain curves in tension
60,------,-----,------,-----~------,-----,420
Tested at 150 oc (300 F) (top) and 205 oc (400 F)

(bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-1Mn.
UNSA92024
280
40
"'
a.
li
~
:2
30
210 "'
cn
Ci)
20
140
10
70
4
420
60
350
50
--- ----
Short time
40
...
... ...
c;;
...
280
a."'
-"'
:2
"' 30
cn
210 "'
cn
Jl
(/)
20
140
10
70
o
o
6
10
12
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for Severa! Heat-Treated

Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1995, p 24

Tested at 150 oc (300 F) (top) and 205 oc (400 F)

UNSA92024
280
40
u;
Q_
::;;;
-"'
gf 30
210 .;
(/)
Ci5
(/)
20
140
10
70
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in .
60
.------,------,-~---r----~,-----,420
--
50~-----+-----~------+------+------~~--4350
Short
time /
,....-
6
10

Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 25
'iii
"'
"'~
70
490
60
420
50
350
40
280
1/
WA.049 2024-186 aluminum alloy, isochronous

Tested at 150 oc (300 F) (top) and 205 ac (400 F)
UNS A92024
::;;
1/
U5 30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
10
"'~
U5
12
70
490
60
420
50
350
u; 40
280
"'1/
::;;
1/
"'
~
(/) 30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
10
12
"'~
U5

Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 25
--
80
True
70
60
~
ui
"'~
50
1ii
~ 40
c
30
V
L,..--o-"
.............
V
~
-o-'

YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness, 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 464 MPa (67.3 ksi). True tensile strength,
load, 16.3%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniform
0..
350 :2
~~"ooO"
Yield strength
280 "iij
J!1
210
140
70
490
420
10
WA.050 2024-TJ, aluminum alloy plate, tensile

Nominal
20
560
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Aug 1954
0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
Strain, in./in.
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
80
or------~14~----2~8~----~4~2____~5T6~__~7To~--~8~4 560
60r-----~----~,-----1-----~------+-----~420
L, ten sion
LT, compression
_J.______,~-1
LT, tension
::.----1--L, c~mpression
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in~
6
WA.051 2024-TJ aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
~6.325 mm (~0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 12; n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 11. UNS A92024
WA.052 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
80.-----,------,------,------,------,-----,560
parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 15; n(L,
UNSA92024
60~----~----~------~-----+------~----~420
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
8
6
10
WA.053 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, ciad 2024T351, plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
14
28
42
56
70
84
r------,-----,------,------,------r-----~420
280
40
"'
u;
0..
-"'
li
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
parameter: n(L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 9.0; n(L,
compression) = 9.0; n(LT, compression) = 12.
UNS A92024
30
210 .;
"'
~
(f)
20
140

6

modulus curves

14
28
42
56
70
84
.------r-----,------.------.------.------.420
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L,

longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion
thickness 6.35-19.02 mm (0.250-0.749 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n(L, compression) = 16; n(LT, compression) = 17. UNS A92024
280
u;
"'
Cl.
.><
ui
"'
210 ui
UJ
Cii
"'~
140
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------1~0--~~1~

6
90
630
WA.055 2024-T36 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

80
560
Upper curve test direction, longitudinal; lower curve test

direction, transverse. The upper row of strain values on
the abscissa applies to both the complete true curve and
the complete nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the expanded portion of the curves; this
expanded portion is essentially identica! for both the true
and nominal curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen
thickness, 12.7 mrn (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mrn
(1.75 in.). Nominal longitudinal values: Tensile strength,
deforrnation. UNS A92024
70
60
490
l..--o-"
t,.-o"""
Yield strength
420
.; 50
1
1
"'~
1ii
~ 40
1
1
_j_
!!!
~
30
1
1
1
20
10
1
1
1
1
1
oo
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
&.
:::;
350 "'"
(/)
280 ~
(/)
c:::
~
210
140
70
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
630
90
80
..........: ~
u;
r.J-
.; 50
40
30
10
..n.
o
o
o
"'
Q_
:::;
350 .;
1
1
280 ~
!!!
1
1
1
V
420
Yield strength 1
c:::
20
V'
!,..o-o-<>""
"'~
490
-"'
u;
""
/
!
60
560
70
1ii
~
210
1
1
1
140
1
1
1
70
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
6
8
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
14

28
42
56
50
40
20
10
---""' -----,K ---1/
L, compression
1
V
2
70
WA.056 2024-T4 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,

and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
L, tension
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness ::::;139.70 mm (::::;5.500 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(L,
compression) = 10. UNS A92024
280
1--- L, compression
--
:2
210
1\
<I
(/)
140
7d
6
8
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 1O psi
4
10

plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and

14
28
42
56
70
84
50r------,------r-----,------,------,------,350
L and LT, compression
__"::::::::::::=F~ L, tension
LT, tension
;;;
30
210
UNSA92024
a."'
""'<I
:2
!/)
<I
!/)
U5
20
140
10r--f---r----~-------~-----+------+r-----470
00~----~-----L----~------~----_u----~0
6
8
10
6
12
WA.058 2024-T42 aluminum alloy extrusion,

modulus curves
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
60r-----,-----~-----,~--~T-----~----~420
:2:38.10 mm (:2:1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, compression) = 32; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNSA92024
350
280
40

ro
u;
0..
-"'
gf 30
210
II
Ul
2!
cn
1i5
20
140
10
70
10

6
60
14

42
56
28
70
84

sheet, compressive stress-strain and compressive
420
50
350
40
280

parameter: n(longitudinal, compression) = 17; n(1ong
transverse, compression) = 17. Tensile yie1d strength: Iongitudinal, 324 MPa (47 ksi); long transverse, 317 MPa
(46 ksi). UNS A92024
C\1
u;
0..
~
-"'
gf 30
210 .,;
"'
!'!
1i5
20
140
10
70
8
10
6
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 1O psi
4
12
Temperatura, 'C
-15
100
150
40
205
260
315
370
425
WA.060 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (ali products),

effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024

0 oL----1L00----2~00----3~0-0----4~0-0---5~0L0----60L0----70L0--~800
Temperatura, 0 f
Temperatura, 'C
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
100r---~~~~---,----,-----,----,----,---~
WA.061 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (ali products),

effect of temperature on tensile yield strength

0 oL-.___10L0----2~00----3~0-0---4~0-0---5~0-0----60L0____
70L0__~800
Temperatura, 0 f
80 o.-____,14,_--~2,a~----4~2~__~5T6____~7ro____~a4 560
WA.062 2024-T62 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

modulus curves
UNS A92024

6
-15
-::.::> 100
40
!:1.::-.c
ii
Ol
Temperatura, "C
95
c:
~
u;
c:
2
''*
150
80
'
60
Ol
c:
"fa
(])
-"
~
205
260
315
370
425
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024

Y.h
2h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
40
(])
a.
E
E
o
20
(])
Ol
.$
c:
(])
Il.
o
o
100
200
300
WA.063 2024-T81, 2024-T851, 2024-T8510, and

2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (ali products), effect of
temperature on bearing ultimate strength
400
500
Temperatura, "F
600
700
800
-15
100
40
--
95
Temperatura, 'C
150
205
260
r---...,
315
370
WA.064 2024-TBl, 2024-T851, 2024-T8510, and

2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (ali products), effect of
425
temperature on bearing yield strength
\\
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024

Y:zh
2h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, 'F
600
700
800
80.------,-----,------,------,------,-----~560
parameter: n(L, tension) = 22, n(LT, tension) = 18.
UNSA92024
~
gf 40 r---~-r-~~---r~r--~~-+-~~--t~~~+-~~----j 280
8:.
:a:
ui
Ci)
0 0~----~2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0----~1;
WA.066 2024-1851 aluminum alloy plate,

modulus curves

100
14
28
42
84
70
56
80
---.......
-\
/
60
..><
.;
rJ)
g
(f)
40
20

parameter: n(L and LT, compression) = 17. UNS A92024
560
~;::::vv:~
u;
700
1
V
2
420
<Il
0..
:2
280
1
(f)
140
10
6
8
6
90
80
- -
12
630
WA.067 2024-1851 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

560

6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A92024
490
Longitudinal
70
60
r-
--c;g
tr~nsverse~
....
1'-'x
420
<Il
u; 50
..><
350 ~
.;
rJ)
Ci) 40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
li
g
(f)
80
70
]1 50
.;
"'
Q)
; 40
~
u;
c:
30
20
10
\
1
60
o
o
WA.068 2024-T86 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

tensile stress strain curves
490
Test directions: upper curve, longitudinal; lower curve,

transverse. The upper row of strain values on the abscissa
applies to both the complete true curve and the complete
nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to
the expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion
is essentially identica! for both the true and nominal
curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness,
12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 517 MPa (75.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 534 MPa (77.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 493 MPa (71.5 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 5.1 %. Reduction of area, 17% (top),
11% (bottom). True strain at maximum load, 3.6%. A
log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope
(n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA92024
Yield
strength
420
350 ~
::lE
1
1
1
:i
280
~
u;
1
V
J1
560
c:
210 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
140
70
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
10
12

80
Tr~
r-
70
560
f--""Nominal
",.-
490
Yield
strength
420
t
1
u; 50
350 ~
::lE
.;
1
1
1
-"'
.;
"'
Q)
; 40
~
u;
c:
30
c:
210 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
00
"'
"'u;
280 ~
1
1
20
10
!/
60
""1
140
70
1
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
6
0.08
0.10
0.1~
10
12
Temperature, oc
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
1oor---~----,----,----,----,----,-----,---,
WA.069 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile ultimate strength

'hh
10 h
100 h
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, oF
Temperature, oc
100 1~5~~4~o--~9r5--~1T5o~__2,o~5___2,6_o___3,1_5___3,7_o___,425

temperature on tensile yield strength

100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, oF
600
700
800
WA.071 2024-13 (top) and 2024-136 (bottom)

aluminum alloy, ciad sheet, tensile and compressive
40
~-------+-------~~~--~----~-t--~--~280 ~
Il.
::;;;
"'
20
--Tension
- Compression
o~-----~------~-------L-------L------~0
80.-------.-------,--------,-------r-------,560
~------L-
______ L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~------~0
10
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: L.J. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of the Stress-Strain
Curves of Cold Worked Metals upon the Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
Voll5, 1948, p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
420
60
~
....o........
k: _
-'IJ
--
...
-o
o0.063 in.
0.081 in.
T0.091 in.
0.125 in.
Source: L.J. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of the Stress-Strain

Curves of Co!d Worked Metals upon the Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
Vol15, 1948, p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3204, 1995, CINDAS/Purdue University, p 4
(1.60 mm)
(2.06 mm)
(2.31 mm)
(3.18 mm)
30
210
60
420 ro
Str~tching
0..
"
in 16ngitudinal d irection
o Stretching in transverse direction
~
~
-o--- --
Cl
~ 50
;;;
"O
..P- ....
Qi
:;;,
........ ,JJ
Q)
~ 40
...
"'~
c.
..--:~

sheet, effect of stretching on tensile (top) and
compressive (bottom) yield strengths
..;.--
2
~
Cl
350 ~
_;...
...
"O
Qi
:;;,
~
280'iil
~
c.
(.)
30
3
Stretch,%
210
80.--------.-------,-------~-------.-------,
560
WA.073 2024-T81 (top) and 2024-T86 (bottom)

aluminum alloy, ciad 2024-T81 and 2024-T86, sheet,
tensile stress strain curves
RT
Tested at room and elevated temperature, 30 min. RT,

room temperature. Sheet thickness 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
420
200 F (93 C)
<O
a.
:2
~ 40~------+-------~~----~------~------~ 280 ui
"'
~
Ci5
(/)
140
80
560
RT
60
420
<O
a.
~
~ 40
:2
280 ui
"'~
Ci5
20
140
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 3, June 1954. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue
u;

350
50
40
280
30
210
Tested at room and elevated temperatures 30 min. exposure at elevated temperature. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm
(0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn.
UNSA92024
C\l
Cl.
::;;
.><
ui
1/
"'
~
140
20
?ooF (371 c)
0 oL---------~2----------4~--------~6--------~Bo
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
"'
~

and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 1, Sup. !, Feb 1953. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3204, CINDASf
Temperature,
sor1s~--------g~s__________
2o,s_________3,1_s________-,42~
60

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
tensile properties
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: Strength data: D.D. Doerr, "Deterrnination of Physical
Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 1, Sup. 1, Feb
1953. Elongation data: D.E. Miller, "Deterrnination of Physical
Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 3, June 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 4. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue
60
"Cii
""'
.-.::.
!:S""""
tc
40
"Cii
~
~
Jij"'
5 20
Y.h
o 100 h
h
"' 1000
Y.h
o ~------~---------L---------L------~0
60
~
!?40
.---------,---------,---------~--------,420
:g,c
~
"lii
"C
Qi
;;.
~
"Cii
20
t!!1
QL---------~--------L---------L-------~0
Temperature, F
70.------,------~-----,------~------~----~490
Room temperature

Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for plate thickness

76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: Al-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-0.4Mn.
UNSA92048
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Materials," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-l280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3223, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 2
o ~------L------L----~------~-----L----~o
10
12
70.------,------,------,------,------,------,490
Room temperature

Test direction: transverse. Typical for plate thickness

76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: Al-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-0.4Mn.
UNSA92048
350
~-----L2------~4------~6------~8~----~1L0----~1~

New Aerospace Structural Materials," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3223, CINDAS!Pnrdue University,
1995, p 3

70.-----,------,------,------,------,------, 490
RT
Test direction: transverse. RT, room temperature. Typical

for plate thickness 76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: Al3.3Cu-1.5Mg-04.Mn. UNS A92048
420
350
u; 40
1-------+-----h~'----~--------b-~--1-------1
-"'
280
:;

New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR -73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute, June
Code 3223, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 4
"'~
"'~
ii5 301-------+~~~~----~------~------~----~ 210 ii5
140
L------L------~----~------~------L-----~0
10
12
70.-------,------,------.-------.------,------,490
RT

Test direction: longitudinal. RT, room temperature.
Typical for plate thickness 76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition:
Al-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-04.Mn. UNS A92048
350
L------~-----L----~------~-----L----~0
6
8
10
12

New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical ReportAFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute, June
1973. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3,
WA.080 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

700
100

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(45, tension) =
18; n(long transverse, tension) = 12. UNS A92090
560
80

420
60
u;
<Il
[J_
::;;:
-"'
"'
~
"'
~
(/)
280
40
14

28
42
56
WA.081 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
72

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 20; n(45,
compression) = 30; n(long transverse, compression) = 19.
UNS A92090
420
60
u;

<Il
[J_
::;;:
-"'
"'~
"'
~
(/)
i'i5
280
40

6
70
r
1
60
50
~
1/
a..
"'
280 :::!:
1/
30
Q)
210 'l1l
20
10
350
.!!1
<::
140
Typical for plate thickness 101.6 mm (4 in.).

Long transverse- 420
40
ti
-~
--==
Longitu~inal

490
70
10
12
14
Source: R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company

of America, Alcoa Technical Center, 1 April 1982. As published in
80
70
60
,/
/
V
;;;
"":.
50
(/J
(ii
-~ 40
.......-
E 30
o
Long transverse
20
10
Typical for plate thickness 101.6 mm (4 in.).

420
R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company of

America, Alcoa Technical Center, 1 Aprill982. As published in
8:
"'~
280
210
.2:
(/J
g0
()
140
1
lj
490
350 ::l;
()

LonQitudina!..,_
(/J
(/J
[!!
a.
560
70
10
12
14
WA.084 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

elevated temperatures on retained roomtemperature tensile properties
Temperatura, 'C
-15
38
80
93
""C
'tty
>.
!:S"'
tc:
~
"""'<
60
.,
"C
c:
50
"'
!:S"'"
.l!l
"'
5""
1000 h exposure. Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Composition: Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg0.6Mn. UNS A92124
\\
\\
Oi
;;,
173
c:
.l!l
~60
fiu
~ 70
"C
149
40
30
R.R. Cervay, "Temperature Effect on the Mechanical Properties of

Aluminum Alloy 2124-T851," University of Dayton Research Institute,
AFML-TR-75-208, 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
!:S"'"
280
210
RA
-o
e
V
100
200
Exposure temperatura, 'F
o
300
400
,
5


parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 22; n(long transverse, tension) = 16; n(short transverse, tension) = 13.
UNSA92124
li
~
~
::;i;
40 1-------+------A---+----+---t----1280 .;
~
80.---,-----,-----,-----~-----,----,560

modulus curves

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 14; n(long
transverse, compression) = 19; n(short transverse, compression) = 17. UNS A92124
WA.087 2219-T6 aluminum alloy forged rod, tensile

350
50
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. 100 h exposure. Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V0.06Ti. UNS A92219
280
40
210
30
'iii
"'
W.P. Achbach, R.J. Favor, and W.S. Hy1er, "Materia1-Property-Design

Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Part VI, Oct 1955. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3205,
0..
::l;
..><
ui
ui
"'~
Ci5
140
20
"'
~
100

700
80
Tested at low temperatures. Sheet thickness: 2.540 mm

(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V0.06Ti. UNS A92219
560
60
420
"'
0..
::l;
ui
ui
"'
~
cn
40
280
20~------+-------+-------~------~------~140
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
OOL------~------~------~L-------L-----~0
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
"'
~
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3205,
120
840
100
700
80
p-
:"..
~~
- --
-423
--~ r--'
~
""""'

(-253 oc)
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MIL-
560
.......
-320 F (-196 c)
"'
~-

Il.
-11o oF (-79 oc)
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3205,
:2
420 ui
RT
"'~
i'i5
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
Transverse
1
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.12
0.20
Strain, in./in.
100
80

840
120
~
p
~-
~~ .:r=
---
--
-~~"

560
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 9
-423 (-253 oc)
-.......
'
-320 F (-196 oc)
- --:~'
"'
Il.
-11o oF (-79 oc)
:2
420 ui
rn
RT
700
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
WA.091 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

50
or------~1r4_____,28
______,42______5,6______7,2____--.M
350
L and LT, compression
u;
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175.:...50.80 mm (0.125-2.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 13; n(L and
LT, compression) = 16. UNS A92219
210
30
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-174
"'
a.
::;;:
..><:
ui
ui
!/)
!/)
rn
Ci)
140
20
10~-+---~----~------~----~------+--+---170

Compressive tangent modulus, 1
rf psi
70
60
50
u; 40
..><:

490
--
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal

and long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness
3.175-50.80 mm (0.125-2.00 in.). UNS A92219
420
... ....
350
280
gf
8:
::;;:
gf
Ci) 30
210 Ci)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
70
60
50
....._ Long
:.---
""''"~
~ransverse
WA.093 2219-181 aluminum alloy sheet and 22191851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-strain
curves (full range)
490
420
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate

thickness 1.016-63.50 rnm (0.040-2.50 in.).
UNS A92219
Longitudinal\ X
350
280
gj 40
:2
ui
(/)
ui
i'i5 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
o~__--,1,4_____,28~----4,2______5T6______7~2_____,8\
L and LT, tension
60
WA.094 2219-181 aluminum alloy sheet and 22191851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 20; n(L,
UNSA92219

Compressive tangent modulus, 1
d' psi

560
80
60
Longitudinal
Long \ransverse,
Short transverse"""
V
V
420
/1.
:2
280 ui
Ul
!!!
Cii
20
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness

UNSA92219
140
10
14

56
28
42
60
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 20;
n(LT, compression) = 19; n(ST, compression) = 17. UNS
A92219
420
~ ~dLT
,r
20

modulus curves
72
1
V
2
LTand ST
",::::=-L
/1.
:2
~~
6
8
280 ui
140
10
80
70
- --
560

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical forging thickness for

152.4-203.2 mm (6.001-8.000 in.). UNS A92219
420
/Longitudinal
Short transverse
60
50
~~
,...
[ ' Long transverse
350
"'
CI..
:::;:
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
vi
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
o~----~14r-____,28~____4,2______56______7~0_____,8~
60

Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 14; n(L and
LT, compression) = 14. UNS A92219

6
80
70
60
--
Longitudin;;r--
/'
Long transverse
'~
560

490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate

thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.).
UNSA92219
420
50
350
a.
"'
::2:
280 VJ
ui
!!!
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
70
60
50
v-:;- ~
,---
560

490

40.64-101.6 mm (1.600-4.000 in.). UNS A92219
420
Long transverse
'-Short transverse
350
a.
"'
]
gf 40
::2:
280 VJui
!!!
(/)
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
Temperature, oc
-18
149
204
260
316
371
427
1oor---~~--r----.----,---_,----,-----,---,

temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures up

to 10,000 h. UNS A92519
OL____ L_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _J __ _
o
100
200
300
400
500
~
-J----~----~--~
600
700
800
Temperature, oF

temperature on tensile yield strength curves
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures.

UNSA92519
OL-__-L----L---~----J-___ J_ _ _ _~--~~--~
o
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, oF
WA.103 2618 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
350
Test direction: transverse. Heat treatment: 530 oc

(986 F), 1 h, water quenched, flattened, and aged,
200 oc (392 F), 2 h, 1 h soak. Composition: Al-2_5Cu1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1Ti. UNS A92618
Source: "Hiduminium Elevated Temperature Alloys," High Duty Alloys
Ltd., 1956, As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol3,
Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6
2L_----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1f
L __ _ _ _ _
GOr-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,420
WA.104 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at elevated temperatures. Typical for severa! handforged billets: 76.2 X 165.1 mm (3 X 6Y, in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti.
UNSA92618
Source: J.A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Voi 3,
Temperature,
-240
100
-129
-18
93
316
204

properties at various temperatures
427
700
Typical. Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe0.2Si-0.1Ti. UNS A92618
""'
'-
Source: Aluminum Standards and Data, 1968-69, The Aluminum

Association, lst ed., April 1968. As published in Aerostructural Metal;:
~
--..........
F
ty
""
~l\
1~ ~
o
120
280
.!E
u;
c
2
'*
140 E
"'5
V
1
'E
E 80
.
-~
N
.S
c 40
15O>
[j]
~00
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
':!:!'
800
Temperatura,
oc
-18
93
204
316
427
so.----------.---------.----------.----------.560
WA.106 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar, effect

of elevated temperatures and exposure time on
tensile properties
Exposure
30 min
... 100 h
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-O.l Ti.

UNSA92618
Source: R.H. Voorhees and J.W. Freeman, Report an the ElevatedTemperature Properties of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, STP 291,
ASTM, 1960. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol3,
Cade 3213, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 9
Ok-------~L--------~--------~--------~0
60~----------.---------.----------.----------.420
OL---------~---------L---------L--------~0
120r---------~---------.---------r---------,
0 0L---------2~0-0--------4~0L0---------6L00--------~800
Temperatura, oF
60r-------r-------,-------,-------,------,420
RT
1
50 1------+-----+---~:__~~321 OF (163 C)
350
400 F (204 C)
WA.107 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at elevated temperature. Typical for severa! handforged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 6Yz in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti.
UNSA92618
Source: J.A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
80
or-----,14:____:__2~8:______4r2____~56:______7~o:____~8\
60
Tension and compression
WA.108 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,

Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.

Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) =
13; n(longitudinal, compression) = 13. UNS A92618
20~----fr-----+------~----~-----+--+-~140
8
6
6
80
560
WA.109 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,

70
490

Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
UNSA92618
---
1----
60
50
420

350
ti.
::;;
280 .;
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
20
18
16
14
~ 12
.;
rn
~
u; 10
~
;;;
<:
8
6
f
1
f
4
2
V
0.0
./
v---
1-""'
~~
0.08
--
0.10
0.12
1--
126
112
Nominal
98
\~
tU
1
1
84
a.
::;;
70
1
l
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
"'
rn
1
1
56
1
1
42
-4o 1
YS 1
28
1
1
1 14
0.04
140
0.20
0.24
0.28
2.0
2.4
2.8
Q)
lB
<:
~

would yield a slope of (n) of 0.24 in the area of uniform
Source: Alcoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
25.-------,-------,-------,--------,------,175

True
"'
'(ii
-"
105 ~
"'~"'
"'-
.!Q
.!Q
"'~
ti
ti
'(ii
'(ii
70
\
1
1
1
1
35

July 1954
~------L-------L-----~------~------~0
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.1 o
Strain, in./in.
25.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,175
True
'(ii
-"


4.5%. Reduction of area, 54%. True strain at maxi.mum
15
"'
"'
ti
.!Q
'(ii
~ 10
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
True_
30
II
...
25
'Cii
-"'

245
35
IJ)
.!!1
-~ 15
210
~/ ~ 175
''
'\
20
....
1
V
o
o
0.01
140 ::2_
:z
1
1
1
1ii
a>
105 '1il
"
1
1
1
i
1
10
a."'
~
70
1
1
1
1
1
1
.1.
0.02
0.03
Strain, in./in.

July 1954
35
0.04
0.05

175
25
20
"Cii
-"' 15
II
IJ)
1ii
.!!1
"Cii
"
~ 10
True_
-!-::::::::::::
Nominal
/:s
1
"
140
'
"'
105 ~
1
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
1
35
1
1
1
1
V
o
\
1
J.
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
i
.!!1
'Cii
"

July 1954
35
30
25
/__
v-
~/"""
Nominal
~
70
~~
_,!_
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
3
4
~ ,..-
........
35
~
0.12
--
0.14
....
20
u;
.::
175 ~
:a;
gf
140 ~
"'
.!!1
u;
105
70
o
o
o
0.01
210
1/
10
245
YS
.!!1
'
'f'O'"""
CI)
35
0.02
2

280
0.16
Nomin al
0.05
0.04
Strain, in./in.
5
3
4
0.03
0.06
6

load, 13.1 %. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
July 1954
35
15
"'
a.
140~
"'
40
~ 25
30
175
CI)
210
.::
"'
105 ~
t5
V'
10
245
0.07
0.08

Source: Aleea, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954
45
-~
40
cP'
35
~-::.::::.--- >-
30
c;;
-"'
ui 25
--
1ii
~ 20
1/l
c:
...........
.u.
YS
""
10

July 1954
245
210
"'
[J_
::2:
1
1
1
1
1ii
140 ~
1/l
c:
105
1
1
o
o
o
1 35
1/l
1 70

vr
15
280
175 ui

NomiLI
1/
1/l
315
1
1
).
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Strain, in./in.
~--.---:::: b:::== >-
40
~~
~
\
\
1
1
!/
..Q1
c;;
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
280
ui
c:
Nojinal
lr4s
~ 30

350
50
"'
210 ~
ui
1ii
..Q1
c;;
140 ~
70
1
1
1
1
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
8
0.05
0.06

July 1954
o
0.07
35
245
30
/~
.,.....
25
;}
v v
~
V
210
Nominal
>-""-"
'\
175
f/
\
1
1
lf
10
Y>-' ~
o
o
0.02
"'
a.
140 :2_
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
0.14
0.16
l:l
[!!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
70
.1.
1ii
Q)
105 'Vi
c
35

YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mrn
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mrn (8 in.). Nominal tensile
71.0 MPa (10.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
July 1952
0.18 0.20
10
-18
100
38
-..........
~::J
~c
80
::J
[!! "#. 60
.3.c
"'c.
~
Q)
Ol
Q)
.~o
Q)
"'
"O
93
;;f4o
Temperatura, c
204
260
149
'\~
;\1\
1\l\
o~
g~
~ ~c
Q)
316
20
371
427
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.

UNSA95052
~V
....... F
a. "'
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, F
WA.120 5052-0 aluminum alloy, ali products, effect

of elevated temperature on tensile properties
600
tu
700
800
40
35
"Cii
30
25
~
v--
'
Nominal
'
a)
gj
20
YS
~ 15
10
-18
a)
UJ
140 ~
.!!!
"Cii
105 ~
1
1
1
70
1
1

35
1
1
J.
0.01
0.02
2
38

175 ~
:2
V
o
245
210
1
1
1

\
\
1
V
.!!!
"Cii
c
280
~,
-"'
ti
~
;,---
0.03
0.04 0.05 0.06

Strain, in./in.
3
4
5
6
Temperature, oc
149
204
260
0.07
0.08
0.09
371
427
316
100r----,----~~-,-----,----,---~~--,---~
WA.122 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

effect of elevated temperature on ultimate tensile
strength

UNSA95052
0 0L----1~00----2~0-0---3~0-0---4~0-0---5-0L0----60L0----7L00--~800
Temperature, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
'#
~
u.-
:; 80
204
260
316
371
427
10,000 lh
1000 h
1/2-100 h

UNSA95052
c,
c
WA.123 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

plate, effect of elevated temperature on tensile
yield strength
"O
(ii
;;:, 60
..91
'\
u;
c
:::>
1\
40
E
o
20
Q)
""""
Q)
Il..
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
204
260
~~~
~"
':S"
==:
g' 80
~
<J)
10 h
100~/
1000 h ~
10,000
h/
..91
u;
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,

as indicated. UNS A95052
l~
~ 60
E
:;
""
:::>
"'~ 40
E
~ 20
Ol
.l'l
c
~Q)
a_
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, oF
WA.124 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

plate, effect of elevated temperature on ultimate
tensile strength
600
700
800
WA.125 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

effect of elevated temperature tensile yield strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,

as indicated. UNS A95052
Temperature, "F

350
50
~ 1-
L-::::::: :::::: :---
40
Nlminal
280
\
\
\
\
1/
10
1ii
.!!!
"(ii
140 ~
70
1
1
1
1
o
o
o
"'
210 ~
1
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07

July 1954
0.08
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
427
WA.127 5052-H38 aluminum alloy, ali products,

effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength

UNSA95052
40
.l!l
"'"'
"'~
a_
"'
371
1\
60
316
N\~
260
vv1/2h
1o.oooh
204
~r\
~
u;
"*E
149
20
'~
.l9
c
100
200
300
400
500
F'=--
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
-......
149
204
260
~1\

UNSA95052
\\
1/2 h
10,000 h
~
[\
~
100
200
300

effect of temperature on tensile yield strength
400
500
Temperatura, oF
1'-
600
700
800
Temperatura,
-18
100
38
93
149
204
c
260
316
371
427
"~
100~ ~ ~
~~~
:5
Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052

Source: MIL-HDBK-SH. 1 Dec 1998, p 3-218
1000 h
100 ~ (;
g> 80
.,
~
WA.129 5052-H38, aluminum alloy, ali products,

effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on
room-temperature ultimate tensile strength
10~/
1/2 h
.$
E
"'
~-
:; 60
.$
u;
c::
.$
~
.a
~c.
40
E
.$
20
E
c::
~
<Il
a.
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, F
Temperatura,
-18
100
38
93
149
204
~~
10,000~
1000~~
100:~
10 h
1/2 h
c
260
&' '
Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-218
\
~\
......
\\
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, "F

room-temperature tensile yield strength
600
700
800
25

28
42
56
14
WA.131 5083-0 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
70

and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) =50;
n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 50.
UNS A95083
TensiJ and comptssion

20
u;
_,---
['...._
140
15
---.....1'\
105
1
1
""'vi
(fJ
~
10
25
20
u;
15
""'vi
(fJ
li)
10
vi
(fJ
~
(/)
70
35
8
10
6
6

28
42
56
14
~,.)
ood
oompLoo
WA.132 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

. modulus curves
70

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 21;
n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 21.
UNSA95083
140
1
1
105
&
:2
vi
(fJ
~
(/)
70
35
1/
2
12
r:---1---r---
"'
0..
:2
1/
2
10
8
6
6
12
40
30
'iii
""u
"'~
ii5
20
-----
--- ...

Typical. UNS A95083
280
)<
210
a."'
::2:
140
70
10
o
o
25
WA.133 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curve (full range)
350
50
0.04
14
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16

28
42
56
0.20
0.24
WA.134 5086-0 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
70

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 27; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 27.
UNSA95086
140
20
~~~ression
15
'iii
""u
"'
~
10
---...r\
l
1
"'-
"'~
35
6
8
10
a."'
::2:
70
1/
2
105
12
ii5
25
14

28
42
56
_\ Tension and compression

20
\V
1
15
"'"'
~
1i5
10
"....-
105
"'"'
~
70
1\
6
8
10
6
40
30
""'"'"'
1i5
20
1i5
35
12
WA.136 5086-0 aluminum alloy 5086-0 sheet,

350
50
;;;

ttl
[J._

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 5.0; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 5.0.
UNSA95086
140
V~
WA.135 5086-0 aluminum alloy plate and extrusion,

70

Typical. UNS A95086
280
"""
210
"'
"'
~
140
70
10
0.04
ttl
[J._
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
cn
WA.137 5086-H112 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

25
o,_----,1r4____-,28_______,42______5,6______7T0____--,~
175
parameter, n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT, tension) = 10; n(L,
UNSA95086
LT, tension and compression
105
"iii
-"'
<ti
a_
:2
ui
ui
"'~
"'
U:i
70
U:i
L-----~-----L-----~------L------LL---~0
10
12

6
WA.138 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

50
"14
28
42
56
70

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 28; n(long transverse, tension) = 10.
UNSA95086
280
40

- - - Longitudinal, tension
30
'r
"iii
-"'
ui
"'~
U:i
20
10
Long transverse, tension
210
~.---""""
~
~
140 U:i
70
<ti
a_
:2

10
WA.139 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
50
or-----~14
______,2a______4~2______5,6______7~o____~8~
50

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood pararneter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 8.0; n(long transverse, compression) = 10. UNS A95086
40r-----~--~-4------+-----~------r-----~280
Long transverse, compression
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231

u;
210
30
"'
a.
-"
:2
"'
"'
!/)
!/)
~
140
1i5
20
10~-+--~-----4------+------+------+4----~70
L-----~----~------~----~------~----~0
50
40
u;
30
8
10
6
'""'~---------
rl
12
--;.~;!:::,",

350

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Based on one lot. UNS A95086
280
210
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231
"'
a.
-"
oo"
:2
!/)
~
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
"ii)
-""
ui
"'
~
20
10
Tested at room temperature. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 24; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A95086
280
40
30

350
50
;;
v-:: ,.-
/ < n g transverse, tension
210
V
1
::2
li
140
70
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 in./in.
WA.142 5086-H34 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
50
o,_-----~1~4____~28
______~42______5~6______7To____~8\
50

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 8.6; n(long
transverse, compression) = 12. UNS A95086
1
1
Long transverse, compression
30 r------r~~~~~--~~~-+------+------1210
"ii)
"'
Il.
-""
ui
::2
"'
~
20
r-----~----~r------r-----1----~~-----41401
1or--r---r----~-------r-----1------~r----470
~-----2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~

Compressive tangent modulus,
106 psi
50
40
-~
l----
-- .....
t-

350

Typical. UNS A95086
280
210
30
"'
"iij
Q_
""'rJcn
::2:
rJ
cn
!!!
ii)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
WA.144 5086-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
50.------,-----,~----,------T----~r-----~350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
compression) = 8.0; n(LT, compression) = 15. UNS
A95086
210
30
"'
"iij
Q_
""'rJ
::2:
cn
rJ
Ul
ii)
cn
jg
!!!
140
20
10~-f--~----~------4------+------~~--~70
10
8
6
4
Temperature,
38
-18
70
60
u;
149
""~
50
-"'
CI
"'~
U5
WA.145 X5090-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile properties after 30 min at
test temperature
93
40
420
'\.
"~
'\
30
350
CI
rJ)
280
210
20
140
40
280
o
!e.
.s
"'
c
~
Cl
c
20
V""
[jJ
100
200
Temperature, F
300
c..
"'
:2
"EE
-~
Test direction: longitudinal. F,u, ultimate tensile strength;

F,Y' tensile yield strength. Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr0.005B-0.005Be
140
U5
Source: "Properties and Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy X5090, a

High-Strength Work Hardening Sheet Material," Technical Information
Report MRL-71-TIR-5, Metals Research Laboratory, Olin Corporation,
11 Oct 1971. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
WA.146 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
70.------,------~----~------,-----~r-----~490
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse

(bottom). Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 197!. As published in Aerospace
o~-----L----~------~-----L------L-----~0
70
490
60~----~------+------+------~----~------~420
75 'F (24 'C)

350
-~ 40~----~------~~---+------~~--~------~
.><
280
ui
"'
~
ro
::;;
ui
30~----~--?.~+-~~-+------~----~------~
"'~
210 U5
140
70
10
12
Temperatura,
WA.147 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile properties after 20 min at
test temperature
80~18_________3~8__________
93__________
14~9________~20!60
F,u, ultimate tensile strength; F,Y, tensile yield strength.

Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Longi\udinal
& Long transverse
10L---------~--------~---------L--------~7o
80.----------.----------,----------~---------.560
60
420
;!<.
E'E
o
a."'
!!?.
:2
.5 40
N
280
ui
"'
-~
.Q
Ci5
c:
"'"'
c:
Ui
20
140
_________j4o8
0 o~-------~1~oo~--------2~o~o---------3oLo
Temperatura, F
80.------.------~-----,------~------r------,560
WA.148 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse

(bottom). Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
0 o~-----L2------~4------~6------~a-------1Lo----~1f
45
[._.--T~
40
35
30
]
,;; 25
Cll
/V
\.
WA.149 5154-0 alurninum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
280

YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length:
area, 66%. True strain at maximum load, 16.6%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
(n) of 0.19 in the area of uniform plastic de formation.
UNSA95154
245
210
&.
:lE
1
ip
~~
J
1
V
YS
Cll
140 ~
Cll
c:
~
105
_j
0.04
175 ,;;
Cii
c:
~
10
Nominal
315
\
\
20
15
...
0.08
0.12
0.16
70
35
.i.
0.20
Strain, in./in.
2
4
WA.150 5454-0 aluminum alloy sheet, plate, and

extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
20 o,_----~1,4______2,8____~42~____,56~----7~o~____,M140

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 16; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) =9.6.
UNSA95454
+------+------+------1105
"'
"(ii
a.
-"'
,;;
Cll
10
70
:lE
,;;
Cll
CI)
0 0~----~2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1~


350
50
40
..~
280
\
1'
-o-..
.-()
\
1
"'"'l'!
1
1
10
"'
210 ~
Cii
..9!

203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
'Cii
140 ~
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
10
12

350
50

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 7.5; n(long transverse, tension) = 6.8. UNS A95454
280
40
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, l Dec 1998, p 3-238
30
'Cii
""
"'
"'
l'!
Ci)
20
10
/
1
1/
2
........- ~
~
Longitud inal
1
Long transverse
210
li
~
140
70
6
"'
Il.
:2
10
12
30
210
~
ui
rJ)
10

Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal,
tension) = 10. UNS A95454
280
40
20

stress-strain curve
350
50
gf
~
140 1i5
c.."'
:2
70
10
12
WA.154 5454-H34 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
or-___1,4_ _-,28_____,42_____5,6~----7T0______,8\5o
50
compression) = 8.1; n(LT, compression) = 9.8.
UNSA95454
f----t-f--T-'-:::--===::-:=:~.:-:----\+---+----+---1280
210
-u;
--"'
c.."'
:2
ui
rJ)
ui
rJ)
1i5
140
~---~2~----~4---~6-----~8-----1~0~--~1~

1i5
60r-------r-------~------.-------~------~

420
350
\\
\
\
\
\
1
280
C\l
(L
210 ~"'
"'
.!!1
u;
c
140
10~--~--+-------~------4-------~--~--~70
0.02
0.06
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
4
0.08
0.18
10

203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
WA.156 5456-0 aluminum alloy, effect of low and

elevated temperature on tensile properties
Temperatura, oc
2r4_0____________-,18_____________2~0_5____________--,42~
70
90
F ro ultimate tensile strength; F 1Y, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Al-5.1Mg-0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456

Source: Alcoa Aluminum Handbook, Aluminum Company of American,
~ 40~----~-------+--------~----~-------------1280 ~"'
~
U5 30
210 U5
o'------------'------------'---------------' o
160.-------------.-------------,---------------,
<F.
co
~8or-------------+--------------~~~---------4
c
iii
~o o
400
Temperatura, oF
800
Temperatura, 'C
100
r -__-_2T4_o________-_1,29
_________-,1~a_________,e~
00
WA.157 5456-H321 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

low and room temperature on tensile properties
F 1u, ultimate tensile strength; F ty' tensile yield

strength. Sheet thickness: 31.7 mm (118 in.).
Composition: Al-5.1Mg-0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
560
~
~
~60~---+--------~~----~~~~~
~
(/)
280
Longitudinal
O Transverse
20L----L---------L--------~--------~140
-400
-200
Temperatura, 'F
Source: J.E. Campbell, "Review of Current Data on the Tensile

Properties of Metals at Very Low Temperarures," DMIC Report 148,
Batelle Memorial Instirute, 14 Feb 1961. As published in Aerospace
WA.158 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

350
50
Jongitudinal
- - Transverse
280
40
u;
f/
-"'
.;
Ul
10
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

M/L-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo13, Code 3303, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 6
----:::-:
"" ..
30
20
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-5l.Mg0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
210
"'
a..
::!:
.;
!
140
CI)
70
1/
12
50
WA.159 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

350
J,ongitudinal
- - Transverse
40
280
1/
"(jj
-"
.;
Ul
10
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

M/L-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
---
(..----
//,...
30
20
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-5l.Mg0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
210
gf
~
140
1/
&.
::!:
70
8
WA.160 5456-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curves
490
70
v-- True
60
50
"' 40
"'
~
(/)
-~ 30
~
20
10
Nominal
~~
!!
/_
f
o
420
350
ro-""
\
1
1
.r>O
"'"'
~
u;
<Il
1
1
YS
"'
0..
280 :2
210 ~
c
~
140
1
1
1
70

expanded portion ofthe curves; this expanded portion is
YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19 mm (0.750 in.)
diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage
length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
yield a slope of (n) of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic
Source: Alcoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
12
0.16
0.20
0.24
25
14
1
Tension and

28
42
56
compr~ssion-.....___
'---~
1/
--
20
15
"iii
-"'
"'"'
~
10

UNSA95456
140

105
1
1
"'
0..
:2
"'"'
~
(i5
70
35
1/
2
WA.161 5456-0 aluminum alloy sheet and

plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
70
10
8
6
6
12
--
WA.162 5456-0 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

25
20
15
~
1/
"'
~
10
14
""1
28
42
56
70
K 1----
140
r--_
1
1
105
"'
0..
~
1/
"'
~
70
cn
35
V
2

UNSA95456
10
12

WA.163 5456-Hlll aluminum alloy extrusion,

50
o,_____,14.-____,28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8\
50
UNSA95456
l-------+-:-::::--;=::.::::::"-i--\.-------+----+----+----l280
210
;;;
"'
0..
~
-"'
1/
1/
"'~
Cii
140
~-----~2~----~4~----~6~----~8------1~0~--~1~
"'
~
70
60
50
~
CI
(/)
40
30
10
~
~~
r--~inal
420
\
1
1
1
1
1
350
Cll
a..
280 ::;;;
rJ
...r. >-0
(!)
210
1/
20
.!!1
-~

490
1
V
c:
140
70

YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19.05 mm
(0.750 in.) diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (112 in.).
Gage length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
Source: Aleea, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
Aug 1956
J.
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
10

50
or-----~1,4____-,28
______,42______5,6______7,o_____,8\
50
UNSA95456
210
30
Cll
a..
"Cii
::;;;
-"'
rJ
rJ
(/)
(/)
1ii
140
20
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------~----~1~

~
(/)
80
560
WA.166 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile true

stress, true strain curve
70
490
Sheet thickness: 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Al0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn. UNS A96013
420
Source: J.W. Hardy, "Formability of Aluminum Alloy 6013 Sheet,"

Report MDC H5866, McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Co., Feb
60
50
"'
~ 40
1i5
350
"'
[l_
::!:
280
Q)
1- 30
......
Q)
210
20
140
10
70
gf
0.05
0.10
0.15
"'
0.20
0.25
12 19
1524
16.0
True strain
WA.167 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, loaddisplacement curve (tensile test)
Displacement, mm
3 05
3600
6 10
9 14
2400
10.7
f:!
'C
"'o
--'
1200
o
o
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

(0.5 in.); thickness: 2.032 mm (0.080 in.). Gage length:
50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (Ftu):
336.4 MPa (48.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fry):
215.8 MPa (31.3 ksi). E1ongation: 21.8%.
Electrica! conductivity: 38.1 %IACS. Water quenched.
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNSA96013
....-----
0.12
!---
0.24
\
0.36
Displacement, in.
"''C
"'o
--'
0.48
5.3
0.60
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture

Mechanics Forming and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3226, ClNDAS/Purdue
Displacement, mm
6.10
9.14
3.05
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (F11J
340.6 MPa (49.4 ksi). Tensile yield strength (F1Y):
197.9 MPa (28.7 ksi). Elongation: 22.6%. Electrical
conductivity: 38.2%IACS. Water quenched.
UNSA96013
10.7
2400
1200
15 24
16.0
12.19
v--
""-o
1\
0.36
0.24
Displacement, in.
0.12
"'
....1
0.48
5.3
0.60

560
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 21; n(long
transverse, tension) = 15. UNS A96013
420
60
Longitudina~
~e
1/
20
"'
0..
280
1/
140
8
6

Mechanics Forrning and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
10
<J

56
28
42
14
60
........._
1---
1/
20
---
Longitudinal and long
V
V
WA.170 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive

curves
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 21;
n(long transverse, compression) = 23. UNS A96013
420
transv~e
--...._
Longitudinal
Longtransve~
ca
a.
:2
280
u)
140
70
10

60

420
Longitudinal
~-
50
40
20
10
~ong transverse
UNSA96013
280
Source: "Alcoa A1uminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
&.
:2
u)
"'
"'
210 ~
1/
1
350
(1)
~
~
140
70
4
6
3000
Displacement, mm
4 57
6 86
2.29
'\
2000
1000
50
- 40
gf
30
VJ
2!
a.
20
10
-"'
1\
-o
.3"'
4.45
1\
0.36
---
1
1
280

stress-strain curve
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.

UNS A96013
&
::::;;
<li
VJ
210 -~
VJ
VJ
2!
c.
E
o
140 (.)
70

Mechanics Forrning and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published inAerospace
350
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (F1u):
398.5 MPa (57.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (F1y):
368.1 MPa (53.4 ksi). Elongation: 11.0%. Electrical
conductivity: 42.9%IACS. Water quenched.
UNSA96013
0.45
420
Xi
~
"Cii
8.90
0.27
0.18
Displacement, in.
60
11 43
13.3
0.09
9.14
Source: "Alcoa Aluminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

420
60
50
40
Longitudinal
r --
Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (Ys-1% in.).

Composition: Al-1Mg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
350
Long transverse
280
"'
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, aud D.O. Sprow1s, "Mechauica1

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness aud Fatigue aud Resistauce to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Re1ieved aud Stretched A1uminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3,
Ci5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
420
50
350
40
30
20
10
1/
1
1
2

and compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse.

Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (Ys-1% in.).
UNSA96061
~~compression
~
Ul
0.10
60
ui
0.08
1' L, tension
280
"- LT, tension
"'
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
Ci5
140
70
6
8
10
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, aud D.O. Sprow1s, "Mechanica1

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness aud Fatigue aud Resistauce to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved aud Stretched A1uminum
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
404/Wrought Alurninurn (WA)
60
420
50
350

Specimen thickness: ::;12.675 mm (::;0.499 in.).

UNSA96061
Longitudinal
40
Long transverse
280
a."'
~
210 u
Source: OJ. Brownhill, OJ. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF ContractAF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3,
i'i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
50
40
30
u
"'~
i'i5
20
280

Specimen thickness: ::;12.675 mm (::;0.499 in.).
UNSA96061
a.
"'
~
"'
~
140

210
,/
-"'
350
\ LT, comjression
1
r i : 7 L T , tensio n
L, tension and compiession
"(ii
10
---
0.10
70
6
4
Source: O.J. Brownhill, OJ. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

60
420
50
350
r--
40
Longitudinal
280
CII
c..
-"'
"'"'
~
Specimen thickness: ~76.2 mm (~3.0 in.). Composition:

Al-1Mg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
TransvLse
"ijj

::2:
30
210 "'
20
140
10
70
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

Properties, lncluding Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.10
Strain, in./in.
50
~L, '"' l,~oo
Fl:
1
40
30
"ijj
-"'
"'
~"'
(/)
20
10
V
1
V
0.02
LT,
~M;oo

350

Specimen thickness: ~76.2 mm (?:3.0 in.). Composition:
Al-1Mg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
280
mpression
210
&.
::2:
~~
140 ii5
70
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

WA.180 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
UNSA96061
Room temperature
280
40
212 oF (100 oc)
3oo F (149 oc)
400 oF (204 c)
u;
210
30
"'
Il..
"'u
:2
u
1/l
1/l
50o F (260 oc)
Ci5
140
20
60o oF (316 oc)

10
70
700 oF (371 oc)
00
cn
"Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 6061-T6 at Room

Temperature, 212, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 F," Physical Test No.
010758-G Data Sheets, 6 and 31 March 1958. As published in
--423 OF (-253 C)
1
-320 F (-196 oc)
WA.181 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, stress-strain

Tested at low temperature. Test direction: longitudinal

(top); transverse (bottom). Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm
(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, ML-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, Suppl. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace

Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3206, CINDAS!Purdue
20~--------+---------~---------r---------1140
o~--------~--------~--------~---------"0
20~--------+---------~---------r--------~140
o~------~0~.0~8~----~0~.1~6------~0~.2~4------~o.39
Strain, in./in.
Temperatura,
oc
aor----~24~o~-------~1r29~--------,1a~------~s\60

cryogenic temperatures on tensile properties
C\l
(L
::lE
~
!:S"
.s=
rnc
Longitu dina 1
~
!:S"
Transverse
.s=
rnc
~ 60f-----i-""=<--------+-------+--------j 420 ~
~
.!!!
cn
oo
!!
!!
15
3 40
280
60
420
1~
1--.
140
20
60
g
q
1\l 40
c
o
Oi
"C
c
:te
"'
RA
C\l
~ 2o ~ ~
C\l
C\l
o
c
t5:::!
~ o
-400
-200
Temperatura, oF
200
Tested to -269 oc (-452 F). Plate thickness: 31.75 mm

(IY": in.). Composition: Al-1Mg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
Source: J.G. Kaufman, K.O. Bogardus, and E.T. Wanderer, Tensile
Properties and Notch Toughness of Aluminum Alloys at -452F in
Liquid He, Adv. Cryogenic Eng., Voi 13, 1968, p 294. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3206, CINDASI
Temperatura,
-240
40
-129
""
-18
WA.183 6061-0 aluminum alloy, effect of exposure

and test temperature on tensile properties
93
204
316
Exposure up to 10,000 h. Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
r-.....
~ ..._._
~
tf] ._---~1----~1-----+-1--L
"'
l . ['
~00
80
El
~
40
~
Cl
"o
ii]
~00
.._
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-0,"

Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 1 Feb 1956. As published in
----
-200
~00
./
200
Temperatura, "F
400
tf
600
800
Temperature, oc
-240
60
:,
~r-...
!!:::"
=
Ol
40
"li)
.!!!
-~ 20
.2l
.2l
"'
-18
-129
--
93
316
427
420 "'
a.
:::;
:J
!!:::"
,_____
280
=
Ol
~",.....
\\
~.'' "'.........
"li)
~ .
- - - 1/2h
t--- - - - - 100 h
--- 1000 h
5"" o
204
.!!!
140 -~
.2l
"' ~
\
'.:...~
---~10,000h
'*
E
5
o ""
"'
280 ~
..........._
--
g.
., ~
"'-
'.,\
'....-\ ............
..... :.....;.....~
80r-----,------,------,-----,---~_,~,--.
.' .'
1 /
.'_/ /
.' 1
~ 40~-----+------4-------~-----+~r-~~-?L_~
,,~ , /
----t------4------_------~v~~
~
c
[jJ
~00
-200
200
Temperature, oF
400
600
800

exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T4
and 6062-T4," Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 23 Feb 1956.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13,
Cade 3206, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 10
Temperature,
-240
-18
93
204
316
427
60~~--~~----~------~----~------~------.420
m
a.
::;;
~::>
::>
', 40 1-----f--------+-----+--='....o::----+------+-------l 280 ',
..'l2
-~ 20
$
1/2h
- - - - - 100 h
1000 h
---- 10,000h
----
..'l2
140 -~
*5 -. -.E
o L___ _ _ __L_ _ _ _ _....L______
60
--
.J..._____.......J.______.....J...._
_:____.l
o
420
t---
~
'.
\
\\
\\
~
.,
,,.,.._,.............
'........."""'
\ "\
o
80
.'
6'
"<t
.' 1
. 11
1
1 . 1
.' . ' 1
-;;- 40
.",...~ -'.;-'
C)
.........-V
V."',/
fii
c
ii]
~00
-200
*5
200
Temperature, 'F
400
600
800
WA.185 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, effect of exposure

and test temperature on tensile properties
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T6
Products," Data table, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 6 Dec 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Cade 3206,
RT
70
Temperature, oc
____2,0_4________2,3_2_________
26,0________-,28~90
WA.186 6061-16 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of test

temperature on stress to produce various amounts of
small plastic strain in tension
Sheet thickness: 3.17 mm (1/8 in.). RT, room temperature.

UNSA96061
Plastic strain
10-6
o; 40 1 - - - - - - - f - - - - - - t - - t; 5 X 10-G
-"'
- - - - 1 280
&'
e 10X10-6
:O
O 2000 X 10- 6
u)
Source: R.E. Maringer and M.M. Cho, "Stability of Structural Materials

for Space Craft App1ication," NASA CR 97844, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, April1968. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue
~~~~--~~~~~~-----+------1210 ~
----~---------L---------L--------~0
400
450
Temperature, oF
500
550
40
o;
WA.187 6061-16 aluminum alloy ciad sheet,

350
50
400 F,(204 C)
1/2 and 2 h
30
280
Tested at 93, 204, and 316 oc (200, 400, and 600 F) in

long transverse direction. Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
210
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures, MIL-HDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As pub1ished in
10 h
-"'
"'
Il.
:l;
";
";
(/)
(/)
140
20
10 h
~------~------~------~-------L------~0
4
6
10
1i

50.-------~------,-------,--------,-------,350
Tested at 149 and 260 ac (300 and 500 F) in long

transverse direction. Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
210
Cll
a..
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures, MIL-HDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As published in
:a;
oi
oi
"'
~
"'f!?
cn
140
1i5
2L_______41-:------~6_______J8------~1f
L__ _ _ _ _ _
WA.189 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of low

temperature on shear strength
"emperature, 'C
60
- 240
-184
129
-73
-18
Test direction: Longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-1.0Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
50
o;
.><
,S
O>
40
1~
.,tii
.s;:
cn
30
20
-400
F.R Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Suppl. No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in
350
"'""~
-300
-200
Temperature, 'F
,S
Cl
280 ~
1ii
.,tii
.s;:
t--
-100
cn
210
140
100
25
175
True
20
'Cii
IV
15
"'"'fi!
u;
~
'Cii
140
Nominal
\
1
~ 10
C\l
..
~~k;
~"'
70
1
1
1
1
'Cii
c
~
35
0.04
105 ~
1
1
1
1
1
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20

(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
load, 18.2%. A log-log p1ot ofthe stress-strain curve
July 1954
0.24
2
4
350
50
True
. J---
40
l/
~ r--
Nominal
280
).--0'"
\
1
1
lf
0.01
~"'
1
1
1
1
10
C\l
210 ~
"'
'Cii
140 ~
1
1
1
70

July 1954
l
0.02
0.03
2
4
6
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08

(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
307 MPa (44:5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
load, 7.7%. A log-log plot ofthe stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of O.11 in the area of uniform
0.09

(112 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 307 MPa (44.5 ksi). True tensile strerigth,
would yield a s1ope of (n) of 0.13 in the area of uniform
July 1954
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
4
6
0.10
0.08
0.12
WA.193 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, ali products, effect

of exposure al elevated temperature on room
temperature tensile ultimate strength
Exposure up to 10,000 h, as indicated. AU products.

