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KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
RAW MATERIAL
The raw material used for the production of
polyethylene pipes is classified in MRS (Minimum
Required Strength).
MRS is the strength value of the material against
the inner pressure along 50 years of work at 20.
The Safety Coefficient is determined according to the class of the raw material and the
conditions of the network. Networks and all calculations are made according to this
coefficient.
Safety Coefficient is C=1,25 for potable water distribution lines.
ABRASION RESISTANCE
Verification was carried out subjecting the test pipe to 400,000 cycles.
Pipe is filled with water and a percentage of 30% of various types of inert (sand, gravel,
rock). The result is the following:
KIASMA Group
PN : Nominal pressure
s
: Wall thickness
s : Hoop stress
SDR : Standard Dimension Ratio
Da : Pipe Outer diameter
Safety coefficient is expressed as total operation coefficient according to ISO 12162 and
has numerous functions. Primarily, safety shall be ensured in case of accuracy of pipe
calculations (measurements) and increase of nominal pressure inside the pipe.
For wall pipe = cmin = 1,25
KIASMA Group
CHARACTERISTICS
Internal pressure
resistance
1000 h/80C / 5.0 MPa
Melt flow index (MFI)
190 C / 5 Kg / 10
REQUIREMENTS
1000 h
TEST METHOD
EN ISO 1167
0,02 0,55
EN ISO 1133
Condition T
O.I.T. at 200 C
Carbon black content %
Dispersion of carbon
black index
20
2,0 2,5
index 3
EN 728
ISO 6964
ISO 18553
Distribution of carbon
black
Elongation at break
Effect on water quality
(not applicable to UNI EN
ISO 15494)
A1 C2
ISO 18553
350 %
ISO 6259
Chemical resistance
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion
KIASMA Group
OD
mm
INC
OD
160
SDR 41
SDR 33
SDR 26
SDR 21
SDR 17
PN 4
PN 5
PN 6
PN 8
PN 10
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
6,20
3,04
7,70
3,68
9,50
4,52
180
6,90
3,79
8,60
4,63
10,70
5,71
200
7,70
4,69
9,60
5,73
11,90
7,05
225
8,60
5,89
10,80
7,26
13,40
8,93
250
10
9,60
7,30
11,90
8,9
14,80
11,00
280
10
10,70
9,10
13,40
11,22
16,60
13,70
315
12
7,70
7,52
9,70
9,37
12,10
11,60
15,00
14,13
18,70
17,40
355
14
8,70
9,55
10,90
11,80
13,60
14,60
16,90
17,94
21,10
22,10
400
16
9,80
12,10
12,30
15,10
15,30
18,60
19,10
22,84
23,70
28,00
450
18
11,00
15,30
13,80
19,00
17,20
23,50
21,50
28,90
26,70
35,40
500
20
12,30
19,00
15,30
23,40
19,10
28,90
23,90
35,70
29,70
43,80
560
22
13,70
23,60
17,20
29,40
21,40
36,20
26,70
44,70
33,20
54,80
630
24
15,40
29,90
19,30
37,10
24,10
45,90
30,00
56,50
37,40
69,40
710
28
17,40
38,00
21,80
47,20
27,20
58,40
33,90
72,00
42,10
88,00
800
32
19,60
48,10
24,50
59,70
30,60
79,90
38,10
91,20
47,40
112,0
900
36
22,00
60,90
27,60
75,60
34,40
93,40
42,90
115,0
53,30
141,0
1000
40
24,50
75,20
30,60
93,10
38,20
115,0
47,70
143,0
59,30
175,0
1200
48
29,40
108,0
36,70
134,0
45,90
166,0
57,20
205,0
71,10
250,0
1400
56
34,40
147,0
42,90
183,0
53,50
226,0
66,70
279,0
83,00
341,0
1600
64
39,20
192,0
49,00
238,0
61,20
295,0
76,20
365,0
94,80
453,0
1800
72
44,00
246,0
55,10
306,0
68,80
379,0
85,80
467,0
106,6
573,0
2000
80
48,90
303,0
61,20
378,0
76,40
467,0
95,30
577,0
118,4
707,0
KIASMA Group
SDR 11
SDR 9
SDR 7,4
PN 12,5
PN 16
PN 20
PN 25
OD
mm
INC
OD
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
Th
mm
Kg
m
160
11,80
5,50
14,60
6,67
17,90
7,96
21,90
9,44
180
13,30
6,98
16,40
8,42
