Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1,300
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
USD17,500
USD15,329
USD14,818
700
600
500
5.4% p.a.
GDP growth
(2011(2011-2020)
400
5.4% p.a.
actual growth
(1990(1990-2010)
300
200
HighHigh-Income Economy
Minimum GDP growth
5.0% p.a. (2011(2011-2020)
100
0
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
08
10
12
14
16
18
20
6
Per Capita
Income
(USD)
~17,500
s
river
d
e
u
val
business
as usual
2010
2015
2020
March 2010
June 2010
April 2009
average annual
growth of 6.5%
nt
stme
inve
current
per capita
income
y
ienc
effic
~7,000
ur
labo
High-Income
Economies
~15,500 Middle & Lower
Income
Economies
vers
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r
d
e
valu
nt
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effic
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Priva
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sustainable
A TE
STR ergising lity Wor Labour; onomy;
a
c
n
u
development
n
e
E
Q
g
i
g
Re
n;
estic
safety
Fore
opin
1.
Actio
e
evel ency on itive Dom or;
v
i
D
t
a
t
culture
.
t
d
2
n
pe
firm
ec
competitive
Depe ng Com ublic S ndly Af cture;
e
i
P
u
i
t
r
r
t
a
g
f
electricity
s
e
n
tt
i
r
a
e
r
n
3. C rengthe t & Mark Base Inf ;
t
n
h
e
industrial advancement
4. S anspare owledg f Growt wth.
r
o
n
o
T
r
K
s
e
G
g
c
.
f
n
5
o
Sour
uildi
ility
high technology
6. B nhancing ustainab
S
E
g
n
i
& high quality
7.
r
n su
8. E
highly skilled work force
highhigh-technology knowledgeknowledge-based
education & training infrastructure
2010
greengreen-house
gas emission
avoidance
enhanced energy
security
concentrated
development
around plants
private sector
investment
BUT,
NUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
Land Area: 329,733 sq. km.
Population: 29.3 million (2012)
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
40% of land area;
80% of population;
90% of electricity.
STATES OF
SABAH & SARAWAK
ON BORNEO ISLAND
60% of land area;
20% of population;
10% of electricity.
POINTS TO
PONDER:
CHINESE TAIPEI,
is a quarter the size
of Peninsular
Malaysia with a
population
of 24 million,
but has 6 operating
nuclear power plants
& 2 under
construction.
REPUBLIC OF
KOREA,
is three quarters the
size of Peninsular
Malaysia with a
population of
50 million,
but has 23 operating
nuclear power plants
& 4 under
construction.
10
Coal
Coal mostly imported,
with increasing imports
11
12
Increasing dependence on coal imports & and share of coal in electricity generation,
leading to decreasing energy security & increasing carbon emission.
Source: Energy Commission, Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2013
13
Targeted Slower
Energy Demand Growth
with Policy Intervention:
Energy Efficiency (EE) &
Demand-Side Management (DSM).
DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP:
NEED NUCLEAR POWER
2019
2020
Year
14
15
Project Development
2010
2011
2012
Preparation Phase
2013
2014
2015
2016
Decision
Phase
2017
2018
2019
2020
Implementation Phase
Commissioning
Regulatory Framework
Preparation
Permits
& Safety Analysis
Operation Permits
& Safety Reports
Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
2021
Launch
16
Potential resolution
Public
Acceptance
International
Governance
Regulatory
context
Nuclear
Plant Site
Acquisition
Construction
Timeline
Project
Financing
17
18
19
20
21
22
Fuel
Specific
Energy,
kJ/g.