UNSA96061
20r---~--~----~----4----~---4----+----4
<Il
Cl
~
~
<Il
Il.
OOL----L.----L----L.--~L---~--~----~--~
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, oF
600
700
800
50

350
Lo"g!tm-=
40
;;;
30

210
"'
rn
~
ii5
20
10
280
Longitudinal
-"'
"'
[l_
"'~
140 ii5

~6.325 mm (~0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension)
= 21. UNS A96061
70
10
20
;;;
15
f-
rn
~
10
~ ,_..
,_. h
j'""'""
10 h exposure
-"'
"'
ii5

175
25
140
105
"'
rn
~
100 h exposure
70
35
"'
[l_
Tested at 260 oc (500 F). Test direction: longitudinal.

Typical for sheet thickness ~3.175 mm (~0.125 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(2-5 h exposure) = 13;
n(IO h exposure) = 13); n(IOO h exposure) = 13.
UNSA96061
10
ii5

curves
50 o~----~1~4_____;28~----~42~----5~6~____7To~--~~350
::;6.325 mm (::;0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n
(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 21.
UNSA96061
210
30
~
a.
"'
::!:
ui
(/)
ui
"'~
Cii
20
140
Cii
10~-+---~----~~----~----~------~----~70
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------~10L---~1,

WA.197 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
50
40
30
~
ui
(/)
CI)
20
10
14
28
iooc::__
56
70
84
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, tension) =
50; n(L, compression) = 18. UNS A96061
L, compres,sion '"'-
""""<.....
1
1
1/
42
280
----
"'\
210
a."'
::!:
ui
140
70

10
50

350
Longitudinal
40
lj
30
~
ui
"'~
1i5
210
ui
~"'
140
Cll
a.
::!!;
20
10
Tested at room temperature. Typical for ali thicknesses.

34; n(long transverse, tension) = 29. UNS A96061
CfJ
70

modulus curves
50
or-_ _ _1,4_ __,28______4,2______5,6______7,o_____,8\
50
Tested at room temperature. Typical for ali thicknesses.

Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression)= 38; n(long transverse, compression) = 28.
UNSA96061
l---=:t:::~=:~~=====f=-........h---___(_--_j 280
210
;;;
.:.:
ui
Cll
a.
::!!;
ui
"'~
"'~
1i5
140
L------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~

1i5
40
u;
",--

Typical. UNS A96061
t-......._
"
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998. p 3-273
210
30
<ti
a.
-"'
:2
!I
!I
1/)
Cii
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.08

350
Longitudinal
40
0.12
50
u;

350
50
1--:::~
r-- . .
t::--- 'long transverse
!-......._......
'
""
\
30
Tested at room temperature. Typical for all thicknesses .

UNSA96061
280
"
210
<ti
a.
-"'
:2
!I
!I
1/)
cn
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.0)
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
cn
WA.202 606l-T651X, aluminum alloy extrusion,

50
o,_~~-1r4~__-.28______4~2______5,6______7~0~--~8\
-=~Jk~~r::;;J~:::~~~=-l~~J
50
:'5:12.67 mm (:'5:0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
280
210
u;

t1l
Il.
:2;
"""u)
u)
"'~
"'
~
140
Cii
20
10~-4~~~-~---4---~-+~~~~~~~70
L-----~----L----~------L-----~----_jo
10
12

6

50 or-----~1r4___~28~----~42~----5,6~~~7T0~~-.8\ 50
276.20 mm (23.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
h.;::::::::~E:::::~t==~=t===~===i--1280
1
210
u;

t1l
Il.
:2;
.><:
u)
u)
"'~
U)
Cii
140

6
Cii

350
50
LLgitudi11
40
-~--
,.......-: ~
Long tra-;;;,;;;e-
........
~-
~~
280
210
30
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness :5:12.675 mm (:5:0.499 in.). UNS A96061
"(ii
-"
c..
"'
:2
"'
gf
(/)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Strain, in./in.
50
v
/"
40

350
Loo9r~~--
----
--
Lon~1
1/'
--~
r--- ........
transverse
" 'x
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 76.20 mm (3.000 in.). UNS A96061
280
""""><
30
210
c..
"'
:2
"'
(/)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
16
"'
u;
c
''
0.08
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
8
12
16
20
0.12
0.24
0.28
24
28
0.32
40
35
u; 25
""'ui
Q)
20
1
1
""""" '1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
~
o
o
28
0.36
280
WA.207 6063-T6 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

245
The upper row of strain values an the abscissa applies ta

curve. The lower row of strain values applies ta the
expanded portian of the curves; this expanded portian is
YS, yield strength. Rod diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Specimen
diam, 12.7 mm (112 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 243 MPa (35.3 ksi). True tensile strength, 252 MPa (36.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 214 MPa (31.0 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, ar 2 in.), 10.6%. Reduction of area, 44%. True
strain at maximum load, 7.7%. A log-log plat ofthe
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.08 in
the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
Nominal
.....-~ :r,.....
10
1
1
1
0.04
~ 15
u;
14
"'~
Cii
~
1
1
1
1
1
1
u;
56
42
"'
ti
ui
YS
"'
[J_
::;;
30
70
\
\
1
The upper row of strain values an the abscissa applies ta

curve. The lower row of strain values applies ta the
YS, yield strength. Full specimen size. Test specimen
diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 89.6 MPa (13.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 109 MPa (15.8 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 34 MPa (4.9 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm,
ar 2 in.), 34.5%. Reduction of area, 85%. True strain at
maximum load, 19.0%. A log-log plat of the stress-strain
curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.20 in the area of
uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
.L
98
84
""'ui
----- '
/) V
u; 10
WA.206 6063-0 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

Nominal
~ vo-
12
14
112
210
175
&
::;;
140
ui
~
u;
105 ~
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
35
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
"'
1
1
0.12

March 1953

80r-------~------,-------,--------,-------,560

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 13; n(long transverse, tension) = 8.8; n(short transverse, tension) = 8.7.
UNSA97010
Short transverse
<ti
gj
Long transverse
gf 40 1-------4-------:A'-------+--------t-----------j 280
0 o~------~2------~4------~6L-------s~----~1~
80
or-_____1r4_____,2r8____-,42______,56______7To______,8\
60

modulus curves


10
WA.210 7010-17451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

80.-------~------~------~------~-------560

12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 12; n(long transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97010
Source: MJL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-286
~
gf
&
~
40 l---------j----------,~------+--------+--------1 280 "'
~
w
4
6
~----~14~----~28~----4~2~____5T6____~7~0____~8~ 60

modulus curves
12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 14; n(long transverse,


80r-------,-------,-------,--------r------,560

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.2; n(1ong transverse, tension) = 9.7; n(short transverse, tension) = 8.2.
UNSA97010
~"'
gf 40 1--------+----~---+-----+------j 280 tJ
~
~
Cii
CI)

modulus curves
100o_,___--~1r4____~2r8____~42r-----~56~----7~o~--~84 700
Tested at room temperature. Typica1 for sheet thickness

60
420
c..
"'
:2
tJ
cn
tJ
cn
Cii
40
280
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0-i--~1~

Cii
100
80
Longitudinal
60
ui
Ul
Ci5
40
/
2
420
"'
[J_
:2
ui
Ul
~
280
140
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 in./in.
80

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.9. UNS A97010
560
~ong transverse
20

700
o______,14______,28______4T2______5T6______7,o_____,8\
60

modulus curves

parameter, n(longitudina1, compression) = 12; n(long

6
WA.216 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,

700
100
80

:<:;101.60 mm (:<:;4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 54; n(short transverse, tension)
= 29. UNS A97049, A97149
560
Lon~itudinal
u;
l.v-
60
-"'
"'
~"'
(f)
40
20
100
V
o
14
420
&.
::!:
gf
280
140
Short transverse
6
8

28
42
56
10
WA.217 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,

modulus curves
70
80

:<:;101.60 mm (:5:4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) =54; n(short transverse,
compression) =29. UNS A97049, A97149
560
rtongitudinal
......."_
-........;
t---:::
L,.
""'-..
60
"Cii
-"'
"'
~"'
(f)
40
20
V
2
= ~- 1"--..
~ Short transv:; 1'\
420
gf
~
280 ii5
140
6
8
10
6
a."'
::!:
80
60
"(ii
""'
(/)-
(/)
Ci5
40
20
V
V
2
420
140
6
8
12
10
WA.219 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

forging, compressive stress-strain and compressive
70

transverse, compression) = 24; n(short transverse, compression) = 20. UNS A97049, A97149
560
80
1/
Longitudinal and long transverse""

Shorttrans~
--:::::z::
---.L._
"(ii
""'vi
(/)
Ci5
40
20

parameter, n(1ongitudinal, tension) = 29; n(long transverse, tension) = 24; n(short transverse, tension) = 18.
UNS A97049, A97149
560
l1 Longitudinal
r1 Long transverse
r1 Short transverse

28
42
56
14
60
WA.218 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

forging, tensile stress-strain curves
700
100
V
2
+;:::.-
:::::::::~
V
420
10
6
8
6
a.."'
:2:
vi
(/)
~
280
140
12
Ci5
00
WA.220 7049/7149-T73511 aluminum alloy

extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
lt-------1 560

Typical for extrusion thickness ::;127.0 mm (::;5.00 in.).
22; n(longitudinal, compression) = 20. UNS A97049,
A97149
100
o_______1,4____-.28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8~
---
420
u;

O)
a.
-"'
:2
ui
ui
rn
~
rn
~
Ci)
Ci)
280
L------L----~------~----~------~~~~0
6
8
10
12
100
80
60
-"'
rn'
rn
~
Ci)
40
20

UNSA97049
560
Longitudinal,
Long transverse ,
u;

700
y
2
-=:=:-
"
~-- ~
~
420
""'- Short transverse
:2
ui
280
140
6
8

O)
a.
10

modulus curves
100 or-----~14______~28______4~2______5~6______7~o____~8~ 00

420
u;
"'
a..
-""
:2
II
II
'"~
'"~
ii5
280
4
106 psi
80
70
50
o
o

490
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:

longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
420
35b OF (177 C}
350
"'
a..
:2
280
500 oF (260 oc)
140
70
II
"'
~
210
11
fr
20
560
250 oF (121 oc)
1~
11
30
10
RooJ temperatura
60
ii5
10
Strain,
15
0.001 in./in.
20
Source: Private communication between O. Dee1 (Battelle Memorial

Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.),
Vol3, Code 3217, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 17
80
560

490

transverse. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
Composition: Al-7 .6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
Room \temperatura
70
~r-
25d 'F (121 'C)
420
60
V
11!
50
10
350
as
0..
::2:
280 gf
11
li
30
20
35J 'F (177 'C)
:!!
1i5
210
'
500 'F (260 'C)
140
70
10
15
20

Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Test temperatura,
oc
80 1r8~-----,38~----~9,3_______1,4_9_______2T04~-----2~6~ 60
WA.225 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Each point average of

three tests. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
Source: W.M. Pratt, "Materia1-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,
Effect of E1evated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div., Dec 1969. As pub1ished in
Purdue U niversity, 1995, p 18
40
Exposure time al
test temperatura --t--------+--\----t--------1 280
1/2 h
... 10 h
100 h
30L_______J __ _ _ _ _ _~------~--------L-------~210
490
70
.......
60
u;
-"'
50
.s::.
c,
c:
~
u;
"C
a;
;;:: 40
30
420
l".\
1~
\
"'
350 ~
210
140
20
~ 70.-------,--------,-------,--------~------,
::
'E
E
~ 40~----~~-------+------~~~~--+-------~
"'
c:
o
~
" 30 oL_______1~0~0------~20~0~----~3~0~0------~4~00~-----5~00
~
Test temperatura, "F

Tested at room and elevated temperatures.

Test direction: longitudinal.
Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
Voi Il, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
80.------.-----,------.------,------,------,560

Room temperatura

transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
420
350
"'
Il.
:2
280 gf
~
U5
210
140
70
0 o~-----2L-----~4-------~6------~8------~----~
10
12

Voi II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals Handbook,
90
80
Temperatura, c
7r3_____-,18______3,8______9r3_____1,4_9_____2~04______,26~
1--=---:,._~--~~--t----+---+----l
WA.228 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

bar, 7049-T76 bar, effect of temperature on tensile
properties data
30
560 "'
o_
:::e
~70~~--~~~~-r-~~}-~~~----r--~490~
oc
~
~
E:!
~~
~~
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Al-7 .6Znc2.5Mgl.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049

Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanicai Properties of 7049-T73 aud 7049-T76
Aiuminum Alloy Extrusions at Severa! Temperatures;' AFML-TR-72-2,
Air Force Materiais Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb i972.
As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3,
350~
\ii50
~"_
~ 401-----+---+---~---4---~~~--1280 ~
o T73 3x11 Y. in. (76.2x285.8 mm)
>= 30
o
t:. <~.
integrally stiffened extrusion

T73 3Y.x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
T76 3Y.x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
2 1o :;::
20L-----~------~------~----~------~----~140
-100
100
200
300
Temperature, "F
Temperatura,
400
500
WA.229 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

bar, 7049-T76 bar, tensile property data
90 7r3~----,1B______3~8______9r3____-,14r9_____2,o_4____-.26~ 30
Test direction: short transverse. Composition: Al-7 .6Zn2.5Mg-l.5Cu-O.l5Cr. UNS A97049

..-::::1
-::::1
u..-
u..-
~ 701------~~~~+~~~~---4------r--~490 ~
rn
c
E:!
.sa 60
420 2
"'
"'
~
\ii~
~\ii
->~
->.
~
~
~ 401------+----+-----~---4-----~~-~280 ~
:;:: 30
T73 3x11Y. in. (76.2x285.8 mm)

integrally stiffened extrusion
D T73 3Y.x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
t:. & T76 3Y.x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
Temperature, "F
21 o
>=
Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanicai Properties of 7049-T73 aud 7049-T76

Aiuminum Alloy Extrusions at Severa! Temperatures," AFML-TR-72-2,
Air Force Materiais Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb 1972.
80
70
;Y
60
v~
50
-"'
"'~
40
30
10
WA.230 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging,

490

longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
420
350 F (177 c)
Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battel!e Memorial

Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Alurninum and Chernical Corp.),
350
fi
~
ii5
20
560
25~ F (121 c)
hV
u;
ui
Roo~ temperatura
210
5oo F (260 c)
140
70
15
20
80,-------,--------,--------r-------,--------,560

Rooml temperatura
70
~--+----J-~=i=====::t==~ 490
?r--
250I F (121
c)
60r-------,.~~---+---------r-------~-------1420
~~~------+----~35~o~F~(~17~7~.C~)
h{
~
50r-------~~~---+--------r-------4--------1350
~ 4or-----?/rR/J________+--------r-------4--------428o
30r---~f-~-------+--------r-------4--------i210
20
11
500 F (260
c)
140
10I
70
0 o~------~5--------1~o------~1~5-------2~o------~2;
ui

transverse. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
UNSA97049
Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial
Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Alurninum and Chemical Corp.),


longitudinal. Composition: Al-7 .6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu0.15Cr. UNS A97049
420
350
"'
0..
~
:2
~ 40r----r--~17~--+-----+-----~------~ 280 ai

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFML-TR-72-196,
Voi 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
(/)
~
210
140
70
10
12
80

70

transverse. Composition: Al-7 .6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
60
50 I-----+----I--/J~-+--=..j......--==~---l350
'iii
""~
8:.
:2
40
~--~--~~~--+-----+----~---4280 ~
i
30
20
10
o ~-----L-----L4------~6------~8------~10------~1f
2
o

Test temperatura,
-18
70
38
93
--
...
60

1 O h exposure and test temperature on compressive
properties
204
149
!......._
420
""\
Test direction: transverse. Forging thickness: 127 mm

(5 in.). Each point average of three tests. Composition:
Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
Source: W.M. Pratt, "Material-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div., Dec 1969. As published in
T\
ui
(/)
~ 50
"O
a;
;;:,
~
'iii
~ 40
c.
210
30
100
200
300
140
500
400
Test temperatura, F
Test temperatura,
-18
70
38
~
60
93
--
149
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Composition: Al7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
~
420
1\\
~
ui
(/)
~
50
(/)
:g
Q)
;;:,
-~
~ 40
c.
"'
a.
:!!
ui
350 ~
1i
:g
-~
E
o
Longiludinal
& Transverse
30
100

temperature on compressive yield strength
204
200
300
Test temperatura, 'F
400
.~
280 gj
i!!
c.
210
140
500
Source: "Mechanical Property Data 7049 Aluminum-T73 Forgings,"

prepared by Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, issued
by Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
WA.236 7050-17451 aluminum alloy hand forging,

.....
Various thicknesses and test directions as indicated for

7050-T7451 (-T73651). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
Strain, 0.001 in.!in.
WA.237 7050-174 aluminum alloy die forging,

Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T74
(-T736). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNSA97050
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOOI9-72-C-0512 to
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Cade 3222,
- - Longitudinal
- - Short transverse

Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T7451

(-T73651). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Y" in. (12.7 mm)

4 in. (101.6 mm)

Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C-0512 to
- - Longitudinal
- - - Long transverse
70.-------~-------~-------,-------r-------,490

Plate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:

Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: D.J. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.
Ponchel, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Structural
Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aircraft Environments," AF contract 33615-74-C-5089, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
OOL-______
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ L __ _ _ _ _ _~------~------~0
4
6
10
80
560

490
Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,

long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
area: -5,277.4 cm2 (-5,43 in. 2). Composition: Al-6.2Zn2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
~.L
.......: ::--LT
70
lE
--LT
--ST
....
60
50
10
350
"'
a.
:2
280 .;
"'~
30
20
420
U5
210
1/
140
1/
- - ,;2.0 in. (,;50.8 mm)

- - - 2-5 in. (50.8-127 mm)
70
10
6
8
70
V/
ii
~
U5 30
20
10
/............
....
....
f--L
-LT
- LT
ST
1
V
1
1/
2
Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,

long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
area: -5,277.4 cm2 (-5,43 in. 2). Composition: Al-6.2Zn2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
420
350
f/
50
-"'

490
60
"iii 40
Source: J.T. Staiey, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and F.R. Rudoiph, "Aiuminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF contract 33615-73-C-5015, Aicoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
280
&
:2
210
140
- - ,;2.0 in. (50.8 mm)
- - - 2-5 in. (50.8-127 mm)
70
6
8
10
12
Source: J.T. Staiey, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Waish, and F.R. Rudoiph, "Aiuminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF contract 33615-73-C-5015, Aicoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

700
100
Various thicknesses and test directions. Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
0.090 in. (2.286 mm)

560
80
420
60
"Cii
-"'
ui
:2
ui
1/)
1
1
1/)
1i5
1
280
40
"'
a.
0.249 in. (6.325 mm)

Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C-0512 to

Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050

WA.244 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forgings,

Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNSA97050
.' 6.1 in. (155 mm)
thick
- - Longitudinal
70

490
~transverse
~;;.
50
r;;
.:.::
10
350
280
,g;
20
n s h q r t transverse
Longitudinal
40
(/) 30
Plate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:

Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
420
60
~
~
210 i'i5
1
V
140
70
6
4
:;
10
Source: D.J. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.

Ponche1, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Structural
Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aircraft Environments," AF contract 33615-74-C-5089, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050

Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate,
Hand Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C0512 to Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July
WA.247 7050 aluminum alloy sheet, true stress as a

function of strain rate
70
Tested at 482 oc (900 F). Grain size: 14 11m (0.55 mil).

Total elongation shown in percent. Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
5.
z~
120%
1. o
7.0
/-L
.; o.
1
Q)
o. 1
0.0 5
f..o-0
1
V
"'
0..
:::;
.;
rn
1!!
1ii
Q)
:::>
t=
0.7
0.07
10-1
0.0 1
10-6
TrUI~ strain rate, s - 1
Source: A.K. Ghosh and C.H. Hamilton, Deforrnation and Fracture in

Al-Zn-Mg Alloys at Elevated Temperature, Strength of Metals and
Alloys, Proc. Fifth International Conference, Vol2 (Aachen, Gerrnany),
27-31 Aug 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
90 .------r------.------r------,------,-----.630
80

Room temperature

(top) longitudinal; (bottom) long transverse. Plate thickness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
70
60
c;;
-"'
ui
50
"'
li
~-----r------~~~~~----~-----r----~350 ~
"'~
~
1i5 40 ~----~----~~~--~------~----~------1280 rn
30
20
10
o L------L------L------L------L-----~----~0
90 .------,------,------,------,------,-----.630
560
80
70
60
"'
~ 50 ~-----r------~~~~------~-----r------1350
ui
-~
"'~
~
1i5 40 ~-----r----~~-----r------~-----r------1280 rn
30
20
10
00~----~----~------L-----~----~----~0
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
Strain.%

New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published inAerospace
-18
80
38
93
Temperatura,
149
c
204
260

temperature on compressive yield strength
316
560
Plate thickness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050

490
70
"'
u;
""'- 60
0..
420 :2
"'"'
tJ
"'~
;;;
Cll
350 ~
:2
"C
;;. 50
Cll
Cll
.2:
.2:
"'"'~
c.
(.)

New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published in Aerospace
"'~"'
c.
40
280 oE
(.)
Longitudinal
Long transverse
210
30
200
100
200
300
400
Temperatura, F
80
~J~~
60
20
500
V
V
2
~ ~in al
6oJ40

560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness -:!,50.775 mm (-:!,1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: -:!,206
cm2 (-:!,32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 21.
UNSA97050
420
"'
:2
0..
280
tJ
(/)
140
10

80.------,-----,------,------,------r-----~560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: ~277 cm2 (~43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 19, n(short transverse, tension) = 14. UNS A97050
~
gi
~
:2
40 1 - - - - - + - - - 7 4 - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - - - 1 2 8 0
gi
~
00
00
14
10
8
6

28
42
56
L/,,), '""'"J'
--
V
1
-.;;::
V
2
10
8
6
6
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 39; n(long transverse, compression)
= 38. UNS A97050
420
20

modulus curves
70
._ /Longitudinal ~
~
60
"'
(L
:2
280 ui
(/)
~
140

modulus curves
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
80~----~----~------~----~------.------,560
area: -:;,277 cm2 (-:;,43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 29; n(long transverse,
compression) = 33; n(short transverse, compression) =
23. UNS A97050
l1l
gf 40 1------1------+i-------+-------t------+--1----l 280
~
<I
Ul
U5
6
8
10
6
80
WA.254 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,

560

-:;,76.20 mm (-:;,3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) 27; n(short transverse, tension)
= 24. UNS A97050
~ngitu,inal
60
V
V
-----
Short transverse

l1l
0..
::!!!
280
<I
Ul
Ci5
20
420
140
10

modulus curves
80 or-----~14______~28______4~2______5~6______7ro____~8\60

::;76.20 mm (::;3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 44; n(short transverse,
~
:a;
gf 40 t------t-----+-J----+----+----t------t----t 280 gf
L-----~2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0~--~1~

6

80r-----~-----.------~-----,------r-----,560

UNS A97050
~
gf 40 f - - - - - + - - - - A - - - - t - - - - + - - - t - - - - - j 280
~
.1:;
(/)
~"'
rJ
~
-
iii
20f----~---4----t----+----j-------j140
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
Wrought Aluminum (WA}/449

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
8or-----~-----.------,------,------~-----,560

6
8
10
80
560

Longitudinal
60
20
1
:;
2
420

~
::2
280 ui
140
6
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion

thickness ::;;44.450 mm (::;;1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 19; n(long transverse, tension) = 26. UNS A97050
~1
~ transverse
10

compressive and tangent modulus stress-strain curves
80
o,_____,1,4_____,2a______4~2______5T6____~7ro_____,8\
60
n(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97050
~"'
gf 40 1-------+-----++------+------+------+--+-------1 280 gf
(/)~
Cii

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi

80.-----"-----,------~-----,------,-----,560

n(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(1ong transverse, tension)
= 14; n(short transverse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A97050
Longitudiqal
Long transverse
Sh~rt transver~e
~"'
gf 40 1-------+-------A------+------+------t-------j 280 gf
~
Cii
~
Cii
~-----2L-----~4,_----~6------~8------1~0----~1f

modulus curves
80
o,___--~14______,28______4~2______s~6______7,o_____,8\
60
forging thickness ::;177.8 mm (::;7.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 20. UNS A97050
2L_____~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1;
L __ _ _ _ _

80

560

n(longitudinal, tension) = 11; n(short transverse, tension)
= 7.3. UNS A97050
~Longituinal
../"'
60
Short transverse
20
V
V
2
420
"'
0..
:a;
280 u
Cii
140
10

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70

n(longitudinal, compression) = 12; n(short transverse,
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H. 1 Dec 1998, p 3-326

6

80r-----,------,------,------,------r-----,560
Long transverse

= 14. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H. 1 Dec 1998, p 3-341
~"'
g 40 f-------1----lt---+------+---t-----J 280 g
~
w
~
20f----~--~---+-----+---t-----J140

modulus curves
ro
M
80~----~-----;~----~----~~----T------1560
O

~50.8 mm (~2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
gj
gf 40 1------f--------/-i-----+------+----l--+--------l 280
rn
ui
~
ii5
QQL------2L_----~4------~6------~8------1~0--L-~1f

80

560
vv
V
V
60
Long transverse
6
8
420
&.
:2
280 ui
ii5
20
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 20.
UNSA97050
Longitudinal
----':'::
140
10
14

28
42
56
70

modulus curves
84
r---,----.~--~---,----,---,560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 5,50.77 mm (5,1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: 5,206
cm2 (:532 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 27; n(long transverse, compression)
= 33. UNS A97050
1------+----1---/-+----+---+-'~--1420
~"'
li
40 1------+----+t---+----+---+---t---l 280 ui
~
~
00
00
20~--~---4---+----+---~1--~140


area: 5,277 cm2 (5,43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 13; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. UNS A97050
~"'
li
~
40 1 - - - - - - + - - - - - F t - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - - i 280
00
li
~
00
20~--~---4---+----+---r---~140

modulus curves
~----~14~----~28~----4~2~____5,6______7,o_____,8\60
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80--127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: -:::;.277 cm2 (-:::;.43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
compression) = 27; n(short transverse, compression) =
22. UNS A97050
"'
"Cii
0..
""'
::!!:
gf 40 1-------f---+-t----+----+---+---t----1 280
cn
ui
rn
10

100
90
~sverse
80
70
60
~
gf 50
rn
40
30
20
10
630
560
Source: J. Gilbert Kaufman
420
~/
a."'
::!!:
350
ui
ii)
280
210
140
70
4
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80--61.468 mm (0.500-2.420 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.9; n(long
transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97055
490
/
2
WA.270 7055~T77511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

700
6
10
560
WA.271 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70
490
UNSA97075
60
420
50
350
Source: "Typical Tensile Stress Strain Curves for 7075 T6," Alcoa
Research Laboratories, 20 Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace
80
Room temperatura
"'
'(ij
a_
"":li
::2:
40
280 ui
U)
400 oF (204 oc)
U5
(/)
210
30
20
140
5oo oF (260 oc)
70
10
6
4
90
10
80
70
60
c;;
""ui
50
U)
U5
40
30
20
3oo oF (149 oc)
350 OF (177 'C)

400 oF (204 oc)
450 F (232 oc)
rr
5oo F
1(
(2~0 oc)
490
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. UNS A97075
420
r-----~
11
560
WA.272 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

temperatures
630
R~om temper~ture
-t----
"'
350 ~
ui
U)
280
210
140
70
10
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
~
(/)
G. Sachs, G. Espey, and G.B. Kasik, "Correlation of Inforrnation

Available on the Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys," Sec IV, Pt V,
National Defense Research Committee, 15 Sept 1944. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3207, CINDASI
120
-----v-l_.-----
100
80
840
1
-423 F (-253 c)
1
-320 F (-196 c)
v--
-110 .F:9
.6)
:::--
r--
Room
te~ture
700
560
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.16
WA.273 7075-T6 aluminum alloy bar, complete

Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Bar diameter:
19 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu0.3Cr. UNS A97075
K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, "Tensi1e and Impact Properties of Se1ected
Materials from 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals

fiOr------,-----,------,------,------,-----~420
Tested at: (top) 149 oc (300 F); (bottom) 204 oc

(400 F). Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNSA97075
Source: F.M. Howell aud G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress Strain
Curves for Several Heat Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 aud
400F," Alcoa Research Laboratories, Mechanical Testing Div., 29 April
1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
o
40
30
u;
-"
...
---
...... -...
...
... ...
210
"'
[L
:;;
1h
gf 20
~
280
Short
time
140 "'
UJ
~
(/)
U5
10 h
100 h
10
70
1000 h
00
10
12
WA.275 7075-16 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, plate,

effect of test direction on stress-strain curves
80~------~------,-------,--------r-------,560
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composition

(7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
Source: "Strength of Metal Aircraft Elements," ANC-5, Department of
Defense, March 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 2
(/)~
~
Cii
~ 40 f---------+-------~'--------+-------+---------1 280 ~
140
20
.1
.1
/
- - - Tension
- - Compression
/
/
/
o
o
90
10
4
6
80
70
60
T6, LongitJdinal
- - - O, Transverse
r; --
100 'F(3JC)
200 'F (93 'C)
.............
560
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition

(7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
490
250 'F (12'1 'C)
420
<Il
~ 50
350 ~
rJ
WA.276 7075-0 and 7075-16 aluminum alloy ciad

sheet, complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
630
1
- -
rJ
rn
280 (/)
~
40
30
.1
20
10
i'
""'....
...
....
----
---- r------- r----
Room temperature
----~----
210
300 'F (149 'C)
---- ---140
70
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: G. Sachs, G. Espey, and G.B. Kasik, "Corre1ation of

Information Avai1ab1e on the Fabrication of A1uminum Alloys," Sec IV,
Pt V, National Defense Research Committee, 15 Sept 1944. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3208,

temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm

(0.064 in.). Composition (7075): AI-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu0.3Cr. Ciad with Iow zinc, 7072, alioy. UNS A97075
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
80.-----,------,------,-----~------,-----~560

Tested at room and eievated temperatures. Test direction:

transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Ciad
with low zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
-18
80
'iii
93
Temperature, c
204
316
60
WA.279 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, effect

of exposure and test temperature on compressive
yield strength
427
560
420 "'
0..
"""
:::!;
,5'
,5'
"'~
c
"'c
1ii
'O
'O
~ 40
-~rn
280 ]i
;>,
<Il
>
u;
rn
~
rn
~
o.
o.
E
o
E
o
(.)
(.)
20
140
1/2 h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
V'3yratRT
1/2 hal ET
o
o
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Composition (7075): Al5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072,
alloy. UNS A97075
Handbook, Vol3, Cade 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
80
Temperatura, oc
r18________~93__________
20,4_________3,1_6________~421
60
420
60
WA.280 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, effect

of exposure and test temperature on tensile
properties
"'
o._
"iii
:2
""',
:
~"
!:!:::"
!:!:::"
:5
~
c:
Cl
c:
~
1ij
40
280
"iii
c:
"iii
c:
"*E
140 ""
5
E
5"" 20
"*
80.---------,----------,--------~----------,560
20
1/2 h
o 100h
... 1000 h
V3yratRT
1/2hatET
o
o
200
400
Temperatura, oF
600
8o8
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Note one sample was
aged for 3 years. Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072, alloy.
UNS A97075
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
40
35
---~--
~:
Nominal
"'\
>-
h-_
30
V
1
1
245

YS, yield strength. Rod size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam. Test
specimen diam, 12.7 mm (112 in.). Gage length:
area, 40%. True strain at maximum load, 10.4%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
(n) of 0.09 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA97075
210
::E
::f
140
jg
(/)
u;
..4- L,.-o
<::
105 ~
YS
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
t
o
WA.281 7075-0 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

rod, tensile stress-strain curves
175 ~
':fYJ"
10
280
35
Source: Alcoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

June 1953
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.1~
0.10
90
80
70
_!,..----o-
60
u;
-"'
ui 50
j/
(/)
~
1i)
~
40
(/)
<::
30
20
10
o
o
:>-<' 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
2
630

560
140

YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%. True
strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log plot of the
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.1 O in
70
Source: A1coa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

April 1951
l'
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
YS
490
420
"'
0..
::E
350 ui
(/)
~
1i)
280 ~
<::
~
210
0.10
10
100
90
80
70
_-:::;;::::::::
gj 60
ui
w 50
u;
c:
40
30
20
10
......---
Nominal-
560
co
420 ~
rJ
cn
~
w
~
u;
280 ~
140

700
True

YS, yield strength. Test direction: transverse. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation
(in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%.
True strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log plot of the
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.10 in
April 1951
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
10
Strain, in./in.
WA.284 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, tensile

100
o,_____,14______,28______4T2______5T6______7,o____-,8~ 00
parameter, n(L, tension) = 17; n(LT, tension) = 15 n(L,
UNSA97075
u;
420
60
-"'
co
c..
::;;;
<I
cn
rJ
U5
~
cn
cn
280
40
1
1
1
1
0 o~----~2______J4------~6------~8------1~o----~1~
6
80
70
-1
---
560

490
-,x
~ Longitudinal
Long transverse
60
420
50
350
8!.
:2
280
tJ
UJ
(i5
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
WA.286 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloy

rolled bar, rod, and shape, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus curves
100
o,______1,4______2,8_____-,42______,56______7,o______,8~
00

Typical for specimen thickness ::::;76.20 mm (::::;3.000 in.).
50; n(longitudinal, compression) = 13. UNS A97075
420
"Cii
-"
"'
Il.
:2
tJ
11)
tJ
11)
280

(i5
90
80
70
560
WA.287 7075-16 and 7075-1651 aluminum alloy

rolled or cold-finished bar, tensile stress-strain curve
(full range)
490

Typical. UNS A97075
630
- --
- .........
420
60
ro
]l 50
350 ~
"'~
li
280 (fJ
~
Ci5 40
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
100
u;
70
14
WA.288 7075-162 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

modulus curves
84
700
UNSA97075
80
560
60
420 ro
0..
:a:
-"'
"'"'
~
Ci5
280
40
0 o~----~2------J4------~6------~8------1Lo-L--~1l
6
"'"'
~

100
or-----~1,4____-c28______,42______5,6______,_-----,8~
00
UNSA97075
u;
420
60
"'
Q_
.><
::2:
Ul
Ul
U5
280
40
U5
0 o~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0~L-~1~

6
100
90
80
700
Longituldinal
r-_
V
.t "-
Long transverse

630
560
70
490
60
420
8!.
::2:
350 u
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0. 06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
CI)

700
100
Longitudinal"
80
Lo~~"P -:;:::::-- ~

560
60
"iij
""'II
rn
(/)
40
20
420
II
rn
~
280
U5
140
a..
"'
:2
10
12

modulus curves
100
o~_-,1~4____,28~----4,2______5,6______7,o_____,a~ 00

l----..oc=-"'"=----+----,.<---'f--..-~+-"<,-::;;;o-"'F'-=...-1 560
420
a.."'
:2
II
II
U5
U5
rn
~
rn
~
280

6
Jngitudinal ,
Long transverse,
80
u;
60
""ui
"'~
40
20

700
100
V
2
~
~
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560

420
280 rn
140
10

modulus curves
100
or-----~1,4____~28~_____,42~----~56~____7To____~8~
00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;

LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 26; n(LT, compression) = 27.
UNSA97075
1---------1--="""-~~-d:,------6~--+------1560
420
'Cii
"'
a.
:2
..>::
"'
ui
"'~
"'
~
280
6
8
10
6
rn
100
90
80
r-:-
---
700

630
LongiTudinal
-+::~
Long transverse
560
70
490
60
420
"'
o..
::?:
350 .;
"'~
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
U5
0.14
Strain, in./in.

100
or-----,14______,28______4,2______5,6____~7,o______
8~
00
UNSA97075
L, compression
LT, compression
80~----~-----4------~~~~~~~~----~560
u;
60
420
40
280
"'
o..
::?:
.;
-"'
"'-
"'
~
"'~
0 o~----~2------~4------~6______L8------1LO_J--~1~
6
U5
----V --
80
70
60
_ -+
--
560

490
420
Longitudinal
-~:"-"""'
Long transverse
50
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.1~
Strain, in./in.

100
80
14
28
42
70
L and LT, compression ""LT, tension""'

L t '.
[:'::,.
L and LT, compres~1ion
' enslon'
r-u;
56
60
:.!
ui
Vl
Ci5
40
20
/
2
~/
~-
--
560
420
1'\
6
8
10
~
~
ui
280
140
UNSA97075
90
80
70
60
--:::::: ~
,........
--=-- _......r-
560
Long transverse
..............
X
490
420
"'
350 ~
ui
"'
40
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12


UNSA97075
560
80
Longitudinal""'
Long transverse"
60
~~~/
"""ui
"'
40
20
0.14
700
100
u;

Longitudinal
~ 50
ui
630
8:
:2
gf
~
280
/
2
140
6
8
420
10
12
rn
100
ST
l~~ ~
ui
rn
~
-.::::::::
/"
Cii
40
..~
280
60
>"""
True
1--
Nominal
~
ro-
10
420 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
"'
gf
350 ~
rn
..9l
u;
210
140
70
00
490
280 ~
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
560
1
1
YS
~ 40
1
1
0.01
2
0.02

630
ui
t:
700
..9l
;;;
6
8
10
rn
~
1i) 50
"'
[J_
:2
ui
90
70
420
140
100
80
l"
~ 'l{..L
-"'
il
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15;
n(LT, compression) = 13; n(ST, compression) = 15.
UNSA97075
s:~
~~T
.......
60
20

modulus curves
70
560
80
;;;

28
42
56
14
0.03
0.04 0.05 0.06

Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
10
12
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.18

YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal (midway
center to surface). Nominal size: 76 x 152 mm (3 x 6 in.)
rectangle. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
deformation. This is no longer an active alloy but is
included for reference purposes. UNS A97079
....-
Longitudinal
80
o;
60
.>::
"'~
U5
40
20

700
100
V
2
......
~g transverse

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long transverse, tension) = 11. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
560
420
(1,
:2
g
~
280
140
10
12

modulus curves

100
or-_____1~4_____,28______~42______57 6______7,o_____,8~ 00

transverse, compression) =20. Composition: Al-6.4Zn2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420
60
o;
"'
a.
:2
u
.>::
"'
"'~
_g;
rn
280
40

6
U5

100r-----.------,------,-----~------,-----~700
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick

ness 20.3-69.85 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.5; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.5. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420
u;
Source: M/L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-409

co
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
(/)
"'~
280
14
6
8

28
42
56
Cii
10

modulus curves
70
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 20.320-69.850 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 16;
n(long transverse, compression) =27. Composition: Al6.4Zn-2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
u;
60
420

co
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
"'
280
40
6
8
10
Longitudinal,
80
60
"Cii
-"'
"'"'
~
1i5
40
20

700
100
[7
><: ----

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 12; n(long transverse, tension) = 11. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
560
Long transverse
420
"'
o.
:::;
"'"'
~
280 1i5
140
10
12

modulus curves
100
or-____,14______,28~----4,2~----56____~7ro_____,8~ 00

transverse, compression) = 22. Composition: Al-6.4Zn2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420
60
"'
o.
:::;
"'"'
"'
<1)
1i5
280
40
0 o~----~2------~4------~6----~~8------1Lo_J--~1~
6
1i5
WA.309 7150-177511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

700
100
Longitudin~
80
60
~
ui
"'
!!:!
Cii
40
20
V
2
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 17.78-29.108 mm (0.700-1.145 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.8; n(long
transverse, tension) = 8.2. UNS A97150
560
VCng transverse

420
"'
0..
:2
gf
!!:!
280
Cii
140
10
WA.310 7175-173511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

700
100
80
area: 206-419 cm2 (32-65 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 41; n(long transverse, tension)= 58. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
560
Lon1 itudinal
,...-::::
a;
.e:-
60
-"'
ui
~"'
C/l
40
20
V
2
ui
"'
!!:!
280
140
:2
6
10
Cii
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3--420
100
14

28
42
56
560
80
.....__ t--60
'iii
"'I1rn
40
20
WA.311 717 5-T73511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

modulus curves
70
V
V
2
_,.--- ....-
_.__
--.........
420
Cll
a.
1\
::!:
rn"
280
12

700
100

-::;.76.20 mm (-::;.3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(transverse, tension) = 25.
UNSA97175
560
80
Longitudinal
'iii
"'I1rn
40
20
V
2
140
8
10
6
60

and long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional area:
206-419 cm2 (32-65 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 13 .
UNS A97175
f--Transverse
Cll
a.
::!:
gf
~
280 (;)
140
420
6
10
12
100
14

28
42
56
~
'""''LM,~
~ -~
/ Transverse ,
80
r---L-
u;
60
""'ui
"'
~
40
20
1-t
t----
V
V
2
- --
>
r--

modulus curves
70

:5:76.20 mm (:5:3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 50; n(transverse, compression) = 25. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
560
i"-1
1\
420
Source: M/L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3--425
&.
:::!;
ui
280
140
10

6
Lopgitudinal ,
Long tfansverse ,
Short transverse ,
60
""'ui
"'~
ii5
40
20

:5:101.60 mm (:5:4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 26; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
80
u;

700
100
V
2
80
ui
280
140
6
8
420
;..-"'"
10

modulus curves
100
14
28
42
56
80
60
LLT
""'1/
(J)
1i
40
20
L~
1
V
2
)L
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse, ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (:::::4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 17; n(ST, compression) = 19. Composition:
Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
LT~
:::--
"tii
70
420
"'
a_
:2
1/
(J)
280
1i
140
6
8
10
6

80.-----.-----~------,------,------r-----,560

UNS A97175
~"'
gf 40 l------+-------A------+------+------+--------1 280 1/
~
~
1i
1i
80
or------1r4_____,2~B_____-,42______,56______7,o______,M
560

modulus curves

transverse, compression) = 15; n(short transverse,
compression) = 17. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
L-----~2------~4-------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~

WA.318 7175-T74 aluminum alloy die (top) and

hand forging (bottom), tensile and compressive
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for die
forging thickness :::::76.20 mm (:::::3.000 in.) top, and hand
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (4.000 in.) bottom.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: C.P. Babilon, R.H. Wygonik, G.E. Nordmark, and B.W. Lifka,
"Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue, Environmental
Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, and Corrosion Characteristics of High
Toughness Aluminurn Alloy Forgings, Sheet and Plate," AFML-TR-7383, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Aprill973. As published in
Purdue University, !995, p !O
L __ _ _ _ _ _J-------~--------~------~------~0
so~------~------~--------r-------~------~seo
80
70
/~
60
/; _,...--
~~
20

490
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si.
UNSA97175
250 F (121 oc)

420
350 F (177 oc)
~v
30
560
l5F (24C)
50
10
350
t1l
[l_
280
210
5oo oF (260 oc)
140
70
80.------,-----,------,------,------,------,560
490
420
0 oL-----~0.-2-----0~A------0~.6------0~.8------1~.0----~1.J
Strain,%
<J
"'
~
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural

Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3219, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1995, p 12

Temperatura, 'C
-18
90
80
93
38
......
~
A..
~
'"F -...,
ty
149
204
260
560
:;:
--",.,
490 !:!:::"'
:,
"[!;!
420 Oi
'~
"O
Qi
;;,
"O
350
'\\
'\
'\
- - - Longitudinal
- _.,_ - Transverse
20
280
210
140
~,;
",
"'RA
---100
200
____.....
~-
300
Temperatura, 'F
400
500
"*E
100
- ~
.
--.c-
:,
"
~
70
10
ff
fii
~"
&.
600
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
1995, p 14

compressive stress strain curves
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
1995, p 14
OL------~------~----~----~------~----~0
BOr------r------,-----,------,------,------,560
o ~-----L----~-------~----~------L------1o
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain.%
0.8
1.0
1.2
110
100
90
80
P-""'"
~ f-"'
700
Nominal
"'-
630
"""
YS
1
1
gf 60
ti
~ 50
40
30
20
1
1
1
10
True
- 70
WA.322 7178-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

770
/
V
1
1
1
490 a.
"'
:2
420 gf
~
350
ti
..!!1
u;
c
280 ~
210
1
1
1
1
1
0.01
560
YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 15.9 x 76.2 mm (5/8 x

3 in.). Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 655
MPa (95.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 703 MPa (102 ksi).
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n)
UNSA97178
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.06
10
12
0.07
140
70
o.oH
Strain, in./in.
80
LongLdinal
k-----
70
560

490
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,

n(longitudinal, tension) = 26.0; n(long transverse, tension)= 24.0; n(short transverse, tension) = 14.0. Tensile
yield strength: longitudinal= 461.6 MPa (67.0 ksi); long
transverse = 454.7 MPa (66.0 ksi); short transverse =
420.3 MPa (61.0 ksi). Composition: Al-4.7Zn-2.2Mg1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
P"
60
50
40
30
10
350
a."'
:2
280 ui
U)
ii5
210
1/
140
420
Short transverse
ii5
20
Long tranrerse
gf
70
6
10

modulus curves
o
80
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350
"'
u;
""'gf
~
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,

n(longitudinal, compression) = 20.0; n(long transverse,
compression) = 20.0; n(short transverse, compression) =
23.0. Tensile yield strength: longitudinal= 420.3 MPa
(61.0 ksi); long transverse = 475.4 MPa (69.0 ksi); short
transverse = 496.1 MPa (72.0 ksi). Composition: Al4.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
Il.
:2
40
280 ui
1/)
Ci5
Ci5
30
210
20
140
10
70
12
2
80
60
--
560
-- T=--:::::... 1::::-
Short tr~nsverse ~

LongltransverL
~".,
Longitudinal'
t'x
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness: in longitudinal and long transverse directions,
38.10-152.40 mm (1.500-6.000 in.); in short transverse
direction, 76.20-152.40 mm (3.000-6.000 in.).
Composition: Al-4. 7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97249
420
&.
:2
280 ui
1/)
~
Ci5
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
80
60
u.'7
r-
".---
Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Al5 .6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn, Ti.
UNS A97475
420
lJ~,
"'
0..
:2
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for

AluminumA!loy 7475-T651 and T7351," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3220, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 12
280 ui
20

