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  • Tips and Tricks On General Organic Chemistry: Tweet 0

    Transféré par

    Kartick Gupta
    13 vues4 pages
    The document provides 14 tips on general organic chemistry. Tip 1 explains that atoms form bonds to achieve filled valence shells, and that electron density centers (bonds and lone pairs) repel each other. Tip 2 discusses understanding electronegativity to determine relative electron densities. Tip 3 notes that molecules distribute charge through resonance to avoid localized charges. Tip 4 states that nucleophiles generally attack electrophiles in reactions.

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    The document provides 14 tips on general organic chemistry. Tip 1 explains that atoms form bonds to achieve filled valence shells, and that electron density centers (bonds and lone pairs) repel each other. Tip 2 discusses understanding electronegativity to determine relative electron densities. Tip 3 notes that molecules distribute charge through resonance to avoid localized charges. Tip 4 states that nucleophiles generally attack electrophiles in reactions.

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    13 vues4 pages

    Tips and Tricks On General Organic Chemistry: Tweet 0

    Transféré par

    Kartick Gupta
    The document provides 14 tips on general organic chemistry. Tip 1 explains that atoms form bonds to achieve filled valence shells, and that electron density centers (bonds and lone pairs) repel each other. Tip 2 discusses understanding electronegativity to determine relative electron densities. Tip 3 notes that molecules distribute charge through resonance to avoid localized charges. Tip 4 states that nucleophiles generally attack electrophiles in reactions.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 4

    11/19/2015

    TipsandTricksonGeneralOrganicChemistryChemistryIITJEEsimplylearnt.com

    Tweet

    TipsandTricksonGeneralOrganicChemistry

    Tip#1
    Atomspreferfilledvalenceshells.
    Thisruleexplainswhyatomsmakebonds,andthetypeofbondscreated.Acorollaryisthatcentersofelectron
    density(bondsandlonepairsofelectrons)repeleachothersotheystayasfarapartaspossible.Thislatterrule,the
    basisforthesocalledVSEPRmodel,explains3dimensionalmolecularstructure.

    StudyMaterialonGeneralOrganic
    Chemistry

    Tip#2
    Understandingelectronegativities:Theelectronsaregenerallyinhigheramountsaroundthemoreelectronegative
    atoms(e.g.F,Cl,O,N).Theelectronegativeatomspullelectrondensityawayfromthelesselectronegativeatoms
    (e.g.C,H)towhichtheyarebonded.Thus,understandingelectronegativitiesprovidesasimplemethodofdeciding
    whichportionsofamoleculehavearelativelyhighelectrondensity,andwhichportionshavearelativelylow
    electrondensity.

    PracticeQuestionsonGeneral
    OrganicChemistry
    PracticeNow

    Tip#3
    Naturehateslocalizedcharges.Ifamoleculemusthaveacharge,itisbettertohavethechargedistributedoveras
    manyatomsaspossiblethroughresonance,inductiveeffects,andhyperconjugation.Inaddition,whengiventhe
    choice,itisbettertohavemorenegativechargeonamoreelectronegativeatom(e.g.O),andmorepositivecharge
    onalesselectronegativeatom(e.g.C).

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    Tip#4
    Mostreactionsinvolvenucleophiles(moleculeswithalocationofparticularlyhighelectrondensity)attacking
    electrophiles(moleculeswithalocationofparticularlylowelectrondensity).Whenindoubt,transferaproton!
    Thus,simplyunderstandingwhereelectronsareprovidesyouwiththebestwayofanalyzingnewmoleculessothat
    youwillbeabletoPREDICThowtheywillreact.

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    Tip#5
    Stericinteractions(atomsbumpingintoeachother)canpreventreactionsbykeepingthereactiveatomsawayfrom
    eachother.

    Tip#6
    Pielectronsprefertobedelocalizedoverasmanyadjacentsp2hybridizedatoms(orsphybridizedatomsinsome
    cases)aspossible,andaromaticityisthemoststableformofpielectrondelocalization.Pielectronscannot
    delocalizeontoorthroughsp3hybridizedatomssinceansp3atomhasno2porbitalavailable.

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    Tip#7
    Inmechanisms,protontransfersaregenerallythefastestpossiblereaction,sothisusuallyhappensbeforeother
    possibleprocessessuchasnucleophilicattack.Theexceptionisdeprotonationofnonacidiccarbonatomssuchasin
    alkanes,thesecanbeslow

    Tip#8

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    Tip#11

    Tip#12

    Tip#13
    IsomerismDo'sanddon'ts
    Iftwomoleculescontaindifferentfunctionalgroupsneverwritechainorpositionalisomerism,therewillalwaysbe
    functionalisomerism.
    Functionalisomersshowsimilarapproachtowardsareagentasdistributionofelectroncloudremainsmoreorless
    sameinthemolecule

    Tip#14
    RulesforDrawingResonatingStructures
    1.AllthecanonicalformsmustbebonafideLewisstructures.
    2.Wecannotchangetherelativepositionofatomsbutcanchangetherelativepositionofelectronpairs.
    3.Allatomstakingpartinresonance,i.e.coveredbydelocalizedelectrons,mustlieinaplaneornearlyso.
    4.Allcanonicalformsmusthavethesamenumberofpairedelectrons.

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