20,10
10,10
24,60
11,90
200
14,70
8,56
18,20
10,40
22,40
12,40
27,40
14,80
225
16,60
10,90
20,50
13,10
25,20
15,80
30,80
18,60
280
10
20,60
16,80
25,40
20,30
31,30
24,30
38,30
28,90
315
10
32,20
21,20
28,60
25,60
35,20
30,80
43,10
36,50
355
12
26,10
26,90
32,20
35,50
39,70
39,10
48,50
46,30
400
14
29,40
34,10
36,30
41,30
44,70
49,60
54,70
54,80
450
16
33,10
43,20
40,90
52,30
50,30
62,70
61,50
74,40
500
20
36,80
53,30
45,40
64,50
55,80
77,30
68,30
91,80
560
22
41,20
66,90
50,80
80,80
62,50
97,00
630
24
46,30
84,60
57,20
102,0
70,30
125,0
710
28
52,20
107,0
64,50
130,0
79,30
160,0
800
32
58,80
136,0
72,60
166,0
89,30
202,0
900
36
66,10
173,0
81,70
210,0
1000
40
73,50
211,0
90,80
259,0
1200
48
88,20
304,0
109,1
375,0
1400
56
102,8
423,0
1600
64
117,5
552,0
1800
72
2000
80
2250
90
2500
100
KIASMA Group
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
POLYETHYLENE
KIASMA Group
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
THERMAL EXTENSION
(ELONGATION IN LENGTH DUE TO
TEMPERATURE VARIATION)
Elongation in length due to temperature
variation shall be taken into consideration
while laying HDPE (PE80, PE100) pipes. In
the case that the temperature is increased
elongation will occur in length and
contraction will occur in case of decrease in
temperature.
At 1 m of PE pipe, for temperature variation
for each K number (1K=1C), 0,18mm
elongation or contraction will occur.
L = x L x T
(L =m. k. mm/m.K-1 )
WATER HAMMER
Water hammer occurs when valve or
pump is turned on/off. For this following
formula is used theoretically.
KIASMA Group
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
ABRASION OF HDPE DREDGING
PIPES
Hydrophilic
HDPE,
which
reduces
interaction between the transported
material and the pipe wall, ensures high
abrasion resistance, thus allowing the
pumping of abrasive materials like sands,
gravels and mud.
In the test case performed in Darmstadt,
samples of sands and gravel (60%
concentration), with thickness of 2.0 8.4
mm and water (40% concentration) were
used; the dredged material tested by the
U.S. Army Engineers varied (fine sand,
pebbles and coarse sand).
In the presence of linear motion, it has
been verified that most abrasion occurs in
the sliding surface of the HDPE pipe
through which most of the material passes.
With turbulent motion, abrasion occurs in a
completely different way.
TEST IN ACCORDING TO EN 295-3 (UNIVERSITY
GERMANY)
BENDING RADIUS
MAXIMUM BENDING RADIUS PE PIPES
R : Bending radius (mm)
Dm: Average pipe diameter (mm)
E : Pipe elasticity module (N/mm2)
: Stress (N/mm2)
Installation
temperature
PE80 and
PE100
20C
SDR
17
SDR
11
30 x da
20 x da
10C
50 x da
35 x da
0C
75 x da
50 x da
KIASMA Group
KFC SYSTEM
INSIDE HDPE PIPES
KIASMA Group
10
ID
Occlusion
H (mm)
V (m/s)
TAR
0%
0.0
4.00
10%
10%
141.8
4.44
20%
20%
228.6
5.00
30%
30%
307.2
5.73
KIASMA Group
11
Geometry
KFC system inside the HDPE pipes
KIASMA Group
12
KIASMA Group
13
R&D - DREDGING
KIASMA Group
14
R&D - DREDGING
When dealing with dredging projects, companies, institutions, and designers - sometime
in trouble - require specialist advice on the discharge pipes to use.
The study of the dredging material, the wear of the pipes, the working pressures, the
equipment to be used, and the optimization of the discharge line are all topics in which
KIASMA S.r.l. Research and Development Department provides customers with
assistance on a daily basis.