560
1 V
1 V
"'~
Ci5
140
80.-----,-----,-----~----,-----,-----,-----,560

Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNSA97475
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for
Aluminum Alloy 7475-T651 and T7351," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220, CINDAS!Purdue University,
1995, p 12
-- /
70
1/
60
Longitudinal
50
~ 40
li
~
Ci5 30
20
10
~ong
WA.328 7475-161 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, tensile

490
.....
420
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
transverse
280
1
1 V
1 1
V 1/
&
::;;
rii
210 Ci5
140
70
70
60
Longitudina~
50
'Cii
-"
30
20
10
--
1/
40
rii
UJ

490
1---
/
~~ong
'/
1 j'
V 1/
i---
420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low

350
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
transverse
280
210
140
70
&
::;;
60
./
50
1/
c;; 40
30
20
10
!.---
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low

350
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, A1uminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
280
:2
ui
Ul
210 i'i5
V V
140
1 1
70
1/
420
lhong transverse
1 1
-"
ui
Longitudin1
(J)
WA.330 7475-T761 aluminum alloy ciad sheet,

490
70
o
80
Longit~
70
560

490

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension) = 15. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
f - 1 n g transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
350
280
ui
i'i5
210
IV
1
V
"'
:2
a.
140
70
6
8
10

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350

transverse, compression) = 18. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
a."'
u;
-"'
::'ii:
gf 40
280 ui
rJ)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
12

6
80
560

70
490

Composition: Al-5 .6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.2l Cr-low
Longitudinal and long transverse

1
60
y ~sverse
50
30
20
10
1
1
350
&.
::'ii:
280 ui
210
420
140
70
6
8
10
80
14

28
42
56
70
70
490
60
420
50
350

transverse, compression) = 20; n(short transverse, cornpression) = 19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
"'
li

modulus curves
84
560
0..
::;;
280
40
1/
U)
Ci)
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
6
8
6
4
12
80
560

70
490

Transve~l=--'-
Long transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
1
V
350
280
Ci)
210
"'
::;;
li
0..
140
70
8
6
10

modulus curves
14
70
.:::::::::
28
-........:::: f::::::::::-..,
50
r--.:::::::

parameter, n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 20. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Crlow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
490
~~
'
1
1
84
560
70
30
10
56
/ LoL transver1 ,
~Longitudinal
60
20
42
420
350
"'
Il.
::;;;
280 "'
"'~
ii5
210
140
70
6
8
10
4
90
630
WA.337 7475-161 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

560

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNSA97475
Long tJnsverse
80
70
r/t-
Lan itudinal
F"-.~
~
490
60
420
"'
gj 50
350 ~
~
~
ii5 40
~
280 (J)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80
60
""<li
'fi
ii5
40
/
2

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) =33; n(long transverse, tension) = 16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
560
Longitudinal
'Cii
20

stress-strain curves (expanded portion)
700
100
k:::::-
Long transverse
420
"'
:a;
a.
<li
280
140
10
12

modulus curves
100
or-----,14~----,28~____4,2______5,6______7,o_____,8~ 00
1------l----+---+---+----+-----1 560
420
"Cii
a."'
""<li
:a;
<li
'fi
'fi
ii5
280

6
rn
Source: MIL-HDBK5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3--439
80
"'",. L,
~ ~~
Long transverse
60
1/
1/
20

560

1.6-4.75 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 26; n(long transverse, tension)= 14. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Crlow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
420
"'
:2
a.
280 .;
cn
~
Ci5
140
11
1
1
1
~~~
14
~r--.
70
6
8

28
42
56
Long tranLerse """
/ l/ Longitudinal,
R ~~
60
50
j'
gf 40
1 r--::
10
1----=
~
30
20
~'\
1
10
"'
a.
:2
280 .;
cn
~
Ci5
210
140
70
_l
350
t"-l
1

490
420
1
1/
C/J

modulus curves
70
6
8
10
6
80
70
-:::::.L~ transverse
L
rLT
Lon itudinal
""' ~
1
'~
560

490

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNSA97475
60
420
50
350
&.
:::;:
280 ui
(/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.

80.-----,------,-----,------r-----,-----~560

~"'
li
e
40 1------1------+-------+----+------+--------1 280
ro
li
~
ro
~----~2------L4----~6~----~8----~1~0----~1f

~----~14~--~2T8____~42~----56______7,o_____,8\60

modulus curves


80
Long
70
60
tr~nsverse
l,..--
...
'
560

490

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Based on two lots.
420

50
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80

560

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Longit~-;::::::::~
60
20
Long transverse
420
ro
[L
::2:
280
V
1
u)
1/l
Cii
140
1
1
1
10
14

28
42
56

modulus curves
84
560
70

490
70
~ong transvE!rs~
:::: ......
60
Longitudinal
"'--...
r-==;t<=
/
~
420
..........
50
30
20
ro
[L
::2:
280
210
140
'
....
70
1
1
1
1
u)
1/l
Cii
11
10
350
..............
10
6
8
6
80
70
Longitud~~
~
60
50
i
1
1
1
30
20
Long transverse
560

490

420
350
210
140
11
10
70
1
1
1
6
8
10
80 or-----~1.~4____~2~8____~42~----~56~----7~o~--~8\
60

modulus curves
20
140
' '1
1
1
1
1
1
2

10
12
80

560
Longitu%!::=
.-6
Long transverse
60
/'
420
c.."'
::2:
280
20

!I
140
,1
1
1
1
~/
2
10
80
o,_____,14______,2a______4T2______5T6______7,o______8~
60

modulus curves

140
20
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
o

10
12
80
60
~
ui
"'
~
40
20
WA.352 8090-T8 aluminum alloy plate, monotonie

and stabilized cyclic stress-strain curves
700
100
560
Solution beat treated with cold water quench followed

by 3% stretch and artificial aging at 198 oc (389 F)
for 16 h. Test direction: Longitudinal. Composition: Al2.5Li-1.3Cu-1.0Mg. UNS A98090
420
Source: K.T. Venkateswara Rao and R.O. Ritchie, Fatigue of Aluminum

Lithium Alloys, Int. Mater. Rev., 1992. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Val 3, Cade 3225, CINDAS/Purdue
ui
280
/1
o Monotonie
e Cyclic R = -1
140
0.01
"'
a.
:2
0.02
Total strain, %
0.03
0.04
"'
~
Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503
Aluminum Laminates (LA)

60
/
50
1/
20
10
1.--
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:

longitudinal, 621 MPa (90 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa
(48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 331 MPa
(48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi). RambergOsgood parameter, n(long transverse, tension) = 12
Long transverse
140
350
280
w
)
1/
LA.001 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
jog.,diool
40
420
70
10
60
50
i
1
40
20
10
/
1V
350

(49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi). RambergOsgood parameter, n(long transverse, tension) = 9.9
280
............
1---- Long transverse
a."'
:2
210
1/
V
Longitudinll
140
6
8
Strain, O. 001 in./in.
(/)
70
<J
(/)
/;
420
10
504/Aluminum laminates (LA)
60
50
/
1V
40
210 "'
"'
~
6
8
10
420
350

longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
290 MPa (42 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(long transverse,
tension) = 12
Longitudin1
280
1/
:a"'
[J_
- - - Long transverse
210 "'
l//
(f)
140
/;V
2
[J_
70
40
:a"'
140
50
10

Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(long transverse,
tension) = 11
,.....(-- Long transverse
60
20
350
280
/;
Longitudinll
l//
V
20
10
420
70
6
10
Aluminum laminates (LA)/505
14
28
42
56
70
84
50r-----~-----,------.------.------~-----.350
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Compressive yield

strength: longitudinal, 241 MPa (35 ksi); long transverse,
228 MPa (33 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
compression) = 12
210
u;
<!!
0..
""II
"'~
::?!
.,II
~
140
i'i5
L------2'-.----~4~----~6------~8----~~10----~1f

106 psi
50
or-_____1r4____-,2_8____-,42______,ss______7,o______,8\so

compression) = 13
210
u;
<!!
0..
""II
::?!
II
"'
~
"'
140
~----~2~_----~4~----~6-----L~8----~1~0----~1f
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
i'i5
506/Aluminum Laminates (LA)
50 or-_____1,4_____,28______~42~----5T6~--~7To____~8\so

compression) = 12
l-----'<:--+-----+----+---+-----1-----1 280
210
"'
a.
::;:;
<J
<J
"'~
~"'
(/)
ii5
140
L-----~----~------~--~~--~~~----~o
6
8
10
6
12
50
o,______1,4____-,28______,42______s,6______7To_____,8\so

compression) = 12
u;
210
30
"'
a.
""'<J
::;:;
ii5
"'
~
<J
"'~
140
20
L__ _ _ _ _2L-----~4------~6---L--~--~-1~0----~1~

100
80
60
"iii
"'uf
U)
40
fL~,;,.,
420
~~
uf
Long transverse
280
60
90
120
150
120
1'""''"';""
1
'f
180
840
LA.Ol O 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensi1e strength:

(49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, p 7-38
&.
::ii
420
7
40
140
30
80
&.
::ii
20
100

(48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi)
560
700
Long transverse
280
1(
20
140
30
60
90
120
150
uf
120
100
80
40
1'""''"";"'
840
LA.011 2024-TJ aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
700

338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
560
"'
:::;:
a_
420
Long transverse
uj
280
lr-
140
20
30
60
90
120
150
180
120
100
840
700

Loog;WdOMI
80
40
560
Long transverse
280
1(
140
20
30
60
90
120
150
;;;
100
700
80
560
60
420
Iti
0..
""'ui
:2
ui
(/)
"'~

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) =
6.4; n(long transverse, tension) = 6.1
ii5
280
40
ii5
~----~2------L4-----~6------~8----~1~0----~1~
;;;
100
700
80
560
60
420
Iti
0..
""'ui
:2
ui
(/)
(/)
ii5
40
280
10
ii5

51 0/ Aluminum Laminates (LA)
100
700
80
560
60
420
"Cii
LA.015 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and 5/4
lay-ups, typical tensile stress-strain curves
"'
0..
""'u
:2
1/)
1/)
Ci5
40
280
20
140
Ci5
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).

Ultimate tensile strength: longitudinal, 786 MPa
(114 ksi); long transverse, 345 MPa (50 ksi). Tensile
yield strength: longitudinal, 565 MPa (82 ksi); long
transverse, 290 MPa (42 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) = 5.5; n(long
transverse, tension) = 7.5. Data for 5/4lay-up: Thickness,
2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
0 o~----~2------4L-----~6------8L-----~1o----~1~
80
o,_____,14______2,8____~42______5,6____~7o______,8\
60

n(longitudinal, compression) =6.7; n(long transverse,
compression) = 13

6
Aluminum laminates (LA}/511
80~----~----~~----,------,------,------,560
60~----~-----~------4-----~------+-----_,420

compression) = 14
14
28
42
56
70
84

6
80
o_______1,4_____,28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8\
60
60~-----~----~------~-----+------+------1420
LA.018 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and
5/4 lay-ups, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).

Compressive yield strength: longitudinal, 303 MPa
(44 ksi); long transverse, 324 MPa (47 ksi). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, compression) = 5.3;
n(long transverse, compression) = 15. Data for 5/4 layup: Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Compressive yield
compression) = 14

120
840
700

/1<
100
/ ' " ' IWdiMI

80
40
20
560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7--45
"'
:2
0..
//
f
V
f,.---
- --
Long transverse
-~
80
280
140
10
20
30
h'
"
'
"
'
V
1
1/
f
40
40
20
!!!
1i5
120
100
420 ui
cn
10
840
700

560
"'
:2
0..
420 .,;
cn
!!!
Long transverse
30
20
1i5
280
140
40
980
140
l><
120
840

rngitudinal
100
700
~ 80
560 ~
1
1/
f
.;
(/) 60
::;;:
.;
"'~
420
40
20
o
o
10
-~
Long transverse
280
140
30
20
40
120
100
80
40
20
A""diMI
1
700

~
::;;:
420 .;
"'~
ii5
Long transverse
280
840
560
r~ ..--
140
10
ii5
20
30
40
Copper (Cu)/515
Copper (Cu)
90
630
80
560
70
60
~ 50
ii5 40
--- "
"""4~
1(
,...---......
195 K
Cold drawn 60%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

490
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
I\20K
420
l\
76K\
Cu.001 Oxygen-free copper (UNS C1 0200) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
"'
350 ~
1/
IJ)
280 {{)
~
295 K\'
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.2
0.1
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.6
0.5
60
Cu.002 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

C11 000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
of cold rolling
420
1
55
50
45
40
gf 30
~
ii5 25
r-__. V 1--
/V
2- 350
-3
~.----...-
"-
0.5
1.5
15
280
210 ui
175 {{)
140
105
70
5
r-
35
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
&.
:2
11f
/)~
315
245
V~V
20
385
........
V 1/v
1 ~ ~..----
- 35
10
v--
4.5
5.5
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f.!m (10 f.!in.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 371 oc (700 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
516/Copper (Cu)
60
---
55
50
45
40
~
IA
20
280
4- r----
f-- ! -
245 Q_
ca
:2
210 ui
"'
~
175 cn
140
105
5
70
35
lr
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
--
./
60
/~V
50
Jf /
It~
~~
.--295 K
lf
0.1
r-195
Cu.004 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves
showing effect of low temperatures
490
Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

t\K
420
76 K\
ca
:2
Q_
280
1\ \
350
210
140
70
0.2
0.3
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikeselt, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
..-4K'
Copper strip 1.0 rnm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.045 rnm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were
temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
5.5
560
70
10
315
80
20
350
hV
0.5
30
385
1
// / v
/IJ//
1/l"
15
gf 30
!!:!
Ci5 25
!-""
......:V v
- 35
10
Cu.003 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

C11 000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
of cold rolling
420
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
!I
i
cn
Copper (Cu)/517
560
Cu.005 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves
showing effect of low temperatures
490
Bar cold drawn 26% and aged.

Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
630
90
80
...--
70
60
........
,__
~ 50
4K
~20K
i\
"\K
-~5K
""'"'\ \
~
~
i'i5 40
295~
30
420
"'
350 ~
ui
(/)
280 (/)
~
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.3
0.2
0.1

1967
0.4
0.6
0.5
Strain, in./in.
60
Cu.006 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
rolling
420
55
50
45
- 35
1 ~~ /
ii
~ 30
i'i5 25
,..........
~~
20
15
10
y
o
5
---
350
!-"2
/ /f'
/'~ /
-
40
385
._- 1
315
280
---
3
245 a.
"'
~
210 ui
(/)
175
140
J"
105
70
35
~1
2
10
i'i5
Copper (99.50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.050 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 j.lm
(10 j.lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction
in area (RA). It was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%, temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarterhard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 704 oc (1300
F) for 1 h
518/Copper (Cu)
60
420
l,..--1
55
50
45
40
- 35
385
~2
350
f' V
315
-3
280
245
V4
/ '#
li 30
~
(/) 25
,J J'
20
15
2.~.
1,3
10
5
V f--
1 .........
li"
o
o
:2:
1/
175 Ci)
140
105
70
35
5
Strain,
6
7
8
0.001 in./in.
10
90
80
70
60
~ 50
ui
cn
~
Ci)
40
\ '\
\\ \
4K~ ::"\_20 K
v---- \
76
11
630
Cu.008 Zirconium copper (UNS C15000) bar, stressstrain curves showing effect of low temperatures
560
Bar co1d drawn and aged. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).

Composition: 0.18% Zr
490

1967
420
"
350
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
;:"'
ui
cn
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
Copper (99.50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 1b) capacity hydrau1ic testing machine and
Temp1in automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1-Lffi
(10 !-Lin.) were used. Tested in accordance with ASTM E
8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The co1d working of each curve was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage units and the reduction in area (RA) and assigned a
commercia1 temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA,
60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%;
temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half
hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annea1ed 371 o C (700 F) for 1 h
12
~K
295~
rf
210 ui
Ul
--
Cu.007 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

rolling
0.6
Copper (Cu)/519
Cu.009 Dispersion strengthened copper (UNS

C15725) plate, engineering stress-strain showing
effects of temperature
400
23.81 'C (751 'F)_
350
300
250
"'
Il.
:<
rJ
"'
~
200
150
100
50
..,...-
1~
--
.".-
1oo
Dispersion strengthened (DS) copper AL25, LOX-80

plate (99.43 Cu, 0.25 Al, aluminum oxide 0.48% by
weight). Plate 2.5 X 102 X 102 cm (1 X 40 X 40 in.),
extruded and cross rolled, annealed at 1000 oc.
200 'C (392 'F)
1v/
!JVV v-///
IJ'/
V
'c (21 ~ 'FJ
3oo l,c
(57~ 'FJ
Source: J.W. Davis, ITER Material Properties Handbook, aries.ucsd.edu

web site, May 2002
......
350 'C (662 'FJ-
lf
10
Strain, 0.001 cm/cm
Cu.01 O Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) bar and

rod, TFOO temper, tensile and compressive stressstrain and compressive tangent modulus curves
r-----,28______5,6____-,84______1T12______
14ro____-.16~
400
Typical for bar and rod 41.27-101.6 mm (1.625-4.000

in.) thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short
transverse. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) =
11, n(ST, tension) =9.6, n(L, compression) =7.1, n(ST,
compression) = 6.7
840
a;
"'
Il.
""rJ
:<
"'
~
560
rJ
"'
L------~-----L-----~------~--~-L----~0
12
16

20
24
520/Copper (Cu)
Cu.011 Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) bar and

rod, TH04 temper, tensile and compressive stressstrain and compressive tangent modulus curves
.-----,2~8~--~56______8~4____,_1~1_2_____1~4_0____~16~00
Typical for bar and rod 12.7-76.20 mm (0.500-3.000 in.)

thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short transverse.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.0,
n(ST, tension) = 7.9, n(L, compression) = 6.8, n(ST,
compression) = 7.5
840
120
~
"'
[J_
::;;
<J
<J
IJ)
IJ)
Ci5
560
80
L-----~-----L----~------L----L~----~0
12
16
20
24

6
Cu.012 Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) tubing,

TFOO temper, tensile and compressive stress-strain
200 or-----~28~----~5e~--~8T4~____1T1~2____~1r4~o____~1e~ 00
Typical for mechanical tubing with wall thickness

19.05-41.27 mm (0.750-1.625 in.). Test direction: L,
longitudinal; ST, short transverse. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.2, n(ST, tension) = 5.1,
n(L, compression) = 8.6, n(ST, compression) = 8.5
840
120
"Cii
"'
[J_
::;;
-"'
<J
<J
IJ)
IJ)
Ci5
560
80

Ci5
Copper (Cu)/521
70
65
55
50
45
Vjl
~ 40
/
/ /
gf 35
~
(/) 30
20
;'_,/ / '
/~ V
25
--
".,.........
f---
2--
1$
j ~
V 0.5
280 8:.
:2
~
245 gf
210 ii5
175
105
5
70
1h
2
:!.5
3 3.5 4
0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
Cu.014 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
420
55
50
45
/~
40
// . /
- 35
/; /
gf 30
/~
ii5 25
20
15
/)
o IP
o
Vf
;,1(/
~
V
0.5
...........
./
---/
1--
385
350
315
280
".,.........
245 0..
"'
--
:2
210 ui
175 (/)
140
105
70
,.....-
1.5
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-fi.nish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1..1-m
(10 1..1-in.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each curve was defi.ned
by the change in strip thickness based on the Brown and
Sharpe (B&S) wire gage units and the reduction in area
(RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring.
Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3:
B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S, 1;
RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA,
50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed 482 oc (900 F) for
60
385
140
Strain,
10
420
315
-1.5
455
350
,....-
1-'7
15
-1
60
10
Cu.013 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21 000), stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
490
2.5
3 3.5 4
4.5
5.5
35
6
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-fi.nish grain size of 0.070 mm. A
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1..1-m
(10 1..1-in.) were used. Composition: 94.59% copper. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is g1ven for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defi.ned by the change in strip
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
522/Copper (Cu)
90
Cu.015 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) bar,

temperatures
630
80
560
20 K
)...---
70
...........::::
~
~
i'i5 40
20
10
.....
~
;} ~v
:gj 50
gf
It
~V
'
4K
~P"
60
30
76 K
295K
'
ro
350 ~
gf
280 (/)
~
)1(
210
140
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
70
60
50
45
~V
u; 40
/. V;;
""gf 35
~
v.6
v;
(/) 30
25
10
1/
55
15
Cu.016 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

490
-'1 455
65
20

1967
420
1\ ,
195 K
1..---
Bar was annealed. Bar thickness: 19 nun (3/4 in.)

490
,.--.
/:V
/
420
2
385
-~ 350
315
V_.,? V
210
175
1 11/
Vf2 v r--
IA V
li'
280 ~
:2
245 gf
140
105
70
35
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5.5
i'i5
Commercial bronze (govemment-gilding) (89.74% Cu)

strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f..lm (10 f..lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p. 37
Copper (Cu)/523
60
50
45
[ij
40
/J V V
'Cii
-" 35
/_ V
<J
(/)
V' v
~ 30
cn
25
l/
!........
1V
20
15
lf
10
--
v 1-1 420
55
Cu.017 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

455
65
/ t::-
2
385
350
3
315
1--
280
"'
0..
245 :2
~
140
105
70
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5.5
90
80
70
~K
(/)
Ci) 40
35
6
Source: RA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
630
Cu.018 Red-brass (UNS C23000) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effect of low temperatures
560
Bar cold drawn 14%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).

Red brass (85% Cu, 15% Zn)
490
Source: RP. Reed and RP. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
420
76 K
"'
350 ~
195 K
<J
20
~
~
V.~t/--~
l&v\ 1\
~~
gj 50
30
~/
60
295 K
gf
280 ~
cn
210
ft
140
rtJ
70
10
0.1
175
210
Ci)
o
o
ui
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
Commercial bronze (govemment-gilding) (89.74% Cu)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer 0.254 Jlm (10 !J.in.) accurate to 0.254 Jlm
(10 !J.in.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction n
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
F) for 1 h
1.0
524/Copper (Cu)
90
_,..... L---
80
//
70
60
gj 50
/~
"'
"'~
ii5 40
30
20
10
630
Cu.019 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold working
560
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268
kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J..Lm
(10 J..Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
F) for 1 h
_,.....2
490
420
l.-- - 3
350 ~"'
~-4
280 (/)
~
il'
210
140
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins aud E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
70
65
60
55
50
45
"(ii
40
-"'
~ 35
V ~
ii5 30
~~
350
-r--
280
175
140
105
5
70
35
1.5
2.5 3 3.5 4
11.
:;;;
210 ii5
/1//
IJ
"
315
245 .;
lh ~
0.5
455
385
"...
Cu.020 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

490
420
,[,1:V
20
10
~
..-
1~
25
15
/
/
,)...
4.5
5.5
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J.lm
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S,
F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wi1kins aud E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Copper (Cu)/525
70
65
50
~ f...--
.;:: ~~
gj 40
gf 35
V/
U 30
420
l-
1/V . . ............
45
385
350
315
280 ~
:2
245 ui
210
1?/v
25
,.
/J
o
o
~
U
175
#_ V
20
/ /
55
10
/1
60
15
Cu.021 Low-brass (UNS C24000) strip, stress-strain

490
3- ~ 455
140
h~
1//
'/
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
~!.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
80-20 low-brass (80.41% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-:finish grain size of 0.020 mm. A
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 11m
(10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5:
B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at
427 oc (800 F) for 1 h
6o
100
90
.......
~/
2
80
L_
v
[;~?
70
/~
60
j
/
40
J~
1~
30
630
560
490
420
350
210
140
70
:2
tV
Cu.022 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
280
20
10
....-
_].-
10
11
12
uf
rn
~
Special spring-brass (74.69% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 11m (10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the spring brass composition is
similar to C25600. The cold working of each specimen
was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
F) for 1 h
526/Copper (Cu)
100
90
80
60
70
630
-1
560
2
490
420
h~ v-- 3
gf 50
40
!/'
280
70
6
7
8
10
11
100
90
80
70
60
'/
gf 50
10
700
Cu.024 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
630
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 J.Lm (10 J.Lin.) were used: These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness based
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
annealed at 482 oc (900 F) for 1 h
490
~3
420
280
210
140
70
4
Strain,
0.001
6
in./in.
"'
0..
::;;;
350
p
J
lf
Source: R.A. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
560
._4
Special spring-brass strip (74.69% Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 J.Lm (10 J.Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
12
-1
~2
~V
30
20
Ay
E'!
Cii
40
ti)
(/)
140
1-'1
uj
210
;J
20
"'
0..
::;;;
350
30
10
Cu.023 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
uj
Cii
Copper (Cu)/527
100
700
90
630
-1
80
' /l-2
60
V
/v
40
420
350 .;
f-
280
210
140
",...
70
1(
4
6
5
Cu.026 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) thin-wall

tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
800
Compression
700
rf.
Torsion
600
.,.;
,g;.,
500
Q)
.sgj
.,
400
Axial tension
following
torsion
prestrain
g 300
200
100
00
~
Cii
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 J.Lm (10 J.Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
900
::;;
"'
::;;
a.
/"
20
490
~V
bV
30
10
560
70
Cu.025 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
0.5
1.5
2
van Mises true strain
2.5
3.5
Results of path-change experiments on 70-30 brass.

Curves (A) through (D) represent axial tension in thinwall tubes following torsional prestraining to von Mises
strains indicated. A series of experiments were conducted
by prestraining in torsion followed by uniaxial tension.
All specimens were thin-wall tubes. Test sections were
25.4 mm (1 in.) long, 12.14 mm (0.48 in.) in diameter,
and 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) in wall thickness. Specimens
were carefully machined, annealed, and electropolished
before twisting. After twisting, they were unloaded, reelectropolished, and strain gaged for tension testing. The
resulting tensile curves are shown superimposed on the
previous torsion and compression curves. The two curves
at smaller prestrains showed little uniform elongation;
most of the deformation occurred in a localized neck.
Hence, these flow curves are questionable. The two
curves for large prestrains definitely show that significant
plastic flow in tension following torsional prestraining
takes much higher stresses than does continued torsion.
In fact, the flow curves are very close to that observed for
compression at the same von Mises strain level.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers
presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 12
528/Copper (Cu)
800
___
700
/
600
Uniaxial
tensian;1
<Il
[l_
:2 500
f/
<li
(/)
;;; 400
Q)
(/)
c:
o
........
Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm

(0.48 in.) diameter, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
Comparison of stress-strain curves for 70-30 brass for
uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, and torsion.
Tension and torsion were carried out on identica! thinwall tubes. Compression was carried out on solid rod,
which was remachined often to avoid barreling.
Tarsian
Saurce: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers

(/)
>
"'
"'
"' "'

Uni;i~ ~~p::i~n
.... .... ....
300
200
100
0.5
1.5
2.5

600
f1.
:2
vi
(/)
400
;;;
!!l
300
~ 200
100
V/
/~ ~
Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm

(0.48 in.) diam, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
Comparison of stress-strain curves for thin-wall 70-30
brass tubes. Curve 1: uniaxial hoop tension. Curve 2: the
results for three different stress states-torsion, plane
strain with no length change (Ez = 0), and plane strain
with no diameter change (E0 =0). Curve 3: uniaxial tension. Curve 4: balanced biaxial tension
l.,./3
500
~~
V2
7{
/'

.1.
oo
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Copper (Cu)/529
75
65
60
--- --
/ /
45
"Cii
""":.
40
(/)
(/)
~ 35
1i5
30
25
20
~V
// ~ ' /
/. ~
~
p
455
350
1---- 315
1--
10
ol/
ui
245 ~
210 1i5
5
175
140
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5.5
75
70
65
60
. . . v . . . Jv-2'
55
50
A~
45
"Cii
......-:
"".40
(/)
(/)
~ 35
//
30
// ::,_....--
25
~ /
20
V.L ~ t-- 1-J
-p
525
Cu.030 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold rolling
490
455
385
350
ui
245 gJ
210
---
175
140
105
70
)r'
35
V
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
"'
a..
280 :2
O'
o
o
315
"'/
4.5
5.5
Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 jlm (10 )lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
. / 420
IV
u
15
10
"'
a..
280 :2
). !7
15
420
385
#:V
50
3-
~V
55
490
Cu.029 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

525
70
Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 jlm (10 )lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
530/Copper (Cu)
100
v1
90
"'
70
U5
I.
40
30
/_
20
il'
.......
560
490
420
~ 50
~2
60
10
:::::::::!
"'~
280
140
70
4
5
6
7
90
80
70
60
~ 50
10
40
'
--
-2
700
Cu.032 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
630
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !lm
F) for 1 h
490
420
350 ui
280
210
140
70
"'
a_
560
~/
/)
~1
4
5
6
7
10
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !lm
designation. Curve.l: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
F) for 1 h
11
:::;
;J ~
U5
20
U5
210
".
30
lE
:::;
350 ui
100
10
630
80
Cu.031 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

700
~
U5
Copper (Cu)/531
100
90
80
1 - 630
l-- 2
~~
560
/'
70
60
490
j..--3
420
#
.1, ~ j..--
40
30
"
:2
(/)
280
210
140
70
10
11
Cu.034 High leaded brass (UNS C33200) strip,

700
90
630
80
,v
/
70
60
gf 50
40
J7_
30
lP
20
'/
560
490
~2
420
!:"
350 gf
Ci)
280
210
140
"'
IJ..
:2
/; ~ ~
Ci)
l/
-1
1--
70
6
10
11
High leaded brass (65.19% Cu, 1.09% Pb, balance Zn)

strip 1.0 nun (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 nun. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254!-lm (10 !lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest in
composition current designation is given for reference.
(C33200 is for tube.) The cold working of each specimen
area (RA) and was then assigned a conunercial temper
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 427 ac (800
F) for 1 h
Source: RA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
100
10
rf
350 "'
1/
Jv
20
10

700

strip 1.0 nun (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of0.080 nun. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254!-lm (10 !lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation in composition is given for reference.
C33200 is for tube. The cold working of each specimen
F) for 1 h
Source: RA Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
532/Copper (Cu)
100
90
80
~~
70
~~
IAV
1 ~V
1~
60
gf 50
40
30
20
10
tf
~ ......
560
490
1-3
420
"'
280
210
140
70
lf
6
7
10
V"1
70
"...
? -
60
V
/1
~ 50
~
~ ./
ui
"'~
Cii 40

560

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254J..Lm (10 J..Lin.) were used. These
"'
350 ~
ui
"'
280 (/)
~
4
210
140
630
420
ItV
V
-3
~~
6
7
70
10

tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working .
hard; annealed at 427 C (800 F) for 1 h
11
490
10
"'
0..
:2
350 ui
j'l
80
20
630
--- 1
90
30

700
11
Copper (Cu)/533
90
80
70
v1
./
.......-
~ ~1--
60
~V~
]l 50
~ ~~
:i
~
i'i 40
10
Lancashire brass (73.53% Cu, 2.24% Pb, balance Zn)

cold working of each specimen was defined by the
490
3
420
"'
ui
(/)
280
(/)
210
140
11
560
350 ~
20
Cu.037 Lancashire brass strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
!--'
1V
30
630
70
420
Cu.038 Deep-drilling copper (UNS C35330) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
60
55
/
50
45
40
Jv/
- 35
IP
l1
:i 30
~ 25
350
1--
315
280
245 ~
::;
210 ui
(/)
~
175 (/)
;;v
15
385
V/V
20
10
140
105
f_...... 1--
70
1
V
35
2
5
6
7
10
11
Deep-drilling copper (62.11% Cu, 4.00% Pb, balance Zn)

rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previously
extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. A 45,359 kg
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J..Lm
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 32%; curve 2,
19.5%; curve 3, 10%; curve 4, 32%, also annealed at
649 oc (1200 F) for 1 h
534/Copper (Cu)
60
55
50
45
40
- 35
gf 30
350
-2
315
280
245 Il.
"'
:2
210
15
!IJ
140
11'
70
35
2
7
10
100
90
80
60
;J /
40
10
/
0
:::::=f.-V
;) ~
700
Cu.040 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

630
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ).Lm (10 ).Lin.) were used These
tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
farnily of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
560
490
420
:2
350
210
70
ui
(/)
280
140
"'
Il.
lf
11
11
-1
,....-
70
20
Standard brass (60.05% Cu, 2.12% Pb, balance Zn) forging rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previous1y
extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. A 45,359 kg
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ).Lm
(10 ).Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 17.5%; curve 2,
8.5%; curve 3, 17.5%, also annealed at 482 oc (900 F)
for 1 h
105
lff/
'f
30
ui
!})
~
175 (/)
11 r-
20
385
)f
~ 25
10
V
/ ..-1/
V/
Cu.039 Forging brass (UNS C37700) forged rod,

420
~1
4
5
6
7
10
11
Copper (Cu)/535
100
90
80
70
/(,
60
10
560
1---2
490
420
-3
IT
280
210
140
5
"'
0..
:2
350 ui
rJ)
w
.JJ
/J
630
1
v~-"'
30
. . .v-
) ~/ ....-
40
20
Cu.041 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

700
70
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ~m (10 ~in.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
family of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
90.---r---~-------~--,---~---r---r--~---,630
Cu.042 Admiralty brass (arsenical) (UNS C44300)

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
Bar in annealed condition_ Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

1967
1ou---~--+---+---+---4---~--~--~--~--~7o
OOL---L----L---~--~--~---L---L---L__- L___JO
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
536/Copper (Cu)
110
100
90
/~ v
80
V
;;v---
70
gj 60
~
50
)V
40
20
10
/)
560
~3
490
"'
420 E
ui
rn
350 ~
1i
280
~~
30
210
lf
700
630
'--2
~ f--
ui
in
Cu.043 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

rolling
770
140
70
100
90
80
70
[p?
60
1i
40
j,
30
10
-1
630
560
-2
490
420
~
J "...-
350 ui
280
210
140
5
70
"'
Il.
:2
j,'
1/
Cu.044 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

rolling
700
~ 50
20
Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01% Sn, balance Zn) strip

1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1-!m (10 !-lin.) were used. These
Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01% Sn, balance Zn) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1-!ID (10 ~-Lin.) were used. These
hard; annealed at 649 oc (1200 oF) for 1 h
Copper (Cu)/537
120
110
90
80
/) ~
~-r~-.
l----
./
700
560
490 a.
"'
.'\
::!:
420 gf
'\X
rv
350 Ci5
280
fF
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.2
0.5
0.4
110
./
~ i--2
90
80
~ 60
uj
<J)
50
40
30
20
10
--
~
~ ~ +---- 4
V
70
"'
Cu.046 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain

770
100
<7.1

101, Institute for Materia1s Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
630
'x
,_.. 76 K
;1
gj 60
~
f //. ~
50
)(
v __ ~
- 70
40
770
20K_
100
(/)
Cu.045 Naval brass (UNS C46400) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effect of low temperatures
840
1~
P"
700
630
560
~3
490
"'
420 ~
rJ
<J)
350 ~
(/)
280
~"
210
1--
140
70
lf
Naval brass (61.51% Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1

mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
accurate to 0.254 11m (10 !lin.) were used. These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each
538/Copper (Cu)
100
Cu.047 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain

700
90
80
630
/1
560
---2
/ V
1--3
70
g. ~
.......
/) "
60
20
10
100
""'~
70
~
(/) 60
50
10
980
Cu.048 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
11
/"
"----
/~ ~
r-
....---
--
90
u; 80
140
70
130
110
350 ui
rn
~
(/)
280
210
l/1
JJV
'
CI)
!l..
:2
140
120
420
4
;;
40
30
490
910
840
770
'T
\
700
630
560 ~
:1<
"
:2
490
""'\
350
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
ui
420 iii
295K\ \
40
Copper alloy No. 510 cold drawn 85%.

Bar thickness: 19 mrn (3/4 in.)
4K
\76 K
r-..,195 K
r--.....
20 K
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
Naval brass (61.51% Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1

mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
accurate to 0.254 !lm (10 !lin.) were used. These tests
annealed at 649 ac (1200 F) for 1 h
o.Jl
Source: R.P. Reed aud R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
Copper (Cu)/539
100
90
560
/~V
70
h ~/
60
)i 50
490
~3
420
It;....-l--4
40
350 ui
rn
280
30
20
210
1/
140
70
o
o
4
5
6
7
10
11
100
80
//
V~ ."....-
70
60
/
j V
)i 50
CI)
40
h ~ f..--
30
--
Cu.050 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51 000) 5% grade A

rolling
630
~1
560
490
420
:2
350 ui
rn
280
210
lff
20
'
140
i'
70
2
1\l
a..
4
5
6
7
10
11
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,

balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254jlm (10 jlin.) were
700
90
10
1\l
a..
:2
~V
10
630
1/,...,-1--2
80
Cu.049 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

rolling
700
V1
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,

balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.070 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254jlm (10 jlin.) were
then assigned a commercia1 temper designation. Curve 1:
540/Copper (Cu)
Cu.051 Aluminum bronze D (UNS C61400) bar,

temperatures

1967
50~----~----~------4------+------+-----~350
40~----~----~------1------+------+-----~280
30~----~----~------1------+------+-----~210
20~-----r----~------+------+------+-----~140
10~-----r----~------+------+------+-----~70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
o.tP
0.5
0.4
Cu.052 Aluminum bronze (UNS C63000) extruded

rod, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
working and annealing
455
65
1
60
.........
~ F-
55
50
1~
45
420
385
350
315
/;V
40
'(ii
"" 35
1!
"'
cn
~ 30
(/)
25
280
~
/
1/ /
1/
l'
1
20
15
10
5
oV
o
c.."'
245 ::;:
2
<li
210 ~
ii5
175
140
105
70
35
3
10
11
10% aluminum bronze (88.83% Cu, 10.02% Al, 0.77%

Fe, 0.31% Mn) previously extruded rod. Applicable ta
rod less than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) diameter. A 45,350 kg
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm
(10 J.Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 5%; curve 2,
0% as extruded 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam; curve 3, 5%, also
Copper (Cu)/541
100
700
90
630
80
70
r--
V ,.,..- ~ ~2
/
60
~/-:V
40
140
490
420
280
a."'
:2
JV
20
210
Silicon aluminum bronze (7.01% Al, 1.98% Si, balance

Cu) previously extruded rod. Applicable to rod less than
25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ~m (10 ~in.) were
the closest current designation is given for reference. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 10.5%; curve 2, 8%; curve 3,
10.5%, also annealed at 649 oc (1200 F) for 1 h
560
350
~v"
30
10
Cu.053 Silicon aluminum bronze (UNS C64210) rod,

and annealing
II
e?"'
Ci5
70
10
11
140
130
120 ....--"""
110
\ \ \
100
\ 1
90
"iii
80
*~
Cu.054 Copper-nickel-silicon (UNS C64700) bar,

temperatures
910
840
20 K
Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.). Aged at 450 oc (842 F)

for 2 h. This alloy was the strongest tested in this series
of low-temperature tests.
770
700
b6K
630
295 K\
-"
1\
980
560
:l
&
:2
li
70
C/J
60
420 Ci5
50
350
490
I\195K
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
li
0.4
0.5
o.o'l

1967
542/Copper (Cu)
90
80
70
/~.--h ~V
y !-~
gj 50
<I
(/)
ii5 40
10
1
~~
Type B silicon bronze rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.)

diameter, (1.76% Si, 0.35% Mn, balance Cu) having a
ready-to-finish grain size of0.115 mm. A 45,359 kg
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 11m
area (RA) and was then assigned a comrnercial temper
F) for 1 h
420
350 ~
"'
<I
280
(f)
210
)
1(
560
p~
30
Cu.055 low-silicon bronze type B (UNS C65100) rod,

490
60
20
:::::: ~~
630
140
70
10
11
110
100
90
80
- 70
~
~ 60
~
ii5
50
40
30
Cu.056 High-silicon bronze A (UNS C65500) bar,

temperatures
840
120
700
~flsK
/,~/
v- i195K
V/ ~ ~
11
V/ V
V/
560
490 o.
"'
:\
\\
2:
420
(f)
\l
280
210
140
10
70
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in .lin.
0.7
<I
i
350
20
0.1
Specimen in annealed condition.

Bar thickness: 19 mrn (3/4 in.)
630
/V
770
~ ')<
0.8
0.9
1.0

1967
Copper (Cu)/543
Cu.057 Copper-nickel1 0% (UNS C70600) bar,

temperatures
100~----,.-----,------,-----~------,------,700
90~----~----~------4------4------+-----_,630
20 K

101, Institnte for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
20------~-------~----~-----4------+-----~140
10~----~-------~----~-----+------+-----_,70
OOL______OL.1------0.L2-----~0.-3-----0~.4------0~.5----~0.~
Strain, in.lin.
90
1
80
~3
60
~ 50
"'~
40
30
20
10
560
80-20 copper-nickel (78.18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, 0.51% Mn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 1-1m (10 1-1in.) were used. These
hard; annealed at 649 oc (1200 F) for 1 h.
420
"'
350 ~
!---
rJ
"'
280 ~
rn
210
5
140
11
lf
Cu.058 Copper-nickel20% (UNS C71000) strip,

490
11 V
li /
1f
rJ
i)
2 ~-?""':
70
V
-
1--
630
70
544/Copper (Cu)
80
..?V v-
70
40
20
10
490
3
420
<Il
350 ~
1V
Vi
30
1 - 560
~V
~ 50
60
Ci5
Cu.059 Copper-nickel20% (UNS C71000) strip,

630
90
:It
~'(
Vi
1/)
--
280 U)
~
4
210
140
11
ff
70
110 . . . - - - - - , - - - - , - - - , - - - - - , . - - - , - - - - - - , 770
80-20 copper-nickel (78.18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, 0.51% Mn)

strip 1 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 11m (10 !lin.) were used. These
Cu.060 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) bar,

temperatures

1967
20~--~--~---+----+---t---~140
10~--~---4---+----+---t---~70
0 oL---~o.-1---o~.-2---o~.3---o~.4---oL.5--~o.~
Strain, in./in.
Copper (Cu)/545
90
/
80
60
gf 50
ip
40
20
10
w
/
70
30
f"'~
",...-
630
i--- 2
560
".,._ ._3
490
420
4
280
1
5
140
70
5
6
4
Cu.062 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) rod,

630
2
70
60
gf 50
40
30
!J w
1/1
0.5
1/
V ~~
v__... v
1VV
....... ).....- 1--
1.----
j.....- 1--
560
490
420
280
210
140
70
2.5 3 3.5 4
&.
::li
350 ui
1.5
4.5
5.5
70-30 copper-nicke1 (68.94% Cu, 29.61% Ni) strip

size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 1b) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Temp1in automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f..lm (10 f..lin.) were used These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The co1d working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
hard; annealed at 704 C (1300 F) for 1 h
700
80
10
210
1(1
j
90
20
&.
::li
350 ui
100
Cu.061 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

700
100
70-30 copper-nickel (68.56% Cu, 30.48% Ni, 0.39% Fe,

0.57% Mn) rod, having a ready-to-finish grain size of
0.035 mm. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic
accurate to 0.254 f..lm (10 f..lin.) were used. These tests
546/Copper (Cu)
100
700
90
630
1
80
70
/ ~
60
40
10
560
490
",...-
420
&.
:2
350 "'
UJ
IAVV
Ci)
20
p-
JVj
gf 50
30
Cu.063 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

Ci)
280
Xlf
hr
210
140
11lf
70
110
90
80
70
gj 60
gf
1~
())
c\5 50
40
10
?
,...-
~v
!.-- f----
560
490
"'
420 ~
!-
280
210
140
Jr/
70
2
"'
UJ
350
rr
1/f
700
630
~~
30
20
Cu.064 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
100
70-30 copper-nickel (68.94% Cu, 29.61% Ni) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254J..lm (10 J..lin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
hard; annea1ed at 871 oc (1600 F) for 1 h
10
~
Ci)
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip

size of0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J..lm (10 J..lin.) were These tests
annealed at 482C (900 F) for 1 h
Copper (Cu)/547
110
770
100
700
90
70
/'
~ 60
i:f
$
50
490
Cll
420 ~
i:f
350 ~
210
Jrtj
!fJ v
lf
560
1----2
280
d [t-
30
630
lkV
40
10
Q)
20
80
140
70
2
10
110
100
90
80
70
~ 60
Q)
50
10
700
630
[.....-- -1--- 3
560
490
Cll
420 ~
ui
350
280
;j"
30
1---1
2
III
40
20
1~
V
V
~ +-
J f/ ~-
ui
"'
$
770
!..--
210
lfl-
140
70
4
5
6
7
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !J.m (10 !J.in.) were used. These
(i
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)

strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !J.m
(10 !J.in.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
F) for 1 h
548/Copper (Cu)
110
770
100
700
....-= 1
90
70
gj 60
";
c\5 50
"'
420 ~
";
"'
350 ~
1/
40
30
rn
280
210
1(
20
10
490
560
2
1--
630
80
140
70
1/
10
1p
110
80
70
gj 60
11
";
c\5 50
30
20
10
-~
700
~1
90
40
Cu.068 Nickel silver 65-18 (UNS C75200) strip,

770
100
630
~t-
560
)/
V
/
490
f.--
"'
420 ~
";
350 ~"'
1/ hfj/ V
rn
280
1l /
1w11
210
140
70
10
1p
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)

strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm. A
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 j..tm
(10 j..tin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
F) for 1 h
18% deep-drawing nickel silver (66.00% Cu, 18.00% Ni,

balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 j..tm (10 j..tin.) were
Copper (Cu)/549
770
110
/? -
100
700
-1
90
630
1--2
80
70
~ 60
())
{/V
~ 50
40
10
560
490
"'
420 ~
li
350 ~
280
/)
30
20
lb
V
li
--3
lf
./
1V ..-V
IV
210
140
1-""
70
~.......
10
110
770
100
700
90
630
V -b
!---
80
70
~ 60
li
())
~ 50
)1
Il
40
30
20
10
IV
420 ~"'
ui
1/)
350 ~
280
4
210
L-2
490
1--"
560
-2
(/)
), '/"
11
--
140
5
70
10
15% nickel silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)

grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 1b) capacity
hydrau1ic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f.Lm (10 f.Lin.) were used. These
assigned a commercia1 temper designation. Curve 1:
1p
15% nicke1 silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f.Lm (10 f.Lin.) were used. These
550/Copper (Cu)
100
90
630
)~
gf 50
40
280
1"
70
4
5
6
~2
630
560
~V
70
V/
gj 60
!l ~
ui
Ul
())
c7J 50
~~
490
-3
"'
420 ~
4
ui
Ul
350 ~
(/)
280
210
'
140
70
2

770
1/V
80
10
12% nickel silver (66.24% Cu, 11.57% Ni, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !J.m (10 j.l.in.) were used. These
hard; annealed at 760 ac (1400 F) for 1 h
700
VV
90
j...---1
100
Ul
140
lf
30
ui
210
110
10
350
'1
40
"'
a_
:2:
j;'
30
20
420
g,V
(/)
10
490
j V
60
560
1---2
~/
70
80
20

700
1p
18% spring-stock nickel silver (56.56% Cu, 17.77% Ni,

balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !J.m (10 j.l.in.) were
hard; annealed at 760 ac (1400 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wi1k:ins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Copper (Cu)/551
1.----
90
80
70
60
1i5
40
~.f/
1~V
~ 50
.---2
1----3
10
630
560
490
420
350
280
Ul
1/
140
70
4
5
6
Cu.074 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

700
90
630
-1
80
70
60
~ 50
~
(J)
40
/
V
490
420
280
./""'
210
140
70
"'
a.
:2
350
v;:v- ----j
30
560
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11% Ni, 1.96%

Pb, balance Zn), strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were
B&S, 8; RA, 60 .. 5; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA,
37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
100
10
ui
210
20
"'
a.
:2
30
20
Cu.073 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

700
100
1/
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11% Ni, 1.96%

Pb, balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.060 mm. A 2268 kg
(5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin
automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.)
were used. These tests were conducted in accordance
with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations,
but the closest current designation is given for reference.
552/Copper (Cu)
110
100
70
1~
gj 60
Ol
40
490
"'
420 ~
350
140
70
770
Cu.076 Silicon brass No. 2 strip, stress-strain curves

100
90
.L
80
/)
70
~V
gj 60
liOl
c7J 50
40
10
Silicon brass No. 1 (77.74% Cu, 1.30% Si, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were used These
110
20
210
V/V
"
30
li
Cii
280
;_ ~
30
560
"'
c7J 50
630
:..-- 2
~/
CI
1 - 700
r-
80
10
90
20

770
/)
t/
--
j;7
V
...-
1--
--
1 - 700
2 - 630
560
3
490
"'
420 ~
CI
350
280
210
5
140
JV
70
1/
10

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were used. These
Copper (Cu)/553
110
770
100
700
-1
90
80
w
lll
e5
h
J~
50
40
/L, v
30
20
10
---
(?"
/:
gj 60
V A
70
V
2
560
490
"'
420 ~
gf
350 ~
280
210
140
t~
V
f,---
630
70


hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254!lm (10 !lin.) were used. These
2500.-----,------,-----,------,------,-----,
Cu.078 Tungsten copper composite wires,

comparison of stress-strain curves
Experimental composites with tungsten wires in a copper
matrix at the volume percentage shown.
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals, 2nd
ed., American Society for Metals, 1984, p 260 (After D.L. McDane1s,
R.W. Jech, and J.W. Weeton, Metal Progress, Vo1 78, Dec 1960, p 118)
'
Tungsten wire
"' 1500
a.
:2
gf
46.5 voi% fiber
Ci5
11.9 voi% fiber
--~---~-----~-~
Copper
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, % elongation
2.0
2.4
554/Copper (Cu)
140
980
130
fi"<
910
..,/'~ tx
840
4~
120
110
----/....-It
// V/ ...
20 K
100
90
c;; 80
""'g 70
~
ii5 60
50
h
W/
/76K
19:JS-
V/
v __ --x
i--"295 K
11~ V
As cast. Brittle at low temperature. Composition: 9.95%

Al, 5.20% Ni, 3.35% Fe, 0.3% Mn, balance Cu
770
700
630
560 ~
::;;;
490 g
~
420 ii5
350
40
280
30
210
140
70
0.02
Cu.079 Copper-nickel-aluminum sand cast billet,

temperatures
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.11>
Source: RP. Reed and RP. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
Magnesium (Mg)/555
Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.001 Magnesium single crystal,
Arrows indicate yield strengths. Relationship between
specimen and slip plane orientation is shown.
A,, area normal to

tensile direction
500

Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 6 (as
published in E.C. Burk and W. R. Hibbard, Trans AIME, Vol194,
1952, p 295)
Normal to
slip plane
E 400
E
Resolved area
= Aa/cos <1>
ECl
u
Slip direction,
resolved force
=Fcos'A.
(/)
Resolved shear stress

=:cos A. cos
'1ii
o
z
F
200
A.= 58'
<1> = 31'
100
00
100
200
300
400
Shear strain, 1Q-6
500
35
~nsion 1--
'iii 20
""
Cii 15
Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,

175
Compression
140 ~
1
:2
gf
105
70
35
0.2
Composition: Mg-3Al-1Zn. UNS Mll311
210
LV
25
Mg.002 AZ31 8-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

245
30
10
600
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Cii
556/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.003 AZ31 B-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

50
14
28
42
56
70
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter: n(tension) = 4.3; n(compression) = 15.
Composition: Mg-3Al-1Zn. UNS Ml1311
280
40

/iension
o;
-"'
ui
"'~
U5
20
10
210
<
V
30
~~mpression
"'
Il.
:2
ui
"'
140
70
14
10
12

Mg.004 AZ31 B-0 magnesium alloy sheet and plate,

25
20
o;
15
/
/
"---~
1/
-"'
ui
"'
~
10
28
--
42
56
70
.--T.Tens1on
T
140
-Compression
1\

105
"'
Il.
:2
ui
"'
~
(f)
70
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 12, n(longitudinal,
compression) = 30. Composition: Mg-3Al-1Zn. UNS
M11311
35
10
8
6
4
12
Magnesium (Mg)/557
Temperatura,
Mg.005 AZ61A magnesium alloy extrusion, low- and

high-temperature effects on tensile properties
-129
-18
93
204
316
427
50r-------,--------,--------r-------,---------,350
Ftu ultimate tensile strength; Fty' tensile yield strength.

210
30
"iii
-""
"'
Q.
:2
ui
cn
ui
cn
140
20
Data from three sources: circle, Mg-43, Alloy Digest, Aug 1959; triangle, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vo11, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961; square, C.R. Tipton, Reactor
Handbook, Vo1 I, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishing, 1960. As pub1ished
80r-------,---------,---------r-------,---------,
"E
E
lemperature, "F
Ci5
558/Magnesium (Mg)
40
//V
30
Composition: Mg-6Al-1Zn. UNS M11610
a."'
~
140 ui
1/l
ii5
1/
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published

210
10
Mg.006 AZ61 A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curve
280
70
10
30
210
25
175
Mg.007 AZ61 A magnesium alloy extrusion,

1
1
20
'iii
"'ui
1/l
15
ii5
10
o
o
140
;/
a."'
~
105 ui
V
1
1
1
1/l
ii5
70
35

4
Magnesium (Mg)/559
Mg.008 AZ61 A magnesium alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curve
280
40
r
V/
/
30

in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
210
8?.
::!:
//
10
140 ui
70
vi
10
30
Mg.009 AZ61 A magnesium alloy forging,

210
Il
25
175

/
1
/ / f}-1/
20
"iii
-"'
ui 15
"'~
1i5
10
140
a."'
::!:
105 ui
"'~
1i5
1
1
70
35
4
6
10
560/Magnesium (Mg)
25
Mg.010 AZ63A-F, AZ63A-T4 magnesium alloy sand

cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
175
RT, room temperature. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS

Mll630
140
105
u;
C\l
a.
-"'
:2
"'
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium

CastAlioys," Bulletin No. i41-176, Dow Chemicai Co., 1958. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3603,
1995, p 3
"'
!/)
~
(J)
!/)
(J)
10
70
30
210
Mg.011 AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
25
175
20
140
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesbm

Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemicai Co., 1958. As
1995, p 4
15
:2
105 "'
!/)
C\l
u;
a.
-"'
"'
!/)
i'i5
i'i5
10
70
35
Magnesium (Mg)/561
-18
50
38
Temperatura,
93
149
204
Mg.012 AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

high-temperature effect on tensile properties
26~50
F,", ultimate tensile strength; F,Y' tensile yield strength.

Tested at room temperature after exposure to elevated
temperatures. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS Ml1630
280
40
fiu
"'
o.
:;
"(ii
-"
ui
cn
30
1i5
210
Exposure (tested at
room temperatura)
o 100 h
e1000h
20
tb
140
f[y
10
70
<fl.
c:o
c:
"'
"1
o
[jj
00
100
200
t i
300
lismperature, f
400
1
500
ui

562/Magnesium (Mg)
-129
50
-18
Temperatura,
93
204
316
Mg.013 AZ63A magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

high-temperature effect on tensile properties
42~50
Effect of 10 min exposure and test temperature on three

tempers. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS Mll630
40
c;;
""'
"'"'~
30
Cii
~
1
/' ~\
~
..
c;;
c:
$
$ 20
E
"'
""
5
"" T4
.&. T5
T6
"'
a.
:2i
210 gf
c;;
c:
*
$
\~
\
10
140 E
70
)~
30.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,210
oL-------L-------~------~------J-------~0
n~~lrf?Fd
-200
200

280
400
Temperatura, F
600
800
Magnesium (Mg)/563
40
Ten~
35
/~
30
20
U5
15
10
5
250
Composition: Mg-8.5Al-0.5Zn. UNS M11800
~ompression
Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,

-
1
1
"iii
~
'r
25
""uirn
Mg.014 AZBOA-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

200
"'
150 ::;;
[]_
ui
rn
~
U5
1/
100
50
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
40.---------~---------,---------r---------.280
Mg.015 AZBOA-T5 magnesium alloy forging, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves
Composition: Mg-8.5Al-0.5Zn. UNS M11800

564/Magnesium (Mg)
25
20
~
ui
cn 15
~
o;
.l!1
u;
t:
10
Mg.016 AZ91 A-F magnesium alloy die-cast bar,

140
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemica1

Co., 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo1 3, Code 3402, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. UNS M11910
rf.
:::2;
105 ui
.l!1
u;
t:
70
175
35
Mg.017 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast

25.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,175
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. UNS M11914
"'
u;
105 ~
cn
ui
cn
-""
ui
~
o;
.l!1
.l!1
u;
u;
t:
70
t:

Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemica1 Co., 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3402,
1995, p 12
Magnesium (Mg)/565
Mg.018 AZ91C-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

30r-------~------,--------,-------,-------,210
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. UNS Ml1914
&.
::2

CastAlloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
1995, p 12
gf
~------~--~--~~--~~~------~--------1105 ~
.!!1
'iii
<::
t!!:1
4
6
425 Of (218 C)
24.-------,-------,-------,--------,------~168
Mg.019 AZ91 C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
properties

22~------~-------+---------~------+-------~154
;e_
.~
"' 10
.S
c:
o
5~------~-~--~~~----~r-------~--~~~
[i
10
10
Exposure time, h
10
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical

566/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.020 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

. - - - - , - - - - , - - - - . - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - , - - - - - - - , 140
F,", ultimate tensile strength; F 'Y' tensile yield strength.

Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. UNS Mll914
105
!Il
u;
a.
::;;:
-"'
U)
U)
70
Cii
Cii
~
u;
u;
"
"
~
35
o
140
20
400 F (204 C)
105
a."'
u;
::;;:
-"'
(/)
(/)
70
Cii
~
"ijj
Cii
~
u;
"
c:
~
35
6
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting

Alloys," Dow Chemical Co., 31 Oct 1958. As published in Aerospace
Magnesium (Mg)/567
Mg.021 AZ91-T4, AZ91-T6 magnesium alloy sand

cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Temperatura, 'C
-18
38
93
149
204
260
316
50.------,------~----~------,-------.-----.350
"" T6 condition
T4 condition
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn
30
210
20
"'
jg
140 (/)
ui
OL------L------L-----~----~------~----~0
-? 80
E
eo
""
.5
N
0..
ui
"'
Cii
:a:"'
10 min
> 10 min} Attemperature
40
....
L?
~
cr~
100
200
300
lemperature, 'F
400
500
600

CastAlloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
1995, p 14
568/Magnesium (Mg)
45
315
Mg.022 AZ91 E-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
tensile properties
40
280
35
~u
-- 1----.,
Source: B. Geary, "Corrosion Resistant Magnesium Casting Alloys,"

Magnesium Elektron, Ltd, Manchester, England. As published in
245
"'
[l_
210 u
Ci5
175
25
..._
20
~y
140
135
15
6
<!.
iS
:!.
c
,-/'
.........
...&_
.............
...........
"'o
c
jj]
200
400
600
Exposure time, h
800
1000
Magnesium (Mg)/569
Mg.023 AZ91 C-T6/AZ91 E-T6 magnesium alloy

casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
105
"iii
~
a."'
:2
"'
~
"'
Ul
Exposure: 1/2 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room

temperature) = 4.5; n(300 F [or 149 C]) = 3.9; n(400 F
[or 204 C]) = 5.3. Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. The C
and E versions have similar mechanical properties. The E
version is purer and more corrosion resistant. AZ91C:
UNS Ml1914. AZ91E: UNS M11918
Ul
70
Ci5
L-----~----~------L-----~-----L----~0
10
12
28,---------,----------,--------,---------.196
Mg.024 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium

alloy cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
room temperature

Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published iu Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3403, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
0 oL--------,-2~-------~4_________J6--------~8
570/Magnesium (Mg)
28,---------.---------,---------.---------~196

alloy cast bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
room temperature
24~--------+---------4-------~~--------~168

Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published inAerospace Structural
28
24
'
20
~ 16
"'
(/)
~
(J)
12
\6
\
168
T~
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural

Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
112~
:a;
"'
(/)
----
'-....
140
--~\
o
o

alloy cast bar, tensile tangent modulus stress-strain
196
4
84Ci3
1'\
56
~
28
Magnesium (Mg)/571
28
196
24
168

alloy cast bar, compressive tangent modulus stressstrain curves at room temperature
Composition: Mg-9Al2Zn. UNS Mll920
\re
20
Sotirce: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural

140
~ 16
ui
E
(/) 12
\\
~"'
T4
112&:
:::!:
gf
""'
..........._
84 Cii
.~ ~'
.......
56
28
o
o
Mg.028 AZ92A-T5, AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy cast

bar, temperature effects on tensile properties
Temperature, oc
-18
38
93
149
204
260
316
371
50.----,~---,-----,----~----~----~----~350
Ftu ultimate tensile strength; Fty tensile yield strength.

u; 30
f---------ji-~------j-\----'l.-l-----1------l------+------l
21 o &:
:::!:
ui
20
140
<F.
co
~40~--~~--~---==~~~~~==~~~~----~
c
[ij
100
200
300
400
Temperature, oF
500
600
700
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form I4I-9I-57, Dow Chemicai Co.,

I957. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3,
University, I995, p 5
572/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.029 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

Exposure: 1/2 h. Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn.

UNS Mll920
105
"Cii
>
0..
::;;:
""'"
"'
"'
~"'
~"'
(J)
(J)
70
L __ _ _ _
25
14
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _J __ _ _ _
6
8

56
28
42
10
""'"
"'
(/)
U5
_Jo
12
Mg.030 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting, typical

compressive stress-strain and tangent modulus
70

Source: M/L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-38
140
X
1/ \
15
"Cii
\ 1
20
10
_ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _
105
"'
(/)
(J)
.......
70
35
>
0..
::;;:

6
10
12
Magnesium (Mg)/573
Mg.031 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

24 . - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - - , 1 6 8
3oo oF (149 oc)
15s
20
16
112
12
84
56
"'
~
ui
"'
~
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting

Alloys," Lett. Enc., Code 1.8 HB, Dow Chemical Co., 31 Oct 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403,
1995, p 7
0..
:2
24
ui
~"'
(/)
168
4oo F (204 oc)
20
140
16
112
15 s
"'
;;;
0..
-"'
:2
ui
84
"'
!!:'
i'i5
56
28
6
Sltrain, 0.001 in./in.
10
ui
"'
~
574/Magnesium (Mg)
Temperatura,
oc
Mg.032 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, effect of exposure and test temperature on
tensile properties
so1~8_________,93__________
2,04__________
31~6_________4~21so
Ftu' ultimate tensile strength; Fty' tensile yield strength.

4or-~~-----r--------~----------+---------~280
210
30
rJ
"'
~
"'
~
140
20
Exposure
1/2 h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
oL---------~--------~----------~--------~0
160
........
6'
,g
.,....
::!-
"'
"'
"'
0..
::;;
ui
80
O>
o
ITi
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of AZ 92 A-T6

Sand Castings," Data Sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 29 Aug 1957.
1995, p 5
----
_J
,..,
200
400
Temperatura, oF
600
800
Magnesium (Mg)/575
28
196
24
---~
20
~
...
L---
...--.:-: .. -
---
140
.,....."............
...",.".
-~
5oo F (260
c)
.....
.......,.
(/) 12
!
1/
1/
"' ..
"
.. -- --- -
,;'
. ..
.....
"'
.. -
3 h exposure
,;
- - - - 30min
1h
2h
10 h
----
--.--.
56
5s
----
28
28
o
196
24
r
11//
20
Ji/.'1
It..... .
,. ..
~--
140
6oo F (316 oc)
-- . --. --~ ::-:::-. --.~-- .-- -- --- . ..
---
~ : .. - .. ,:.. .. ."".
.
4oo F (204 c)
168
!~~ - -"".
o
o
-::..
--
6
8
-ao-oo
10
Composition: Mg-3Di-0.5Zr. Didymium is a natural

mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di.
1.99 mm (0.505 in.) bar cut from large forging
Source: "Magnesium Forging Alloys for Elevated Temperature Service,"
Dow Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1/
---__ .- .::.::.:
----
t'/~
. . . . . .~
.......
gj 16
168
-300 F (149 C}
Mg.033 EK31XA-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

56
28
576/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.034 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curve at room and
25r-------,--------,-------,--------,-------.175
Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS Ml2330
20 r---------t---------+---------1--- Room temperatura 140
;;;

CastA!loys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
puhlished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3404,
1995, p 9
15
-"'
ui
"'
~
(ii
~
;;;
c
~ 10
35
0 oL-------~2--------~4--------6L-------~8------~1~
Mg.035 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 oc
(400 F)
150
- 20
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before

loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
125
<Il
15 s f..-::::::;:::
100
0..
:::;
/~
ui
50
25
15
;;;
-"'
ui
75
;;;
c
~
.;::::::::;n-o-;
"'
- 10
;;;
c
~
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys andSpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504
Magnesium (Mg)/577
100

(500 f)
- 14
90
- 12
1h
2
5---= 10
-10
80
70
1\l
c..
:::2;
60
uj
U)
"' 50
1;;
~
"iii
c:
40
15 s 15 min
--=t:::::=-
/; ~ ---= ~
f.-~~
';f
~
1-"

Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504
- 8
V'
30
-=
20
10
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
60.-----r-----,-----,------.-----r-----r-----,

(600 f)

6
c..
"'
"iii
:::2;
-"
uj
U)
U)
1ii
~
"iii
c:
"iii
c:
20
10~----r---~----._,----~-----+-----+----~
OOL-----L-----L-----L----~----~----~--~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Vol2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990,
p504
578/Magnesium (Mg)

(700 f)
50r-----,-----.-----.-----~----~-----r----~
40r-----r---~----~-----+-----+-----+----~

5
5min
10
15
20
"iii
-"'
ui
1990, p 505
(/)
..!!1
"iii
1h
2
5
3 c
~
10
ooL-----L-----L----~----~----~----L---~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8

(800 f)

5
'iii
-"'
ui
rn
rn
..!!1
'iii
c
~
Strain,%
1990, p 505
Magnesium (Mg)/579
25
20
15
<J
"'
U5
l.----
--
1/
105
"'
0..
:2
<J
70
35
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room temperature) = 15.

Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
140
1/
"iii
-"'
10
Mg.040 EZ33A-TS magnesium alloy cast, tensile

stress-strain curve at room temperature
175
6
10
580/Magnesium (Mg)
Distance from chill, mm
25
51
76
102
JOr---------~---------r--------~--------~210 ~
a..
::iE
Mg.041 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast plate,

effect of end chill on tensile properties
Thickness: 1 in. (25 mm) and 2 in. (51 mm).

Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Premium Strength in Sand-Cast
Magnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Voi 72, 1964, p 673-685. As published
20r---------r---------,---------,--------.140
10L---------L---------L---------L-------~70
<!.
E'
E
!!?..
.5
N
.!:
c
~Cl
c
w
20
2
Distance from chill, in.
Magnesium (Mg)/581
Mg.042 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

room-temperature tensile properties
210
30
"'
e 400 'F (204 'C)- 196 ~
... 500 'F (260 'C)

600 'F (316 'C)
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical

Exposure:
~ 28
~
22
154
22
154
.(
-
r.
--
140 ~
:;
:5
Cl
126 ~
(ij
"O
Qi
:;.
.,
112 c:
~
14
98
6
~
E'
E
~
.5
"'c:
.s
o
Cl
c:
[jJ
~~
1000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
4000
5000
582/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.043 HK31A magnesium alloy separately cast bar,

150
20
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310

125
1990, p 505
15
100
"'
[l_
u;
::2;
-"'
ui
ui
"'~
"'
1i 75
.91
u;
10
c:
.91
u;
c:
50
5
25
0 oL-----O.L2----0~.-4----0~.6-----0~.8-----1~.0-----1L.2----~1.f
Strain,%
300.-------.-------,-------.-------.------.
40
Mg.044 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Typical yield strength: 21 oc (70 F),
205 MPa (30 ksi); 149 oc (300F), 165 MPa (24 ksi);
204 oc (400 F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 oc (500 F),
115 MPa (17 ksi); 316 oc (600 F) 48 MPa (7 ksi);
343 oc (650 F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3Th0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Voi 2, 9th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals,
1979, p 558
10
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/583
300~------~------r-------~------~------.
40
Mg.045 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

transverse. Typical yield strength: 21 C (70 F), 205
MPa (30 ksi); 149 oc (300F), 165 MPa (24 ksi); 204 C
(400 F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 oc (500 F), 115 MPa
(17 ksi); 316 oc (600 F) 48 MPa (7 ksi); 343 oc
(650 F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr.
UNS M13310
Vo12, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 558
10
0.4
Strain,%
Mg.046 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy

300.-------.-------,-------~------,-------,
250~------+-------+-------+-------+-~--~

longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
Vo12, Metals Handbook, American Society for Meta1s, 1979, p 558
200~------+-------+-------+-------+-----~
10
0.4
1.2
0.8
Strain,%
1.6
584/Magnesium (Mg)
300.-------.--------,-------,-------.--------.
40
250~------+-------~-------+-------4------~
Mg.047 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy


transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
200~------+-------~-------+-------4------~
"'
o._
~
~150~----~~~q---~----~=+~~---4------~
~
i'i5
10
0.4
0.8
Strain,%
Mg.048 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

(400 F)
isochronous stress-strain curves at 204
oc
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed

to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Noriferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vo1 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Meta1s, 1979, p 560
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/585
140~----~----~----~----,------,-----,-----,20

(500 f)
oc
16

to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
Vol2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 560
~--~----~------L----~----~----L---~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
140.-----~----,-----,------,-----,-----,-----,20

(600 f)
oc
120~----+-----+------~----~----~-----+-------
16
100~----+-----+------~----~----~-----+------1

Strain,%

to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
586/Magnesium (Mg)

tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical shear

ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction,
180 MPa (26.0 ksi) for sheet 0.406--6.350 mm (0.0160.250 in.) thick and plate 25.42-76.20 mm (1.0013.000 in.) thick. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS
M13310
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
10
OOL-----~----~----~----~----~----~~~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
210
Mg.052 HK31 A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

25
175
20
140
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical

bearing ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction
with edge-to-diameter ratio of 2.5, 450 MPa (65.0 ksi) for
sheet 3.20-6.350 mm (0.126-0.250 in.) thick and plate
25.42-76.20 mm (1.001-3.000 in.) thick. Composition:
Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
15
105 ui
30
- - Longitudinal
- - Transverse
70 F (21 C)
"'
~
ui
1/l
!l..
::!!:
- --
10
70
600 F (31 6 OC)

35
o
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2

Magnesium (Mg)/587
Mg.053 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, effect

of elevated temperatures on room-temperature
compressive properties
182
26
400 F (204 C)
24
;;;
22

154
r-----sooF(26oc)
.:.:
u
r---. -
"'
~
20
18
168
1----
----~
1000
3000
2000
llf
140
126
4000
112
5000
Exposure time, h
300
- 40

longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
250
200
30
"'
0..
::!:
llf(!! 150
Cii
100
50
Mg.054 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

24 c (75 'F)
1:
;;
V
.l
:
1
316 c (6oo 'F)
371
0.4
149
(300 'F)
2o4 c (4oo 'F)
260 c (5oo 'F)
0.8
1.2
Strain, o/o
~ (700 "F)
1.6
10

588/Magnesium (Mg)
300
40
Sheet thickness: 1.63 nun (0.064 in.). Test direction:

transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
250
30
200
"'
ii5
100
50
k
;;;_
-,'
1
11
~/ /
0.4
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys ami Pure Metals,

24 oc 75 oF)
a_
:2
li 150
Mg.055 HK31 A-0 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

0.8
1.2
149 oc (3oo F)
1
204 oc (4oo F)
260 oc (5oo F)
316
OJ (600 F)
371
OJ (700 F)
-1
-,
10
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
300
-
40
250
Sheet thickness: 1.63 nun (0.064 in,). Test direction:

longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
-
200
"'
li 150
30
a_
:2
~ 24 oc (75 F)
ii5
100
50
Mg.056 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet,

temperatures
/_
f;
./
149 oc (3oo F) 204l (400 F)
260 oc (50o OF)

1
316 oc (600 F)
--
0.4
10
371 oc !70o oFl
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0

Magnesium (Mg)/589

temperatures
300
-
40
250

transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
-
200

30
Cll
a_
.,.,..-1--
l!f 150
/; ~
~
100
50
24
oc (15 F)
- 149
::::- 204
260
71_
oc 1300 F)
oc (400 F)
oc 500 F)
316 1 (600 F)
371
0.8
0.4
1.2
10
OJ (700 F)
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
30
__ l Longitudi~al
-
20
,__ ___
--- ~--
15
}, ~
10
J'IJ.
~00 ~f. (204 ocl.

500 F (260 C)
-:/
0.2
Cll
a_
300 ~~49~~
f/
Test direction: _longitudinal and transverse. Composition:

Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
140
/_
;;;
Ci5
175
,..._
70 F (21 C)
"'~
Mg.058 HK31 A-0 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
Transverse
25
"""ui
210
105 ui
70
600 Of (316 C)
35
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2

590/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.059 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet, complete

tensile stress-strain curves at low temperatures
280
40
"'
u;
0..
-"'
u)
(/)
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
::2;
210
30
u)
(/)
Ci5
20
140
10
70
00
10
15
20
25
30
35
Strain,%

25.-----,------,------,------,------,-----,175
- - Longitudinal
Transverse
20~-----+------+------+------1-----~------~140
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chernical

500 F
(260 C)
105
"'
0..
::2;
u)
u)
(/)
(/)
Ci5
70
L-----~-----L-----J------~----~----_Jo
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)/591
120
100
80
"'
o_
::2:
1/
U)
Q)
1;;
60
~
"(ii
,L,
v-::::-/
/

isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 oc (400 f)
16
Sheet thickness: 1.63 rnm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed

at testing temperature for 3 h before loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
v1o
30
iP
Source: Properties and Selection: Noriferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,

Voi 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 561
12
-100h
"(ii
.>::
1/
U)
~
"li)
"(ii
40
-
20
0.4
0.8
"1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.8
2.4

120
-
16
Sheet thickness: 1.63 rnm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed

100
"'
80
o_
::2:
1/
U)
Q)
1;;
60
"fii
c
15 s
v--
~ ---
1 min
"(ii
.>::
1h
oo
cn
~-
- 8
20
c:
_,r
0.4
0.8
~
"(ii
40

12
l---30
"1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
592/Magnesium (Mg)
120
-

(600 F)
oc
16

100
40
20
1
~ r=:::
It~
"(ij
-"'
,;;
(/)
!--'"
t::-~
--
15 s - 8
1 min
5
r--
100 h
:...--
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
1h
.91
"(ij
t:
1020
1/l:_
0.4

- 12
2.0
2.4
2.8
Mg.064 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
150
20
125
Specimens exposed at testing temperature for 3 h before

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
15
100
0..
"(ij
:2
-"'
,;;
,;;
(/)
(/)
1h 75
1h
10 .91
.91
"(ij
t:
"(ij
t:
50
5
25
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/593
Mg.065 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy separately cast

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204
(400 f)
150
oc
- 20
125
1 ~
15 s
............: 10 h

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3310
p--

- 15
~
ai
rn
~
;;;
- 10 ..!!1
;n
t:
50
-
25 1
1/
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.0
1.6
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
150
-

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 260
(500 f)
oc
20
125
&.
100
:;
ui
ti
75
(1)
;j
r;~
./.
5h
1--

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
10 h
-

15
;n
-"
ai
"'~
;;;
- 10 ..!!1
;n
t:
t:
50
25
1
1
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
594/Magnesium (Mg)
150

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 316 oc
(600 F)
20
125
"'
100
1h
2
a.
~
30
15
o;
-"'
!l
(/)
5
10
75

o;
!l
(/)
10
~
1i)
~
o;
50
5
25
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
50.-------------.-------------.-------------~350
-424 'F (-253 'C)
Mg.068 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, complete tensile stress-strain curves
at low temperatures
-109 'F (-78 'C)

80 'F (27 'C)
10~------------+-------------4-------------~70
0 oL-------------~5------------~1o------------~1~
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/595
225
200
175
/~
150
"'
::;;
0..
rJ
rn
~
Ci) 100
24
lf
30
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test

temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2Th0.8Mn. UNS Ml3210
149 c (3oo F)
!--
204
c (400 F)
20
"iii
260
c Joo F) _
316 c r o F)
15
371 c (700 F) -
10
/; '?/./"""' .r-
11/
c (71 F)
25
~P--
75
25
--
g V"
125
50
Mg.069 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

""'rnrJ
~
0.2
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.4
1.2
Mg.070 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

225
- 30
200
175
150
/ 1--::
~~
"'
0..
::;; 125
rJ
rn
Ci) 100
75
50
25
~-
) V,_ 'rf-
/? V
V
0.2
--=
25

149 c (3oo F) 204 c i4oo Fi
260 c (1oo F) _
20
"iii
15
316c roF)
371
c (too F) -
10
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test

24 c (75 F)
1.0
1.2
1.4
""'rnrJ
~
Ci)
596/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.071 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy

150
20
125
15
100
"'

"iii
0..
:;;:
ui
rJ)
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test

""'ui
75
rJ)
10 (j)~
(j)
50
5
25
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain,%

150
-
20
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test

125
100
1/
"'
0..
:;;:
ui
UJ
75
(j)
50
25
+-
24 oc (75 F)
-
15
ui
UJ
1
1
10
1/
0.2

0.4
0.8
0.6
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
(j)
Magnesium (Mg)/597
140
_1ss
11~
~~,, ~
120
100
rJi
(/)
16
Mg.073 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,

Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens held at
test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
100
1/
80
.!!1
~
"'
a_
:::;:
20
1 mlin
1h
10
60
40
1
-
20
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%

test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M132l0
40
-4
20H-----r---~-----~----~-----+-----+----~
QOL-----OL.4----~0.-8----~1.~2----1~.6-----2~.0-----2~.4-----"2.i
Strain,%
598/Magnesium (Mg)
100
90
80
~
~v-
15 5
"'
Il.
:2 60
ui
:Il
ti
50
.l!1
u;
~ 40
30
12

test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
21 h----=
- 10

30
5
10
~ ~::::-~/
--
u;
..>:
1.6
1.2
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
"'~
.l!1
"<ii
10
0.8
ui
1i5
100-
20
0.4
oc
1 min
5
10
~~ ~ ~
..-'t;; ~p- !-----f.,.---

(600 F)
2~
70
14
2.8
t:
Magnesium (Mg)/599
30r-------,-------~--------.-------,--------,210

25~------~-------+--------~------~------~175
Top curves are for the longitudinal direction. Bottom

curve is transverse. Composition: Mg-2Th-0.8Mn. UNS
Ml3210
140
"'
0..
:2
"'
105
U)
"'
U)
ii5
70
L-------L-------L------~-------J------~0
30
210
25
175
20
;.-
/
1/
~
1/
U)
15
ii5
70 OF (21 C)
140
"'
0..
:2
105
70
o
o
35
1/
UJ
10
-,
Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow

Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
600/Magnesium (Mg)
40r------,-----,------,------,------r-----~
280
Mg.077 HM21 A-T81 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

245
Sheet thickness: 4.826 mm (0.190 in.). Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
210
Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow

Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
175
<O
Il.
:2
140 ui
"'~
ii5
600 'F (316 'C)

105
700 'F (371 'C)
70
800 'F (427 'C)
10
35
Mg.078 HM31 A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

400
350
300
250
<O
Il.
:2
ui 200
"'~
100
50
~
b.~
l&
204 'C 1400 'F)

149 'C (300 'F)260 'C \500 'FJ- 20
316 'C (600 'F)
371 'C
il-
0.4
- 40
~700 'F) _
10
427 'C \800 'F)482 'C ~900 'F)
)..---7
!--""?'
0.2
24 'C (75 'F)
1 v-r
ii5
150
50
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Extrusion ratia of 25:1 approximate. 50.8 x 25.4 mm

(2 X 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS Ml3312
Magnesium (Mg)/601
350
Mg.079 HM31A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

50
Extrusion ratio of 67:1 approximate. 9.525 x 50.8 mm

(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS Ml3312
300
- 40
250
[1_ 200
::;;:
rJ
150
100
50
l-----
li
....

~
rJ
149 'C (300 'F)
"'~
204 'C 1(400 'F),_

20
260 'C (500 'F)
VJ'
1---1
)V
l.---
24 'C (75 'F)-
- 30
1 /'
"'
U5
316 'C (600 'F)
7
1
371 'C (700 'FL 10
'1'
427 'C (800 'F)
-/
482 'C (900 'F)

1
0.2
OA
0,6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1,2
250
35
30
25
Mg.080 HM31A magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain
i'
200
"'
150
a_
::;;:
~'r"f1;-
rJ
"'~
U5
_i_
100
50
j~
0,2

24 'C (75 'F)
- 20~
149 'C 1300

204 'C (400
260 'C (500
316 'C (600
'Fl
'F)
'F)
'F)
CI)
15
- 10
- 5
OA

(2 x 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
0,8
0.6
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1,4
602/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.081 HM31A magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain
250r-----,-----,-----,-----,-----~----~----~
35
200~----~----+-----+-----4-----~----~----~

(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
30
_ _"._ _ 24 c (75 "F)

25
"'
150
Il.
J-__,,_..,_ 204 c (4oo "Fl

1
rJ
c (5oo "F)
316 c (6oo "Fl
1
100

20~
oo
~
260
rn
~
1i5
149 c (3oo "FJ-----1----1
15 1i5
10
0 oL-----DL.2-----0~.4-----0~.6-----0~.8----~1.-0-----1.L2----~1.f
Strain,%
40.------.------,------,------.------,------~280
Mg.082 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section tested in
longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS Ml3312
g 20~-----+---f+-~~~~------~
1i5
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Cade 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Magnesium (Mg)/603
30 . - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 2 1 0
Mg.083 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

25 1-------+-------+-~""""'---t--------j 175
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section tested in

UNS M13312
20
Source: "Magnesium in Design,"' Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

140
&_
:2
ui 15 ~---------h~L,~---~----~--~~----------1105 ~
rn
UJ
Strain,%
80
Mg.084 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

complete stress-strain curves at low temperatures
490
Tested in longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th1.5Mn. UNS Ml3312
420
_" 124 oF (-253 oc)
70
V~
60
/ -1----
50
30
560
-323 oF (-197 oc)
-109 oF (-78 oc)

350
<ti
o.
v-- -
- 80 F (27 oc)
:2
280 ui
rn
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
10
Strain,%
15
604/Magnesium (Mg)
24
20
Mg.085 HM31A-f magnesium alloy extrusion,

(300 f)
168
oc
15 s
1 min
~
V
10 h
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm (4.0 in. ) cross section,

exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
140
112
16
"'
0..
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumAlloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
:2
84 ui
(/)
~
ii)
56
28
0.8
16
2.4
3.2
168
24
20
1.6
Strain,%
1
15 s
1 min
10 h
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm (4.0 in. ) cross section,

112
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumA11oy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
~
8
56
28
2.4
140
8:.
1.6
Strain,%
oc
:2
84 ui
(/)
0.8

(400 f)
3.2
Magnesium (Mg)/605
24.---------.---------.---------,---------~168
20~--'--~~========~========~155------~140
ff
1
1 min
~-=--~---------+-------1 r~ min
16~-1~~~~t=====~=1~--~---t10h,------~112
~" V
~.7/
.~
Mg.087 HM31 A-f magnesium alloy extrusion,

Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section,
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumAlloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
56~
ooL--------~--------~----------L-------~0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
Strain,%
20
140
16
;;;
12
-"'
rJ
Ul
Ci5
8
1~
v- -
15 s
~
~
1-~
:::-
--
112
1 min
10 min
30 min
2h
5h
10 h
84
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2

Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section,
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
606/Magnesium (Mg)
24
168
Mg.089 HM31A-f magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

(500 f)
oc
20
140
r
1
1
1
16
5s
10 s
25.4 cm (10 in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time

tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature plior to
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS Ml3312
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemica1 Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
112
56
28
1/
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2
Mg.090 HM31A-f magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

(600 f)
168
24
oc
20
25.4 cm (10 in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time

tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature plior to
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS Ml3312
140
30 s
16
112
10 min
"'
u;
0..
-"'
::2
84 ui
gf 12
"'~
ii)
ii)
56
28
00
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemica1 Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Magnesium (Mg)/607

extrusion, stress-strain curves at room and
350
50
70 oF 21 oc)
40
280
30
210
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2 ) cross section tested in

UNS Ml3312
&.
::E
,;;
,;;
"'~
20
5oo F (260 oc)

6oo F (316 oc)
140
100 oF (371 oc)
10
8oo F (427 oc)
70
0 oL------o.~2----~o.-4-----o~.-6-----o~.8------1~.o----__J1.f
Strain,%
"'
~
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemica1

608/Magnesium (Mg)
30
210
Mg.092 HM31A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

175
Top curves for extrusions with cross section less than

6.45 cm2 (1 in. 2). Bottom for extrusions with cross
section 6.45-25.8 cm2 (1-4 in. 2). Tested in longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
70 OF (21 C)
1
300 OF (149 C)
25
400 F (204 C)
1
20
500 OF (260 C)
140
600 F (316 C)
'Cii
"'
0..
..>::
1/
U)
15
105
~
1/
U)
U5
U5
10
70
800 OF (427 C)
35
30
210
25
175
20
140
15
105
"'
'Cii
0..
..>::
";
U)
1/
U)
(/)
U5
10
70
800 OF (427 C)
35
~------L-------~------~-------L------~0
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Source: "Magnesium in Design,'' Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

Voi 3, Code 3505, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Magnesium (Mg)/609
18
126
15
105
12
84
Mg.093 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-0.7Zr. UNS Ml3320
"'
u;
o..
-"'
ui
rn
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in

:2
63 ui
rn
Ci5
42
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
Strain,%
140
20
18
16
14
120
100
"'
o..
:2
ui
rn
80
.91
':?!
60
40
20
2 min
12 ~
10
rn
~~
(1)
10 h
f
!/
- 4
-
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
1il
.91
u;
p-
0.4

loading. Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-0.7Zr. UNS
M13320
ui
-::::::
tp
Mg.094 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
at 204 oc (400 F)
2.0
2.4
1:::

61 0/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.095 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand

casting, stress-strain curves at room and
32
28
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didyrnium is a

natural rnixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodyrnium given the quasi-chernical symbol Di. UNS
Ml8220
24
20
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in

o;
-"'
"' 16
cn
12
ooL-------~------~------~------~------~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
Mg.096 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

typical stress-strain curves at room and
50.------,-----,------~-----,------,-----~350
210
o;
co
Il.
-"'
"'
"'
cn
cn
~
140
U5
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated

temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 6.5, n(300 op [or 149 C]) = 7.9, n(400 op [or
204 C]) = 9.0, n(600 op [or 314 C]) =4.8, n(700 op [or
371 C]) = 3.9. Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr.
Didyrnium is a natural mixture of rare-earth elements
neodyrnium and praseodymium given the quasi-chernical
symbol Di. UNS M18220
Magnesium (Mg)/611
Mg.097 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperatura, oc
-129
-240
60
50
~
O-
-"
tJ
204
316
427
420
Ci5
280
""~u
......
"'
0..
::2
20
210
140
70
120
E'
E
__._
e 80
-~
"'.00
40
....--~
Cl
"'o
iii
-200
200
Temperatura, oF
400
tJ
Ci5
~~
10
~o o
Ftu' ultimate tensile strength; Fty' tensile yield strength.

Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a
natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M18220
350
-o--_ r--..,q_
30
"'~
93
.___
40
u;
-18
V
600
800
Source: J.B. Hallowell and H.R. Ogden, "An Introduction to

Magnesium Alloys," DMIC Report 206, Battelle Memorial Institute,
612/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.098 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of overaging on tensile properties
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a
natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M18220
Source: "Cruci bie Melting of Magnesium Alloys," Bul! elin N o. 181-27,
Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
572 oF (3oo oc)
120
\~
~~
~
~
""
~82F(250C)
~~ t--
----
572 F (300 'C)
20
0.1
10
Time, h
10
10
Magnesium (Mg)/613
350
50
280
u;
:2
ui
li
"'~
~
245
35
- - Chilled casting
Unchilled casting
25L---------~---------~----------~--------~175
20.----------r---------~----------,----------,
E'
E
-~ 10f~~~::~----~=-~~====:::::=:====~
.0:
N
-~
"
~
1\l
a.
-"'
F 10 , ultimate tensile strength; F 1Y, tensile yield strength.

Effect of casting process is shown. Composition: Mg2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didyrnium is a natural mixture of
rare-earth elements neodymium and praseodymium given
the quasi-chernical symbol Di. UNS M18220
315
45
ii5
Mg.099 QE22A-T8 magnesium alloy sand cast, effect

of cold work on tensile properties
--
-~r--
---- -------
0 oL----------2~--------~4~--------~6--------~8
Reduction, %
Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Effect of Cold Work on Tensile

Properties ofMagnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Voi 76, 1968, p 174-182.
1995, p 4
614/Magnesium (Mg)
35
30
w
/
25
"tii 20
-"'
"'
cn
1i5
15
10
-"'
"'
1i5
cn 15
~
10
=---=
140
&.
:2
105
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE IOA (Sheet)," Dow Chemical Co.,

~
~
1i5
70
35
6
8
10
Curves generated with a strain rate of 0.005/min. Solid

line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.
Composition: Mg-1Zn-0.2RE. UNS M16100
140
~-
--
r-
&_
:2
105 "'
cn
1
1
Mg.1 01 ZE1 OA-H24, ZE1 OA-0 magnesium alloy

175
lr
12
210
---1--r H24
25
'tii
Curves generated with a strain rate of 0.005/min. Solid

line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.
Composition: Mg-1Zn-0.2RE. UNS Ml6100
175
Mg.1 00 ZE1 OA-H24, ZE1 OA-0 magnesium alloy

245
210
30
20
70
35
6
10
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE IOA (Sheet)," Dow Chemical Co.,

Magnesium (Mg)/615
Mg.1 02 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,

25r------,------,------,-----~------.-----~175
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated

temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 3.6, n(212 op [or 100 C]) = 3.4, n(302 op [or
150 C]) = 3.1, n(392 op [or 200 C]) = 2.9. Composition: Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
105
"'
a.
"iij
:;
""'uicn
ui
cn
U5
70
L __ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _~------~----~------~----_Jo
8
6
10
12
Mg.1 03 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Composition: Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
20
"'
a.
:;
ui
ui
cn
cn
15
~cn
"iij
"iij
c:
c:
!-'!!
!-'!!
10
Strain,%
616/Magnesium (Mg)
25
20
u;
14
V\
rJ
"'~
Ci
140
l\/
-"
Mg.1 04 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,

typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
70
Rarnberg-Osgood pararneter: n(compression) = 3.7.

Composition: Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
15
10

28
42
56
105
rJ
'
"'~
70
\
1\
8
10
6
6
12
30
210
Mg.1 05 ZH62A-T5 magnesium alloy sand

casting, complete tensile stress-strain curves
25
175
Strain rate: 0.03/min. Composition: Mg-5.7Zn-1.5Th0.7Zr. UNS M16620
20
140
Cll
(L
-"
rJ
Ci
35
u;
"'
~
Cll
(L
:2
1
2
:2
105
15
rJ
"'~
Ci
10
70
35
Strain,%
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC Technical Report 58-440, Part !, ASTIA
Doc. No. 206074, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Magnesium (Mg)/617
40
u;
v~
30
-"'tJ
.---
20
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room temperature)

Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
= 7.0.
210
"'
D..
:::!;
tJ
"'
~
(J)
10
Mg.1 06 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
350
50
"'~
140
U5
70
10
6
50
1
1-45
2-.3 in~ (12.9-19.~ cm'lk-:;:::~
3-5in~ (19.~~~~
""""
35
11
1/
1/
30
1/
lf'
15
10
5
j>..F(L)
315
-1
2-40 in~ (12.9-258 cm')
210
---
175 tJ
}F
~
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') 140 U5
- -'
ST
"'
105
70
35
0.4
0.6
0.8
"'
D..
:::!;
0.2
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;

ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
245
LT
20
r-
<2 in~ (12.9 cm')
T5(L)
40
Mg.1 07 ZK60A-F, -T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves at room
tempera ture
350
<2 in~ (12.9 cm')
_1
1.0
Strain,%
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
618/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.l 08 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of temperature on tensile properties
Temperatura, "C
70
60
-240
-129
-18
93
204
~
!"--..
-...... ~
50
420
u; 40
1\
1\\
ii5 30
20
fiu
280
~
~
210 ii5
140
70
o
40
.0:: 20
"'
.!:
/~
~c
10
,.....,...
-400
-200
Temperatura, F
200
:2
~~
10
o
lii

Co., 1967. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
350
liy\ ~
~
-"'
u
Test direction: longitudinal. Ftu ultimate tensile strength;

Fty tensile yield strength. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr.
UNS M16600
400
600
Magnesium (Mg)/619
Mg.1 09 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

100,------,------,-----~------,-------,------,700

"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," Battelle Memorial Institute, WADC TR58386, 1958. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
80~-----~------+-- ---~------~-----b------1560
C\l
a.
:::!:
:1
~-----~----~------~~~-4~~~+---~~280
00
10
260
420
Mg.11 O ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of elevated temperature on tensile properties
350
Test direction: longitudinal. F'"' ultimate tensile strength;

Fty, tensile yield strength. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr.
UNS M16600
280

Co., 1967. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Temperatura, 'C
-18
60
38
93
149
204
50
40
C\l
a.
'iii
"'IIrn
~
:::!:
30
210
20
140
Expos~re
10
?fi
70
10 min
- . - - 1000 h
E100
E
.5
~ 50
c:
"'oc: o
o
[iJ
:1
Cii
100
200
300
Temperatura, 'F
400
500
620/Magnesium (Mg)
30
210
1/
~
ui
cn
20
ui
cn
~
140
10
6
8
40
_...
35
.. J
1
lf./
30
~
~
%'/
25
~~~
10
12
~<2 i~~ (12.~ cm')(L)
l' :,
(12.\,_19.4 oof) (L<:- 245
1---,
7!
I-L- ~:
210
1---
r--
b:::.-
)...- ~ :;::; ;;
5-40 in' (32.2-258 cm') (L)
..... ~
in~
175
5-40
(32.2J58 cmj) (LT)
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') (ST)
"'
::;;
a.
140 ui
cn
(f)
105
70
--T5
--F
35
1/
0.4
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;

ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
r--
"..- ~----
Mg.112 ZK60A-F, ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature
280
3-5 in~ (19.4-32.2 cm') (L)
J~-:'~ ~
0.2
1i5
70
15
"'
a.
::;;
1i5
Tested in longitudinal direction. Extrusions with crosssectional area less than 12.90 cm2 ( 2.000 in. 2). Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
40
10
Mg.111 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curve at room temperature
350
50
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

Magnesium (Mg)/621
35
30
--...._;::::
245
\......::::__,
11)
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn0.5Zr. UNS M16600
-..,
210
~
25
175
20
140 ui
15
105
"'
u;
""'ui
Mg.113 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of elevated temperature on compressive yield
strength at room temperature
280
40
Il.

::2;
(/)
Exposure
200 OF (93 oc)

300 F (149 C)- 70
""' 400 OF (204 C)
o 500 OF (260 C)
35
10
10
20
30
40
Mg.114 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging,

(300 F)
.------,------,------,------,-------r------,140
oc
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rim. Composition:

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
112

1h
u;
84
"'
Il.
""'ui
::2;
ui
11)
11)
(/)
56
0 o~-----o~.4------o~.8-------1~.2------~1.-6------2.Lo----~2.P
Strain,%
Ci5
622/Magnesium (Mg)
oc

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
112
16
;;;

(400 f)
140
20
30 s
12
Source: "Magnesium in Design,'' Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemica1

Co., 1967. As pubiished inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Purdue University, I995, p IO
84
Ol
0..
-"'
tfj
:2
2 min
U)
tfj
U)
5min
i'i5
56
140
20
16
112
12
84

(500 f)
oc

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. I4I-213-67, Dow Chernicai
Purdue University, 1995, p IO
~
tfj
U)
56
8
~5
V -~
1~
1-----
)-----
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
2 min
28
15 min
1h
...-
0.4
30 s
1.6
2.0
2.4
Magnesium (Mg)/623
40
35
25
15
210
175
"'
:2
140 ";
105
4oo oF (204 oc)- 70
j,.t.--35
5oo F (~60 oc)
6oo oF (3 16 c)
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
40
1.4
Mg.118 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
V
35
30
25
1//
IV/
V
10
/J
.O
75 oF (24 oc)
210
175
3oo F (149 oc)
k---""
"'
0..
:2
140 ";
CI)
400 oF (204 oc)- 105
70
500 oF (260 oc)
6oo oF I 6 oc)
0.2
0.4
Forged at 316 ac (600 F) from extruded material.

245
V
/
3oo F (149 oc)
15
Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties

and Selection of Metals, Voi 1, 8thed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
0..
....;.-- ~
v11
~/
75 oF (24 oc)
~v
0.2
Forged at 316 ac (600 F) from extruded material.

245
30
10
280
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties

and Selection of Metals, Voi 1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
624/Magnesium (Mg)
40
35
30
li
10
--
300 'F (149 oC)_ 175
"'
Source: Properties of.Magnesium aud Magnesium Alloys, Properties

and Selection of Metals, Voi!, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 196!, p !095-!!12. As published in Aerospace
[]_
:::?!
140 ui
400 oF (204 oc)- 105
70
500 OF (2160 'C)
r""'"
6oo oF (3 16 oc)
___..,
0.2
Forged at 427 oc (800 F) from cast material.

245
--
V/ V
1
/) V
280
210
.;----
1/
15
25
75 'F (24 'C)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
Strain,%
40
35
1/
"(ii
-"'
cn"
cn 20
1/
15
V/
V
jj
--
;----
!-
175
3oo oF (149 oc)
"'
[]_
:::?!
140 ui
(/)
400 OF (204 'C)
105
70
_,......
500 OF (2160 'C)

600 oF (~16 oc)
0.2
0.4
Forged at 427 oc (800 F) from cast material.

245
210
25
30
10
280
75 oF (24 oc)
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
Source: Properties of Magnesium aud Magnesium Alloys, Properties

and Selection of Metals, Voi !, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p !095-!!12. As published in Aerospace
Magnesium (Mg)/625
Mg.121 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy

forging, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperatura, 'C
50
u;
1r8~--~_,38~------93________
14r9_______2,0_4______-,26~
'
50
Longitudinal specimens. Composition: Mg-5 .5Zn-0.5Zr.

UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemica1
210
30
"'
Q_
.><
::;;
ui
Il)
ui
!/)
CI)
140
20
OL--------L-------L--------L--------L------~0
~100r-------.--------r--------r-------.---------,
E'
E
Temperatura, 'F
CI)
626/Magnesium (Mg)
40
Tang~ntial
"- Axial
Radial
35
- 30
~
u
rJ)
~
U5
25
...-
280
Mg.122 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy rollforged rings, effect of rolling reduction and
orientation on compressive yield strength
245
Top: T5; bottom: T6. Roll forged rings produced directly

from cast blanks. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS
M16600
210 ro
IJ..
:a;
Source: "Magnesium Rolled Rings," Code 0.4 JFP/HB, Dow Chemical

u
rJ)
175 00
.....,
20
15
105
40
280
35
140
30
/~
.----------
u
rJ)
~
U5 25
t--
----=
245
210 IJ..
"'
:a;
--
175
140
20
20
30
40
Rolling reduction, %
50
60
105
70
!
U)
Magnesium (Mg)/627
'iii
28

(300 f)
24
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.

20

oc
-+------+-----! 112
16
""rnrii
~
i'i5 12 ~~~~~-~~~+----+----+----+----IM
8:.
:2
rii
rn
Strain,%
28.----,r-----,------,-----,-----,-----,----~

(400 f)
196
oc
24~--t---+----+----+----+----+-----1
168
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.