Operational support:
Abrasion test in accordance with EN 295-3
Study of turbulent motion in the discharge line
Procedure to obtain the change of motion inside HDPE pipes and rubber hoses
Benefits in lower pressure drop along the line, with money saving (booster)
Determination of the pressure of the pump outlet (energy saving and less air pollution)
Improved production of solid discharge (m3/h)
Training of company personnel to obtain equipment required for optimized production
(reduction of unplanned downtime)
Mc total.
Mc/day ( 10 hours)
Hours
Day
Minutes
Cycles
mm/day
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
KIASMA Group
15
R&D - DREDGING
SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATION OF DISCHARGE LINE LENGTH
with different mixtures
MIXTURE: Sand
MIXTURE: Clay
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16
R&D - DREDGING
MIXTURE: Gravel and Rock
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17
R&D - DREDGING
MIXTURE: Algae
MIXTURE: Coal
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18
KIASMA Group
19
PE100
PE100BL
The polymer PE100 BL (highly resistant to cracking), the latest evolution of polyethylene, is
a polyolefin resin that provides resistance to stress.
PE100
PE100 BL
high resistance
EN IS 9080
10 MPa
10 MPa
EN ISO 13477
SA a 0C
10 bar
10 bar
EN ISO 13479
80 C 9,2 bar
8 bar
9,2 bar
~ 1500 h
~ 8760 h
ISO 16770
Arkopal N100 80C
4 N/mm
~ 1800 h
~ 8760 h
Property
MRS= minimum Required
Strength
KIASMA Group
20
FLOATERS
FLOATERS
FOR HDPE PIPES AND RUBEBR
HOSES
FULL FLOATERS KGP TYPE
EMPTY FLOATERS
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21
KIASMA Group
22
Blocked floater
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23
Substances identification
Breaking load
TEST
ISO 527
METHOD
Dangers identification
Yield strength
ISO 527
Ingredients information
ISO 6603/2
Storage
Ecological information
Disposal
CERTIFICATE
M.F.I. (190 C / 2.16 Kg )
UNI 1133
TEST
Density
METHOD
ISO 845 Kg/dm3
Substances identification
Ingredient
Dangers identification
Handling storage
Exposure check
Ecological information
10
Disposal
Polyurethane injection
Floaters stocking
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
24
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
25
EMPTY FLOATS
SEPARATED EMPTY FLOATS
Circular half-shell floater with smooth surface
Monolithic seamless product
Made with rotational molding system.
The linear polyethylene floater assures:
uniform thickness,, high impact strength, UV ray protection.
Yellow color
Accessories included: spacers, screws, nuts and bolts
OD
pipe
Mm
OD
float
Mm
ID
float
Mm
Lenght
Mm
Push
Kg
OD pipe
Mm
OD
float
Mm
ID
float
Mm
Leng
ht
Mm
Push
Kg
110
450
95
550
81
400
1400
400
700
840
125
450
120
550
80
450
1400
450
700
820
140
450
135
550
78
500
1400
500
700
794
160
450
155
550
77
560
1400
560
700
760
180
800
180
700
276
630
1250
620
1200
1700
200
800
200
700
274
710
1500
700
1200
1600
225
800
225
700
266
250
800
250
700
260
280
1000
280
700
388
315
1000
315
700
376
355
1000
355
700
374
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26
RUBBER HOSES
RUBBER HOSES
FLOATING RUBBER HOSES
with integrated full floaters type KGP
KIASMA Group
27
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
28
PROPERTIES:
Transport and on-site storage are optimized because floating sheaths are reduced in height
No installation costs normally required by traditional floating systems
Pipe buoyancy studied as a function of Archimedean buoyancy
Pipe flexibility remains unchanged
No repair or float replacement costs
Elimination of traditional float operating costs
All pipes produced according to the abrasion calculation
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
29
FISH FARMS
KIASMA Group
30
DREDGING
Breeding plant
FISH FARMING
HDPE pipes are used as the most ideal product for such projects as
their specific density is lower than water and they have a flexible structure,
resistant to impact, not affected by salty water, chemicals and sun
rays, and have high strength against wave movements on the sea.