20~----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------1
140

Co., 1967. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
16r-----+---~~-----+---~~~--+------r----1
112
8:.
:2
rii
rii
rn
rn
~
i'i5 121--f.y<--:;;~I----=::::::::;::;;;;~=~10 mint-+-------1 84 CI)
~---+---
30 min
56
28
0 0L-----0".-4~---0~.8-----1~.2----~1.-6-----2.L0-----2L.4____-J2.~
Strain,%
628/Magnesium (Mg)

(500 F)
28
196
24
168
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims. Composition:

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
20
140

c;; 16
112
-"'
u
!/)
oc
&.
:2
ii5 12
84
/;r-::::
~
r---1~
v-
~5s
30s
-2min
5 min
rr-
0.8
56
30min
28
2h
10 h
0.4
(~/)
1.6
1.2
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
35r-------,-------,-------,--------,------.
Mg.126 ZK61A-T5, ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy

sand cast test bar, stress-strain curves for
various conditions
Composition: Mg-6Zn-0.8Zr. UNS M16600
c;; 20
Source: J.W. Meier and M.W. Martinson, Development of HighStrength Magnesium Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol58, 1950,
j----+-~~-::;;.1-"'---------lr---
-"'
u
!/)
(/) 15
1------t--,..._.---+-------1'----+------j
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/629
Mg.127 ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, 'C
50
1~a~------~3ra_________~s3~_______1,4~s________,2o~
50
F tu ultimate tensile strength; F 1Y, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-6Zn-08Zr. UNS Ml6600

Source: J.W. Meier, Characteristics of High-Strength Magnesium
Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol61, 1953, p 719-728. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3409,
1995, p 4
u;
210
30
-"
u
"'
~
140
20
10~--------~-------~~-------4--------~70
o
<fi 40
E'E
~
.S
N
20
.s
c:
Cl
c:
[j
a..
"'
::2:
00
100
200
Temperature, 'F
300
400
"'
~
Nickel (Ni)/631
Nickel (Ni)
80
560
r---
60
/~
--
420
Ni.001 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering


(0.031 in.). Commercially pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 185 MPa (26.9 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 434 MPa (63.0 ksi); elongation =
39.5%; strength coefficient (K) = 138.2; strain-hardening
exponent (n) = 0.387. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
30
0.30
210
- 20
~
ui
(/)
v--
Ni.002 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering

stress-strain curve (expanded range)

(0.031 in.). Commercially pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 180 MPa (26.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 414 MPa (60.1 ksi); elongation =
39.0%. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
~
1i)
Cl
~
())
"5>
c
w 10
1
o
o
4
Strain x 0.001
632/Nickel (Ni)
120
. . rr=V
1
1
ro
0..
:::;:
560 (/)
<li
V
1
280
137 ksi (945 MPa)
- - - 130 ksi (896 MPa)
- - - 130 ksi (896 MPa)
1
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.2
1.0
1.4
Ni.004 B-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

1120
160
.- - --
120
,/
'f
. - .1.'
.A
V-=- --- ---
,-rr
trf
f-..1\J
840
0..
:::;:
560 (/)(/)
/{
1i5
,f
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various

ultimate strengths. Composition: Ni-l 0Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al4Ta-l(Ti + C + Zr + B)
ro
/1,
0.2
Source: Pratt and Wbitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 4213,
1995, p 13
1i5
11
40
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Heat treatment: 1065 oc

(1950 F), 4 h, rapid air cooled + 899 oc (1650 F), 10 h,
air cooled. Curves given for various ultimate strengths.
Composition: Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al-4Ta-l(Ti + C +
Zr+ B)
840
..;.,:-_.;..-:.. ==-"==-'"' ~o----
40
Ni.003 B-1900 as-cast and heat treated nickel alloy,

stress-strain curves at room temperature
1120
160
280
139 ksi (958 MPa)
- - - 136 ksi (938 MPa)
- - - 124 ksi (855 MPa)
0.4
1
1
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 4213,
1995, p 13
Nickel (Ni)/633
160
Ni.OOS B-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

curves at elevated temperature
1120
~649
oJ
1 ksi (752! MPa), 11oo "F

"C)
- - - 110 ksi (758 MPa), 1400 "F (760 "C)
---- 78 ksi (538 MPa), 1800 "F (982 "C)
27 ksi (186 MPa), 2000 "F (1093 "C)
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various

ultimate strengths and test temperatures. Composition:
Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al-4Ta-l(Ti + C + Zr + B)
---
840
120
......
~
/
1/
1
#'
--
<li
0..
::;;
1
1
__ ..,.,
........
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 4213,

1995, p 15
-- --.1 l:.r
..........-
560 vi
,..;
--r--- --
cn
1 "'_.;"
40
280
v-
,~;---
~/
~
0.2
--
0.4
>---
0.6
-- 1 - - - -- '{""
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
634/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.006 lnco 713LC nickel alloy, true stress-strain

flow curves in interrupted tests
500
450
400
350
a.."' 300
vi
250
200
Source: J.P.A. Immarigeon and P.H. Floyd, Microstructura! Instabilities

During Superplastic Forging of a Nickel-Base Superalloy Compact, as
published in Production to Near Net Shape Source Book, American
Society for Metals, 1983, p 347
1\
~
U)
Effects of prestrain at 0.98/s (top) and 0.09/s (bottom) on

flow curves at different strain rates (s- 1) and 1050 oc.
Composition: 74Ni-12Cr-6Al-4.5Mo
(\
"" ....
Q)
0.98/s
150
100
50
0.5
1.0
rr
10-2
1--
1.5
1.4xW:
9.0x10
2.0
2.5
3.0
True strain
400
350
300
"' 250
a..
~
vi
U)
~
1ij
,........
"\
200
1~
Q)
150
0.09/s
100
1
50
li""
0.3
0.9
0.6
True strain
10-2
'1
.1
-3
1.4x10_3
3.0x10_,
9.0x10
1.2
1.5
Nickel (Ni)/635
100
700
80
560
60
420
Ul
~
~ 40
'lii
;;;,
~c.
30
a."'
(.)
l/~
10
0.1
~
280 1ii
:!2
CI)
;;;,
210 g/
Specimen diameter = 9.5 mm (0.375 in.). As cast in

vacuum of (10-3 Hg). Held at temperature a minimum of
15 rnin before test. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb0.7Ti. UNS N07713
Source: D.R. Carnahan, D.S. Michlin, and V. DePierre, "Extrusion of
Refractory Meta1s and Superal1oys," AFML-TR-66-344, Dec 1966,
-~
~ = 28.880.235
20
oc
350 ~
ui 50
-~
Ni.007 lnconel 713C cast nickel alloy, compressive

yield stress-strain curve at 1177
(2150 F)
c.
(.)
140
0.5
0.2
Strain rate, 0.1 s
80
Ni.008 lnconel 713C rolled and heat treated nickel

alloy sheet, effect of strain rate on ultimate tensile
strength at 1038
(1900 F}
560
oc
70
V
1
40
30
l/
/o
a.
"'
~
420
0.01
0.02
0.05
i.!!1
-~
CI)
350 -;
i
5
280
490
0.'1
0.2
0.5
Strain rate, in./in./min
Rolled from 2.54-0.381 mm (0.10-0.015 in.). Heat

treatment: 1177 oc (2150 F), 40 h + 871 oc (1600 F),
24 h. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb-0.7Ti.
UNS N07713
Source: H. Greenewald, Jr. and T.J. Riley, "Development of a Nicke1Base Alloy Sheet for High Temperature Applications," ASD-TDR-62869, Apri11963, p 86. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
636/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
- 80
~
ui
"'~
Cii
g>
60
-~
Ni.009 lncoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
/
rl
700
560 0..
"'
::;;
ui

(0.042 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 385 MPa (55.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 839 MPa (121.7 ksi);
elongation = 58.2%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5
Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276
420
~
c:
"55
(])
(])
c:
c:
o,
;:;,
c:
c:
UJ 40
280 UJ
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
70
490
60
420
Ni.01 O lncoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

/\_
50
~
ui
~ 40
Cii
Ol
c:
-~
c:
30
o,
c:
w
20
10
350
1
1
1
1
"'
0..
::;;
280
Ol
c:
210 -~
c:
o,
c:
UJ
140
70
gf
Cii
6
Strain x 0.001
10

elongation = 55.8%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5
Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276
Nickel (Ni)/637
Ni.011 lnconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
120
100
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =0.864 mm

ultimate tensile strength =747 MPa (108.4 ksi);
elongation = 37.5%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
700
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
60
0.30

420
r1
50
350
~---
- 40
1!1
i!
~
1ii
g> 30
-~
<D
c:
c;,
c:
UJ
20
10
280 ~
:2
::i
210 ~
c:
"55
<D
c:
c:
c;,
140
70
4
Strain x 0.001
UJ

elongation = 37.0%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
638/Nickel (Ni)
20

temperatures
.-------------,-------------.-------------~140
1300 F (704 'C)

16
12
~------------+-------~~--~--~~--L_--~84
:2
:i
~
lf
8 ~----~~~--+-~~~~~~~-------+----~56
100 h
o L-----------~-------------L------------~0
8
.-------------,-------------.-------------~56
1500 'F (816 'C)

6
"'
a..
]
~..
:2
~-------1~~+-------~~--~~~~------~28
:i
~
lf
lf
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
o L-----------~------------~------------~0
8 .-------------,-------------,-------------.56
1650 'F (899 'C)
6
~------------+-------------~------------~42
"'
v;
a..
-""
:i
Q)
:2
~------------t-------------~--~~------~28
:i
~
Vl
~
2
Total strain, %
Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Cold work 20%,

+ anneal at 1038 oc (1900 F), 4.5 min. Tested in argon
at temperature. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, Jr., D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL2264, June 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/639

temperatures
20 .-------------,--------------,-------------,140
1300 'F (704 'C)
16 ~------------+--------------~------------~112
- 12 ~----------~+--------------~~----~70--~84
"""'tJ
"'~
&
:2
tJ
cn
U5 8 ~----------~~~-----~~~~~------+----156 ~
2000 h
o L---~--------L-------------~----------~0
8 .-------------.--------------.--------------,56
1500 'F (816 'C)
6
'iii
""gf
100 h
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
o L-------------L-------------~----------~0
6 .-------------.--------------.--------------,42
1650 'F (899 'C)
- 4 ~------------+--------------~------~----~28
~
tJ
"'
~
&
:2
gf
~
2 ~------------+-~~~--~~~~~--~----~14 U5
100 h
500 h
1000 h
0.1
10
Total strain, %
Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Annealed at

1121 oc (2050 F), 2 h. Tested in argon at temperature.
Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe. UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL2264, June 1957. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
640/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.015 IN 100 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti-3Mo-0.95V.
UNS N13100
Source: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation of Trade Names,
Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, p 7, 10, 115, revised by personal communication, Metcut to MPDC 13 June 1978. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4212, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Strain x 0.001
Ni.016 IN 100 nickel alloy, cast and JO coated,

temperatures
1120
160
70 OF (21 C)
840
120
<Il
;;;
Il.
.>::
"'~
Cast to 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) diam bar; 50.8 mm (2 in.)

gage length. JO coated by TRW with PWA A47 coating
plus 1079 oc (1975 F), 4 hin vacuum,+ rapid argon
quenched. Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti3Mo-0.95V. UNS N13100
:2
560 u
80
"'~
Cii
Cii
280
40
Strain x 0.001
Source: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation ofTrade Names,

Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, p 7, 10, 123. As published in
Nickel (Ni)/641
80.---------~--------~---------,---------,560
Ni.017 lnconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at various temperatures

1079 oc (1975 F), 0.5 h, air coo1ed + 760 oc (1400 F),
5 h, air coo1ed. Composition: Ni-15Cr-3A1-0.5Ti.
UNS N07702
Source: "Research lnvestigation to Determine M;echanical Properties of
Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for lnclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Voi 1, II, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
20
140
1600 F (871 c)
18oo F (982 c)
4
80r---------.----------r---------r---------,560
Ni.018 lnconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, compressive


(0.040 in.). Heat treatment: 1079 oc (1975 F), 0.5 h, air
coo1ed + 760 oc (1400 F), 5 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-15Cr-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N07702
Source: "Research lnvestigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of
Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for lnclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Voi 1, II, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
---+------r-- 1800 F (982 .C)

0 0L---------~2---------~4----------6L-------~80
642/Nickel (Ni)
10
--
oc
. . . . r-....
As hot rolled. Average grain diam 0.26 jlm. Strain rate =

-2.0/s. Calculated assuming uniform deformation.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
Ta-1.1Yp 3
70
56
"'
a_
ui
!/)
Ni.019 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy, rolled product, tensile stress-strain
(2012 F)
curve at 1100
84
12
ui
!/)
42
ti
CI>
CI>
~
4
28
14
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengtbened
Alloys, Metall. Trans., Vo116A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code #4122,
1995,pl6
1.0
True strain

nickel alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
200.-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,1400
Annealed at 1000 oc (1832 F), 1 h, air cooled in argon10% hydrogen. Grain aspect ratio = 17: 1. Initial strain
rate= 0.00015/s. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W2.5Ti -2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1 Y20 3
1050
1472 oF (800 oc)
"'
a_
1562 F (850 oc)
ui
!/)
ui
700 ~
ti
ti
CI>
CI>
::J
t=
1832 F (1ooo oc)
350
2192 oF (12oo oc)
0.04
0.08
0.12
True strain
0.16
o
0.20
Source: B. Reppich, W. Listl, and T. Meyer, Particle-Strengthening

Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Conf High Temperature Alloys for
Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), 1986,
PartII, p 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/643

nickel alloy bar, effect of strain rate on true stressstrain curves at 760
(1400 F)
1400
200
oc
2x10- 2/s
160
2x10-3 /s
840
~120
&
:2
gi
<Il
Test direction: longitudinal. Annealed bar with coarse,

elongated grain structure. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1 Y 20 3
1120
80
<Il
1x10-6 /s
Source: E.G. Jacobs, "Understanding tbe Stress-Resisting Creep and

Hot Tensile Deformation in ODS Superalloys," Dissertation, Columbia
University, UMI Dissertation Information Service, 1990. As published
inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 4122,
1995, p 16
560 ~
280
40
o Strer al failure, impensated fT necking
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.20
0.16
True strain
60
y
...j ...
40
1652 F (9QQ
20
u:::
1832 OF (1000 C)/
p/
t/
/
~/o
. ff
~
/;~ ....... /
tl
o
'!7
~ 10
ui
rn
V 1/
J:.
-~
'/
56
ui
rn
Strain rate, %/h
tl
~
.Q
LL
28
v2012 F (1100 C)
10
"'
Q_
:2
14
10
Average grain diameter: 0.26 lliD. Composition:

Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1 Y20 3
70
42
10
280
140
.,
10

nickel alloy bar, as hot rolled, effect of strain rate
and temperature on flow stress of fine-grained alloy
420
10
10
10
7
10
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, Metal/. Trans., Voll6A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code #4122,
1995, p 18
644/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
80
(/)
60
U5
40
20
(.. /
u;
""'ui
'
./
r~V
.... --- - ....
840

nickel alloy rod, cyclic and monotonie stress-strain
700
Annealed: 1232 oc (2250 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 954 oc

(1750 F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 oc (1550 F), 24 h, air
cooled. Solid line: Cyclic load, R = -1, strain rate =
10-2/s. Dashed line monotonie, strain rate not reported.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
Ta-1.1YP 3
1562 JF (850 'C)
................ .......... - ....
560
1742 'F (950 'C)
"'
0..
:2
420 "'
(/)
@
~--
. .......... .. "1922 'F (1050 'C)
U5
280
Source: M. Marchionni, D. Ranucci, and E. Picco, Influence of

Environment on High Temperature Low Cycle Faiiure of an Oxide
Dispersion Strengthened Nickei Base Superalloy, Conf High
Temperature Materials for Power Engineeing 1990 (Liege, Beigium),
PartII, 1990, p 1195-i204. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 4i22, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
140
!
0.4
1.2
0.8
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
Ni.024 lnconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
120.---------,----------,----------,---------,840
Sheet heat treated to an ultimate strength of 1069 MPa

(155 ksi). Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-1Nb-0.7 Al.
UNS N07750
560
"'
u;
""'ui
(/)
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Mechanical

Properties Data Center, Battelle Coiumbus Laboratories, i 981, p 9
0..
:2
420 ui
(/)
60
_g;
U5
(f)
280
140
Nickel (Ni)/645
160
-423
140
;,/--
120
60
40
20
(-253 'C)
~96'C)
~
- - 7 0 'F (21 'C)
r
V
100

(0.050 in.). Precipitation-treated condition: 982 oc
(1800 F), 1 h, force cooled to 704 oc (1300 F), held
20 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-1Nb0.7Al. UNS N07750
980
840
700
"'
:2
0..
560 ";
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne, R-7564,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
420
1
1
Ni.025 lnconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

1120
280
140
10
Ni.026 lnconel X-750 nickel alloy bar, complete

1960
280
-42l 'F (-213 'C)
240
c;; 160
""'";
~
~~
~E::::./
200
Bar diameter = 3.81 mm (0.150 in.). Precipitation-treated

condition: solution treated + 704 oc (1300 F), 20 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-1Nb-0.7Al.
UNS N07750
1680
-320 'F (-1r 'C)
~
1400
\-110 'F (-79 'C)
"\
:...--
\ Room temperatura
11208:
:2
Ci5 120
840 Ci5
80
560
40
280
0.05
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, ''Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials From 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
646/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.027 lnconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

temperatures
560
80
1000 oF (538 oc)
12oo' oF (649 oc)
~
II
"'
~

thickness = 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Precipitation-treated
condition: annealed, + 704 oc (1300 F), 20 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-1Nb-O. 7AL
UNS N07750
"'
[J_
::;;
420
60
II
"'
~
(/)
40
280
20
140
00
4
Ni.028 Udimet 700 wrought nickel alloy, typical

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
140r-------,--------,-------,--------,-------, 980
1200 oF (649 oc)
~ 80~------4-----~~~-----4--------+-------~
840
Fully heat treated. Composition: Ni-18Co-15Cr-5Mo4.5Al-3.5Ti-0.03B
700
Source: "Udimet 700-Alloy Performance Data," Brochure No. 8595,

Kelsey Hays Co., Metal Division, 1959. As published inAerospace
560 (1_
::;;
gj"
II
"'~
1i5 60~------4-~~---r------~--------t-------~ 420 1i5

18oo oF (982 oc)
280
1900 F (1038 oc)
140
2ooo F (1093 oc)
~------~2--------4L-------~6~------~8------~1~
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prasser, "Tensile and
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN-3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 4105,
1995, p 19
Nickel (Ni)/647
1400
200
Bar specimen
160
"iii
-"'
vi
cn
Ni.029 Udimet 700 nickel alloy bar, stress-offset

strain curves at room temperature
1680
240
120
y-er ~
~~
...--V
V
/
1120
a.
"'
:2
vi
cn
~
840 (/)
VSheet specimen
Round bar (9.373 mm, or 0.369 in., diam) and sheet

0.368 x 0.012 in. (2 grains thick) specimens machined
from 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam round bar. Heat treated in
argon atmosphere: solutionat 1163 oc (2125 F) for 4 h,
forced air cooled, primary age at 1079 oc (1975 F), 4 h,
forced air cooled, stabilized 843 oc (1550 F), 4 h, forced
air cooled, final aging 760 oc (1400 F), 16 h, forced air
cooled. Sheet was spark machined, hand polished, and
electropolished from the round bar. Composition: Ni18Co-15Cr-5Mo-4.5Al-3.5Ti-0.03B
Source: C.H. Wells and C.P. Sullivan, The Low Cycle Fatigue
Characteristics of a Nickel Base Superalloy at Room Temperature,
Trans. ASM Quart., Vo157, 1964, p 841-855
80
560
40 -
10
10-
280
10
10
Offset strain
140
Ni.030 Nimonic 75 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

980
120
...............
100
,/
------
840
700
&.
:2
560 gf
Cl
c:
420 -~
c:
;:;,
c:
UJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.38

elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-0.4Ti.
UNS N06075
648/Nickel (Ni)
420
60
1
1
g> 30
-~
CI)
<::
;:;,
<::
20
10
350
- 40
UJ
50

elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-0.4Ti.
UNS N06075
70
1/
2

4
6
Nickel (Ni)/649
160
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
u;
-"'
gf 80
100
700
Il.
"'
::;::
<I
gf 80
560
420
560
::;::
~ ~
U5
"'
"'
Il.
1600 'F (871 'C)
U5
60
420
60
40
280
40
140
20
20
oo
1800 'F (982 'C)
6
8
10
o
o
12
(a)
<I
"'~
280
1800 'F (982 'C)
2000 'F (1093 'C)
6
8
10
140
12
(b)
160
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
100
700
u;
Il.
"'
u;
<I
~- 80
::;::
-"'
gf 80
560
40
"'
Il.
::;::
1600 'F (871 'C)
560 .;
"'~ ~
"'
U5
1800 'F (982 'C)

60
-"'
<n
420
60
420
280
40
280
140
20
140
2000 'F (1093 'C)

20
00
(c)
6
8
10
12
00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
(d)
Ni.032 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet solution treated 1066 oc (1950 F), 0.5 h, rapid air cooled, aged 760 ac (1400 F), 16 h, air cooled. (a) Sheet thickness =
1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 0.00060 in./in./min. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 0.060 in./in./min.
(c) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 6 in./in./min. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Strain rate=
0.005 in./in./min. Composition: Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Rene 41 Sheet Materia1s," Report No. BLR 61-21(M), Bell Aerosystem Co., 29 June 1962; "Tensile and Creep Properties of
0.010 and 0.050 Inch Rene 41 Alloy Sheet from Room Temperature to 2000F," Report PR 281-1Q-1, The Marquardt Corp., 12 Sept 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
650/Nickel (Ni)
280
Ni.033 Rene 41 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-strain

1960
-42~ OF (-253 C)
1
240
200
u; 160
"'ri
~~
V
--~
-;:::::::::. ~ -::320 ~-196
F
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Heat treatment:

1079 oc (1975 F), 4 h, water quenched, + 760 oc
(1400 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-11Co9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
1680
C)
-110 F (-79 C}
l::;:::::=== :::::::::::=
1400
,...70 OF (21 C)
1120~
::2;
ri
~"'
(/) 120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
"'
Source: F.R. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F. Kieffer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TDR-64-280, Air Force
Materials Laboratory Report, Aug 1964; K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed,
"Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300
degrees K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963.
1995, p 34
Nickel (Ni)/651
160r-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 1120
160
1120
980
140
980
840
120
840
Room temperatura
700
1600 F (871 "C)
100
"' ""
::::;
g
560 g
0..
o;
420
700
1600 "F (871
"Cii
c)
"'
0..
::::;
.,
80
560 .;
~
o;
UJ
60
420
1800 "F (982 "C)
2000 "F (1 093 "C)
280
140
2000 "F (1093 "C)

~-----2j_______4L_______6L_____~8L-----~10~--~1l
4
(a)
6
8
10
o
12
(b)
1 6 0 . - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 1120
Room temperatura
980
840
700
"'
0..
::::;
g 80~----~~~L-~----~----~------4-----~ 560 .,.;
o;
420
1600 "F (871 "C)
280
1800 "F (982 "C)
140
2000 "F (1093 "C)
0 o~-----2L-----~4L-----~6------~8------~1o----~1l
(c)
Ni.034 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate= (a) 6 in./in./min. (b) 0.6 in./in./min. (c) 0.0006 in./in./min. Heat treatment: 1079 oc (1975 F), 0.5 h, water
quenched + 760 oc (1400 ]F), 16 h, air coo1ed. Composition: Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of Rapid Loading and E1evated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Compressive
and Co1umn Members," ASD-TR-62-199, Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
652/Nickel (Ni)
-'\
200
....
~
,.----1--'l,......
....
--
~ .......
cn120
"'~
"'
Cl
c:
"55
--- --
Wheelfo~
160
--~
1120
Bar
"'
a.
840 ::?:_
"'"'~
"'
Cl
c:
-~
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Mechanical

Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, p 22
;:;,
c:
w
1
40
Heat treatment: 1079 oc (1975 F), 2 h, oil quenched, +

774 oc (1425 F), 16 h, air cooled. Wheel yield strength
= 883 MPa (128 ksi); ultimate strength = 1220 MPa
(177 ksi). Bar yield strength = 841 MPa (122 ksi);
ultimate strength = 1151 MPa (167 ksi). Composition:
Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
560 ~
c:
oc
!----
<1>
.g, 80
Ni.035 Rene 41 nickel alloy forged bar and turbine

wheel forging, stress-strain curves at 538
(1000 F)
1400
280
1
A
0.008
0.016
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.18
Strain, in./in.
100
- 80
1!
cn
~g> 60
-~
<1>
c:
;:;,

840
120
/_
...............
700
560 a.
"'
:2
cn
"'~
420
~
c:
-~
<1>
c:
;:;,
c:
c:
280 w
w 40
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

elongation = 53.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Nickel (Ni)/653
420
60
350
50
- 40
~
rJ
~g> 30
-~
c:
"6>
c:
LU
20
10

280 c..
"'
1
1
1
:2
rJ

elongation = 52.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
"'
~
210 ~
c:
m
140
c:
"6>
c:
LU
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
180
1260
A
l~
160
140
!----"
1120
980
lf
120
u; 100
-"'
rJ
"'~
ii
80
60
40
20
Ni.038 lnconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

curves with effect of heat treatment conditions
840
1
1
"'
700 ~
rJ
560 (/)
~"'
1
1
l
0.4
420
280
140
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
Sheet thicknesses = 17.78 and 2.54 mm (0.70 and 0.100

in.). Heat treatment: A: 954 oc (1750 F), 0.5 h, air
cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 10 h, force cooled, to 621 oc
(1150 F), + 621 oc (1150 F) for total age time 20 h, air
cooled. Or 1010 oc (1850 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 718 oc
(1325 F), 10 h, force cooled to 635 oc (1175 F), +
635 oc (1175 F) for total age time 20 h, air cooled. B:
1066 oc (1950 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 760 oc (1400 F),
10 h, force cooled to 649 oc (1200 F), + 649 C
(1200 F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled. C:
1121 oc (2050 F), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 oc (1400 F),
10 h, force cooled to 649 C (1200 F), + 649 oc
( 1200 F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: "Effect of Heat Treatment and Snrface Oxidation on the LowCycle Fatigue Life of Alloy 718," Report MPR No. 9-176A-77,
Rocketdyne, May 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo14, Code 4103, Cll\TDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
654/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.039 lnconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile

tangent modulus curves at room temperature
840
"'

Sheet thickness =0.254-6.35 mm (0.010-0.250 in.).
Solution treated and aged Inconel 718, heat-resistant
alloy (AMS 5596). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L,
tension) = 21; n(LT, tension) = 22; n(L, compression) =
21; n(LT, compression) = 24. Composition: Ni-19Cr18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
ui
a_
'iii
-"'
:2:
ui
"'
"'~
1ii
560
80
1ii

10
15
20
25
Ni.040 lnconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
240.-------,-------,-------,-------,------. 1680
-423 OF (-253 C)
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged

(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
1400
1120
"'
a_
:2:
840 ui
g"'
(J)
560
280
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast

Metallic Materia1s for Cryogenic App1ications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Nickel (Ni)/655
220
1540
200
75 F (24 c) 1400
180
6do
140
Heat treatment: 1037 oc (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, +

760 oc (1400 F), 10 h, force cooled to 649 oc (1200 F)
and held for total age time of 18 h, air cooled.
f (316 c) 1260
9oo F (482 c)
1200 f (649 c) 1120
/ l..--"::
~~
160
ii
Ni.041 lnconel 718 nickel alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures in
hydrogen at 34.5 MPa (5.0 ksi)
980
'1
!Il
840 ~
120
<J
<J
"'
"'
Q)
700 ~
ti) 100
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
Source: J. Mucci and J.A. Harris, Sr., "Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen

on Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," FR-7746, Pratt
& Whitney Aircraft Group, July 1976. As published in Aerospace
140
Strain,%
240
1680
200
160
u;
-"'
<J
~"'
120
f--
--
--
10
F(L c)
1400
1200
F (649 c)
----
1120
.........
&
:2
840
1400 f (760 ,C)
CI)
......
80
560
40
280
o
o
8
Strain,%
10
12
14
Ni.042 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
<J
"'
~
Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged

Source: G.L. Heslington and S.D. Poster, "Stress-Strain Diagrams in the
Elastic and Plastic Regions at Elevated Temperatures," Report MPR
8-176A-37, Rocketdyne, 17 Oct 1968. As published in Aerospace
656/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.043 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile

200
or-----,3r-5_ _,7o_ _ _1,o_5_ _1,4_o_ _1T75_ _ _2,10_ _,24f.i
400
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST).

Solution treated and aged (creep rupture application).
AMS 5662 and 5663. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(L, tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) = 14; n(L and ST,
compression) = 13. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
;;;
840
120
"'
0..
""<F
::;;:
~
(/)
u)
(/)
(/)
560
80
10
12
25
30
o
14
15
10
20
35
Ni.044 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
-41 "F (-2j "C)
1-1
200
160
~
u)
(/)
120
~310 "F (-19k "C)
....---
70"F(21 "C)------ 1120
"'
0..
::;;:
840
1
1
80
40
r-
0.2
560
280
0.4
CJi
(/)
Ci5
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged

1400
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol4, Code 4103, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Nickel (Ni)/657
Ni.045 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves (actual and predicted) at various
temperatures
1120
160
1h
10 h
100 h
840
1000 h
<Il
o;
c..
-"'
:2
rJ
560
"'~
Ci5
rJ
"'~
Ci5
280
o
840
1h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
o;
560
<Il
c..
-"'
:2
rJ
rJ
"'
~
"'~
280
Ci5
o
120
840
1300 "F (704 "C)
1h
o;
80
10 h
-"'
560 "'
c..
:2
100 h
rJ
"'~
rJ
"'~
1000 h
Ci5
40
Ci5
280
L--------~--------~--------~--------~0
0.4
0.8
Total strain, %
1.2
1.6
Data points: actual data. Line: predicted from log-log

curve. Heat-resistant alloy conditioned 982 oc (1800 F),
2 h, air cooled + 718 oc (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled
56 C/h (100 F/h) to 621 oc (1150 F), held 8 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: R.M. Goldhoff, Methods for Constructing Isochronous Creep
Curves, The Generation of lsochronous Stress-Strain Curves, ASME
Pamphlet, Nov 1972, p 67-85. As published inAerospace Structural
658/Nickel (Ni)
200
....... ~
175
150
125
75
50
25
Ni.046 lnconel 718 nickel alloy roll-formed sheet l

and E shapes, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
1/
/;
11 /
1//
75 OF 24 oc)
v--
1225
-
1200 F (649 C)
1050
875
a.."'
______ 1400F(760C)
:2
700
f-"
<J
"'~
Ci5
525
Conditioned 996 oc (1825 F) in hydrogen, + 718 oc

(1325 F), 8 hin argon, force cooled to 621 oc (1150 F)
at 639 C/h (1150 F/h), + 621 oc (1150 F), 8 h, force
cooled to room temperature in argon. Heat-resistant alloy.
Source: G.N. Wassil et al., "Form Rolling Close Tolerance Shapes of
Superalloys," A.F. Contract No. AF33(615)-3545. As published in
350
175
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain,%
140
120
Ni.047 lnconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
1120
160
980
Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged lnconel

718 (AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
840

700
100
a..
"'
:2
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
<J
"'
~
Nickel (Ni)/659
200

70
105
140
175
35
" < r--1
120
Compression~~
...............
-"'
ui
"'
~
80
40

(0.500 in.). Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged
(AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.l(Nb +Ta)3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
1120
160
u;
Ni.048 lnconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,

typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and
tempera ture
210

840
Tension
ui
~ .......
V
1
"'
IJ_
cn
560
""
~
280
10
12
14
25
30
35
10
15
20
Compressive tang~nt modulus, 10 psi

6
160
Ni.049 lnconel MA 754 oxide-dispersionstrengthened annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve
1120
140
120
---
980
840
"'
IJ_
700
560
-~
O)
420
.g>
LU
. 40
280
20
140
0.05
0.1
Strain
0.15
0.2

elongation = 16.6%, strain-hardening exponent
(n) = 0.2245. Composition: Ni-20.0Cr-1.0Fe-0.5Ti-0.3
Al-0.05C-0.6Y20 3 UNS N07754
660/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.050 lnconel MA 754 oxide-dispersionstrengthened nickel alloy bar, compressive true

stress-strain curve at room and elevated
temperatures
1120
160
752 OF 400 C)
120
gf
~ 80
<Il
840
RTt
1112 OF (600C)
&.
:2
yj
560 ~
1i
<Il
14 72 OF (800C)
40
280
Cylindrical specimens, 4.064 mm (0.16 in.) diam,

6.096 mm (0.24 in.) long. Strain rate = 1.5 x 10-'~/s.
Average grain intercept 3.2 mm (longitudinal), 0.113 mm
(transverse), aspect ratio = 28/1. Composition:
Ni-20.0Cr-1.0Fe-0.5Ti-0.3Al-0.05C-0.6Y20 3
UNS N07754
Source: B. Reppich, W. Listl, and T. Meyer, Particle-Strengthening
Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Conf High Temperature Alloys for
Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), Part 2,
1986, p 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1562 F (850C)
1832 F ( l
ooooq
2192 F (l200C)
20
10
40
30
True strain,%
100
~ 80
yj
VJ
60
-~
<Il
-----
560
&.

elongation = 57.4%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
:2
700
420 ~
c
-~
<Il
a,
tlJ

840
120
a,
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nickel (Ni)/661

490
70
60
~--
50
1
1
1
1
20
10
----
os

elongation = 58.0%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
:2
420
350
a.
:i
~
280
C1
c:
~
c:
o,
210
c:
w
140
70
1/
4
Strain. 0.001
180
1260
160
1120
Ni.053 Waspaloy nickel alloy ali products, typical

temperatures
980
Heat-resistant alloy. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
80 'F (27 'C)

140
_,.---~"""
120
800 'FI(427
1000 'F (538 'C)
'CJ

840
~~
~ ;::::::-::
1'"""
~ 100
u
"'~
Ci5
,."....
80
1400 'F (760 'C)
os
700 ~
'1200 'F (649 'C
gf
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
1/
5
10
15
20
25
30
g
cn
662/Nickel (Ni)
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 oc (2192 F), force cooled

or heated to test temperature. Strain rate 5/min.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-3Ti-1AL UNS N07001
560
80
r---
-----
- r--
'T.''ic,
40
420
&.
:2
1-
1832 oF (1ooo oc)
20
Ni.054 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of temperature

on compressive flow curves
700
100
tii
rn
l'!
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.J. Jonas, Recrystal1ization and Aging

Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspa1oy
and Inconei 7I8, Metall. Trans., Voi12A (No. 9}, 9 Sept 1981, p
1655-I666. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Ci)
Q)
280 ~
19~2 OF (1015o oc)
-r"_
140
"2012 OF (11r0 C)
/
2 102 OF (r50 C)
22 28 F (112o oc)
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
True strain
80
v-- ~
Strai~rate
"'-....
r---
40
Ni.055 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of strain rate on

compressive flow curves at 950
(1742 F)
700
100
1/
--- --
:nin
1--
~min
420
l'!
Ci)
0.3 min
-r---
Q)
280 ~
140
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.5
0.6
&.
:2
tii
rn
20
0.2
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 oc (2192 F), force cooled

to test temperature. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo3Ti-1AL UNS N07001
560
~r--.._
0.03 min
0.1
oc
0.7
0.8
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization and Aging

Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspaioy
and Inconei 718, Metal!. Trans., Voi12A (No. 9), 9 Sept 1981,
Nickel (Ni)/663
240
200
;;;
""'. 160
"'
~ 120
Ni.056 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, true stressstrain curves at room temperature
1960
280
~-
-::C-
1400
&.
1120 :2
840
80
560
40
280
0.05
Square: Bar cut from turbine disk specimen 10.2 mm

(0.4 in.) thick by 121.9 mm (4.8 in.) diam fully beat
treated. Circle: Specimen from disk after overspeed burst,
corrected for straining. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co4Mo-3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
1680
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
f
"'
Source: L. !slip, Component Design and Material Selection,

Engineering in High Duty Materials, Bulleid Memorial Lectures,
Voi IV, University of Nottingham, 1967. As published in Aerospace
664/Nickel (Ni)
200
-l'l
100
a.
E
"'"'
50
Ni.057 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, static and

cyclic stress-strain curves at room temperature
1400
~
Y'
1-
-.
--
"'
a_
:2
1050--"
<Il
"'c~
700
a.
Static
350
2-
<Il
"C
"'"'"'
~
Ci5
o (a)
Source: J.D. Morrow and F.R. Tuler, Low Cycle Fatigue Evaluation of
Inconel 713C and Waspaloy (Paper No. 64 MET-15), Trans. ASME, J.
Basic Eng. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
200 ..-------,--------,------r---::::------. 1400
700
<Il
"C
E
a.
E
350
"'"'
"'
Ci5
o~(b~)----~-------L------~------~o
2oo ,..:--'------,--------,---------c=------, 14oo
700
<Il
"C
a.
E
350
QL----~----~4-----6L----~s 0
o (c)
Strain range, %
Specimens 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) bar e1oxed from turbine

whee1 forging, beat treated. Cyclic R = -1. Heat
treatment: (a): 1079 oc (1975 F), 4 h, air cooled, +
843 oc (1550 F), 2-4 h, force cooled, + 760 oc
(1400 F), 16 h, force cooled. (b): 996-1010 oc
(1825-1850 F), 4 h, oil quenched, + 843 oc (1550 F),
2-4 h, air cooled, + 760 oc (1400 F), 16 h, air cooled.
(c): Same as B from different vendor. Data points indicate
ha1f-life value. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-3Ti1Al. UNS N07001
"'"'
"'
Nickel (Ni)/665
50% CR + 677"C (1250 F), 16h, AC -
250
200
~1
30% CR + 704 oc (1300 F), 16h, AC
1
-[
150
100
50
1400
1
f-""Zo% cR + 732 oc (135o FJ.
10% CR at 732 oc (b5o F),
16~. AC
16~. AC~
"1

(0.062 in.). Strain rate =0.003/min. Sheet mill annealed
with varying amounts of cold rolling (CR) and aging (air
cooled, AC). Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al.
UNS N07090
1750
"iii
""'ucn
~
Ni.058 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

2100
300
"'
::;:
D..
1050 ~
(/)
t\lo CR, 760 oc (14ob F), 16h, Ab
700
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys

under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at
Temperatures," Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel
Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading
and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southern
Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5 June 1959.
350
1/
5
10
15
20
25
Ni.059 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
12oL------r-----J~~~~~==~==~~~~~~~o
1
1110 F (599 C)
750 F (399 C)

(0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 oc (1750 F), 0.25 h, air
cooled, + 732 oc (1350 F), 4.5 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: D.C. Hayward, "The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90
and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
6
10
666/Nickel (Ni)
140
--
TransJers:_ _
120
"'
~
560 ~
:2
gf
!!:!
60
40
20
700
rJi
420
1
1
o
o

thickness = 1.778 mm (0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 oc
(1750 F), 0.25 h, air cooled, + 732 oc (1350 F), 4.5 h,
air cooled. Compressive yield strength: longitudinal,
896 MPa (130 ksi); transverse, 903 MPa (131 ksi).
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
840
~ 80
Ni.060 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

980
Longitudinal
100
CI)
j_ _
280
140
6
4
i'i5
Source: D.C. Hayward, "The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90

and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
Nickel (Ni)/667
200r---------.---------,---------,---------~1400
1400
200
10%CR
O%CR
75 "F (24 "C)

1120
160
v;
---;;
120
r----
""'u
"'~
ii.i
80
40
jl
lf
75 "F (24 "C)

840
1400 "F (760 "C)
a."'
:::;
u
v;
840
120
""'u
"' ii.i"'~
~
560
a."'
:2
u
"'~
80
560
ii.i
1800 "F (982 "C)

1800 "F (982 "C)
10
280
280
~--------~5--------~10~------~15--------~2~
15
20
(a)
(b)
200.---------,---------,---------,---------,1400
75 "F (24 "C)
20%CR
1800 "F (982 "C)
L__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L-------~--------~---------"0
10
15
20
Ni.061 Nimonic 90 nickell alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at various temperatures showing effects of cold working
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat time, and rapid
strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging: 0% CR, 760 oc (1400 F), 16 h, air
cool; 10 and 20% CR, 732 CC (1350 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at Temperatures,"
Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of
Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5
June 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
668/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.062 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

curves at various temperatures showing effects of
cold working
1960
280
30%CR
1680
240
70 'F (21 'C)
v-1
200
1/v--
u; 160
~
ui
ifJ 120
80
40
Itv/11
1400
1400 'F (760 'C)
1120
8:
2
ui
rn
1600 'F (8711'C)
840
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
10
15
20
(a)
1960
280
50%CR
70 'F (21 'C)
240
'Cii
~
1680
200
1400
160
1120
8:
2
ui
(/)
ui
(/)
({) 120
840
80
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
40
00
(b)
10
15
20

(0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat
time, and rapid strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill
annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging:
30% CR, 704 oc (1300 F), 16 h, air cool; 50% CR,
677 oc (1250 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys
under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at
Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southem Research Institute,
for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5 June 1959. As published in
Nickel (Ni)/669
100
gj 80
u
"'
jg
"'g>
60
-~
())
c:
"6>
c:
-v-
:2
:z
c:
c:
"6>
c:
280 w
140
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
60
420
50
350
"'~
1i
g> 30
c:
"6>
c:
w 20
10
420 ~
0.05
gj 40

elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti.
UNS N07263
jg
20
700
560 ~
w 40

840
120

280 ~
1
1
1
:2
jg
210 ~
c:
-~
())
c:
"6>
c:
140 w
70
1/
2
4
Strain x 0.001

elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti.
UNS N07263
670/Nickel (Ni)
140

980
120
100
,.....
.......-
:,_-840
700
c.."'
:2
560
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.940 nun

elongation = 47.1 %. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
gf
Ol
1:
420
'gj
1:
o,
1:
UJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
80
"'
1/
70
60
50
g> 40
-~
"'
"g> 30
1:
UJ
20
10
560

490

elongation = 46.2%. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
420
350
1
1
1
1
~"'
u
"'
~
280 ~
1:
-~
"'
1:
210 o,
1:
UJ
140
70
1/
2
0.30
4
Strain, 0.001
Nickel (Ni)/671
u;
100
700
80
560
60
-"
ui
"'
~~
1-- Room temperature
t---
420
t-
40
20
lf
ui
280
v--
a.."'
::!!:
800 OF (4~7 G)
1200 OF (649 G)
cn

temperatures

thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 23; n(800 F) = 24; n(1200 F) =
30; n(l600 F) = 12. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
- - - 1600 OF (871 G)
140
10
12

70
105
140
35
80
l'-60
~
ui
"'
~
40
20
1/
...---
175
----

560

thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(room temperature) = 32. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
420
140
10
a.."'
::!!:
280
1
lj
2
210
700
672/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.069 IN 625 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

80r---------,---------,----------,--------,560
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat-resistant

alloy annealed at 1038 oc (1900 F), 5 min. Strain rate=
0.005/min to yield. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
Room temperatura
420
"'
::::;
a_
i 40~------+.hH-----~=-~--~~~
ui
cn
280 ~
.!!1
"iii
c
Source: J. Huebner, "Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of Inconel

625 Nicke!-Chromium Alloy," AF33(657)-7749 and BPSN: 2 (8-7381),
McDonnell, 10 Jan 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
.!!1
"iii
c
80
~ 60
ui
cn
~
t5
.!!1
"iii
&40
20

700
100
V
1 ---
Room temperatura
420 ~"'
Source: "Preliminary Data Inconel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co.,

1962; "Data Sheet, Inconel625," International Nickel Co., Huntington
Alloy Products Division, 1964
ui
cn
~
t5
800 F (427 C)
1
.!!1
1200F(649C)------ 280 -~
P'"
f ...--VI
560

thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Heat-resistant alloy
annealed at 1149 oc (2100 F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
1600 OF (871 C)
140
6
10
Nickel (Ni)/673
Ni.071 IN 625 nickel alloy plate, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
Heat treatment: annealed at 982 oc (1800 F), 2 h, air

cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psig) He. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
~
60 I--IIH"'------+----+--------t------+-----1 420
gf
"'
Source: "Data Sheet, Incone1625," International Nickel Co., Huntington

Alloy Products Division, 1964
u)
j~
~~
20H----+-----~------t------+-----1140
0 oL------~--------.z'------3L-----4L-----~s 0
Strain,%
100
Ni.072 lnconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile

700
80
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar

thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500--4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) = 27; n(short
transverse, tension) = 25. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
560
Longludinal
1~
60
"Cii
-"'
20
l-
Short transverse
420
:2
ui
280
140
1/
2
"'
Il.
ui
(/)
40
+-
6
10
12
Ci
674/Nickel (Ni)
35
70
105
140
175
80
"
"iii
-"'
ui
~"'
rn
40
20
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar

thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, compression) = 26;
n(short transverse, compression) = 27. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
560
Short transverse
60
Ni.073 lnconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical

21~00
"'1
420
'\ ' ;.ma1

Long1tu
"'
a_
:;e
ui
~"'
rn
280
140
1/
10
12
400
Ni.074 IN 625 nickel alloy rod, true stress-strain

curves
2800
300
Solid line for rod, cold drawn, annealed 982 oc

(1800 F), 1 h. Dashed line for rod hot rolled, annealed
1149 oc (2100 F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
2100
_,.V
/
200
ui
"'~
u;
.... ~
(])
100
80
60
., ...
.....
~.
1400
"'
a_
:;e
ui
/
/
/
/
700
/
/
/
560
420
50
350
/
/
/
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.60
280
1.0
"'
~
~
t=
Source: "Inconel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co., Huntington Alloy

Products Div., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/675
Ni.075 IN 625 cast nickel alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
80.-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,560
Heat treatment: annealed at 1149 ac (2100 F), 2 h, force

cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psi gage) He.
Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1 Co.
UNS N06625
75 F 24 c)
Source: J. Mucci and J.A. Harris, Jr., "Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen

on the Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," NASA CR149962, United Techno1ogies Corp., 1976, p II-3. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Cade 4117, CINDAS/
20~------+-------4-------~------~-------4140
,,<.
3
Strain,%
120
100
]l 80
u)
g> 60
-~
<Il
<:
"5l
<:
Ni.076 lncoloy 800 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
J_.---- +-
700
560
~
~
420 ~
<:
m
<:
"5l
<:
w 40
280 w
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

= 36.1 %. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-0.4Ti-0.4Al-bal Fe.
UNS N08800
676/Nickel (Ni)
60
420
50
350
- 40
_g;l
ig> 30
-~
(])
c:
"g>
UJ 20
10
.....

280 ~
1
1
1
:2
~
~

= 36.7%. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-0.4Ti-0.4Al-ba1Fe.
UNS N08800
210 ~
c:
"$
c:
"6>
c:
140 UJ
70
1/
4
6
Strain x 0.001
Ni.078 lncoloy 800H nickel alloy bar, isochronous

(1200 F)
210
30
---v- - -
oc
Monotonie curve from Case 1592. Other curves

constructed from monotonie curve and creep data
relations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Baylor, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Availab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
Alloy 800H," ORNL/TM-6029, 1978. Composition:
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
Monoto~
25
20
.;
Ul
15
05
10
175
~/
tV
l.---""
10 h
140
a.."'
:2
105 w
Ul
10 h
05
r-70
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0
2.4
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/677
25
20
v--
;;;
""";
"'
~

(1300 F)
210
30
---
Monotonie

re1ations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Bay1or, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Avai1ab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
175
r--
140
"'
a..
15
v--
10
oc
::2
10"h
105 ";
70
1(-
1cT h
f--
0.4
35
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
Strain,%
30
210
25
175
20
;;;
""";
"'
~
15
10
...........
v--
oc

re1ations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Bay1br, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Avai1ab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-ba1 Fe. UNS N08810
140
"'
a..
::2
105
70
v-
o
o

(1400 F)
10 h
0.4
10" h
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0
35
2.4
ui
678/Nickel (Ni)
140
980
120
840
100
~
<ii
~ 80
1ii
Cl
c
-~ 60
c
o,
c
----
~
700
"'
a.
:;;
560
Cl
c
c
o,
llJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
70
490
60
420
50
<ii
~ 40
1ii
Cl
c
"ij5
30
llJ
20
10
a.
"'
:;;
280
1
1
1

350
o,
li
~

elongation = 56.5%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
420 -~
llJ
:g

li
~
1ii
Cl
210 -~
c
o,
c
llJ
140
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
10

elongation = 56.1%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
Nickel (Ni)/679
70~------,--------,--------~------,---------,490

Sheet thickness = 1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold rolled and

solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr12.5Co-9Mo-1.5Fe-1.2Al. UNS N06617
Source: O.L. Dee1, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Co1umbus Laboratories, June
L-------~------~---------L-------~------~0
10
Sli'ain, 0.001 in./in.
80r-------~--------r--------,-------,----------560
N i.084 1N 617 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold rolled and

solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr12.5Co-9Mo-1.5Fe-1.2Al. UNS N06617
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, June
4
6
680/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
~ 80
ii
~
i)
g>
60
"fiS
Ql
c
/1
v-
700
560 ~
2
u

elongation =52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Courtesy .of Special Metals Corporation
420 ~
c
-~
Ql
c
w 40
280
20
140
0.10
0.05
0.15
Strain
60
.-------
50
~ 40
u
cn
~
i)
g>

840
30
-~
Ql
c
a
c
w
20
10
0.20
0.25
---
0.30

420
350
"'
280~
1
1
1
Cl
210.
Ql
Ql
a
c
w
140
70
a
c
w
6
Strain x 0.001

elongation = 52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Nickel (Ni)/681
120
840
100
700
cn 80
-"'
rJ
cn
~
1ii
Cl
<::
60
.,
"55
<::
"O>
<::
40
./
Ni.087 lnconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,

"'
560 a_
::2:
rJ

elongation = 49.8%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
420 ~
<::
"5i.,
<::
"O>
280
<::
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
40
~
~ 30
~
1ii
Cl
<::
.,
"55
20
<::
10
Ni.088 lnconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,

350
50
v280
"'
a_
210 ::2:_
cn
cn
~
1
1
1ii
Cl
<::
"55
140 ~
"O>
<::
70
6
Strain x 0.001
10

elongation = 51.0%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
682/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.089 Hastelloy X nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile

temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h

exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 10; n(400 F) = 13; n(800 F) =
15; n(IOOO F) = 18; n(1200 F) = 19; n(400 F) = 15;
n(1600 F) = 12; n(1800 F) = 7.7; n(2000 F) = 3.8.
Composition: Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo-1.5Co-0.5W.
UNS N06002
QOL-----~2------4L-----~6------L8----~10----~1f
60
35

140
70
105
175
Ni.090 Hastelloy X nickel alloy bar, typical

modulus curves at room and elevated temperature
210
420
50
350
40
280
Specimens were exposed to temperature 0.5 h. RT, room

temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 6.9;
n(700 F) = 6.7; n(900 F) = 5.6. Heat-resistant alloy.
UNS N06002
c.."'
u;
::;;;
210 .;
rJl
"'g 30
~
Cii
Cii
20
140
10
70
Do
10
10
6
8
15
25
20
6
12
Nickel (Ni)/683
Ni.091 Hastelloy X solution treated nickel alloy bar,

temperatures
60r------r-----,------,-----~------~-----,420
Bar thickness: 19.05 mm (0.75 in.).

UNS N06002
280
Source: C.E. Jaske et al., "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Type 347 Stainless

Steel and Hastelloy Alloy X in Hydrogen Gas and in Air at Elevated
Temperatures," NASA-CR-135022, May 1976. As published in
L-----~----~2----~3------~4------5~--~6
100
_,......
80
L~/
::i
60
;;;
Ol
c:
-~
Q)
,
c:
40

700
560
c..
"'
420
1
g>
-~
280 ~
-~
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

=48.2%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
684/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.093 Inconel 601 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

280
40
ro

= 47.7%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
:2:
~~
30
210
a..
ui
"'~
140
~
c
-~
Q)
c
c:
o,
llJ
70
10
1/
4
Strain, 0.001
140
v---
120
100
ui
~
80
Cl
"gj
c
c
60
o,
llJ
40
20
o
o
840
700
~
t
Ni.094 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy

36 mm (1.4 in.) diam rod, engineering stress-strain
curve
980
ro
a..
:2:
560 gf
/
1
1
Cl
420
"gj
c
o,
c
llJ
280
140
10
Strain x0.001
15
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 740

MPa (107 .3 ksi), ultimate tensile strength = 1118 MPa
(162.2 ksi); elongation = 25.6%; reduction in area = 46%;
modulus of elasticity = 179 GPa (26.0 X 106 psi).
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Nickel (Ni)/685
140
-423 F (-253 C}
v:=
120
100
]l 80
_,---
E
cn 60
40
840
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.).

'1
Room temperature
700
560 ~
ui
20
/ ~-::;;;""oF (-196 C}
Ni.095 Monel K-500 annealed and aged nickel alloy

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
980
ui
(/)
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast

Metal1ic Materia1s for Cryogenic App1ications," Report No. R-7564,
Rocketdyne, 30 Aug 1968, p K-9; See Also NASA Tech. Brief 7010199. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14,
420 Ci5
280
140
c;;
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
Ni.096 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy, coldrolled product, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperature
"'
0..
~
""'ui
ui
(/)
(/)
Ci5
560
80
6
10
Ci5
Source: D.N. Gideon, R.J. Favor, A. Koppenhafer, H.J. Grovem, and

G.M. McC1ure, "Investigation of Notch Fatigue Behavior of Certain
Alloys in the Temperature Range of Room Temperature to -423F),"
ASD-TDR-62-351, Aug 1962, p 13. As pub1ished in Aerospace
686/Nickel (Ni)
200
160
"iii
""u
"'
E!
120
Ni.097 Monel K-500 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
..----::
~~
.....--
--
-42rF (-253 OC)
Bar specimen (3.658 mm, or 0.144 in., diam) taken from

19.05 mm (0.75 in.) diam bar aged at 593 oc (1100 F),
21 h, + 538 oc (1000 F), 8 h, air cooled. Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3A1-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
1400
-\-320 ,)(-196 OC)
v---
1120
\
-110 OF (-79 C}
m
a_
80 OF (27 C)
:2
840 u
U5
Selected Materials jrom 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
U5
80
560
40
280
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
Strain in./in.
Ni.098 Monel K-500 cold drawn and aged nickel

alloy bar, true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
400 . - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , 2800
360~--~---~--~--~
~-
2520
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Specimen gage length

= 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al0.5Ti. UNS N05500
m
280 1-----+---t-----7"'----b"L.---t------+'=..-""'---i 1960
u)
00
1680 ~
~ 240
120 oL____QL.1_ _ _QL.2_ _ _QL.3_ _ _QL.4--~QL.5--~0.~ 4 Q

Source: E.B. Kula and T.S. DeSisto, "Plastic Behavior of Metals at

Cryogenic Temperatures," Technical ReportAMRA TR 65-32,
Materials Engineering Division, U.S. Army Materials Research Agency,
Nickel (Ni)/687
260
240
220
(; ........
200
gf
------------
1820
Ni.099 Monel K-500 nickel alloy wire, stress-strain

curves at -196 oc (-321 F) for hydrogen-free and
hydrogenated wire
1680
Wire diameter =0.711 mm (0.028 in.). Treatment: 527 oc

(980 F), 8 h, + slow cooled (8.3-13.9 C/h, or 15-25
F/h) to 482 oc (900 F), ultimate strength = -1275 MPa
(-185 ksi), cathodically charged for 96 h at 0.16
amps/cm2 (1 amp/in. 2) in 80 oc (176 F) electrolyte of
4% sulfuric acid poisoned with sodium arsenate to
saturation and baked 488 oc (910 F), 4 min, water
quenched. Strain rate = 2.2 x 104 /s. Composition: 66Ni29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
300 ppm H2
H2 IFree
-- --- --
1540
1400
1
1
1260
160
1120
140
980
"'
cn
cn 180
120
fl.
20
40
60
80
Strain, 0.001
120
100
480
Source: W.M. Cain, C.C. Koch, J.L. Mihelich, and A.R. Troiano,
"Solute Induced Embrittlement in Steel and Severa! Face-Centered
Cubic Alloys," Report ARL 64-101, Aerospace Research Laboratories,
June 1964, p 40. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
840
140
Ni.1 00 Monel K-500 nickel alloy plate, cyclic stressstrain curve
3360
/o
/
400
/o
320
~
ai
c:
"'~ 240
cn
cn
!!!
i'i5
160
80
o
o
//
2800
2240
vo
fl.
.;
1680
cn
cn
!!!
i'i5
1120
~
0.4
560
0.8
"'~
1.2
Strain range, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
Plate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Specimen heat treated

to ultimate strength, 1172 MPa (170 ksi); yield strength,
862 MPa (125 ksi); elongation in 2 in., 24%; reduction in
area, 36%. Data points from low-cycle fatigue (LCF)
tests. Curve generated from LCF and modulus of
elasticity (E = 1796 GPa, or 26 x 106 psi). Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: M.R. Gross, "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Materials for Submarine
Construction," NAVENGRXSTA Report 91 1970, 14 Feb 1963, p A-7.
1995, p 27
688/Nickel (Ni)
50
'Cii
40
(/)
cn 30
20
10
-~
~ tr-::
V'
/
60
""'CI
Ni.1 01 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

490
70
~ ----
/~
420
350
-F
/'
-!
-c
280
&
::i:
<I
210 1'i5
f---3.75--....j
~},%R
140
Sheet thickness = 0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).

Specimen tested in longitudinal or transverse directions
after various conditioning: A and B, as received; C and D,
preoxidized, 1316 oc (2400 F), 24 h; E, F, G calorized;
E, unexposed; F, 1204 oc (2200 F), 192 h; G, 1316 oc
(2400 F), 88 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in.= 25.4 mm)
Source: C.R. Manning, Jr. et al., "An Investigation of a New Nickel
Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed Thoria," NASA Technical Note D1944, 1963. Calorized data from R.M. Bums and W.W. Bradley,
Protective Coatingsfor Metals, Rhinehold Publishing, 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 4115,
1995, p 9
70
- - Longitudinal
Trjnsverse
4
6
10
50.---------r---------~--------,---------~350
Ni.1 02 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

Sheet was stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L)
and transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2
Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, April1968, p 54.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 4, Code
1995, p 11
30
'Cii
""'<I
(/)
cn
20
1800 'F (982 'C), L, T
0 oL---------0~.-2---------0~.4~------~0~.6~------~0.~
Strain,%
Nickel (Ni)/689
Ni.l 03 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-extension

140
20
1700 F (927 C)
112
16
u;
84
12
..><
1i5
8
~}.6
%R
ui
Vl
56
2400 OF (1316 oc)

28
Motion betweEm crossheads, 0.001 in./in.
a."'
::!!:
r----3.75___,
ui
Vl
Sheet thickness =0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).

Composition: Ni-2Th02 Dimensions in inset given in
inches (1 in. =25.4 mm)
Source: C.R. Manning. Jr. et al., "An Investigation of a New Nickel

Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed Thoria," NASA Technical Note
D-1944, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
690/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.1 04 TD nickel alloy bar (a) and sheet (b), stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
. - - - - - - - - r - - - - , - - - - - - r - - - - - , - - - - - - , 490
c;;
420
60
"'
0..
:2;
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
"'~
350
50
Ci5
40~------~------~------~------~------~280
(a)
60.-------,-------~------~------,-------,350
c;;
210
40
"'
0..
:2;
-"'
"'-
ui
~"'
"'~
(/)
140
30
932 'F (500 'C)

1112 'F (600 'C)
1292 'F (700 'C)
70
20
1472 'F (800 'C)
100
(b)
3
Elongation, %
Ci5
Bar 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam, as received. Recrystallized

sheet 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) thick, 1300 oc (2372 F), 3 h.
Tested at strain rate of 0.000167/s. Composition:
Ni-2Th0 2
Source: B.A. Wilcox and AH. Clauer, "High Temperature Deformation
of Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Alloys," NASA CR-72367, 29 Feb
1968, p 11. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Purdue University, 1995, p Il
Nickel (Ni)/691
Ni.l 05 TD nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
Stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L) and

transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2
L
280
40
;;;
210
30
"'

Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, Apri11968, p 54.
1995, p 17
c..
""'vi
vi
U)
U)
CI)
1600 oF (871 oc), L,
20
18oo F (982 oc), L,
CI)
140
2000 F (1093 oc), L, r

70
10
0 0L---------0~.2---------0J.4
__________
0.L6---------"0.~
Strain,%
70 .-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,490
2000 F (1093 oc)
60
Ni.l 06 TD nickel alloy sheet and bar, stress-plastic

strain curves in bending with effect of vacuum
annealing at various temperatures
0.635 mm (0.025 in.) sheet (solid curve) and machined
bar (dashed curve) vacuum annealed at temperature
indicated for 1 h. Composition: Ni-2Th02 Dimensions in
50
"iii
""'vi
U)
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Carnahan, A Microplasticity Study of

Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nicke1, AIME Trans., Voi 230, Oct
Vol4, Code 4115, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
40
Cii
Cii
.o
<;::
30
:::l
20
r- 1----
r-~~~~-------+--~----~------4--------1140
0.025-j
o1
10
1.375
---1
Loaded in bending
75
70
L-----~~----~--------J------~------~0
00
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
0.020
692/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.1 07 TD nickel alloy bar, stress-plastic strain

curves in bending with effect of cold rolling
followed by vacuum annealing
Bar extruded at 1204 oc (2200 F). Reduced by rolling at
percentage indicated then vacuum annealed 816 oc
(1500 F), 1 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 Dimensions in
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Carnahan, A Microplasticity Study of
Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nickel, AIME Trans., Voi 230, Oct
-1
r-0.025-0.040
Dr----
l
-------1
75
1. 37 5
70
Loaded in bending
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
80
~
<J
60
1ii
O)
c
"53
cu
,
c
40
UJ
Ni.108 Monel400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

700
100
----
560
"'
0..
420
~rn
rn
~
1ii
O)
"53
280 ~
a
c
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

= 38.0%; strength coefficient (K) = 196.4; strainhardening exponent (n) = 0.385. Composition:
63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
Nickel (Ni)/693
,.....
40
gf 30

= 38.0%. Composition: 63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
280
"'
0..
"'
<::
"'
Ol
<::
-~
Ql
20
"5
140 ~
o,
<::
LU
10
210 :2_
1/
Ni.1 09 Monel 400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

350
50
1/
<::
LU
70
Strain, 0.001
160
140
120
1
1/
100
""""
----
--
---1'-"
75 'F (24 'C)

980
Composition: Ni-35Fe-13Cr-6Mo-2.5Ti. UNS N09901
---
840
700
"'
0..
:2
560 ui
420
40
280
140
11
0.5
Source: DMIC Data Sheet 6803-005, March 1968. As published in

1200 'F (649 'C)
11
60
20
Ni.11 O lncoloy 901 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
1120
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain,%
2.5
3.0
3.5
694/Nickel (Ni)
150
Heat-resistant alloy at room temperature (creep rupture

heat treatment). Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb1.8Ti. UNS N09706
1400
200
Ni.111 lnconel 706 nickel alloy bar and sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
1750
250
~
,../"'
-,..,
IX
1050
1'
"'
a.
:2
rJ
rJ
~"'
"'
~
(J)
(J)
100
700
50
350
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.25
0.30
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
Ni.112 lnconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy forged bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperature
a.
"'
:2
"'-
rJ
"'
"'~
~
560
80
U5

thickness = 50.8 mm (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 6.7;
n(800 F) = 7.0; n(lOOO F) = 13; n(1200 F) = 13.
Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Nickel (Ni)/695
Test direction: longitudinal. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar

pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm (2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
982 oc (1800 F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 oc (1550 F),
3 h, air cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), force cooled to
621 oc (1150 F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-L8Ti. UNS N09706
700
rn
a.
:2
80~-----~~~LA------~-----+------+-----~ 560 ui
!/)
U5
U5
420
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFM6-TR-72-196,
Voi II, Sept 1972, p 113, 125. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
280
140
10
12
Test direction: transverse. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar

3 h, air cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), force cooled to
Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-L8Ti. UNS N09706
Source: O.L Dee1 and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,
Vo1 II, Sept 1972, p 113, 126. As published inAerospace Structural
L-----~----~------~----~------~-----"0
6
8
10
12
696/Nickel (Ni)
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
200 r - - - " T - - - , - - - - , - - - - - . , - - - - , - - - - . , - - - - , 1400
RT
8oo F (427 c)
120 ~----~~~~--~~~~~~-+~1o~o~o_F~(~5_38__c~) 840

"iii
.:.:.
ui
"'~
Ni.115 lnconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy forged bar, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves at room

thickness = 50.8 nun (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 11; n(800 F) = 10; n(lOOO F) = 9.7; n(1200 F)
= 9.2. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti.
UNS N09706
Cii
80
00
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
10
15
20
Ni.116 lnconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. 152.4 nun (6 in.) square bar

621 oc (1150 F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Voi II, Sept 1972, p 1!3, 127. As published in Aerospace Structural
6
10
Nickel (Ni)/697
Ni.117 lnconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

temperature
Test direction: transverse. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar

982 oc (1800 F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 ac (1550 F),
Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Vot II, Sept 1972, p 113, 128. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 4110, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
50
--------
45
40
35
c;; 30
-"'
Ni.118 lnconel 706 annealed nickel alloy 51 mm

(2 in.) diam rod, hot rolled, engineering stress-strain
curve
350
3150
280
245
210
1
~"' 25
rf.
:::;
ui
rn
175
t!: 20
140 ~
15
105
(])
::l
(])
10
70
35
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
True strain, x 0.001
12.5
15.0
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 280

MPa (40.6 ksi); ultimate tensile strength =722 MPa
(104.7 ksi); elongation = 51.3%; reduction in area =
71.5%. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti.
UNS N09706
698/Nickel (Ni)
200
1400
180
1260
-A
160
140
120
/
1
1
V
J
80
1120
Y"'
j_ ..----:
Ni.119 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature with effect of
V' ~
/
1 V
c
_.....o
980
840
"'
a..
700 2 _
~
~
560 cn
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 V
1 1 1 1
o1 V 1 1
r-o.2-1
60
420
40
280
20
140

(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 8 h, force coo1ed to 621 oc
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 oc (1150 F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 oc
(1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 oc (1425 F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 oc (1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
8 h, force cooled to 621 oc (1150 F), held 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Strain,%
160
140
120
100
---
40
20

(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 oc
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti. UNS N19909
"'
2
a..
560
420
280
0.2
980
700
Ni.120 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at 538 oc (1 000 F)
840
60
1120
140
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
<I
~
U5

Handbook, Vol 5, Cade 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Nickel (Ni)/699
Ni.121 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at 649
(1200 F) with effect of
140,----,----,-----,----,-----,----,----. 980
A
oc
840
700
~ 80~---+----4---~-~-7~--~~~~~--~
560 ~
:ii:
~~
ui
"'
Ci) 60~---+----~---~~--~--+-~----+---~ 420 Ci)
280
140

(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 oc
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 oc (1800 F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 oc (1325 F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 C (1150 F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 oc
(1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 oc (1425 F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 oc (1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
8 h, force cooled to 621 oc (1150 F), held 4 h, air
cooled. A: yield strength = 823 MPa (119.3 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 1028 MPa (149.1 ksi); elongation (in
4D) = 19%; reduction in area = 38%. B: yield strength =
778 MPa (112.9 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 990 MPa
(143.6 ksi); elongation (in 4D) = 18%; reduction in area
= 37%. C: yield strength = 594 MPa (86.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 871 MPa (126.3 ksi); elongation (in
4D) = 23%; reduction in area = 44%. D: yield strength =
607 MPa (88.0 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 916 MPa
(132.9 ksi); elongation (in 4D) = 19%; reduction in area
= 30%. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4. 7Nb-1.5Ti.
UNS N19909
700/Nickel (Ni)
800.------,------,-----~------.------,------~
3%
Ni.122 Nickel-molybdenum alloy, true compressive

stress-strain curves for various alloys and
temperatures
Strain rate= -3 x 10-4/s, d = -75 X 10-6 m. (a)

Temperature = -295 K, composition as indicated; curves
diverge monotonically. (b) Ni-3% Mo at various
temperatures, curves coincide at low strains but diverge in
the dynamic recovery range.
Source: George Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar (St. Louis, MO),
23 Oct 1982, American Society for Metals, 1984, p 100-101
(a)
800
295 K
700
600
"'
Q_
:2
ui
!Il
400
300
200
100
o
o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
Strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
Nickel (Ni)/701
100
- 80
1!
"'
Ul
~
1i)
g> 60
-~
Q)
a,
c
w 40
./
----
:::!!:
i"'

elongation = 39.4%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe .
UNS N08825
420 ~
c:
"$
c
"6>
c
280 w
140
0.05
0.15
Strain
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30

350
50
10
700
"'
560 [)_
20
40

840
120
280
1
1
1
lj
2
"'

ultimate tensile strength =687 MPa (99.6 ksi); elongation
= 37.7%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N08825
[)_
210
~Ul
01
-~
140 ~
"6>
c
70
Strain x 0.001
10
702/Nickel (Ni)
80
~
60
rJ
Cl
0:
-~
Q)
.g, 40
0:
UJ

700
100
'/
v--
--
560
"'
a..
420 :::;_

= 43.5%. Composition: 44Fe-35.5Ni-18.5Cr.
UNS N08330
12
~
ti
Cl
0:
-~
280 ~
a,
0:
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
100
- 80
g)
rJ
~g> 60
v--
~
700
560 a..
"'
:2
rJ
420!
0:
-~
-~
Q)
Q)
0:
a,
0:
a,
0:
UJ
Ni.126 lncoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
120
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
0:
UJ

elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr6.5Mo. UNS N08926
Nickel (Ni)/703
70
490
60
420
50
&.
:2
:il 40
280 gf
ti
Cl
-~ 30
c
o,
Cl
210 -~
c
;:;,
c
w
140
'/
c
w
10
350
20
70
Ni.127 lncoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

4
Strain x 0.001

elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr6.5Mo. UNS N08926
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)

RM.001 Be-2%Be0 beryllium ali forms, effect of
temperature on physical properties
Temperatura, oc
o.9"r:Is~_-.::,26r-o____5:.;;3.:..8_ _...:8::;:26.:.___
___:_1o=r-9_3-----,
137110
The coefficient of thermal expansion, a, is between 21

(70 F) and the indicated temperature. The thermal
conductivity, K, is at the indicated temperature. The
specific beat, C, is at the indicated temperature.
0X
lL
<f
?
~
c
.,c
"
oc
0.40L---~50'-=-0----1--'00-0---1...!.50-0---20.J..O~O---:-'2500
Temperatura, F
80
70
60
e =0.02
e =0.20
RM.002 Various grades of beryllium, various forms,

490
(1) 1400 hot-pressed block. Ultimate tensile strength:

longitudinal (L), 450 MPa (66 ksi); transverse (T),
550 MPa (80 ksi). Typical compressive and tensile yield
strength: L, 430 MPa (62 ksi); T, 450 MPa (65 ksi).
(2) SR200 sheet. Ultimate tensile strength (L and T),
540 MPa (79 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
(L and T), 400 MPa (58 ksi). (3) S200E hot-pressed block.
Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T, 390
MPa (56 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength: L,
260 MPa (38 ksi); T, 270 MPa (39 ksi). (4) 170 brake
grade. Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T,
360 MPa (53 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
(L and T), 220 MPa (32 ksi). (5) BG 170 brake grade at
371 oc (700 F). (6) BG 170 brake grade at 649 oc
(1200 F). The elongation, e, is listed for each by the
material curve. All values are typical. Guaranteed values
are lower.
420
50
560
---
350
1
_3.-: ~ ---;; =
fr -:::::::-=
[
=
[
"'
e =0.03
30
20
10
a_
::2:
280
0.04
e 0.45
e 0.20
4
6
UJ
210
140
70
lf
2
rJ
Source: Brush Wellman unpublished data and specification data. As

published in Vo15, Code 5101, Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 9 and 12
706/Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)
70
490
60
420
RM.003 S200E beryllium block, tensile

Tested at various temperatures and strain rates, f.. Hotpressed block with 20 !liD grain size. Tested in the
transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
72 oF (22JC). f. = 0.0~2 s-
50
u; 40
-"'
~
~
(/) 30
rV/
/
300 F (149
:fl, f. = 0.003 s
~
350
~~o F (260 ac), f. =0.006 s- 1

280
~
700 F b71 C), f.
=0.03 s~ 1
210
'/
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.12
0.08
0.16
&
:2
Source: F.L. Schierloh and S.G. Babcock, "Tensile Properties of

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," AFML-TR-69-273,
General Motors Tech Center, Oct 1969. As published in Aerospace
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
U5
0.20
0.24
Strain, in./in.
90
80
.,....-
70
60
u; 50
-"'
{/_
---
560
Tested at various temperatures and a strain rate of

0.005 s- 1 for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) sheet with 13 !liD grain
size. X indicates fracture.
490
1><
300 F (149 C}
500 F
700 F
RM.004 SR200 beryllium sheet, tensile

72 F (2~ C)
ui
(/)
U5 40
630
v-
(~60 C}
(~71
420
"'
350 ~
C}
ui
(/)
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," AFML-TR-69-273,
General Motors Tech Center, 1969. As published in Aerospace
80
560
RM.005 S200E beryllium sheet, tensile

490
Tested at various temperatures for cross-rolled sheet. At

room temperature for 0.5-6.35 mm (0.021-0.25 in.)
sheet: ultimate tensile strength (min), 483 MPa (70.0 ksi);
0.2% offset yield strength (rnin), 345 MPa (50.0 ksi)
Room telperature
70
v-/ v-/V
60
50
'1
20
10
420
~
5oo 'FI(26o 'Cl

350
~V
30
f,.--
"'
0..
750 'F (399 'C)
280
ui
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,

OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9
210
1000 'F (538 'C)
140
70
Strain, 10- in .lin.
55
J--=
50
v-fo""
45
/
40
gj 30
1!
1
gf
25
20
15
10
5
1V
/
r;
1
350
500 'F (260 'C)
245
"'
210 ~
175
/'
Tested at various temperatures for hot-pressed block. At

room temperature: typical minimum ultimate tensile
strength, 280 MPa (40 ksi); typical minimum tensile yield
strength, 210 MPa (30 ksi)
315
280
1
IY
35
~emper~ture
~ !---
RM.006 S200E beryllium block, tensile

385
140
1100 'F (593 'C)
105
70
35
4
5
6
6
Strain, 10- in./in.
~
~
Ci5
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,

OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9
RM.007 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium sheet, tensile

70.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,490
Sheet thickness: 1.47-2.47 mm (0.058-0.108 in.) sheet.

Young's modulus, 193 GPa (28 x 106 psi). Curve 1 is for
sheet in as-rolled condition with longitudinal, L,
specimen. Curve 2 is for as-rolled condition with
transverse, T, specimen. Curve 3 is annealed, and applies
to both L and T.
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, W.C. Coons, and E.E. Underwood,
"Properties and Behavior of Beryllium-Aluminum Alloys," Lockheed
Missiles & Space Company, Oct 1964. As published in Aerospace
20~~----+--------r------~--------+-------~140
L-------L-----~------~------~------_JO
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
60
420
50
350
Room temperature
40
:/
r-----
10
ro
a.
400 F (204 C}
:2
210
140
70
0.2
rJ
(/)
~
8QQ F 427 C)
0.1
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of

-0.13 mm/min (-0.005 in./rnin) for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.)
annealed sheet, in both longitudinal and transverse
directions
280
20
RM.008 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium sheet,

compression stress-strain curves
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to 800
F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo15, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
RM.009 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium extrusion,

compression stress-strain curves
60.-----,-----,-----~----,------,-----,----~420
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of

approximately 0.13 mm/rnin (0.005 in./rnin) for annealed
extrusion. Solid line is longitudinal, broken line is
transverse direction.
50~----~--~-----~----~-----+-----+----~350
40
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to
800 F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 5102, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbook
u;
""'<J
"'~ 30
Ci5
20
L---~----~------L----~----L---~----~0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
o. 7
Strain,%
60
420
",,,L,
V<.
50
;;~-
RM.01 O N50 beryllium block, tensile

Tested at various temperatures and strain rate of 0.002 s- 1

Hot-pressed block with 40 !liD grain size. Tested in the
transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
350
3Q(h ("149 Cj
40
u;
""'<J
"'~
30
d!/ v-~
--
500 F (260 C)
700 F (371 C)
280
"'
Q.
210
Ci5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
~
<J
"'
~

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," General Motors
Tech Center, Oct 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol5, Code 5101, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbook
71 0/Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)
50
___.
Serratio1
30
'ili
-"'
u
Tested at 340 oc. The chromium displayed an average

rate of work hardening of 27.6 MPa (4000 psi)/percent
strain between O and 3% strain, compared with a rate of
3.5 MPa (500 psi) between 3 and 20% strain.
No seJations
40
RM.011 Worked chromium rod, quenched mediumgrain size chromium, stress-strain curve
350
.......
280
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of

Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
Refractory Metals, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metal!urgy Division) and the
Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the
Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, 1966, p 200
"'~
1ii
20
10
70
10
15
20
25
30
35
Elongation, %
50
SOr-----------------------------------------.350
350
Quenched
lo.,Ji. Uppe) yield stress
1 Lower yield stress

40
280
Ji.
30
'iii
-"'
/I
1
.,;
" '1-
210 ro
-1- - v l '-...1,
Quenched
Il.
2
.,;
V>
1ii
20
V>
"'
"' "'
"' "' ~ "'"'
J.-... 1
--!~~.::.c:'~~-1- i--I-I-I
-~
~
140
V>
ro
Il.
310 oc
.,;
.,;
378 oc
~
cn
V>
140
20
1ii
Furnace cooled
'1-...I-
10
210
30
'iii
-"'
70
70
10
2%
'---'
320
340
360
Test temperatura,
(a)
oc
380
a~--------------~----------------------~0
400
(b)
RM.012 Worked chromium rod, quenched and furnace cooled medium-grain size chromium, effect of quenching on
yield properties
(a) Yield stress versus temperature. (b) Effect of cooling rate on the shape of stress-strain curves. The quenched specimens were
all strained 8% in the strain-aging range and, compared with the fumace-cooled samples, had higher upper and lower yield stress
values and markedly different stress-strain curves that showed an unusually high rate of work hardening. After about 3% strain,
the rate of work hardening decreased substantially.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed., based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High Temperature Metals Committee Extractive
Metallurgy Division) and the Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the Metal!urgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 199
80
60
;;;
-"'
li
40
cn
~
rvr
440 "C
420
Test stopped at
.".- 8%strain
Test stopped at
8%strain
:a;
280
140
-~
420 "C
;;;
"'
~
20
5% plastic strain
'------'
o
60
.;
"'~
1i5
20
"'
280 ~
u)
"'
140 ~
'
cn
v - -"\
5% plastic strain
420
"'
280 ~
u)
"'
140 ~
cn
'------'
60
420
690 "C
Small-amplitude serrations
"'
~ 40
u)
"'
~
20
~
1i5
420
469"C
;;;
-"' 40
u)
60
u)
"'
Il.
20
-"' 40
RM.013 Chromium-rhenium alloy worked rod,

560
330 "C
280 ~
/'
1/
-.........
5% plastic strain
'------'
u)
"'
140 ~
cn
Cr-1 at.% Rh alloy specimens

Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Habn, Tensile Properties of
Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
Refractory Metals, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metallurgy Division) and the
Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the
Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,
1966, p 203
80
0.109
thick
60
v. . .
490
,/
420
/
;;/
400 F (204 C}
o~
"'
a_
:2
280 "'
rn
1000 OF (538 Cl
1200 F (649 Cl
1600 OF (871
oc
~
u
'f
20
350
oei
600
(316
;;... 800 F ( 42 7 C}
~~ ~ ~
30
50
10
Rooj tempeJture
70
RM.014 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves for thicknesses as indicated
at room and elevated temperatures and various
strain rates
560
i~. (2. 77 ~m)
210
140
70
lf
70
490
0.040 ir. (1.0 mr) thick
60
----
420
Strain rate
50
11
~
Ql
c\5
---
40
30
20
10
60 in./in. miri
1
0.003 in .lin. miri
ave rage of 1O s and
1/2 h holding time
1
0.0025 in .lin. miri
350
280
-- ---
1--_
2000 F (1 093 C}
r-
.1
--~ --
(/)
140
o
o
210 ~
2250 F ( 1232 C}
1--
--r------
r---
&
:2
1600 FI(871 C)I
5
70
2000 F (1 093 C}
2250 F ( 1232 C)
1
The 2.77 mm (0.109 in.) sheet was solution treated at

1200 oc (2200 F) and rapid air cooled. The 1.0 mm
(0.040 in.) sheet was solution treated at 1200 oc
(2200 F) and air cooled. Composition: Co-20Cr-15W10Ni
Source: For 0.109 in. sheet, Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Alloy
No. 25," March 1959; for 0.040 in., sheet, W.P. Roe and J.R. Kattus,
"Tensile Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rate of
Loading after Rapid Heating," TR-55-199, Part III, Wright Air Development Center, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
80 .-------.-------,-------,-------,-------.560
o.1
s'
RT
60
Sheet thickness: 1.6 mm (0.063 in_). Solution heat treated

at 1232 oc (2250 F) and rapid air cooled. RT, room
temperature. Other test specimens were resistance heated
to the indicated temperatures. Composition: Co-20Cr15W-10Ni
a;
""'
li
~
40
U5
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of

Rapid Properties of Compressive and Column Members," ASD-TR
61-499, The Marquardt Corp., Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace
20
o ~-----~-------L-------L-------L----~0
80 .-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,560
3
10
s'
60
a;
""'li
~
40
20
QL-------L--------~------~------~----~0
80
560
1o s'
60
20
RM.015 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet,

elevated temperatures and strain rates
420
RT
....---7
800 oF (427 oq "1200 oF (649 oq -
'
v-
1600 !F (871 oq
1800 F (982 oq 2QQQ F (1 093 C)
2200 OF (1204C) -
140
40.--------------------,--------------------.280
--1%}
___ % Total strain
2
30~-------------------r--------------------1210
RM.016 X-40 cobalt investment casting, as cast, total

strain curves
Tested at 816 and 871 oc (1500 and 1600 F). Total
strain of 1 and 2% as indicated. Composition: Co-25Cr10Ni-7.5W
Source: Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31," April
---
1600 F (871 C)
1o1'--o--------------------1o'--o-------------------1--'ooTP
Time, h
40.----------,----------~---------,-------,280
To
F,y 37.6 ksi (259 MPa) \
;..-;..:.
--.
..,.,.~..~--:;::....
210
RM.017 Wl-52 cobalt stress-strain curves

Tested at 927 and 1093 oc (1700 and 2000 F). Pratt
Whitney Aircraft 653 coated with PWA 45, chromized at
1052 oc (1925 F), time unspecified. Individual tests are
plotted. Fty tensile yield strength. Composition: Co-21Cr11W-2Fe-1.75(Ta + Nb)
Source: Personal communication from Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 4308,
1995, p 10
o~--------~--------~----------L-----~0
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
50
Strain
0.009 ...
~~
RM.018 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) stressstrain curve
350
rate/~in
0.036
...--
40
Tested at 871 oc (1600 F). Note the change in strain rate

over the range of strain. Composition: Co-22Cr-22Ni14W-0.08La-low C
f280
~---
30
~
ui
1/)
~
20
10
1/
210
1
1
ui
1/)
~
140 Ci5
70
1/
5
80
/
1/
70
60
10
15
20
25
~om te~perature
560
RM.019 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt

sheet, miii annealed, stress-strain curves
490
Tested in longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet

thickness: 1.73 mm (0.068 in.). Temperature effects on
the stress-strain properties are indicated. Strain rate in the
elastic region was 0.005 min-I. After yielding to fracture,
the strain rate was 0.1 min-I head speed. Composition:
Co-22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
420
!v-
50
600 F (316 C)
1
1000 F (538 C)
~~
V
V
350
1400 F (760 C)
<Il
a.
:2
280 ui
1/)
30
210
20
140
10
J
~
70
:2
Source: W.T. Ebihara and R.B. Herchenroeder, "Mechanical and

Physical Properties of Haynes Developmental Alloy No. 188," Report
No. 7626, Kokomo Laboratory, Union Carbide Corp., 16 July 1969. As
1995, p 24
6
8
10

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F336!5-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 4310, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
80
70
/
1
60
50

sheet, miii annealed, stress-strain curves
490
Tested in transverse direction. Typical for sheet thickness:

2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the stressstrain properties are indicated. In the elastic region the
strain rate was 0.005 min- 1 After yielding to fracture, the
strain rate was 0.1 min-1 head speed. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
420
v--
~ 600 'F r316 'C)
350
1- 1000 'F (538 'C)

1400 'h760 'C)
"'
[L
280 .;
fi
"'
UJ
210
fi
20
560
1
Room temperatura
IA ~b::====f--
30
10
!-'
Source: O.L. Deel aud H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
140
70
10

sheet, miii annealed, compressive stress-strain and
Tangent modulus, GPa
60
42
84
126
210
168
252
420
Tested in the longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet

thickness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature e:ffects on the
mechanical properties are indicated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-1 RT, room temperature. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
Room te mperature
1
600'F (316 'C)

1000 ',F (538 'C)
1400'F (760 'C)
50
350
Room temperatura
280
40
"'
2
600'F (316 'C)
u;
[L
-"'
ii
~
210 .;
30
"'
Ci5
140
20
1400'F 760 'C)
70
12
6
8
18
24
Tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
10
12
30
36
Source: O.L. Deel aud H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published iuAerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Cade 4310, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

sheet, miii annealed, compressive stress-strain and
Tangent modulus, GPa
84
42
70
60
600F (316 C)
------
350
"'
D..
600F (316 C)
1---
:::;;
280 ui
Ul
100rF (538 oq
10
420
-1400F (760 C)
30
Tested in the transverse direction. Typical for sheet

thickness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the
mechanical properties are indicated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-1 RT, room temperature. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
490
v-- ~~ ~
20
252
560
210
168
J....--
;<-r---
~ /
"'-..'b ~
"~ =---
50
126
'1400F (760 C) _.

Battelle Colurnbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published inAerospace
210
140
70
1/
8
6
12
10
24
18
30
36
Tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
J
160
--~
- .... ,
"""' ~
-- -~ --
RM.023 Commercially pure molybdenum sheet,

1120
Transvele
Longitudinal
Curves given for arc cast sheet, 0.76-1.0 mm

(0.030-0.040 in.) thick, warm worked and stress relieved.
Stress relieved 982 oc (1800 F) for 2 h. Tested in
longitudinal and transverse direction at a strain rate of
0.025/min
Warmworked
120
........
1---
Stress relieved
g 80
840
t---...
~
........
cn
D..
:::;;
.\
"'
560 Ul
ui
~
ii)
40
280
12
16
20
24
Source: "Molybdenum Metal," Climax Molybdenum Co., 1960. As

1995, p 6
120
100
80
"'Room
20
1 -- -lr
l-4
tll
[l.
[13-t~s r- ~oo F (982 c)
80
1
y
V
//
V
40
20
420 ui
140
2400 F (1316 C)
6
8
10
840
RM.025 TZM molybdenum alloy rolled rounds,

temperatures
700
Round diam: 16-17.5 mm (5/8-11/16 in.). Stress relief

unspecified. Tested at a strain rate of 0.005/min.
Composition: Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr
Room tem erature
--
180o F
(~2
c)
560
tll
2ooo F (1b93
2400 F
c)
(1~16 c)
[l.
:::!:
420 ui
Ci5
280
140
Source: R.Q. Barr and M. Semchyshen, "Stress Strain Curves for

Wrought Molybdenum and Three Molybdenum Base Alloys," Climax
Molybdenum Co., Dec 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural
2000 F (1 093 C)-= 280
---
16 mm (5/8 in.) thick bar stress relieved at 982 oc

(1800 F) for 1 h. Tested ata strain rate of 0.005/min
:::!:
120
100
700
560
RM.024 Commercially pure-0.03 C molybdenum

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
te~pera;;;;-1---
........
40
840
8
6
10
Source: J.A. Houck, "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Molybdenum Base Alloys," DMIC Rep. 140, 1960. As
1995, p 9
RM.026 MP35N multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30035) cold worked

and aged 538-649 oc (1000-1200 F) for 4-4.5 hand
air cooled. Test direction: longitudinal. Exposed to
elevated temperatures for 0.5 h. Ultimate tensile strength,
S basis for diam up to 44.45 mm (1.750 in.), 1793 MPa
(260 ksi). RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 13, n(400 F) = 14, n(700 F) = 15.
Composition: Co-35Ni-20Cr-9.75Mo
~----L2----~4----~6----~8----~1~0----~1P
:Strain, 0.001 in./in.
2100
300
250
Longitu~
200
150
100
50
~
1750
1400
li
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30159) cold worked

and aged 649 to 677 14 oc (1200 to 1250 25 F) for
4-4.5 h and air cooled. Bar thickness: :S;13.462 mm
(:S;0.530 in.). Test direction: longitudinal. Ultimate tensile
strength, S basis for 20.3-44.45 mm (0.801-1.750 in.)
diam, 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 13. Composition: 36Co-19Cr-9Fe7Mo-Ni(bal)
700
RM.027 MP159 multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
350
6
:Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
240
1680
200
1400
160
~-423'F(-253'C)
1120
"'
"iij
o._
-"'
"'
U)
,........
120
rf-
ii5
80
40
cr:_
o1------- 0.02 ~
::;;;
t...-
RM.028 Commercially pure niobium bar, tensile

Solid line curves for wrought bar stress relieved at

750 oc (1382 F) for 1 h. Dashed line curves for bar
recrystallized at 1100 oc (2012 F) for 15 min
Source: A.G. Imgram, F.C. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.I. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, Sept
1960. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5,
U)
840 "'
-320 'F (-196 'C)
(/)
560
-103 'F (-75 'C)
11
r--1...
-- ------Rooi - - - -
280
t.mpOffi'ffi
...
Strain, m./m.
80.----,------.------,------.------,-----,560
RM.029 Nb752 niobium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for
severa! thicknesses
Sheet mill annealed. Sheet thickness: 0.30-0.76 mm

(0.012-0.030 in.). Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
Source: J.P. O'Connor, "Evaluation of Cb-!OW-2.5Zr (Cb-752)
Columbium Alloy," Rep. A-742, Ser. No. !, McDonnell Aircraft Corp.,
June 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
28.----------,----------,---------,----------,
RM.030 Nb752 niobium alloy, isochronous stressstrain curves for several temperatures
Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
Source: E.J. Beck and F.R. Schwartzberg, "Determination of
Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Metals,"
AFML-TR-65-247, July 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5209, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
-~ 16~------?S~~---~---+--------~--------~
-"
<I
"'
~
12~--------4------~---+~~--~~--------~
8.01
0.1
Creep,%
50
350
40
280
,1(
1
u;
-"
ui
"'
30
Cii
CI)
.!::
"'
"O
CI)
o>
20
"'
CI)
10
~195'C
"'
a.
:2
210
"'
"O
140 ~
LJ
-80 'C
&
~ --+
25 'C
ui
"'
~
30
o
350
50
-"
70
92.5%
u;
(\
280
a.
"'
:2
-195
210
g
~
tii
CI)
"'
CI)
.!::
.!::
"'
"'
"O
o
"'
~
"O
CI)
o>
g
~
.!::
1/
40
RM.031 EBZR niobium alloy rod, zone-refined,

resolved shear stress-strain after one pass (top) and
three passes (bottom)
140 ~
20
"'
CI)
-80'C
10
25 'C
v10
20
Strain,%
A
\ 1\
CI)
70
30
40
The resolved shear stress as a function of engineering

strain for the one- and three-pass electron beam zonerefined niobium is shown. Their orientations are shown in
the unit triangles with each curve.
Source: M.K. Thomas, E.S. Jenkins, aud J.F. Erthal, Mechanical
Properties of Zone Refined Columbium aud Tantalum, High
Temperature Refractory Metals, 16-20, Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society
of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, aud Petroleum
Engineers, Gordon aud Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 460
2800
400
200
~
1ii
Ql
f-
100
l/
60
40
0.01
V
l/
/
1400
<Il
Il.
:2
cii
1ii
Ql
700~
RM.032 Rhenium sheet, wire, and rod, average true

stress-strain curve
Room-temperature properties for 0.254 mm (0.01 in.)

sheet (S), 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wire (W), and 3.175 mm
(0.125 in.) rod (R), ali in annealed condition. Yield
strength (0.2%): S, 930 MPa (135 ksi); R, 317 MPa
(46 ksi). Ultimate tensile strength: S, 1160 MPa (168
ksi); W, 1170 MPa (170 ksi); R, 1130 MPa (164 ksi)
Source: B.W. Gonser, Ed., papers presented at symposium on rhenium,
3-4 May 1960 (Chicago, IL), E1ectrothermics and Metal1urgical
Division of the Electrochemical Society, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
1962, p 34
420
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6
1.0
280
2.0
RM.033 Commercially pure tantalum wrought bar,

1400
200
RT, room temperature. Solid lines for wrought bar stress

relieved at 750 ac (1382 F) for 1 h. Dashed lines for
wrought bar, recrystallized at 1200 ac (2192 F) for 3 h
1120
160
" " " ' -320F(-196C)
u;
120
""cii
.--
gi
1
r---. 1
80
-103 OF (-75 C)
560
1
40
RT
r- 1----
r-
__
~0.02----1
<Il
Il.
:2
(/)
840
-423 OF (-253 C)
~-----
"=103F(-75
~q
~------
RT
---280
---o
Strarn, rn./rn.
Source: A.G. Imgram, F.C. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.l. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, 1960. As
published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 5401,
1995, p 4
60
420
50
350
RM.034 Commercially pure recrystallized tantalum

foii, tensile stress-strain curve
Cii'
w40
280 ~
Cll
Oi
<:
"5
Oi
<:
:g
"
210 ~
c: 30
0..
-"'
:!
rJ
<I
(/)
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
25
Elongation, %
30
"'~
Cii
35
RM.035 Ta-1 OW tantalum alloy sheet, arc cast,

as-rolled, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
200
Room temperatura
1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, as-rolled, 96% reduction, tested

in argon ata strain rate of 0.001/s
1120
160
c;;
Source: R.P. Jewett and E.D. Weisert, Dislocation Morphology of

Tantalum deformed in Tension, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society of
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 163
Cll
'Cii
Foil thickness: 0.076 mm (0.0003 in.). Curve is similar to

other body-centered cubic metals, showing the typical
yield point. Yield drop observed in all specimens, with
average being 21 MPa (3 ksi).
840
120
Cll
0..
-"'
:!
rJ
rJ
(/)
(/)
560
80
2000 oF (1093 oc)
25oo F (1371 oc) 280
40
3ooo oF (1649 oc)

00
6
4
o
10
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Tensile and Creep Rupture Properties of

Tantalum-10% Tungsten Alloy Sheet," PR 281-1Q-2, AF 33(657)-8706,
The Marquardt Corp., Sept 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
56
!'
~~.
42
oc
Form and condition of material not given for curve. At

1704 oc (3100 F): ultimate tensile strength, 109.3 MPa
(15.85 ksi); tensile yield strength, 74.81 MPa (10.85 ksi),
elongation, 22%
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," BLR-62-26,
Beii Aerosystems Co., Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
1
V
RM.036 Ta-1 OW tantalum alloy, tensile stress-strain

curve at 1704
(31 00 F)
14
1000.------r-----,------,------.------.-----~
RM.037 Thorium-carbon alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves for various alloys
Alloys with grain size approximately 18 Jlffi, tested at

78 K, at a strain rate of 0.0007/s
presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St. Louis,
MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 95
10
15
Strain
20
25
30
RM.038 Commercially pure tungsten rod, true

tensile stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
100.-------.--------,-------,-------,-------.700
Recrystallized swaged rods

Source: J.W. Pugh, "Tensile and Creep Properties ofTungsten at
Elevated Temperatures," ASTM Preprint No. 71, 1957. As published in
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995
80~------+-------~-------+------~------~560
0oL_______o~_-1_______oL.2-------o~.3------~o.-4-------"o.~
True plastic strain, in .lin.
RM.039 W-Hf-C tungsten alloy rod, tensile stress

elongation curve
60.---------,----------,---------,,---------.420
Rod recrystallized at 2200 oc (4000 F) 1 h and tested at

1370 oc (2500 F). Composition: W-0.35Hf-0.025C
~
~"'
gf 30 ~-------++----------+-----------if------+-----l 21 o gf
~
cn
20~--~L---r---------+---------+----;--~140
Elongation, in.
Source: L.S. Rubenstein, "Effect of Composition and Heat Treatment on

High Temperature Strength of Arc Melted Tungsten-Hafnium-Carbon
Alloys," TN D-4379, NASA Lewis Research Center, 1963. As published
140
~oom temp~rature
p
.,/
r)
120
/
/ / / / . / ) 302 F (150
100
-"'
"'
~
Q)
2 60
1-
........
--
"'"
"'" "'"
t"'"
.~
~---
~--
~-------
//
,L
40
...
~
'
I.L
80
"'
1.52 mm (0.060 in.) thick sheet hot rolled at 843 oc

(1550 F). Zircaloy 2 composition: Zr-1.5Sn. Nominal
ultimate tensile strengths are indicated on curves by
arrows.
840
! /
u;
..
RM.040 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
"'"
... ......
..--"'"
o~ (250 C)
.1
... f-- .() 662 o~ (350 C)

... .........
"'" "'"
"'"
"'" "'"
"'"482
700
"'
560 :;:
o._
:Z
420 !!5
t=
932
OJ (500 C)
.... - -- -- ---- ~------
20
280
140
o
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain
1.0
0.8
140
RM.041 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves for various conditions
980
Maximum load
Fracture
r / ...
120

longitudinal. Tested at 250 oc (482 F). HR, sheet hot
rolled at 843 oc (1550 F). Other curves for cold rolled
(CR) conditions as indicated. Zircaloy 2 Composition:
Zr-1.5Sn
840
/,._....
/. ...
/ ......:~ /
100
u;
-"' 80
"'
"'
Q)
60
Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical

Properties of Zircaloy-2;' Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
1995, p 5
.......:..
~t
:.....f"
()
o~
<f.
a:
"'
Ltl
N
o
o
a:
280
!e..
-
..,.
0.02
"'
o
o
!e..
()
t=
P"
o
<f.
o
o
o
1ii
P"
o
N
"'
o._
560 :;:
420 !!5
a:
()
o
20
/HR
700
-------
pF
40
/~~
r~:;.....~::::;;------ .....
0.04
a:
140
()
o~
o
>
0.06
True strain
0.08
0.10
Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical

Properties of Zircaloy-2," Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
1995, p 5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Titanium (Ti)/729
Titanium (Ti)
Ti.001 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room temperature
800
700
600
500
(/)
400
cn
j----'
v
V
"'
:::;
Il.
ui
r-
Ti-70
-r--
Ti-40
100
Yield strength = 275 and 480 MPa (40 and 70 ksi). Ti-40
is UNS R50400; Ti-70 is UNS R50700.
-
Source: Data consistent with MIL-HDBK SH, 1998 p 5-13, 5-14. As

pub1ished in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., ASM Material
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 239
80
t--_
1/
300
- 40
200
20
100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, mm/mm
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
Ti.002 Commercially pure Ti-55 and Ti-70 titanium

sheet, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
600
- - - Ti-55
Ti-70
500
Ti-55 (UNS R50550): 1.6 mm (0.064 in.) thick, 7j-100 h

exposure. Ti-70 (UNS R50700): 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick
70
400
"'
Il.
50
:::;
ui
(/)
c;;
""'
300
30
200
100
10
4
5
6
Sllrain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
Source: Ti-70 data from E.J. King and H.M. Lundstrom, "Short-Time
High-Temperature Data of Titanium Sheet RC-70," Bel! Aircraft Corp.,
1955. Ti-55 data from D.D. Doerr, "Determination ofPhysical
Properties of Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFI'R 6517 Part l, Supplement 1, Feb 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3701,
p5
730/Titanium (Ti)

effect of crosshead speed on tensile stress-strain
curves
70
50
~ 3oor-----~~----~-----r------~-----r----~
:2
40
:i
~
UJ.
~
o;
-UJ~
Curve Crosshead speed

1
6 mm/min
~
2
0.6 mm/min
~ 200 r------r------~-----r---3
60 mm/min
4
6mm/min
5
0.6 mm/min
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Test direction: longitudinal.

Tests for 1-3 conducted in air at 20 1 oc; tests for 4
and 5 conducted in water at 20 0.5 C. Composition
analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 0 2, 0.002 H 2, 0.002Fe,
0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124
Q)
30 ~
100r------r------~-----r------~-----r----~
10
0 L-~--~----~~----~----~----~~--~.O
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Natural strain, mm/mm
0.25
0.30
500.---------r---------,---------,---------

effect of orientation to rolling direction on tensile
Sheet thickness =0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests.

6 mm/min conducted in water at 20 0.5 C.
Composition analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 0 2,
0.002 H2, 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties ofCommercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124
ui
Q)
~ 200~--------~---------+----------t---------~
100~--------~--------+---------~--------~
0.1
0.2
Natural strain
0.3
0.4
Titanium (Ti)/731

effect of orientation to rolling direction on log
2.70
2.68
2.66
oo
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests. 6

mm/min conducted in water at 20 0.5 C. Log curves
yield strain hardening n values for strains greater than
and less than 0.15: n(0, where strain is <0.15) = 0.14,
n(0, where strain is >0.15) = 0.17; n(45, where strain is
<0.15) = 0.11, n(45, where strain is >0.15) =; n(90 ,
where strain is <0.15) = 0.11, n(90, where strain is
>0.15) =0.18. Composition analysis: 0.009 C,
0.055-0.058 0 2, 0.002 H2, 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
45
./
./ ..._soo
2.64
~
~ 2.62
? //
Q)
2
-;;, 2.60
h/ ~
-'
2.58
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium

Sheet. Titanium "80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124
-~.... ~
2.56
2.54
2.52
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
Log natural strain
Ti.006 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
1200
- 160
Test direction: longitudinal. UNS R50400

1000
800
"'
::;;;
Il..
ui 600
"'~
Ci5
400
L/
Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol., Vol 7 (No. 2),

1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 240
- 140
rue
- 120
- 100
~
ui
-'"'
Engineering
""-(
- 80 ~
Ci5
- 60
- 40
200
- 20
0.25
0.50
0.75
Strain, mm/mm
1.00
1.25
1.50
732/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.007 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
1200
- 160
Test direction: transverse. UNS R50400

(")
1000
- 140
800
"'
o._
:2
ui 600
(/)
~
- 120
{r r--....__
......
1i5
Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol., Voi 7 (No. 2),

1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, audE. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 240
Kue
~ineering
,.
400
100
80
60
40
20
~
ui
(/)
~
1i5
200
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Strain, mm/mm
1.50
1.75
2.00
Ti.008 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium sheet,

600
500
&.
400
:2
1~
l?'
,-v
1
f
......,
'\
- 80
.........__
Transverse
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. UNS R50400
- 60
~
Longitudinal
ui
ui
(/)
- 50 ~
~
~ 300
Cl
'55
40
-~
Q)
Q)
c
c
a,
a,
UJ
Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol., Voi 7 (No. 2),

1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, audE. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 240
- 70
200
30
20
10
100
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Engineering strain, mm/mm
0.35
0.40
UJ
Titanium (Ti)/733
Ti.009 Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

270
210
1/
"'
a_
"'"'~
1ii
CI)
120
90
60
180
~ 150
600 K
240
J(/;
Strain rate: 0.033/s. Composition: commercially pure

with 0.49 at.% oeq
V
- 30
!---,..... 700 K
~
V.ooK
.;
- 20
vso6K
{/
CI)
--
r-
1150 K
0.16
0.24
-1000 K
1050K
30 ,......
0.08
Source: Metal!. Trans. A, Voll4, Dec 1983, p 2810. As published in

R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: TitaniumAlloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241
0.32
10
1100 K
--..:.:
0.40
True' plastic strain, mm/mm
Ti.Ol O Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

200
Strain rate: 0.00036/s. Composition: commercially pure

with 0.5 at.% Oeq. Grain size: 22Jlm
Source: Metal!. Trans. A, Vo114, Dec 1983, p 2546. As published in
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241
.;
"'
100 ~
CI)
50
o~---~o.~o~5--~o~.1~o---o~.1~5~~0.~20~--o~.2-5---o~.3-o---o-.L35--~o.48
True strain, mm/mm
734/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.011 Commercially pure grade 3 annealed titanium

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
70
Annealed at 705 oc (1300 F), air cooled. UNS R50550.