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
31
KPC SYSTEM
KPC
FLOW MOTION CHANGE SYTEM FOR
OIL SECTOR
KIASMA Group
32
KPC SYSTEM
DREDGING
The average values of viscosity and density of the oil can be different depending on the
site. The pressure loss due to friction between the moving fluid and the wall of the pipeline
consumes energy.
Our calculation sheets relating to the outflow of a mixture of oil and sand (in different
concentrations) let us estimate the energy loss (prevalence) along the discharge line.
Our KPC "change of motion" technology
(International Registered Utility) installed
inside the pipeline allows to obtain the
following benefits:
Lower power consumption (less pressure
drop)
Less abrasion of the inner walls of the
pipes (pseudo-homogeneous motion in
which the particles flow in suspension on
the center of the pipe)
Increased
pressure
with
greater
production on the same energy
upstream.
Longer length of the transportation line
Different pipe diameters require different numbers of inverters capable of changing the
motion.
Easy to install both off-shore and in-shore, KPC system reduces pipeline oil passage wear
by 42%, with obvious economic benefits for oil companies.
Kiasma Srl R&D and commercial offices are available for more details.
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
33
KPC SYSTEM
The conveyance of fluids in pressurized discharge networks takes place via a passage
defined as "linear motion". As fluid flows through the network, the energy line slope drops
more sharply as transported material is deposited on the bottom of the duct, resulting in a
reduced liquid section caused by this sedimentation. The flow must therefore dissipate more
energy to give the same final result.
Linear motion is characterized by the formation of a bed that causes abrasion on the bottom
of the pipe with problems of durability of the network (this fact is proved by the abrasion test
conducted in accordance with EN 295-3 at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Faculty of the
U.S. Army Eng. Waterways Experiment Station (USA).
solid concentration
solid flow
Qs (m3/h)
Qm (m3/h)
mixture flow rate
Bar
Bar Pump
Characteristics of the tube
ID (m)
ID pipe
0,0000 pipe roughness
s (m)
5
coefficient
Characteristics of the mixture
d50 (mm)
particle diameter
p (t/m3)
0,85
density oil
(t/m3)
1,85
density sand
7,50E02
viscosity oil
w (kg/ms)
vm (m/s)
v50 (m/s)
Speed deposit limit
vcrit (m/s)
Pressure drop
critical speed
resistance
coefficient oil
oil hydraulic
iw
7,77E-02
gradient
hydraulic gradient
im
E-02
mixture
Calculation of the load pressure at the outlet of the
tube
x (m)
length of the tube
pressure at the
hx (m)
outlet (end part of
the tube)
LONG DISCHARGE LINE
maximum length of
L (m)
the discharge pipe
f
0,0131
In addition to generating an improvement from the point of view of hydraulic operation, the
presence of the flow inverters also creates energy savings and consequently reduces
production costs.
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
34
KIASMA Group
35
DREDGING
Scientific progress for any nation is measured by its ability to keep up with scientific
development about human universe and life.
There is no progress without scientific research and technology.
KIASMA SRL continues this process of progress and development of technologies and
products contributing to the improvement of human conditions with a continuous program
of research and development, capable of producing innovation in the form of improved
technology, with particular attention to the environment.
Working
in
team
with
highly
specialized engineers in alternative
energies, physicists, researchers,
universities and designers, KIASMA
has implemented an application of
Photovoltaic
Energy
currently
unexplored, applicable to HDPE pipes
in discharge lines of dredging industry,
bringing energy and exploiting the
power of nature respectfully.
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
36
DREDGING
The photovoltaic panels with their
flexibility, light weight and high
efficiency, develop a great power
even
in
particularly
small
dimensions. They are functional,
highly resistant to impact and to
mechanical
stress
and
to
weathering. They fit curves, their
quality guarantees a long life,
being tested under extreme
conditions. Moreover they are
ISO9001 certified for quality, ISO
18001 for safety and ISO 14000
for environment.
FLOATING KSP
Scientists, mechanical engineers, laboratory tests have created the most powerful design
for maximum efficiency to sunlight.
The range of floating KSP covers all diameters of the production of HDPE pipes.
KIASMA Group
KIASMA Group
37
KIASMA Group
KIASMA SRL
Via Monte Adamello,31/H 31059 Zero Branco (TV) ITALY
Tel. 0039 0422 97620 Fax 0039 0422 487447
www.kiasmasrl.it export@kiasmasrl.it