Chemical composition: Ti-0.02C-0.20Fe-0.005H-0.01N0.200
60
50
40 ~
Source: Crucible Data Sheet, Crucible Specialty Metals. As published in

"'
"'
30
20
10
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
Ti.012 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

grain size on true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
1600
1
1.5 J.lm
4.2 K
1400
11 11
1200 1\
ro1000
"'"'
~ 800
'li)
t=
......
--
::;;
:::J
...... L--
1/
0..
.,
--~
~
600
(._-----
--
p-
200 K
j
__.-:: 16J.1m
1.5J.lm
300K16J.lm
1-----:::
~
200
V
4
200
- 150
1.5 J.lm
1---
~~ ~
400
o
o
77K
16 J.lm
12
True strain, %
1.5J.1m
500K16 J.lm
1
50
1 5 J.lm 650 K
16 J.lm
16
20
24
Strain rate: 0.00033/s. UNS R50700.

Composition: -1 at.% Oeq
Source: Acta Metal!., Vol21, Aug 1973, p 1117-1129. As published
in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Titanium (Ti)/735
140
Ti.013 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

grain size on true stress-strain curves at room
temperature
130
Strain rate: -0.0003/s. UNS R50700
1000,---------,---------,---------,---------,
120
"'
110
Il.
:;;
ui
ui
~ ?OOJ-------~~~~-------+----------4-----------
~"'
Source: H. Conrad and R. Jones, The Science, Technology and

Application ofTitanium, R.I. Jaffe and N.E. Promise!, Ed., Pergamon
Press, p 489-501. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings,
Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
100
"'
t="'
:::>
90
80
500~--------+---------+---------+-------~
Typical scatter between

specimens
70
60
0.16
400L-------~--------~---------L------~
0_04
o_oa
0.12
True strain, mm/mm
60
Ti.014 Commercially pure titanium (Ti-55) sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves for room and
50
Solid line: 100 h exposure. Dashed line: Y:!-100 h

exposure. UNS R50550
Source: Data for 0.5-100 h exposure from D.E. Miller, "Determination
of the Tensile, Compressive and Bearing Properties of Ferrous and
Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AFTR
Part 5, 1957. Data for 100 h exposure from TML Memo, 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code
1995, p 7
40
'(ii
""ui
"'~
30
1ii
20
10
4
1ooo F (538 c)
736/Titanium (Ti)
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
700
]l 100
Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

solution heat treated for 15 minat 815 oc (1500 F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 oc (1050 F), air cooled. UNS R58640
"'
o._
::;<
ui
ui
"'~
Ci5
Ti.015 Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
100 oF (371 oc)
75
525
50
350
25
175
"'
~
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
~---L----~--~----J_--~-----L--~0
00
10
12
14
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
700
u; 100
""'ui
"'
~

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

"'
o._
::;<
ui
100 oF (371 oc)
75
"'
~
525 cn
50
350
25
~--~-----L----~----L---~-----L----~0
00
10
12
14

Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Titanium (Ti)/737

Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

w

Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-1R-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
100~----+-----~---~~~~~L_~~----~--~
""gf
~
00
75~----+-----4-~~~~~-+-----+----~--~
10
12
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
w 100
700
""u
Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

"'
0..
::;;:
"'

"'~
75
525 00
700 "F (371 "C)
50
350
25
175
00
10
12

738/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.019 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

bar, and forging, tensile stress-strain curves at room
90% probability tension. UNS R54520/R54521.
80
560
60
420
"'
'iii
""!I
11)
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5AI-2.5Sn Alloy,"

TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 3706,
1995, p 5
0..
~
~F (371 oc)
9oo F (482 oc)
100
280
20
140
6
11)
Cii
40
00
!I
10
Ti.020 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

bar, and forging, compressive stress-strain at room
140r-----.-----~------,------,------.-----~980
90% probability compression. UNS R54520/R54521
5oo oF (260 oc)

gj 80 1-----+----l-----,~---=---+...:;";;;;_::__":t=_.:::..<'----j 560
00
~M
--+----
7oo oF (371 oc)

9oo oF (482 oc)
~-----L2------~4----~6-----~8------~1L0----~1f
~Cii
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Alloy,"

TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 3706,
1995, p 8
Titanium (Ti)/739
60.-------.-------.-------.-------.-------.420

effect of test temperature, holding time, and strain
rate on tensile properties
Holding time: solid line, 10 s; dashed line, 30 min. Strain

rates at temperature: curve 1, 649 oc (1200 F), 60
in./in./min; curve 2, 649 oc (1200 F), 0.003 in./in./min;
curve 3, 871 oc (1600 F), 60 in./in./min; curve 4, 871 oc
(1600 F), 0.003 in./in./min; curve 5, 1288 oc (2350 F),
60 in./in./min; curve 6, 1521 oc (2770 F), 60 in./in./min.
UNS R54520/R54521
Source: J.D. Morrison and R.J. Kattus, "Tensile Properties of AircraftStructural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,"
WADC TR 55-199, 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals

tensile stress-strain curves for room and low
temperatures
UNS R54520/R54521
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
L------~------~------~-------L------~0
8
12
16
20
7 40/Titanium (Ti)
70,-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,490

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at 427
(800 f)
oc

(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R54520/R54521
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Horne, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
A110-AT Titanium Sheet Material at Elevated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, July 1962. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Total strain, %
40.-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,280
1h

(1 000 f)
oc

(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R54520/R54521
10 h
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Horne, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
A110-AT Titanium Sheet Material at E1evated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, 1962. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
-----170
oL_______
o
0.2
L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L-----~o
0.4
0.6
Total strain, %
0.8
1.0
Titanium (Ti)/7 41
Ti.025 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
160.-------,------,------r------,------,----~1120
Test direction: longitudinal. a-~ finished forged and

duplex annealed billet 102 X 152 mm (4 X 6 in.). Billet
treated at 952 oc (1745 F), 1 h, air cooled + 900 ac
(1650 F), water quenched, 538 ac (1000 F), 8 h
840
Source: O.L. Dee1, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on

New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Co1umbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
.------r------,-------,------.------r------.1120
840
~-----~----~------+.~~~~~~~~~700&
:2
"'
"'
~-----~------t----~~~----+------+----~560 ~
"'
u;
<::
~-----r----~~~---t------+------+----~420~
10
Test direction: transverse. o:-~ finished forged and duplex

annealed billet 102 X 152 mm (4 X 6 in.). Billet treated
at 952 ac (1745 F), 1 h, air cooled + 900 ac (1650 F),
water quenched, 538 ac (1000 F), 8 h
Source: O.L. Dee1, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mind1in, "Engineering Data on
Laboratories, June 1975. As pub1ished inAerospace Structural Metals
7 42/Titanium (Ti)

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
...------,-----,------,----,------,-----, 1225
Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(lY, in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 oc
(1740 F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 oc (1000 F), 8 h
New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol4, Cade 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
10
175.-------,------,------.-----~------~-----,

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1225
1050
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(1Y, in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 oc
875
i
~
.92
-~
"'
:::;:
0..
700
100
ui
U>
~
ii)
75~----~----~~~L-+------+------+------1
525 .92
c;;
c
~
350
175

Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Titanium (Ti)/7 43
Ti.029 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si solution

treated annealed titanium alloy plate, compressive
temperatures
1400r------r------.-----~------~-----,------,
Test direction: longitudinal
~ 800~-----~------+------+~~~+-~~~----~
:::;;;
100 ~

Laboratories, June 1973. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
j 600~-----~------+-~~~~c_----+------+----~ ~
50
10
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
200~----~------~-----,------,------,------,1400

plate, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(1Yi in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 oc
Source: O.L. Dee1, P.F. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
7 44/Titanium (Ti)
Temperature, oF
60
1400
1600
1500
Ti.031 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si annealed

titanium-alloy sheet, flow stress versus temperature
1700
Sheet thickness = 2.5 mm (0.10 in.). As-annealed stepstrain-rate tensile tests under argon at several strain rates
50
Source: RMI Titanium Co. unpublished data. As published in R. Boyer,

G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 727
2 X 16'
40
"'
o._
"iii
:2:
IJ
-"'
IJ
cn
5 X 16'
Il)
~
u; 30
u;
i;
i;
o
iL
o
iL
20
-5
8 X 10
10
900
850
800
750
950
Temperature, oc
180
1260
160
1120
140
.....
120
"iii
.><
100
IJ
Il)
U5 80
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. UNS R54620

980
840
'x
"'
700 ~
.................
IJ
'"\
900 F (482 C)
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
0.12
~oom tmperature
-~oo OF (31~ C)
,..,....... ~
v--
.,
Ti.032 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
(/)
Titanium (Ti)/7 45
Ti.033 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex- and triplexannealed titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature and 482
(900 f)
1400
200
oc
1120
160
120
-u;
--"'
ui
"'~
Ci5
80
40
/;
v-
1--
840
v1/
1/
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.22-2.16 mm (0.048-0.085 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 35; n(900 F) = 12
Room temperatura
"'
o_
:2
ui
9oo oF (482 oc)
"'
(/)
560
280
16
12
20
24

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
temperature and 482
(900 f)
1400
200
oc
Test direction: longitudinaL Bar thickness =

28.575-31.75 mm (Ll25-L250 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 34; n(900 F) = 10
1120
160
1----
Room temperatura
1/-u;
1v--
--"'
ui
"'~
Ci5
80
40
840
120
"'
:2
o_
9oo oF (482 oc)

560
/;V
280
12
16
20
24
7 46/Titanium (Ti)

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
140r------r------r------r------r------,-----.980
Room temperature
Duplex annealed: 900 ac (1650 F), 1 h, air cooled +

593 ac (1100 F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
Source: "Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Sheet, Bar, and Forgings," TMCA, Sept 1966. As
1995, p 67
6
8
10
Ti.036 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy tapered

plate, compressive stress strain curves at room and
1200
160
1000
Specimens were cast wedges (tapered plates) and were

tested in the as-received as-cast condition. UNS R54620
140
800
100
"'
a.
:2;
"'
(/)
600
80
400
40
200
20
4
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
1i5

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977,
p 28. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 365
Titanium (Ti)/747
32
28
-----
r--_
24 r - - ~ 20
<I
"'~
iij
16
~"'
12 r - - -
Strain rate vs-:1;:;:;-
8 f---------
Stress ~s strain
r-.....
---
r--..
3.5
Tested at 915 oc for a+~ (a) and ~ (b). For both, the
stress decreases with strain (flow). UNS R54620
2.5
"\
t--...
iij
1.5
0.5
48
4.0
42
3.5
36
3.0
2.5
... ... . .
2.0 c:
Strain rate vs strain
18
1.5
12
1.0
0.5
oL----L----~---L----~--~----~--~--~0
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
0.6
'"'2
~
.stress vs strain
~ 24
"':::>
j!:
1.0
<I
"""\
(a)
'"'
c:
2.0 -~
~ 30
"'
"'
"'2
f-
Ti.037 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain and strain-strain rate curves
3.0
4 f---------
4.0
0.7
0.8
~
~"'
Source: S.L. Semiatin et al., in Process Mode ling Fundamentals and

Applications to Metals, American Society for Metals, 1980, p 387-408
748/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.038 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
150.-------~------,--------,-------,--------,
- 20
120
1---::_::_-.::_-.::_t=.::::~~t~:-:_::=.=.i::::.::.::::.tr-"':9'-'-15=---=co.._-1
Strain rate: solid line, 10.0/s; dashed line, 1.0/s.

UNS R54620
15
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, AFML-TR-79-4156, Dec 1979. As

published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 366
980 c
~ 90 -----:_~-"
955 c
i~
~-----~l_--_--_--_-_--_--:-:+-_
2 60
30
----_-9-151.:010 c
- - - - - 955 'c
---
----------
,1,
..........
--- --- --- ------ ---
0.2
___ - - - - - - 98ol c
.......... ___ .----- 1010 c
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
True strain
Ti.039 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
70.-------,--------,-------,--------,--------~10
60~-----~---+------4----~---~
50
Strain rate: solid line, 0.1/s; dashed line, 0.01/s.

UNS R54620
- 8
~-:.:.._.
---r---~~-~--~-f-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~------~--955c
...........
- 910 c - 6 gj
~~
~
~
w
~
~ 30
rl:::::;;;::::::=t====t====i=~ill:::f:=-----~
980 c
- 4
...............
..................
::::::::::::::::
- 955 c
--980 c _
10~---r------+------4----~----~
.-------------------------------- -1o1oc
0 oL_______0~.2--------0L.4_______0~.-6-------0~.8------~1.J
True strain
~
2
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, "Research to Develop Process

Mode1s for Producing a Dual Property Titaniurn Alloy Compressor
Disk," AFWAL-TR-80-4162, 1980. As published in R. Boyer,
G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 366
Titanium (Ti)/7 49
Ti.040 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain curves
280
240
f\.
200
........
160
r---.
15
'
._
............
-- --
899 c. 0.1/s
-- ---- ~-
...____
____
Flow stress of the a-~ titanium alloy. The critical strains

and temperatures for which the acicular a microstructure
transformed to an equiaxed microstructure are shown. It
is found that deformation to strains of the order of 1.0 at
900 oc (1650 F), followed by beat treatment at 955 oc
(1750 F), produced the desired transformation. UNS
R54620
Source: T.G. Byrer, S.L. Semiatin, and D.C. Vollmer, Ed., Forging
Handbook, Forging Industry Association of America, 1985, p 116
--
982 c. 0.001/s
10
--13
- - - (a+f3)
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.8
True plastic strain
140
120
Ti.041 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forged

compressor discs, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
1120
160
- r-:::-
980
Duplex annealed 968 oc (1775 F), 1 h, air cooled,

593 oc (1100 F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
840
700
100
"'
a.
:2
560
!I
"'
~
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: G. Curbish1ey, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3718,
p49
750/Titanium (Ti)
120
v--
100
80

alloy forged compressor discs, tensile stress-strain
(600 F)
curves at 316
840
oc

700
560
'
"'
0..
::!:
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6AI-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 3718,
1995, p 68
420 u
"'~
ii5
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
100
80

(800 F)
curves at 427
840
120
,1
oc
p-~

700
560
"'
0..
::!:
420 u
"'
~
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6AI-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

1995, p 68
Titanium (Ti)/751
80
u;
oc
~
~
(1
420
1
8:.
:2
lZ

560
60
-"'
ui
(/)

(1 000 F)
curves at 538
700
100
40
280 U5
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties ofTi-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

1995, p 68
752/Titanium (Ti)
200
160
"'!.':'
1i5
120
(/)
80
40

alloy forging, duplicate stress-strain curves for two
different duplex-annealing treatments
1120
Test specimens 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) diam X 25.4 mm (1 in.)

gage. Duplex anneal for curves A and B: 904 oc
(1660 F), 1 h, air cooled + 593 oc (1100 F), 8 h, air
cooled. Duplex annealing for curvesC and D: 910 oc
(1670 F), 1 h, fast air cooled + 593 oc (1100 F), 8 h, air
cooled. Curve A: ultimate tensile strength = 1255 MPa
(182 ksi); tensile yield strength = 1165 MPa (169 ksi);
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.)= 15%; reduction of area =
37%. Curve B: ultimate tensile strength = 1220 MPa
(177 ksi); tensile yield strength = 1117 MPa (162 ksi);
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.)= 13%; reduction of area =
32%. Curve C: ultimate tensile strength = 1386 MPa (201
ksi); tensile yield strength = 1317 MPa (191 ksi); elongation in 25 mm (1 in.)= 9%; reduction of area = 22%.
Curve D: ultimate tensile strength = 1276 MPa (185 ksi);
tensile yield strength = 1227 MPa (178 ksi); elongation in
25 mm (1 in.)= 10%; reduction of area = 22%. UNS
R56260
il
~/
V BjV'
AJ
11
1 1
11
V
1400
840 a.
"'
:2
560 1i5
280
+--0.04-j
Strain,%
.-----,------,-----,-----,------,-----.1400
1------+----+~---,~----~------+-----1840"'
a.
:2
gf
!.':'
l------+f~--~~---+----~------+-----156oli5
Strain,%
Source: Personal communication from D.H. Wilson, RMI Co. to J.R.

Kattus, 31 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Titanium (Ti)/753
1200
................
- 160
Room temperatlre
1000
800
"'
a_
:2
ui
"'~
600
ii5
400
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure.

UNS R56400/R56401
- 140
..............
/~
Ti.046 Ti-6AI-4V solution treated and aged titanium

alloy, ali forms, tensile stress-strain curves for room
"205 c
X
............
_"
'x 370 c
-- -----
Source: MIL-HDBK 5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and

- 120
--~ 480
c
- 100
~--~
540 c
~
ui
"'~
- 80
ii5
- 60
- 40
200
-
o
o
0.04
0.08
20
0.12
0.16
Strain, mm/mm
160
140
Ti.047 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
1120
-- -
980
......
.........
120
'x
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse .

UNS R56400/R56401
840
700
100
/f
:2
560 ui
"'
ii5
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
754/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.048 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range ) at room and elevated temperatures
200.-----,------,-----,----~------.-----.1400

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature)= 16, n(200 F) = 22, n(400 F) = 15, n(600 F) =
11, n(800 F) = 9 .4, n( 1000 F) = 6.2. UNS R56400/
R56401
840
"'
0..
::;;:
u)
u)
"'
560
i"'
L-----~-----L-----L----~------L---~0
12
16
20
24
160
Ti.049 Ti-6Al-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
1400
200
200 OF (93
oc
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
1120
400 IOF (204 OC)

u;
120
600 OF (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
840
"'
0..
::;;:
-"'
u)
u)
"'
~
"'~
1000 F (538 C)
(/)
560
80
L-----~4----~8------1L2----~16----~2~0----~2i
Ci5
Titanium (Ti)/755

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
200.-----,------,-----,------.-----~----,1400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 F)
= 15, n(400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
409 OF (204 9)
609 OF (316 9)
120 f------+-----,f/h~--7"'~~---801 OF (427 1)------1840 ~
1ooo oF (538 oc)
<I
"'
~
!Z
~
80 f-----4~~~-b~---+----~~----+---~560
0 oL-----~4------8L------~12~--~1L6-----2~0~--~2~
200
or-----=r------=5,.:.6_____8-T4'-------'-11r=2____....:1,4o"--___
16~

alloy sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus
400
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
120
840
"iii
"'
o.
""'<I
"'
~
<I
"'
80
560
0 oL-----J4______8L----~~12-L-LLi1U6-----2~0----~2~
756/Titanium (Ti)

sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus curves at
200
or----.28_ _ _s.,....s_ _____,84_ _ _11.,....2_ _ _1--,-4_o_ _~16~
400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 F)
= 15, n(400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
n(IOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
120
~
ai
"'
!!!
Ci)
80
0 oL---~4---8L--~~12-L~Li1u6_ _ _2~0--~2!
Ti.053 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
2 0 0 . - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - , 1400
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.) Treatment: 927 oc
(1700 F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 oc
(900-950 F), 4 h. UNS R56400/R56401
840
u;
"'
:2
0..
-"'
ai
ai
"'
~
"'!!!
Ci)
560
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physica1 Property Data

Collected, Including Tensi1e Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
Dec 1962. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Titanium (Ti)/757
200r---------,----------,---------.----------,1400
Room temperature
u;

temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.). Treatment: 927 oc
(900-950 F), 4 h. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data
Collected, lncluding Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
120
-"'
.;
rn
~
Ci5
80
8

compressive tensile stress-strain curves at room and

(0.063 in.). Results are the average of eight heats.
UNS R56400/R56401
Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6Al-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. As published in
1995, p 18
6
10
758/Titanium (Ti)
200
Ti.056 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

1400
Room temperature
160
200 F (93 C)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

(1700 F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 C
(900-950 F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R56400/R56401
1120
4oo oF (204 oc)

600 OF (316 ~C)
80o oF (427 oc)
120
"iii
""'ui
840
"'
a.
::2;
ui
(/)
(/)
9oo oF (482 oc)
li)
1ooo oF (538 oc)
80
li)

Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
560
QOL-------4~------8~------1~2-------1~6-------"2~
Strain, 0.001 in./in .
240 . - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - . , - - - - - - , 1680
Ti.057 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

200 f---------!---------!---------!---------+--------l1400
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

(900-950 F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R56400/R56401
160 r-----+----+------7'"---c7""f::::..._--+-----I1120
400 of (204 oc)
6oo oF (316 oc)
"iii
a."'
-"'
::2;
8oo oF (427 oc)
ui
840 ui
(/)
120 t--------t-------tc-rv-:7""--c:..,...."F--cc:;;;;--90o oF (482 oc)
~
li)
~--
1ooo oF (538 oc)
80
40
8
12
16

Collected, lncluding Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
Titanium (Ti)/759

alloy stress-strain for room and low temperatures
280.-------,-------,--------r-------,-------,1960
-320 OF (-196 C)
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 921 oc (1690 F),
12 min, water quenched, + 482 oc (900 F), 4 h. UNS
R56400/R5640 1
1400
Source: "Details of Data Collected Program Test Techniques and

Results for Tension, Compression, Bearing, Shear, Crippling, Joints
and Physical Properties," Lockheed-Georgia, Dec 1962. As published
1995, p 14
12
16

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
280.---------,----------,----------,---------,1960
-425 OF (-254 C)
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.064 in.).

UNS R56400/R56401
;;; 160 l---------+------------17''------7'---:==......-----------t1120

~
8:
~
ui
~1W
MO

Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. R.L McGee, J.E.
Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical
Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3707,
1995,p l3
760/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.060 Ti-6AI-4V titanium alloy plate, typical tensile

temperatures
200.-----,------.------,------,-----,------.1400
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Solution

treated and aged. Plate thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm
(0.250-1.000 in.). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(room temperature) = 16, n(400 F) = 19,
n(600 F) = 15, n(800 F) = 11. UNS R56400/R56401
4oo oF (204 oc)
600 oF (31 6 oc)

800 oF (427 oc)
L-----~-----L-----L----~------L---~0
20
16
12
0.001 in./in.
24
Strain,

alloy plate, typical compressive stress-strain and
200
160
;;;
28
84
--v-
112
140
. /~
..............
~
840
-"'
ui
1/)
!':'
i'i
80
:i
~
560
280
"'
a..
1
4

:::;:

thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n(room temperature) = 26. UNS
R56400/R56401
1120
120
40
56
12
16
20
6
24
Titanium (Ti)/761
Ti.062 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Sheet thickness = 31.75 mm (112 in.). Results are the

average of 12 heats. UNS R56400/R56401
700
~ 80~----~------~~~~~--~~--~~----~
560 ~
:2
ui
ui
"'~

1995, p 13
Ci5 60~-----~-----A~~~-+----~~~---+------1 420 Ci5
280
140
10
12
Strain, 0_001 in./in.
Ti.063 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy bar,

Sheet thickness = 31.75 mm (112 in.). Results are the

average of 12 heats. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: J .K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
1995, p 19
10
762/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.064 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
and cryogenic temperatures
280 ,--------,-----,------,-----,-------, 1960

-423 "F (-253 "C)
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(-243 F)

= 20, n(-321 F) = 21, n(-110 F) = 20, n(room temperature)= 33, n(400 F) = 29, n(700 F) = 19, n(900 F) =
9.6. UNS R56400/R56401
~--~----L---~---L---~0
12
16
20
Ti.065 Ti-6AI-4 V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

200.------,-----,----,---,-----.1400

temperature) = 21, n(400 F) = 19, n(700 F) = 14,
n(900 F) = 9.8. UNS R56400/R56401
160 1-----+----+----+----+------.J 1120

840
"'
a.
:2
~
u
(/)
(/)
Cii
560
12
16
cn
Titanium (Ti)/763
Ti.066 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical compressive tangent modulus curves at room
200
28
56
84
112
140
= 19, n(700 F) = 14, n(900 F) = 9.8. UNS
R56400/R56401
1120
160
'-.. ~emperature
u;
120
-"'
ui
"'
~
80
r--- t-..
....___
840
~~
)
560
~~
~
:::;:
280
40
12
16
20
24
1400
--
1200
1000
:::;:
ui
600
400
r-
.........
........
200
r---
21 'C, 10- /s
150
' ~1~
541:::- ~
540't;;:- ~ ~
---
rr
r;
""":::: 50
200
0.02
0.04
0.06

alloy rod, temperature and strain rate effects on
UNS R56400/R5640 1
)'..
475 'C, 930/s
800
"'
r ~ Koc.l30/s
0.08
Strain, mm/mm
0.10
0.12
0.14
Source: D.L. McLellan and T.W. Eichenberger, "Constitutive Equation

Deve1opment (COED)," Vol1, Technical Summary, SAMSO-TR-68320, Ju1y 1968, p 80.. As pub1ished in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.
Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
764/Titanium (Ti)
500
400
&.
:;;:
1\
~ ~c
.....,
300
u
rn
- 70
Ti.068 Ti-6AI-4V titanium alloy, temperature effect

on flow stress-strain curves
- 60
Strain rate at 10/s with a starting microstructure of about

50% a in a transformed ~ matrix. UNS R56400/R56401
(----..,
- 40
ti
ti
u::~
Source: G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division. As published in

- 50
200
goo c
- 30
- 20
1000 c
100
20
40
60
80
Strain,%
100
120
10
140
f1.
Titanium (Ti)/765
700
600
----
Ti.069 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn titanium alloy, true stress-strain

curves (a) sensitized (b) reheated
- 100
6oo c -
- 80
500
"'
:::;:_ 400
Il.
.,.,
~
~ 300
1--
:::1
t=
----100
Zl
~
r-----
750 c
200
a;
- 60 ""-
1---
8oo c
1ii
"'
1-
/goo c
850 c
- 40 ~
Source: H.G. Suzuki et al., Effect of Phase Transformatiou on the Hot

Workability ofTi-8Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, and Other Alloys, Sixth
World Conference on Titanium, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, Paris, 1989, p 1427-1432. As published
in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM futernational, 1994, p 663
- 20
100
1100 c
o
"-1ooo c
(a)
500
700 c
400
"'
::2:
.,
Il.
""-----
300
u)
1ii
~"'
200
!'-..... ........
--.......... 1'--....
~'
20
1000 c
1100 c -
10
1200 c
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
60
30
gooc
'-
~
- 40 gf
----~
1----~
70
- 50
t--..
100
0.4
0.5
In the sensitized mode, smooth stress-strain curves are

shown above 750 oc (1380 F), and work hardening
occurs below 665 oc (1220 F). At 850 oc (1560 F), for
example, the stress level of the reheated materials is
almost twice that of the sensitized material at low strain.
The sensitized mode involved quenching from 1220 oc
(2190 F) to the test temperature. The reheated mode
involved heating to the test temperature in 60 s.
!!l
t=
766/Titanium (Ti)
180
160
140
1120
Ti.070 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range ) at
room temperature
980
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.

UNS R56620
1260
1---,

120
840
"'
~ 100
700 ~
ui
"'
ui
80
"'
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140
cn
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
Ti.071 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

temperatures
2oo.---------r---------r---------.---------,1400
Annealed, 760
oc (1400 F), 4 h. UNS R56620
Source: "Properties of Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn," Timet Titanium Engineering

Bulletin No. 10, TMCA, Sept 1967. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Cade 3715, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
840
u;
"'
c..
-"'
:2
ui
ui
"'
"'
560
Titanium (Ti)/767
200
-80 "F
180
1260
--......_-......
r--..."'
1"--
160
180 "F (82 "C)
Ti.072 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn mill-annealed titanium alloy

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at severa!
temperatures
1400
/O 0 ~ (-18 "C}
(-b "C)
Plate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Tensile yield strength

= 1120 MPa (163 ksi). Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS
R56620
1120
"'- Room temperatura """
140
970
120
840
8:.
:2
700
ui
Ul
~
(/)
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., Sept 1971. As
1995, p 26
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
Ti.073 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn titanium alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for different
heat treatments
200.-----.----,------,-----r-----,----,-----,1400
180~--~~-~-------~~R
__s-+-----+-----r-----r--~1260
1
----
-----r----- RM
TM
16o ~...jr-:::-::-::-:-:+::;~~~::j;:;;;;:;:=::::::::;:;;:=:~ 1120

1..,. ::..::--= .,....... -.1= : =t-- 1- -RD
"':""
RB
140~17~~---1------+-----+-----r-----r--~970
120 ~-~---~---1------+-----+-----r-----r--~ 840 "'
:i 100
700 ui
00
80~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1560
60~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1420
40H---~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1280
20~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1140
0 oL----o-.0~2----0~.0-4____
o~.0-6----0.~0-8---0-.~10----0~.1~2--~0.1S
Strain, in./in.
00
All curves 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) except RS which is 32 mm

(1.25 in.). Heat treatment: RB, beta annealed, 1010 oc
(1850 F), 1 hin vacuum, argon cooled. RD, duplex
annealed, 927 oc (1700 F), 1 hin vacuum, argon cooled
+ 760 oc (1400 F), 1 h, argon cooled. RM and TM, mill
annealed. RS, solution treated and aged, 913 oc
(1675 F), 0.25 h, water quenched + 593 oc (1100 F),
4 h. Yield strengths MPa (ksi): RB, 965 (140); RD, 1040
(151); RM, 1123 (163); RS, 1193 (173); TM, 1096 (159).
Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS R56620
Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., 1971. As published
1995, p 13
768/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.074 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn aged titanium bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
200.-------,-------.-------.-------.-----~1400
Treatment: 870 oc (1600 F), 1 h, water quenched +

565 oc (1050 F), 4 h. UNS R56620
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Cade 3715,
1995, p 25
840
"'
r;;
a..
-"'
::2'
ui
ui
"'~
i'i5
560
L__ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
"'
~
~o
10
r;;
200
1400
160
1120
120
ui
"'
~
UJ
80
40

840
ui
"'~
560
1
4
280
"'
a..
::2'
1/
Specimen tested in longitudinal direction. RambergOsgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30. UNS R56620
1-
-"'
Ti.075 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
16
12
20
24
i'i5
Titanium (Ti)/769
200
160
u;
....__
r--- ~~
J
120
-"'
uj
l'!"'
1i5
80
40

56
84
112
28
840
a."'
::;;:
uj
"'
~
CI)
560
1
4
Test direction: longitudinal. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 22. UNS R56620
1120
+--
i/
1/
Ti.076 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

extrusion, typical compressive stress-strain and
temperature
140
280
12
16
20
6
24
240
1680
Ti.077 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn heat treated titanium alloy

forging, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
200
1400
Forging size: 127 X 152 mm (5 X 6 in.). Treatment:

870 oc (1600 F), 1 h, water quenched + 593 oc
(1100 F), 4 h. UNS R56620
1120
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3715,

1995, p 12
160
~
u 120
"'
l'!
i'i5
80
40
1/
/
V
v- -
"'
a.
::;;:
840 u
i'i5
560
280
8
12
16
770/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.078 Ti-7 AI-4Mo titanium alloy forged bar,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Treatment: 982-1010 ac (1800-1850 F) + 788 ac

(1450 F), 1 h, force cooled to 566 ac (1050 F), air
coo1ed + 566 ac (1050 F), 24 h air cooled. UNS R56740
~
60~----~------~~r-~-.~~r------r----~420
ro
m
~"'
oo
~"'
oo~
Exposure
1h
10 h
100 h
250 h
500 h
1000 h
BOO
140
o~----~----~------L-----~----~----~0
80r------.------.------.------.------.-----.560
/ 7oo F (371 c)
ro
40
1--------+--~~l=;-..=,.-,;~;<>----t------+-------J 280 gf
8
6
10
Source: "Tentative Data Sheet for Crucible C-135aMo7Al-4Mo,"

Cruci bie Steel Co., Dec 1958. As pub!ished in Aerospace Structural
Titanium (Ti)/771
200
1400
160
1120
1--
u;
1.....-
120
-"
ui
Il)
1ii
80
40

exposure. Rarnberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature)= 33, n(400 F) = 50, n(500 F) = 50. UNS R54810
Room temperatura

840
400 F (2?4 oc)

- 550 oF (288 oc)
8'.
:::;
ui
Il)
560
V/
Ti.079 Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V single-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
.Cil
280
12
16
20
24
200
1400
160
1120
/~~
120
"iii
-"
ui
Il)
1ii
80
40
1-

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood pararneters: n(room temperature)= 16, n(400 F) = 32, n(550 F) = 24. UNS R54810
Room temperatura

840
"'
c..
:::;
f..-- 4oo oF (204 oc)

f..-- 55o OF (288 oc)
560
1(
280
Ti.080 Ti-8Al-1 Mo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
12
16
20
772/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.081 Ti-BAI-1 Mo-1 V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
840
120
600 OF ~
(J16 C)
100
80
1 //
--
__:
20
a.."'
u;
r;
tJ)
~
280
1/
2
560
420
1//
ac
Source: "Creep Strength of Ti-8Al-1Mo-1.V at 600 and 900 F," Titanium

Metals Corp., 1962. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals
900 OF (4l2 C)
40
Sheet thickness::;: 1.3 mm (0.050 in.). Treatment: 788

(1450 F), 8 h, force cooled. UNS R54810
700
140
8
6
10
100
700
80
560
60
420
Ti.082 Ti-BAI-1 Mo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness ::;: 1.3 mm

(0.050 in.). Duplex anneal: 788 ac (1450 F), 8 h, force
cooled + 788 ac (1450 F), 15 min, air cooled. UNS
R54810
"'
a..
-"'
r;
r;
tJ)
tJ)
(/)
280
40
i'i5
Source: C.W. Aiesch, "Onset of Creep Stress Measurement of Metaliic

Materiais," Convair, 1964. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handboak, Voi 4, Code 3709, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Titanium (Ti)/773
200
160
_,.----
55o "F (288
"'
U>
ii.i
80
840
!.----
28
r-----,
U)
560
280
12
18
20

56
84
112
120
-"'
U>
80
40
;)
v-
~
V
'---
24
Ti.084 Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
140

exposure. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 50, n(500 F) = 22. UNS R54810
1120
'iii
::;:
gJ-
160
"'
a.
"'
550 "F (288 "C)
J
4

exposure at temperature. RT, room temperature.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 50, n(550 F) =
50. UNS R54810
1120
RT
li
Ti.083 Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V single-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
140
1
"c)_/
---- 1/
120
200

56
84
112
40
28
1-- RT

840
a.
"'
::;:
~550"F(288"C)
r---
gi
~
U)
560
550 "F (288 "C)

280
12
16
20
6
774/Titanium (Ti)
120r-------,--------.-------.------~------~
840
Ti.085 Ti-BAI-1 Mo-1 V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
700
Test direction: longitudinal. Treated: 788

8 h, force cooled. UNS R54810
250 h
0.1 h
560
"'
Il.
oc (1450 F),
Source: "Creep Strength of Ti-8AI-!Mo-1 V at 600 and 900 F," Titanium

Metals Corp., 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo14, Code 3709, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks
:::;
420 ui
"'~
ii5
100 h
280
Ti.086 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, comparison of

experimental and calculated stress-strain curves
140
UNS R56080
120
Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and

Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vo134, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
100
"'600~--------+-~L_~--~---------+--------~
Il.
80 u;
:2
O<!
.,;
ui
"'~
400~------~~--------~--------~------~
60
40
20
0.5
1.0
Strain,%
1.5
2.0
(/)
Titanium (Ti)/775
Ti.087 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, stress-strain curves for

a, ~' and a-~ phases
140
UNS R56080
120
Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and

Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol34, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
100
ro 600~---------+~~~-~--+----------+--------~
a.
:2
80
'Cii
""'ui
U)
!!!
cn
60
(ii
40
20
L-------~--------~---------L------~0
0.5
1.0
Strain,%
1.5
2.0
280.-------~-------,--------,-------,-------,1960
Ti.088 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet, tensile

-425 'F (-254 'C)
Sheet thickness = 1.63 and 1.78 mm (0.064 and

0.070 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure. UNS R56080
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Carnpbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, 1958. As published in
1995, p 3
776/Titanium (Ti)
140.---------~---------.---------,---------.980
Room temperature
Ti.089 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

Sheet thickness = 1.78 mm (0.070 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure. UNS R56080

Source: D.E. Miller, "The Determination of Physical Properties of
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AF Technical Report 6517, Part 3, Wright Air Dev. Cen.,
June 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol4, Cade 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
0 o~--------~4----------sL---------~1z--------~1;
Strain, 0.001 in lin.
Titanium (Ti)/777
250
.r~
200
"'
~
150
~ 100
t!=
Ti.090 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true stressstrain curves for ~ and a + ~ processed material
'
10/s
~
~
......
,...,
--
.....
A)
.-0)..
. ....
Tested at 790 oc (1455 F) at various strain rates for (a)

structure and (b) a + ~ structure
30
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et. al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,

P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer,G. Welsch, and
1.0/s
JT'
0.10/s
-
10
50
(a)
250
200
~"' 150
II
rn
10/s
30
--
.....
..-
....
~
~
1.0/s -
20 gf
Q)
~ 100
('\
t!=
Q10/s~
10
50
o
o
0.15
(b)
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
778/Titanium (Ti)
1000
A
~
800
1/
&.
:;;;
600
vi
"'"'
~ 400
200
Ti.091 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true

longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves, effect
of a fraction on unaged material
__... 140
1!/
/1
r-f
'/
li
:..::::
- 100
'iii
- 80
""vi
(/)
- 60
"'"'
::;,
- 40
120
- 20
5
6
4
True strain,%
Source: T.W. Duerig, G.T. Terlinde, and J.C. Williarns, Phase

Transformations and Tensile Properties ofTi-lOV-2Fe-3Al, Metal/.
Trans. A, Volll, Dec 1980, p 1987. As published in R. Boyer, G.
Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titaniurn
Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 859
10
Ti.092 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
1200.----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----.
160
Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar. Maximum O,

0.16 wt%; maximum N, 0.05 wt%
140
100
a.."'
:;;;
vi
(/)
~
vi
600
(/)
80
~
400
40
20
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
UTS, ultimate tensile strength; TYS, tensile yield

strength. Curve A: a, 30 voi%; UTS, 875 MPa; TYS,
831 MPa. Curve B: a, 10 voi%; UTS, 877 MPa; TYS,
467 MPa. Curve C: a, O voi%; UTS, 878 MPa; TYS,
262 MPa. Increasing the amount of a increases the yield
strength but does not affect the ultimate tensile strength.
The ~ transus was 805 3 oc (1480 F), somewhat high
compared to other heats. This is probably due to oxygen
content (0.15 wt% ), which is on high side of normal
range. Treatments above 600 oc (1110 F) done by vacuum encapsulating specimens wrapped in tantalum foii.
Below 600 oc treatments were performed in a liquid
nitrate salt bath. Strain rate = 0.00055/s
1i5

p 97. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titaniurn Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 859
Titanium (Ti)/779
16
---
RJom templature
14
!/
12
1-
10
u;
-""
ui
"'
~
V:~V
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 mm

(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 oc (1400 F), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 oc (1050 F), 8 h, air cooled
40~r4C)
800 OF
....-
(~27 C)
70
"'
a..
::;;;
56
ui
"'
~

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
3726, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 44
42
28
~
2
98
84
/V
4
2
Ti.093 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
112
14
10
12
14
1200
Ti.094 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves
160
1000
140
Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar
100

p 98. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, audE. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 859
800
"'
a..
::;;;
ui
"'
600
~
ui
80 "'
e!
Cii
400
200
20
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
12
780/Titanium (Ti)
16
12
~~
400 F,(204 ~
10
IL ~
v--
"iii
Room telperature ).....---
14
"'vi
"'
~
Ti.095 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
112
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 mm

(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 oc (1400 F), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 oc (1050 F), 8 h, air cooled
84
70
"'
0..
800 OFI(427 C)
:::;;
:......-
56
~
y
vi
~"'
CI)

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
1995,p46
42
28
~
2
98
14
10
12
14
Ti.096 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy die forging, typical tensile stressstrain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive

r-----,28______5~6______8~4____~11_2_____1~4_0_____,16~400
840
120
"iii
"'
0..
:::;;
"'vi
"'
~
vi
"'~
560
80

6
1ii
Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),

and short transverse (ST). Thickness = 78.74-83.82 mm
(3.100-3.300 in.). Die forging aged 482-510 oc
(900-950 F). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension)= 9.6, n(LT, tension) = 13, n(ST, tension) =
13, n(L, compression) = 18, n(LT, compression) = 15,
n(ST, compression) = 18
Titanium (Ti)/781
Ti.097 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy hand forging, typical tensile stressstrain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive
200
0;_ ____:2:,::8_ __.:5:,:6~-----T84:.___~11.::.2_ __:_14r0----i16~ 400
Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),

and short transverse (ST). Hand forging aged 510-538 oc
(950-1000 F). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension)= 24, n(LT, tension) = 20, n(L, compression) = 21
840
120
'iii
"'
0..
::;;
""<li
~
<li
Ul
Ul
~
560
L---~4--~8----~12----1~6---2~0--~2;
1500 .------r-----.--------,-------r---210
200
150
140
oL---~~---~----~---~----~
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True fractura strain
Ti.098 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, strength

ductility trend curve showing effect of varying
amounts of primary a
Data on yield strength versus tensile fracture strain can be

plotted for each of severa! primary a volume fractions, as
shown in this figure. These data show that the alloy in the
most ductile condition at any of the strength levels studied is that which contains a small (-0.1) volume fraction
of primary a. This condition represents a compromise in
the sense that alloys containing no primary a unavoidably
have grain-boundary a, whereas at higher volume fractions of primary a, strain localization tends to occur
between the primary a particles. Both grain-boundary a
and strain localization lead to premature fracture initiation, and thus the alloy that does not exhibit either of
these conditions has better ductility.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, ASM
Materia1s Science Seminar, 1982, American Society for Meta1s,
1984, p 323
782/Titanium (Ti)
300
Below f3 transus
Ti.099 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, effect of

microstructure on flow stress
Above f3 transus
250
;e
200
(/
f3 .1
/o
1/
"'!.'!
t)
;:
..
~ 150
~
/rX.
~
100
cf
CI
50
12
14
16
Ln Z is the temperature-compensated strain rate as

defined by C.D. Zener and J.H. Hollaman, J Appl. Phys.,
Vol15, 1944, p 22-32
oj
8:::;;;
40
J.
18
20
~
22
V_
a+f3
li
!.'!
t)
;:
o
u::
-
20
10
28
26
24
30
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,

P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
Ln Z
Ti.1 00 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress

versus strain
250
Effect of strain rate at 815

30
200
10/s
8:::;;;
---.....,
150
-
1/
"'
u::~
100
0.1/s
-
10
50
0.001/s
10
20
30
Strain,%
40
50
60
oc (1500 F)
Source: R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties

Titanium (Ti)/783
Ti.1 01 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress

versus strain
Effect of forging temperature at 10/s strain rate

50
Source: R. Boyer, G. We1sch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties

300
"'
:2
40 ~
"'
Q_
"'
(fJ
(fJ
1ii
;:
o
u::
lL
30
200
20
10
20
30
50
40
60
Strain,%
16o
o(J...--
14
12o
Ti.1 02 Ti-11 Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-1 Mo-0.21 Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
1120
Heat treated in full section: 900 oc (1650 F), 1 h, fan

cooled + 500 oc (930 F), 24 h, air cooled
840
10o
"'
Q_
:2
560 "'
~
1i5
6o
4o
280
2o-
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in .lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Eva1uation of Large Ti-6A14V aud IMI-679 Forging," Technica1 Report AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-Ca1ifornia Co., 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
784/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.1 03 Ti-11 Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-1 Mo-0.21 Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature and 288
(550 F)
1400
200
oc
120
iV
~
ui
!1)
~
U5
80
40
v---
Room temperatura
840
~
550F(288C)
560
12
8
20
16
240
200
,...---
160
k:::::+--
~~
120
40
Ti.1 04 Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

1400

(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 oc (950 F), 8 h, air
cooled. UNS R58030
1120
Source: O.L. Dee1 and H. Mind1in, "Engineering Data on New and

Emerging Structural Materials;' AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Co1umbus
Laboratories, Oct 1970. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
"'
o._
850 OF (454 C)
:2
840 ui
!1)
~
560
)V
1680
600 OF (316 C)
1~
U5
80
Room temperatura
400 OF (L4 C)
~
!1)
Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Eva1uation of Large Ti-6A14V and IMI-679 Forging," Technica1 Report, AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-Ca1ifornia Co., 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
280
u;
"'
:2
o._
""'ui
Specimen size: 15.88 mm (0.625 in.) eliam; 44.45 mm

(1.750 in.) long. Heat treated in full section: 900 oc
(1650 F), 1 h, fan cooled + 500 oc (930 F), 24 h, air
cooled
1120
160
280
10
20
15
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/785

240 .---------,----,----,----,-------.----,---, 1680
Room temperatura
200
1400

cooled. UNS R58030
160
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
u;
-"
ui
CI)
!!!
120
U5
80
40
10
15
20
25
30
240

typical compressive stress-strain curves
1680
Tiansverse
/ ..... ~gitudinal
200
,V
160
-"
ui
CI)
120
40
"'
0..
:2
840 ui
CI)
U5
80
1120
11
u;
~
560
280
10
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Solution treated +

1400
+-
15
20
25
30
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals
786/Titanium (Ti)
1680
240
RLm tempJature
1
200
/;v-
160
"iii
""ui
rn
~
120
ii5
80
40
4oo oF
(~04 oc)
1400

cooled. UNS R58030
1120

6oo oF (316 C)
850 F (454 oc)
rf.
:2
840 ui
VI

560
280
10
15
20
25
30
240
200
/;
"iii
120
80
40
Ti.l 08 Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

1400

cooled. UNS R58030
1120

,...--40o F (Jo4 oc)
h~
~
160
""uirn
~
1680
Room temperatura
6oo F (316 oc)

850 F (454 oc)
8:.
:2
840 ui
.~
1
V
o
o
._
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/787
Ti.1 09 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI titanium alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at very high temperatures
4r---------.---------,----------r---------,28
UNS R58010
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensi1e and Creep Properties of Co1umbium,
Tantalum and Titanium A11oys at E1evated Temperatures," Bell
Laboratory Report BLR-62-26M, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p Il
2050 'F (1121 'C)
~--------~
gf 2 1-------J'--------t.-~-------t---------+------------j 14 gf
~
~
w
00
2300 'F (1260 'C)
0 oL--------~2--------~4~--------6~------~a 0
150
Ti.11 O Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
125

12, n(800 F) = 11, n(1000 F) = 10. UNS R58010
100
"iii
""'ui
(/)
75
. __ _ _...J__ _ _ _~------:':------'---------'--~
12
16
20
24
788/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.111 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
200 . - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , 1400

15, n(800 F) = 11, n(IOOO F) = 10. UNS R58010
840
"iij
"'
::;;;
o._
""'ui
ui
U)
"'
Ci
560
cn
L-----~----~-----L----~------L---~0
12
16
20
24
Ti.112 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
various temperatures
2 0 0 . - - - - - - . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , . - - - - - - - - - - , 1400
-65 F (-54
c)
Sheet thickness = 1 mm (0.040 in.). UNS R58010
840
"'
o._
::;;;
ui
U)
ui
U)
560
Ci
Source: "Data Sheet B 120 VCA," Titanium Alloys Issue 2, TDS-20075M, Crucib1e Stee1 Co. of America, Dec 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
1995, p 11
Titanium (Ti)/789

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b). Sheet

thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.). UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated
Titanium Alloy Sheet," Voi 1, ASD-TR-62-335, May 1962. As published
CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 11
(a)
r------t-----t~~~-1------~------~-----4840 rn
a.
:2
ui
"'~
r------+<Mr#~4-----~------~------~----~560 00
~-----4~----~8------J12~----~1-6------2L0----~24
(b)
790/Titanium (Ti)

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
"'
-65 'F (-54 'C)
u;
""'vi
"'
E!
a_
::2:
1
160
Room temperatura
1120
U5
li
E!
U5
560
80
1680
240
"'
li
a_
u;
""'vi
"'
~
Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b). Sheet

thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). UNS R58010
1680
240
::2:
1120
160
560
80
{b)
Source: W.M. McGee and R.B. Mathews, "Determination of Design

Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol2a, ASD-TR-62-335,
May 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol4, Code 3712, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Titanium (Ti)/791
1400
200
1400
1120
160
1120
840 c..
"'
840 c..
"'
:;;:
11)11)
!!!
560 Ci5
:;;:
ui
11)
11)11)
560 Ci5
280
280
4
(a)
12
16
20
24
24
(b)
200
1400
1400
1120
1120
R9om temper~ture
200 "F (93 "Cl

400 "F (204 "C\
600 "F (316 "Cl
800 "F (427 "C
900 "F (482 "C)
160
__ 120
840 c..
"'
:;;:
11)
-"
ui
11)
ui
Ci5
11)
Ci5
ui
11)
80
560 cn
40
280
840 c..
"'
:;;:
ui
"'~
560 Ci5
280
L-----~----~-------~----~----~----~0
(c)
12
16
20
24
(d)
12
16
20
24
Ti.115 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated and aged titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
(a) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction: longitudinal. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction:
transverse. (c) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test direction: longitudinal. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test
direction: transverse. UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Voi I, ASD-TR-62-335, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
792/Titanium (Ti)
400
320
1-423 "F
1
L,
240
Ti.116 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
2800
"C)
UNS R58010
Bar diameter = 19 mm (:Y. in.)
2240
-320 'F (-196 'C)

1680 ro
--
ui
rn
160
Il.
::;;:
...
1120
80
0.16
0.08
r-., -10 'F (-23 'C)
Room temperatura
Source: F.R Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F Kiefer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," Progress Report No. 1,
ML-TDR-64-280, SuppL, 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
""
ii5
560
0.32
0.24
Strain, in./in.
200
1400
160
1120
120
""uirn
~
ii5
80
40
Source: M/L-HDBK-SH, Dec 1998, p 5-132

840
::;;:
560
1
4
280
co
Il.
1/
Test direction: longitudinaL Aged at 538 ac (1000 F).

Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30
1--
'(ii
Ti.117 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve at
room temperature
12
16
20
24
Titanium (Ti)/793
200
160
........_
1--J
120
"iii
""'u
"'
~
80
40

56
84
112
28
840
"'
a.
"'
560
1
4
Aged at 538 ac (1000 F). Rarnberg-Osgood pararneter:

n(longitudinal) = 26
1120

titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
140
280
12
16
20
24
1200~--------.----------~--------~------~

curves
160
140

thickness = 0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.)
120
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. We1sch, and

E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: TztaniumAlloys,
f-------+-------h4---=------t---------j
100
~
u
80
20
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
12
~
iii
794/Titanium (Ti)
900
-
800
1~
700
Long
"'~
ii5 400
300
"'
60
40
ii5
b?'
'fii
ui
200
80
Source: MIL-HDBK-5. 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, aud

-'<
ui
100
100
~ngitudinal
"'
::;;; 500
a_

thickness =0.53-3.17 mm (0.021-0.125 in.)
l---
transverse~V
600
Ti.120 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves
120
- 20
10
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
o
1200
30

60
90
120
Ti.121 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI aged titanium alloy sheet,

150
160
1000

thickness =0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.). Aged at
540 C (1000 F)
140
Source: MIL-HDBK-5E, 1988. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,

800
100
"'
a_
::;;;
~
ui
ui 600
"'
80
~
(/)
400
20
L------4L-----~8------~12_____L1~6~--~2~0----~2;
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
~
ii5
Titanium (Ti)/795
1400
2
1
Compressive tangent modulus, 1o' psi

6
8
10
12
14
11

titanium alloy, typical compressive tangent modulus
curves for room and elevated temperatures
16
200
Test direction: transverse
......_ Room temperatura

1200
205
1000
"'
Il.
oc'
425C
::;;:
"'"'
~
.,>
r--1----r--- r---- ~
1--1---~\
---
800
............
1\
o;
c.
E
150
i.,
...............
1i
"'~
600
Source: Collected Engineering Data Sheets, AFML-TR-78-179, 1978.

As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
Properties Handbook: TitaniumAlloys, ASM International, 1994, p 913
100 -~
"'c.~
E
(.)
(.)
400
50
200
20
1200
40
60
80

12
15
27
18
100
21
120
Ti.123 Ti-16V-2.5AI solution treated and aged

curves for various temperatures
24
oc (80 F)
160
931 oc (200 1F)
1000
201
140
oc (4001 F)
3)6 oc (6qo F)
427 oc (800 F)
800
"'
100
::;;:
"'
80
Cii
60
400
200
00
o;
-"'
600
!l
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
o
24
= 1.6 mm
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy

Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 1007
120
Il.
"'
2!
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness

(0.063 in.)
"'"'
Cii
796/Titanium (Ti)
21

24
160
100

(0.063 in.)
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Ailoy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Voi!, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1994, p 1007
~
20
0 oL----L3----~6----~9----~12----~1-5----1L8----2~1--~2;
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm

titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
12
15
18
21
24
160
1000
140
100
"'
Il.
::;;
600
80
E!
Cii
60
400
20
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
= 1.6 mm

Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Voi 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1994, p 1006
120
800
ui
CI)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness

(0.063 in.)
~
ui
CI)
Titanium (Ti)/797
1400

12
15
18
21

titanium alloy sheet, typical transverse compressive
stress-strain curves for various temperatures
24
200

(0.063 in.)
1200
6':

Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Voll, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1994, p 1006
150
1000
800
'ijj
:2
.:.:
vi
100 gi
"'~
1i5 600
400
50
200
9
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
24
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/799
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)

MA.001 Lead and lead alloy single crystals, tensile
stress-elongation curves
4000
MulticrysJalline
.. Pb
3500
ro
[)._
~
2500
00
"'2S
b
"'"'~
3000
2000
1
1
<::
1000
/(\
500
.'
1 ///
1
~//
~
"
;'
.'/
l---S-1
Pb
~"s-1
0.35% Sn
0.05
4.5
0.10
0.15
Elongation
0.20
0.25
oi Co~merci~l rbll~d shlet
30 lei
Laboratory extruded, tested 30 oc
b. Commercial rolled sheet, 65 oc
4.0
3.5
3.0
vy /
"'
~ 2.5
"'
"' 2.0
~
1.5
p ,~
/:
~
~
~/
/
/
600
Test specimens 19 x 32 mm (3/4 x 1/8 in.) with 250 mm

(10 in.) gage length. Specimen longitudinal
500
"iii
c.
1~
"'
300 ~
1i5
L~""
1- 200
1- 100
0.5
0.01
0.1
10
Greep rate, %/year
Source: Lead and Lead Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous

Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM
400
1.0
MA.002 +99.90% lead sheet, stress versus creep

rate
(o.
7' V~
0.30
v/
cn
F)
S-1
1 0.0007% Cu
(~321
Source: S. Guruswamy, Engineering Properties and Applications of

Lead Alloys, Marcel Dekker. As prepared for the International Lead
Zinc Research Organization, Inc., p 110
//
S-1
t)
..!!1
"iii 1500
Tested at 77 K
100
800/Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)
30.-----,-----.------.-----.-----.------~~
MA.003 Refined lead and lead alloys, stress-strain

curves
Curve 1, refined lead. Other curves, various alloys. Curve
4 is fine grained, and curve 5 is course grained. Lead has
little mechanical strength, and its strength is very
sensitive to changes in chemical composition. Variation
of 99.99% purity (UNS L50010) to 99.9999% purity
(UNS L50001) can result in a change in ultimate tensile
strength from 14 to 9 MPa. Changes in rate of strain of
testing cause similar variation. Creep strength (Pb. 004) is
more significant.
25
4
20
"'
a.
ui
~"'
(/)
Source: B.P. Haigh and B. Jones, J. lnst. Metals, Vol51, 1933, p 49.
As published in W. Hofmann, Lead and Lead Alloys, Springer Verlag,
1970, p 201
10
0 o~----2~o-----4~o------6~o-----8Lo-----1~o-o----~12-o~
Elongation, %
60
1
50
1/~"
11
"' 40
~ffi
(])
.s=
(/)
20
10
30
III
111-
L-
001
011
12
o
o o
~ 10
:::l
o<P"oo
~
~
'b
O'b
:::l
o=
"o
o
o
"o
o
o
o
"'c
Cl
jg
oo
00
O'
cP<f'oOo
.!:::
'b00
o~o
ii 8
:a
o
o
o
o
cO
00
~co<~t? ~
20
40
Shear strain
60
80
100
MA.004 Pb-Sin lead rod, stress-strain curve (top)

and change in flux versus strain (bottom)
Top: stress-strain measured at 4.2 K and a strain rate of
0.0001/s. Bottom: the change in flux accompanying the
motion of dislocation as a function of shear strain
Source: C.S. Pang and J.M. Galligan, in Precious Metals: Science and
Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 61
100
80
u;
,___
MA.005 Battery grade lithium (2% impurities),
0.70
f_.----
0.56
1(
0.42
60
c.
ui
~
::;;;
ui
"'
40
0.28
20
0.14
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Test direction: longitudinal. Sample size = 42.9 mm diam

X 89 mm (1.688 in. diam x 3.5 in.) tested at room
temperature at 3.81 mm/min (0.15 in./min). Modulus of
elasticity =1880 MPa (273 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
0.652 MPa (94.5 psi). Other tests with rates varying from
0.127-3.81 mm/min (0.05-0.15 in./min) yielded an
average modulus of elasticity of 1900 MPa (276 ksi) and
an average 0.2% yield strength of 0.558 MPa (81 psi).
Source: Private communication with R. Schultz, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, March 2002
3.5
Strain x 0.001
MA.006 a-Pu and 8-Pu-1.7 Ga plutonium room

temperature full-range stress-strain curves
500
X a-Pu
400
"'
300
o._
- 40
::;;;
ui
"'
Full range uniaxial stress-strain curves for unalloyed aplutonium and fcc o-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%). X is fracture
point compared to cast iron fracture point. 8-phase is
ductile and work hardens like aluminum.
- 60
Ci)
200
Cast iron
- 20
Aluminum
100
8-Pu
10
20
Strain,%
30
Source: S.S. Hecker and M.F. Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of

Plutonium and Its Alloys, Los Alamos Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Vol II (No. 26), 2000, p 339
MA.007 a-Pu and 8-Pu-1.7 Ga plutonium room

temperature expanded-range stress-strain curves
600
Expanded-range uniaxial stress-strain curves for

unalloyed a-plutonium and fcc 8-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%).
Modulus of elasticity, a-plutonium, 97 GPa; 8-plutonium,
42 GPa.
500
x Fracture
400
a-Pu/
200
100
Source: S.S. Hecker and M.F. Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of

Plutonium and Its Alloys, Los Alamos Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Voi II (No. 26), 2000, p 339
1
V'
j/-
~ = 97 GPa
42GP'
'Jield strength
8-Pu
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
MA.008 Silver-copper eutectic alloys, stress-strain

for lamellar and equiaxed
curves at 25 and 625
grain structure
oc
50
Lamellar structure produced by unidirectional solidification had an initial strain rate of 0.020/min. Equiaxed
structure produced by extrusion and recrystallization had
an initial strain rate of 0.025/min. It is superplastic at
675 oc with low stress and elongation as great as 500%.
40
"E
E
'tii
~2o.-~~~~~~~-r~~~-+~~~~~~~__,
30
t/)
20
'""""re (675iC)
10
Equiaxed grain structure (675 OC)

o ~====~====~~~====~======~====~o
10
20
30
Elongation, i5 %
40
t/)
ti)
u.mo"'
-"'
50
Source: H.E. Ciine and D. Lee, Precious Metals: Science and

Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 645
MA.009 Silver, Ag-6Sn alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-6 at.% Sn solid solution at various
temperatures
Arrows indicate end of linear hardening range (stage 2).
Source: R W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals,
American Society for Metals, 1984, p 233
& 300~-----+------~----~~~~~---=~~=--4
:ii
";
Ul
~
<Il
~ 200~-----+--~~~~~--+------4------~---4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.4
0.5
MA.01 O Silver, Ag-Ga alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-gallium solid solutions
Tested at 77 K, constant grain size. Arrows indicate linear
hardening range (stage 2).
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals,
American Society for Metals, 1984, p 235
& 300~----~------~~~~~~-4--~--+------4
:ii
i
<Il
~ 200~----~~~~~~--+------+------+-----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.4
8
0.5
0.6
MA.011 Sn-0.5Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at -20 oc (-4 oF)
80
Curve l,Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5

Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%). Strain rate 5 x I0-5 s-1
60
"'
a_
:;;:
rJ
~ 40
ii)
Q)
~
20
1--
!(
-if
Source: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pct) Solid Solution, as published in Metal!.
Mater. Trans. A. ASM, Vol30A, Jan 1999, p 126
(_---- ~- 1\1
o
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain

at 90 oc (194 F)
80
60
"'
a_
:;;:
rJ
~ 40
ii)
Q)
Curve 1, Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt% ); curve 2, Sn-1.5

Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%); curve 3, Sn-3.0 Bi at.% (Sn-5.2
Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at.% (Sn-10.0 Bi wt%).
Strain rate 5 x I0-5 s- 1
f4

Di1ute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pct) Solid Solution, as published in Metall.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM International, Vo130A, Jan 1999, p 126
1!';__2
[(
~
20
\1
(..----
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
40.-------,-------~-------,-------r-------,

at 23 oc (73 f)
Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at.% (Sn-10.0 Bi wt%).
Strain rate 5 x 10-5 s-1.
Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pct) Solid Solution, as published in Metall.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM International, Vo!30A, Jan 1999, p 126
"'
Il.
:2
"'
~ 20~~~~~~~~~-------4-------~------~
1ii
())
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
20 --

at 150 oc (302 f)
Bi wt% ). Strain rate 5 x 10 -5 s-1
15

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pct) Solid Solution, as published in Metall.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM, Voi 30A, Jan 1999, p 126
"'
Il.
:2
"'
"'~
10
1ii
())
~
5
,------- ""~.
0.1
......._
~
1
0.2
~\
"
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
400
350
v3
300
250
2800
MA.015 Uranium alloys, compressive stress-strain

for high hardness alloys
2450
Comparison of curve 1, pure uranium; curve 2, U-3 Mo

(wt %); curve 3, U-5 Re (wt %); and curve 4, U-3Mo-0.5
Cr (wt %). Alloys were annealed 700 to 800 C, 2 h;
water quenched, tempered 400 C, 2 h.
2100
-2
1750 "'
a.
:::;:
1400
Source: P.A.Kulin, J. De Avellar, aud R. Jenkins, The Preparation of

Urauium Alloys of High Density aud High Hardness, as published in
WD. Wilkinson Uranium Metallurgy, Voi II: Urauium Corrosion aud
Alloys, Interscience Publishers, 1962, p 870
.,
i)
150
100
----
1050
1-
700
1/
350
50
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
Strain
50
350
45
315
40
35
30
MA.016 ZA3F1 zinc flats, tensile stress-strain curve

Flat size: 12.7 x 6.35 mm (0.5 x 0.25 in.). Five
specimens were tested. Average ultimate tensile strength,
281.8 MPa (40.87 ksi), average yield strength, 194.1 MPa
(28.15 ksi)
260
Source: Norauda Technology Centre, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada
245
210
&.
:::;:
175 ui
"'
~
U)
20
140
15
105
10
70
35
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Strain,%
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
MA.017 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, effect of

various amounts of prestrain at 240
(464 F) on
stress-strain behavior at room temperature
36
252
32
224
28
ro
196 Il.
oc
:2
ui
ui
"'
1ii
(1)
Rods compressed longitudinally at room temperature.

Initial strain rate 0.067/min. Curves indicate that
specimens which had been prestrained 55% or more at
240 C (464 F) no longer strain-softened appreciably
and were considerably weaker than material that
contained the much larger, elongated grains.
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2956
(1)
:::l
168
t!= 24
True strain
15r-------,-------,--------,-------,-------,105
MA.018 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain aging
at 0.6 Tm
Tm' melting temperature. These curves compare true
Unload
gr---~1~h~a~n~ne=a~l~7-+-~~~~~-----r-------i68
stress-strain curves for a continuously deformed sample

and for a sample (solid circles) that was unloaded and
annealed at several points in strain (open circles). Both
samples were compressed, parallel to the extrusion axis at
140 oc (0.6 Tm) and at initial strain rate of 0.067/min. No
drop in flow stress was ever observed when the
interrupted test was continued, even after a 4 h anneal at
0.6 Tm on a sample deformed to 25% true strain. The
effects of strain rate and temperature on the degree of
strain softening in powder-metallurgy zinc were also
inconsistent with dynamic recovery. Strain softening was
enhanced by high strain rate and low temperature, being
most prominent at -76 oc and 0.17/min.
True strain
36
32
r1 !\
-"'
196 ~
~
\''"' "'
UJUJ
~
ii)
a>
24
20
~
0.1
Comparison of longitudinal (parallel to extrusion axis)

and transverse (perpendicular to extrusion axis)
mechanical behavior for powder-metallurgy zinc rods at
room temperature with an initial strain rate 0.067/min
224
"Cii 28
MA.019 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

252
a>
168
~nsverse
0.2
ui
0.3
0.4
True strain
.6.
~
..... __,
0.5
140
0.6
112
0.7
Alloy Index
1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening (too1
steel) .......................... 276
2.25Cr-1Mo chromium-mo1ybdenum a11oy
stee1 ........................... 94
3.3% silicon alloy steel .............. 127
3.60-3.90% carbon ductile steel ........ 29
4.35 carbon equiva1ent compacted graphite
iron ............................ 25
9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 151, 152
9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 153-155
1OB46 carbon steel .................. 85
13-8PH Mo (stainless steel) ....... 220-224
14-8PH Mo (stain1ess stee1) .......... 225
15-5PH (stainless steel) .......... 225-228
17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel ..... 150
18Ni (250) high-strength maraging
stee1 ...................... 142-147
steel ...................... 147, 148
steel ...................... 148, 149
21-6-9 (stainless stee1) ........... 163-165
+99.90% lead ..................... 799
124EG-T5 (cast alurninum) ........... 279
200 high-strength maraging steel ...... 141
201 (stainless steel) ............. 161, 162
201.0-T43 (cast aluminum) ....... 282, 283
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ........ 279, 280
201.0-T6 (cast a1urninum) ........ 279, 280
201.0-T7 (cast a1uminum) ........ 281, 282
201-1 (stain1ess stee1) ............... 162
201-2 (stainless stee1) ............... 162
202 (stain1ess steel) ................. 163
205 (stain1ess steel) ................. 162
242.0-T5 (cast a1uminum) ............ 284
300M ultrahigh-strength stee1 ......... 150
301 (stain1ess steel) ......... 162, 166-180
302 (stainless steel) ................. 180
303 (stainless steel) ................. 181
304 (stainless steel) ..... 162., 181-189, 214
304L (stainless steel) ............... 190
310 (stainless steel) ............. 190-192
316 (stainless steel) ............. 193-202
316L (stainless steel) ............... 202
321 (stainless steel) ............. 203-205
347 (stainless steel) ............. 205-208
348 (stainless steel) ............. 209, 210
354.0-T5 (cast aluminum) ............ 286
356.0-T6 (cast alurninum) ........ 288-291
409 (stainless steel) ................. 268
410 (stainless steel) ............. 215, 216

420 (stainless steel) ............. 216, 217
422 (stainless steel) ............. 217, 218
434 (stainless steel) ................. 162
439 (stainless steel) ................. 268
1007 carbon steel ................... 69
1008 carbon steel ................ 69, 70
1015 carbon steel ................ 70, 72
1018 carbon steel ................... 92
1020 carbon stee1 .......... 72, 73, 80-82
1023 carbon steel ................... 83
1025 carbon (0.25% C) steel. .......... 84
1030 carbon steel ................ 73, 92
1035 carbon steel ................ 81, 82
1040 carbon steel ............. 82, 84, 92
1041 carbon steel ................... 92
1045 carbon steel ................... 85
1060 carbon steel ................... 86
1060-H12 (wrought alurninum) ........ 300
1060-0 (wrought aluminum) ......... 299
1100-H12 ........................ 301
1095 carbon steel ................... 82
1100-H16 (wrought aluminum) ........ 302
1112 carbon steel ................... 87
1340 carbon steel ................... 92
1522 carbon steel ................... 91
2014-T4 (wrought alurninum) ..... 299,311
2014-T6 (wrought alurninum) ..... 304-314
2014-T6, ciad (wrought
aluminum) .............. 304-311,313
2014-T62 (wrought aluminum) ........ 315
2014-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 315, 316
2014-T651X (wrought alurninum) ..... 316
2014-T652 (wrought aluminum) ....... 317
2017-T4 (wrought alurninum) ......... 318
2024, ciad (wrought alurninum) ....... 319
2024-T3 (wrought alurninum) .... 319, 325,
327,331,332,343,346,347
2024-T3, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 343,
346,347
2024-T3+ararnid 211 (alurninum
!aminate) ............... 503, 505, 507
2024-T3+ararnid 3/2 (alurninum
!aminate) ............... 503, 505, 507
!aminate) ............... 504, 506, 508
!aminate) ............... 504, 506, 508
2024-T351 (wrought alurninum) ... 327, 332
2024-T351, ciad (wrought alurninum) ... 332
2024-T351X (wrought alurninum) ..... 333
2024-T36 (wrought aluminum) ....... 299,

334,343
2024-T36, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 343
2024-T4 (wrought aluminum) .... 319, 322,
326,327,335,344
2024-T4, ciad (wrought alurninum) ..... 344
2024-T42 (wrought alurninum) .... 335, 336
2024-T42, ciad (wrought aluminum) ... 335,
336
2024-T6 (wrought alurninum) .... 321, 325,
328
2024-T81 (wrought alurninum) ... 323, 325,
329,338,339,345
2024-T81, ciad (wrought aluminum) .... 345
2024-T851 (wrought aluminum) ... 338-340
2024-T8510 (wrought aluminum) .. 338, 339
325
325,330,341,345
2024-T86, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 345
2024-T861 (wrought alurninum) ....... 342
2124-T851 (wrought alurninum) ... 351-354
2219-T6 (wrought alurninum) ......... 355
2219-T62 (wrought aluminum) .... 355, 357
2219-T851 (wrought aluminum) ....... 358
361
2519-T87 (wrought alurninum) ........ 362
2618 (wrought aluminum) ........... 363
2618-T61 (wrought aluminum) .... 363-367
3003-0 (wrought alurninum) ......... 367
3004-0 (wrought alurninum) ......... 370
3140 carbon steel ................... 92
4023 carbon steel ................... 92
4027 carbon steel ................... 92
4042 carbon steel ................... 92
4130 chrornium-molybdenum alloy
steel ........................ 95-99
4140 carbon steel ................... 92
4140 chrornium-molybdenum alloy
steel ...................... 100-102
81 O 1 Alloy Index
4330 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-105
4340 carbon steel ................... 92
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-112
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-105
4419 carbon steel ................... 92
4440 carbon steel ................... 92
5052-H34 (wrought aluminum) .... 373-375
5052-H38 (wrought aluminum) .... 375-377
5083-0 (wrought aluminum) ...... 378, 379
5086-H112 (wrought aluminum) ....... 381
5086-H32 (wrought aluminum) .... 381, 382
5086-H34 (wrought aluminum) .... 383, 384
5140 carbon steel ................... 92
5456-H321 (wrought aluminum) ... 394, 398
5456-0 (wrought aluminum) ..... 393, 396,
397
6013-T4 (wrought aluminum) ..... 399, 400
6013-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 400-402
6061-0 (wrought aluminum) ..... 299, 409,
414
414
407,411-413,415-419
6061-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 404, 405,
408
6061-T651X (wrought aluminum) ..... 420,
421
7010-T7451 (wrought aluminum) ..... 423,
424
426
430-432,434,435,437
430
436
7050 (wrought aluminum) ........... 443
440,442
7050-T7351X (wrought
aluminum) .................. 445-447
7050-T73651 (wrought
aluminum) .................. 438, 439
447,448
439,443-445,448,449
7050-T74511 (wrought aluminum) . 449, 450
450-452
7049-T73511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 429
7050-T7531 (wrought aluminum) ...... 442
452,453
7050-T7651X (wrought
aluminum) .................. 453-455
7075-0, clad (wrought aluminum) ..... 459
7075-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299, 456460,463-466
7075-T6, clad (wrought
aluminum) .......... 459-462, 464, 465
468
7075-T651X (wrought aluminum) .. 469,470
7075-T7351X (wrought aluminum) .... 471,
472
7149-T7351l (wrought aluminum) ..... 429
7175-T7351l (wrought a1uminum) .... 477,
478
7175-T74 (wrought aluminum) .... 478-480,
482-485
7175-T7452 (wrought aluminum) .. 480,481
7178-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 299,486
7475-T61, clad (wrought aluminum) ... 489,
495
491
7475-T7351 (wrought aluminum) .. 488, 491,
492
7475-T761 (wrought aluminum) ... 496, 497
7475-T761, clad (wrought a1uminum) .. 489,
490,497-500
7475-T761+ararnid 2/1 (aluminum
!aminate) .................. 509, 510, 512
7475-T76l+aramid 3/2 (a1uminum
!aminate) ............... 509, 511, 512
7475-T761+aramid 4/3 (aluminum

!aminate) ....................... 513
7475-T761+aramid 4/3,5/4 (aluminum
!aminate) ................... 510,511
7475-T761 +aramid 5/4 (aluminum
!aminate) ....................... 513
8090-T8 (wrought aluminum) ......... 501
8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113-118
8640 carbon steel ................... 92
9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 120
52100 chromium alloy steel ........... 93
A2 (tool steel) ..................... 269
A201.0-T7 (cast aluminum) .......... 284
A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103
A332.0-T5(PC) (cast aluminum) ....... 285
A356.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ...... 291-293
A356.0-T6P (cast aluminum) ..... 293, 294
A357.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ...... 294-297
AAR grade A high-carbon steel ........ 75
AAR grade B high-carbon steel ........ 75
AAR grade C high-carbon steel ........ 75
AAR specification M101 grade
C austenitic manganese steel. ........ 77
AAR specification M101 grade
E austenitic manganese steel ......... 78
Admiralty brass (antimonial)(copper) ... 536
Admiralty brass (arsenical)(copper) .... 535
AerMet 100 high-strength structural
steel. .............. 135, 136, 137, 138
AF 1410 ultrahigh-strength steel ... 155, 156
AFC-77 (stainless steel) ..... 218, 219, 220
AFC-77 (stainless steel) ......... 218-220
Ag-Ga (silver) ..................... 803
Ag-6Sn (silver) .................... 803
AL 2205 (stainless steel) ............. 266
Alloy steel. .................... 93-127
Alpha (a) iron alloy ................. 63
Alpha (a)-Pu (plutonium) ........ 801, 802
Aluminum bronze (copper) ........... 540
Aluminum bronze D (copper) ......... 540
Aluminum-killed deep-drawing carbon
steel ........................... 71
Aluminum-killed steel. ............ 67, 71
AM-350 (stainless steel) ......... 250-255
AM-355 (stainless steel) ......... 256-260
AM-362 (stainless steel) ............. 261
AM-363 (stainless steel) ............. 261
Arctic steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Arsenical tough-pitch copper. ..... 517,518
As-quenched carbon (0.2% C)
steel ........................... 78
ASTM A36 carbon steel ......... 132, 133
ASTM A36 high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
ASTM A128-E2 carbon steel ....... 89, 90
Alloy Index 1 811

steel ...................... 129, 130
ASTM A514 grade A high-strength
structural steel. .............. 133, 134
ASTM A514 high-strength structural
steel ...................... 132, 133
ASTM A517 grade A high-strength
ASTM A517 grade B high-strength
ASTM A517 grade F high-strength
ASTM A517 grade H high-strength
ASTM A537 high-strength structural
steel ...................... 132, 133
(grade 50) steel .............. 132, 133
ASTM A633 grade C high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 132
Austempered ductile iron .......... 26-28
Austenitic manganese stee1 ......... 77, 78
AZ31B-F (magnesium) .............. 555
AZ31B-H24 (magnesium) ........... 556
AZ31B-O (magnesium) ............. 556
AZ61A (magnesium) ........ 557, 558, 559
AZ63A (magnesium) ............... 562
AZ63A-F (magnesium) .............. 560
AZ63A-T4 (magnesium) ............. 560
AZ63A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 560, 561
AZ80A-T5 (magnesium ............. 563
AZ91-T4 (magnesium) .............. 567
AZ91-T6 (magnesium) .............. 567
AZ91A-F (magnesium) .............. 564
AZ91C-T4 (magnesium) ......... 564--566
AZ91C-T6 (magnesium) ......... 565, 569
AZ91E-T6 (magnesium) ......... 568, 569
AZ92A-F (magnesium) .......... 569-571
AZ92A-T4 (magnesium) ......... 569-571
AZ92A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 571
AZ92A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 569-574
B-1900 (nickel) ................ 632, 633
Battery grade lithium (2% impurities) ... 801
Be-38Al, Lockalloy (beryllium) ... 708, 709
Be-2%Be0 (beryllium) .............. 705
BG 170 brake grade (beryllium) ....... 705
Blackheart malleable iron .......... 56, 57
Boron-niobium high-strength lowalloy steel ...................... 140
Boron steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
C5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 139
C355.0-T61 (cast aluminum) ......... 287
Carbon steel .................... 67-92
Carbon steel, cold-worked (0.2% C) ..... 74
Carbon steel (Fe-0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21Si) .. 90
Cartridge brass 70-30 (copper) .... 526-528
Cast iron, unclassified ................ 23
Cast steel, unclassified ............... 23
Chromium alloy steel ................ 93

Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel.. 94-102
Chromium-rhenium alloy (chromium) ... 711
Commercial bronze (copper) ...... 522, 523
Commercial high-strength low-alloy
steel ...................... 139, 140
Commercially pure grade 2
titanium .................... 731, 732
Commercially pure grade 3 titanium .... 734
Commercially pure grade 4 titanium 734, 735
Commercially pure molybdenum ...... 717
Commercially pure-0.03C
molybdenum .................... 718
Commercially pure niobium .......... 720
Commercially pure recrystallized
tantalum ....................... 724
Commercially pure tantalum .......... 723
Commercially pure titanium
(CP-Ti) ................ 729-731, 735
Commercially pure tungsten .......... 726
Compacted cast iron, unclassified ....... 23
Compacted graphite iron ............ 25, 62
CON-PAC high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
Conventional niobium high-strength
low-alloy steel. .............. 139, 140
Conventional silicon-manganese highstrength low-alloy steel ............ 140
Copper beryllium-TFOO (copper) ... 519, 520
Copper beryllium-TH04 (copper) ...... 520
Copper-boron high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 140
Copper gilding-metal (copper) ........ 521
Copper-nickel 10% (copper) .......... 543
Copper-nickel 20% (copper) ...... 543, 544
Copper-nickel 30% (copper) ...... 544-546
Copper-nickel-aluminum (copper) ...... 554
Copper-nickel-silicon (copper) ........ 541
Copper-niobium-nickel high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 140
Copper-niobium-titanium high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 140
COR-TEN high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
Custom 450 (stainless stee1) .......... 262
Custom 450 (stainless steel) .......... 262
Custom 455 (stainless steel) .......... 263
Custom 455 (stainless steel) ...... 263-265
D2 (tool steel) ................. 269, 270
D3 (tool steel) ..................... 270
D357.0-T6 (cast aluminum) .......... 297
D6A ultrahigh-strength steel. ......... 156
D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel. ........ 156
Dead soft rimmed steel ............... 67
Deep-drilling copper ................ 533
Delta (o)-Pu-1.7Ga (plutonium) ... 801, 802
Dispersion strengthened copper ....... 519
Dual phase stee1 .................... 86
Ductile cast iron ............ 26-35, 41, 45
E8ZR (niobium) ................... 722

E332.0-T5 (cast aluminum) .......... 285
EK31XA-T6 (magnesium) ........... 575
Electrolytic tough-pitch copper .... 515, 516
EX-TEN 42 high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
steel .......................... 129
steel .......................... 129
EZ33A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 576-581
F332.0-T5(SR) (cast aluminum) ....... 286
Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 130
Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced
plasticity (TRlP) high-strength steel .. 158
Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti(stainless steel) .... 265, 266
Ferritic commercial high-strength
low-alloy Arctic steel ............. 140
Ferritic compacted graphite iron ..... 25, 62
Ferritic ductile iron ......... 29, 31-33, 35
Ferritic ductile iron, unclassified ........ 24
Ferritic malleable iron ................ 56
Ferritic nodular ductile iron ........ 36, 37
Flake cast iron, unclassified ........... 23
Flake graphite, gray iron ........... 52, 53
Forging brass (copper) .............. 534
Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing
carbon steel. ..................... 71
Gamma (y) iron alloy ................ 64
GM 980X dual phase carbon steel ...... 86
Grade 2 equivalent titanium .......... 733
Gray cast iron ................... 46-55
Gray iron, class 20 to 50 .............. 48
Gray iron, class 20 ............... 50, 51
Gray iron, class 30 .................. 48
Gray iron, class 35 .................. 50
Gray iron, class 40 ............... 49-51
Gray iron, class 60 .................. 51
Gray iron, unclassified ............... 24
H-11 Mod (tool steel) ........... 271-275
Hadfield steel ................... 88-90
Hastelloy X (nickel) ............ 682, 683
HaynesAlloy No. 188 (cobalt) .... 715-717
Heat-treatable aluminum alloys ........ 279
High brass (copper) ................ 529
High-carbon steel ................... 75
High leaded brass (copper) ....... 531, 532
High-silicon bronze A (copper) ........ 542
High-silicon nodular graphite iron ...... 61
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel ... 86,
129-133, 138-140
High-strength maraging steel. . . . . . 141-149
High-strength nonresulfurized carbon
steel ........................... 76
High-strength steel ............. 129-160
HK31A (magnesium) ............... 582
HK31A-H24 (magnesium) ....... 582-587
HK31A-O (magnesium) ......... 587-592
812 1 Alloy Index
HK31A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 592-594

HM21A-T8 (magnesium) ........ 595-599
HM21A-T81 (magnesium) ........... 600
HM31A (magnesium) ........... 600-602
HM31A-F (magnesium) ......... 602-606
HM31A-T5 (magnesium) ........ 607, 608
HNM nicke1 al1oy steel. ............. 121
HY-TUF nickel alloy steel. ....... 122, 123
HZ32A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 609
I70 brake grade (beryllium) .......... 705
I400 (beryllium) ................... 705
IN 100 (nicke1) .................... 640
IN 617 (nickel) .................... 679
Inco 713LC (nickel) ................ 634
Incoloy 25-6 (nickel) ............ 702, 703
Incoloy 330 (nickel) ................ 702
Incoloy 800 (nickel) ............ 675, 676
Incoloy 800H (nickel) ........... 676, 677
Incoloy 803 (nickel) ............ 123, 124
Incoloy 825 (nickel) ................ 701
Incoloy 840 (nickel) ............ 124, 125
Incoloy 864 (nickel) ............ 126, 127
Incoloy 901 (nickel) ................ 693
Incoloy 909 (nickel) ............ 698, 699
Incoloy A286 (nickel) ............ 125, 126
Incoloy C276 (nickel) ............... 636
Inconel 600 (nickel) ............ 637-639
Inconel 601 (nickel) ............ 683, 684
Inconel617 (nickel) ................ 680
Inconel 625 (nickel) ............ 670-675
Inconel 686 (nickel) ................ 678
Inconel 702 (nickel) ................ 641
Inconel 706 (nickel) ............ 694-697
Inconel 713C (nickel) ............... 635
Inconel 718 (nicke1) ............ 652-659
Incone1 725 (nickel) ............ 660, 661
Inconel HX (nickel) ................ 681
Inconel MA 754 (nickel) ......... 659, 660
Incone1 X-750 (nicke1) .......... 644-646
Interstitial-free steel ................. 67
Iron alloy ......................... 24
L6 (tool steel) ..................... 276
L-605 (cobalt) ................. 712, 713
L-type 1ow-alloy special purpose
(too1 steel) ...................... 275
Lancashire brass (copper) ............ 533
Lead alloy single crystal ............. 799
Leaded nicke1 silver (copper) ......... 551
Lead single crystal ................. 799
Low brass 80-20 (copper) ............ 525
Low-carbon steel. ............. 67-69, 71
Low-silicon bronze type B (copper) .... 542
M2 (tool steel) .................... 269
MA 6000 (nickel) .............. 642-644
Magnesium single crystal ............ 555
Malleable cast iron ............... 56-60
Manganese-chromium dual-phase
high-strength 1ow-alloy steel .... 139, 140
Manganese dual-phase high-strength lowalloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Manganese nitride dual-phase
high-strength 1ow-alloy steel .... 139, 140
Maraging steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-149
Metastable austenitic stainless
steel ...................... 210-213
Microalloyed high-strength 1ow-alloy
steel .......................... 131
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield
steel ........................ 89, 90
Monel 400 (nickel) ............. 692, 693
Monel K-500 (nickel) ........... 684-687
MP35N multiphase alloy (cobalt) ...... 719
MP159 multiphase alloy (cobalt) ...... 719
Muntz metal copper ................ 530
N50 (beryllium) ................... 709
Naval brass (copper) ............ 537, 538
Nb752 (niobium) ............... 720, 721
Ni 200 (nicke1) .................... 631
Nickel alloy iron .................... 62
Nickel alloy steel. .............. 121-127
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel ...................... 102-120
Nickel-molybdenum alloy (nickel) ..... 700
Nickel silver (copper) ........... 546-549
Nickel silver 55-18 (copper) .......... 550
Nimonic 75 (nickel) ............ 647, 648
Nimonic 90 (nickel) ............ 665-668
Nimonic 263 (nickel) ............... 669
Nitronic 33 (stainless steel) ........... 214
Nitronic 60 (stainless stee1) ........... 214
Nodular ductile cast iron .... 36, 37, 39, 40,
42--44
Nodular graphite cast iron ............. 61
Nonresulfurized carbon steel. .......... 76
01 (tool stee1) ..................... 269
Oxygen-free copper ................ 515
Pb-5In (lead) ...................... 800
Pearlitic compacted graphite iron .... 25, 62
Pearlitic ductile iron ........ 29, 31-34, 41
Pearlitic ductile iron, unclassified ....... 24
Pearlitic gray iron ................ 47, 49
Pearlitic malleable iron ............ 56-60
Pearlitic nodular ductile iron ..... 40, 42--44
Pen-metal copper .............. 534, 535
Phosphor bronze (copper) ........ 538, 539
Phosphorus-deoxidized high
residual phosphorus (copper) .... 516, 517
Powder-metallurgy zinc .......... 807, 808
Powder metal preform steel ........... 65
Pure uranium ..................... 806
QE22A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 610-612
QE22A-T8 (magnesium) ............. 613
Quenched-and-tempered carbon (0.2% C)
stee1 ........................... 78
Recarburized ductile steel. ............ 38

Red brass (copper) ............. 523, 524
Refined lead ...................... 800
Refined lead alloys ................. 800
Rene 41 (nickel) ............... 649-652
Rhenium ......................... 723
Rimmed carbon (0.03% C) steel ........ 68
Rimmed low-carbon (0.03% C) steel .... 69
Rimmed steel ................... 67-69
S200E (beryllium) .............. 705-707
SAE 950 high-strength low-al1oy steel .. 138
SAE 950X high-strength low-alloy steel .. 86
SAE 980 high-strength low-alloy steel .. 138
SAE 980X high-strength low-alloy steel .. 86
Silicon aluminum bronze (copper) ..... 541
Silicon brass No. 1 (copper) .......... 552
Silicon brass No. 2 (copper) ...... 552, 553
Silicon-manganese dual-phase high-strength
1ow-alloy steel. .............. 139, 140
Silver ........................... 803
Silver-copper eutectic alloys
(silver) ........................ 802
Sn-0.5Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-1.5Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-3.0Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-6.0Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Spheroidal cast iron, unclassified ....... 23
Spring brass (copper) ........... 525, 526
SR200 (beryllium) ............. 705, 706
Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon
steel ........................... 76
Steel, unclassified ................... 24
Stee1 preform powder metal ........... 65
T-1 ASTMA517, grades B, F, and H
high-strength structured steel. ... 134, 135
T-1 type A high-strength 1ow-alloy
steel .......................... 129
T-1 type B high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
T-250 high-strength maraging steel ..... 141
Ta-10W (tantalum) ............. 724, 725
TD nicke1 (nickel) .............. 688-692
Temper rolled low-carbon steel ......... 67
Thorium-carbon alloy (thorium) ....... 725
Ti-0.02C-0.20Fe-0.005H-0.01N-0.200
(titanium) ...................... 734
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (titanium) ....... 777-782
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (titanium) ... 784-786
Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.25Al-1Mo-0.21Si
(titanium) .................. 783, 784
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (titanium) ....... 787-792
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (titanium) .... 792-795
Ti-16V-2.5Al (titanium) ......... 795-797
Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
(titanium) .................. 736, 737
Ti--40 (titanium) ................... 729
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (titanium) .......... 738-740
Ti-55 (titanium) ............... 729, 735
Alloy Index 1 813
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
(titanium) .................. 741-744
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (titanium) ... 744-751
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (titanium) ....... 752
Ti-6Al-4V (titanium) ............ 753-764
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (titanium) ........ 765-769
Ti-70 (titanium) ................... 729
Ti-7Al-4Mo (titanium) .............. 770
Ti-8Al-1Mo-IV (titanium) ....... 771-774
Ti-8Mn (titanium) .............. 774-776
Transformation-induced plasticity
(TRIP) high-strength steel ...... 157-159
TRI-TEN high-strength lo~-al1oy steel .. 129
TRIP steels ................... 157-159
Tungsten copper composite (copper) .... 553
TZM mo1ybdenum alloy
(molybdenum) .................. 718
U-3Mo (uranium) .................. 806

U-3Mo-0.5Cr (uranium .............. 806
U-5Re (uranium) .................. 806
Udimet 700 (U-700)(nickel) ...... 646, 647
Ultrahigh-strength steel .......... 150-156
Uranium alloys .................... 806
USS COR-TEN A high-strength
low-a11oy steel. .............. 129, 130
U.S.S. dual-phase 80 high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 138
W1 (tool steel) .................... 269
W-Hf-C (tungsten) ................. 726
Waspaloy (nickel) .............. 661-664
Weathering steel ................... 140
WI-52 (cobalt) .................... 714
Worked chromium (chromium) ........ 710
X-40 (cobalt) ..................... 714
X2020-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299, 318

X5090-H36 (wrought aluminum) ...... 385
X5090-H38 (wrought aluminum) .. 386-388
XM-27 (stainless steel) .............. 267
ZA3F1 (zinc) ..................... 806
ZEIOA-H24 (magnesium) ............ 614
ZE10A-O (magnesium) .............. 614
ZE41A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 615, 616
ZH62A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 616
Zircaloy 2 (zirconium) .............. 727
Zirconium copper (copper) ........... 518
ZK60A-F (magnesium) .......... 617,620
ZK60A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 617-626
ZK60A-T6 {magnesium) ......... 623-628
ZK61A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 628
ZK61A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 628, 629
Zr-1.5Sn (zirconium) ............... 727
UNS Index
The Unified Numbersing System (UNS) is a joint effort of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and ASTM International providing designations for the purpose of metal and alloy identification. The designation is not a specification. No requirements are established or implied.
A02010 ...................... 279-283
A02420 .......................... 284
A03320 (formerly A63320) ........... 286
A03360 (formerly Al3320) ........... 285
A03540 .......................... 286
A03560 ....................... 288-291
Al20l0 .......................... 284
A13560 ...................... 291-294
A13570 ...................... 294-297
A33550 ........................... 287
A43570 .......................... 297
A91060 .............. , ....... 299, 300
A91100 ...................... 301-303
A92014 ...................... 304-317
A92017 .......................... 318
A92024 ...................... 319-347
A92048 ...................... 358, 359
A92090 ........................... 350
A92124 ...................... 351-354
A92219 ...................... 355-361
A92519 .......................... 362
A92618 ...................... 363-367
A93003 ...................... 367-369
A93004 ...................... 370, 371
A95052 ...................... 372-377
A95083 ...................... 378, 379
A95086 ...................... 379-384
A95154 .......................... 389
A95454 ...................... 389-392
A95456 ...................... 393-398
A96013 ...................... 399-402
A96061 ...................... 403-421
A96063 .......................... 422
A97010 ...................... 423-426
A97049 ...................... 427-437
A97050 ...................... 438-455
A97055 .......................... 455
A97075 ...................... 456-473
A97079 .......................... 473
A97149 ...................... 427-429
A97150 ...................... 474-477
A97175 ...................... 477-485
A97178 .......................... 486
A97249 ...................... 486, 487
A97475 ...................... 488-500
A98090 .......................... 501
C10200 .......................... 515
C11000 ...................... 515, 516
C12200 ...................... 516, 517
C14200 ...................... 517, 518
C15000 .......................... 518
C15725 .......................... 519

C17200 ...................... 519,520
C21000 .......................... 521
C22000 ...................... 522, 523
C23000 ...................... 523, 524
C24000 .......................... 525
C25600 ...................... 525; 526
C26000 ...................... 526-528
C27000 .......................... 529
C28000 .......................... 530
C33200 .......................... 531
C34200 .......................... 532
C35330 .......................... 533
C37700 .......................... 534
C44300 .......................... 535
C44400 .......................... 536
C46400 ...................... 537, 5~8
C51000 ...................... 538, 539
C61400 .......................... 540
C63000 .......................... 540
C64210 .......................... 541
C64700 .......................... 541
C65100 .......................... 542
C65500 .......................... 542
C70600 .......................... 543
C71000 ...................... 543, 544
C71500 ...................... 544-546
C74400 ...................... 546, 547
C74500 ...................... 547, 548
C75200 .......................... 548
C75400 .......................... 549
C75700 .......................... 550
C77000 .......................... 550
C79000 .......................... 551
G10080 ........................ 69, 70
010150 ........................ 70,72
010200 .................. 72, 73, 80-82
G10230 ........................... 83
G10250 ........................... 84
010350 .............. ' ......... 81, 82
O 10400 ..................... 82, 84, 92
G10450 ........................... 85
010600 ....................... ' ... 86
010950 ........................... 82
015220 ........................... 91
041300 ........................ 95-99
041400 ................ ' ..... 100-102
043400 ...................... 106-112
052986 ........................... 93
086300 .............. 113-115, 117, 118
093106 ...................... 119, 120
113042 ...... ' ......... ' ......... 116

113050 .......................... 116
K11510 ...................... 129, 130
Kl1576 ...................... 134, 135
Kl1630 ...................... 134, 135
Kl1646 ...................... 134, 135
Kl1856 ...................... 133, 134
K12000 .......................... 132
K14675 .......................... 150
K24728 .......................... 156
K32550 ...................... 122, 123
K33517 .......................... 105
K92571. ..................... 155, 156
L50001 .......................... 800
L50010 .......................... 800
M11311 ..................... 555, 556
Ml1610 ...................... 557-559
M11630 ...................... 560-562
M11800 ......................... 563
Ml1910 ......................... 564
M11914 .................. 564-566, 569
M11918 ..................... 568, 569
M11920 ...................... 569-574
M12330 ...................... 576-581
Ml3210 ...................... 595-600
M13310 ...................... 582-594
Ml3312 ...................... 600-608
Ml3320 ......................... 609
M16100 ......................... 614
M16410 ..................... 615, 616
M16600 ...................... 617-628
M16610 ..................... 628, 629
M16620 ......................... 616
M18220 ...................... 610-613
N02200 .......................... 631
N04400 ...................... 692, 693
N05500 ...................... 684-687
N06002 .................. 681, 682, 683
N06075 ...................... 647, 648
N06600 ...................... 637-639
N06601 ...................... 683, 684
N06617 ...................... 679, 680
N06625 ...................... 670-675
N06686 .......................... 678
N07001 ...................... 661-664
N07041 ...................... 649-652
N07090 ...................... 665-668
N07263 .......................... 669
N07702 .......................... 641
N07713 .......................... 635
N07718 ...................... 652-659
816 1 UNS Index
N07725 ...................... 660, 661

N07750 ...................... 644-646
N07754 .......................... 659
N08330 .......................... 702
N08800 ...................... 675, 676
N08810 ...................... 676, 677
N08825 .......................... 701
N08926 ...................... 702, 703
N09706 ...................... 694-697
N09901 .......................... 693
N10276 .......................... 636
N13100 .......................... 640
N19909 ...................... 698, 699
R30035 .......................... 719
R30159 .......................... 719
R30188 ...................... 715-717
R30605 ...................... 712, 713
R50400 .................. 729,731-733
R50550 .................. 729, 734, 735
R50700 .................. 729,734,735
R54520 ...................... 738-740
R54521 ...................... 738-740
R54620 ...................... 744-751
R54810 ...................... 771-774
R56080 ...................... 774-776
R56260 .......................... 752
R56400 ...................... 753-764
R56401 ...................... 753-764

R56620 ...................... 765-769
R56740 .......................... 770
R58010 ...................... 787-792
R58030 ...................... 784-786
R58640 ...................... 736, 737
S 13800 ...................... 220-224
S14800 .......................... 225
S15500 ...................... 225-228
S15700 ...................... 228-234
S17400 ...................... 234-238
S17600 ...................... 265,266
S 17700 ...................... 238-249
S20100 ...................... 161, 162
S20200 .......................... 163
S20500 .......................... 162
S21800 .......................... 214
S21900 ...................... 163-165
S21904 .......................... 165
S24000 .......................... 214
S30100 .................. 162, 166-180
S30200 .......................... 180
S30300 .......................... 181
S30400 .............. 162, 181-189, 214
S30403 .......................... 190
S31000 ...................... 190-192
S31600 ...................... 193-202
S31603 .......................... 202

S31803 .......................... 266
S32100 ...................... 203-205
S34700 ...................... 205-208
S34800 ...................... 209, 210
S35000 ...................... 250-255
S35500 ...................... 256-260
S36200 .......................... 261
S40900 .......................... 268
S41000 ...................... 215, 216
S42000 ...................... 216, 217
S42200 ...................... 217,218
S43035 .......................... 268
S43400 .......................... 162
S44627 .......................... 267
S45000 .......................... 262
S45500 ...................... 263-265
S65770 ...................... 218-220
S66286 ...................... 102, 103
T11302 .......................... 269
T20821 ...................... 271-275
T30102 .......................... 269
T30402 ...................... 269, 270
T30403 .......................... 270
T31501 .......................... 269
T61206 .......................... 276
T72301 .......................... 269

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Atlas of

Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

Library of Congress Catalogng-in-Publication Data

Atlas of stress-strain curves.-2nd ed.

TA460 .A86 2002

Printed in the United States of America

Ferrous Metals ................................................ 21

Nonferrous Metals ............................................ 277

Alloy Index ................................................. 809

Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would

We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior

IT IS APPROPRIATE that a collection of stress-strain curves is

The pararneters that are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a

Linear Segment of Curves

From the origin, O, the initial straight-line portion is the elastic

Modulus of elasticity, E, also known as Young's modulus, is the

2 1 Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

where S is engineering stress and se is engineering strain. Modulus of

Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when

Typical values for modulus of elasticity

Stress-strain curves for selected steels. Source: Ref 7

Comparison of stress-strain curves for a high-strength high-carbon spring

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior 1 3

Non/inear Segment of Curves to Yielding

Elastic limit, shown at point B in Fig. 1, is the greatest stress the

drops suddenly, fluctuates about some approximately constant value of

4 1 Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel

Non/inear Segment of Continued Deformation

Strain Hardening. The stress required to produce continued plastic

Because an appreciable fraction of the plastic deformation will be

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior 1 5

= -1- --1 = -11-q

The true stress, cr, is expressed in terms of engineering stress, S, by:

The derivation of Eq 10 assumes both constancy of volume (AL =

The toughne~ss of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the

True Stress-Strain Curves

Flow Curve. The true stress-strain curve is also known as a flow

To determine the true strain, the instantaneous change in length (dl) is

Necking. Beyond maximum load, the high, localized strains in the

Comparison of engineering and true-stress/true-strain curves

6 1 Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

and the true ultimate tensile strength is:

Various forms of power curve cr = Kcn

measured values of ef. However, for cylindrical tensile specimens, the

The true local necking strain, E0 , is the strain required to deform

Mathematical Expression of the Flow Curve. The flow curve of

Eliminating P max yields:

and from Eq 15:

where e is the base of naturallogarithm, so

Values for n and K for metals at room temperature

0.05% carbon steel

0.6% carbon steel

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior 1 7

The true strain term in Eq 25 to 28 properly should be the plastic

Deviations from Eq 25 freque:ntly are observed, often at low strains

where EE represents elastic strain.

lnstability in Tension. Necking generally begins at maximum load

From the constancy-of-volume relationship:

The true-stress/true-strain curve of metals such as austenitic stainless

where eKl is approximately equal to the proportionallimit, and n 1 is the

and from the instability condition (Eq 32):

t___ _.J......_ _...L , _.