Methane, CH4
50.7
Propane, C3H8
46.0
Octane, C8H18
41.2
Ethanol, C2H5OH
27.8
Glucose, C6H12O6
15.6
Coal, C96H135O9NS
~30
Hydrogen, H2
(for combustion)
249
Uranium-235
90,000,000
23
235 U
92
92 protons
143 neutrons
in nucleus
0.7% abundance
FISSILE
238 U
92
92 protons
146 neutrons
in nucleus
99.3% abundance
FERTILE
24
NUCLEAR
REACTORS
nuclear fission
reactors
25
neutron,
1 n
0
235 U
92
fission product
atom X
induced fission
of uraniumuranium-235
after neutron
absorption
average
2.43 neutrons
per fission
of uraniumuranium-235
induced fission
of subsequent
U-235 atoms
fission product
atom Y
1 n
0
1 n
0
235 U
92
200
megaelectron
volt (MeV)
of energy
per U-235
atom fissioned
1/100,000,000,000,000th second
per neutron generation
absorption of neutron
by uraniumuranium-238
238 U
92
239 Pu
94
transmutation
of uraniumuranium-238
into plutoniumplutonium-239
26
27
102
thermal
neutrons
1 MeV
100
epithermal
neutrons
10-2
10-4
fast
neutrons
0.025 eV
10-6
close similarity between energy spectra
for uraniumuranium-235 & plutoniumplutonium-239 fission neutrons
10-8
10-10
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
104
105
neutron energy (electron(electron-Volt, eV)
106
107
108
28
NUCLEAR
REACTORS
nuclear fission
reactors
fast
reactors
epithermal
reactors
thermal
reactors
29
H2O
slowing down
of fission neutrons
to thermal energies
1 n
0
fission energy
(heat)
235 U
235
92
92
1 n
0
neutron absorption
by uraniumuranium-238
1 n
0
1 n
0
238 U
92
1 n
0
1 n
0
fission
product
239 Pu
94
1 n
0
1 n
0
absorption of neutrons
by neutron poison
fission product
fission product
(neutron poison)
fission energy
(heat)
transmutation
of uraniumuranium-238
into plutoniumplutonium-239
1 n
0
1 n
0
1 n
0
1 n
0
30
steam line
electrical
generator
nuclear
reactor
vessel
control
rods
steam
generator
steam
turbine
nuclear
fuel
hot water
out
coolant
moderator
primary
cooling loop
condensed
water
cooling
water in
31
32
33
Service Building
Diesel
Generator
Building 1
Office Building
Access Building
Control & Instrumentation
Electrical Building
Turbine Building
Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularly
to Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasons
34
Cooling Towers
(Twin Units)
Reactor
Containment
Buildings
(Twin Units)
Turbine Building
Electrical Switchyard
& Grid Connection
35
Turbine
Building
36
37
38
39
40
41
Nuclear
Power
Plant
Electrical
Generator
42
43
URANIUM
44
uranium
tetraoxide, U3O8,
or yellow-cake
uranium
ore
uranium
mining
uranium
conversion
uranium
refining
0.7% U-235
& 99.3% U-238
diversion
of extracted plutonium
to nuclear weapons
production
uranium
hexafluoride,
UF6, gas
uranium
enrichment
recovered
unused uranium
spent nuclear fuel
reprocessing
natural
uranium
dioxide
or metal
extracted
plutonium
spent
nuclear fuel
high-level
nuclear waste
disposal
interim spent
nuclear fuel
storage
irradiated or
spent nuclear fuel
enriched
UF6 gas
(3 to 5% U-235)
UF6
reconversion
enriched
uranium
dioxide
nuclear fuel
fabrication
nuclear fuel
assemblies
nuclear
power plants
45
UN SECURITY COUNCIL
based on
IAEA Statute
IAEA
safeguards verification
46
IAEA Safety
Standards
IAEA Safety
Reviews and
Services
Global
Knowledge
Network
Global Experts Community
Regulation
Enforcement
Operation
47
1 SAFETY OBJECTIVE:
The fundamental safety objective is to protect people
& the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
10 SAFETY PRINCIPLES:
Principle 1:
Principle 2:
Principle 3:
Principle 4:
Principle 5:
Principle 6:
Principle 7:
Principle 8:
Principle 9:
Principle 10:
48
IAEA Conventions
(Global)
49
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Liability is channeled exclusively
to the operators of nuclear installations;
International Compensation
under the Conventions on
Supplementary Compensation
Limit for International Compensation
Compensation by
National Governments
under Respective Laws
National Limit of Liability on Operators
Nuclear Insurance
& Reinsurance Pools
50
aircraft crash-proof
51
52
53
54
Prevention
of accidents
Prevention of
severe core
damage
LEVEL
:
OBJECTIVE:
MEANS:
Level
1
Conservative design;
High quality in construction
and operation & maintenance.
Level
2
Level
3
Level
4
Complementary measures
& accident management.
Level
5
Mitigating radiological
consequences of significant
radioactivity releases.
55
NPP
low population zone
56
Source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
57
33 kg. UU-235
INITIAL
FRESH FUEL
every 1000 kg.
SPENT FUEL
every 1000 kg.
3.3% enriched
with UU-235
High-Level
Nuclear Waste
35 kg. assorted
fission products
3-year cooling
58
Category
Very Low
Level
(VLL)
Radioactivity
Range
Volume
58 %
1 to 10 Bq/g.
10 to 10
Bq/g.
Medium
Level (ML)
10 to 10
Bq/g.
High
Level (HL)
10 to 10
Bq/g.
10-3 %
Waste Sources
earth, gravel & scrap metal from
dismantling and process waste (pumps,
valves..)
1%
2%
1%
0.1 %
98 %
Low Level
(LL)
Radioactivity
40 %
12
Medium & high-level waste accounts for 5% of total waste volume, but contains 99% of radioactivity.
59
Waste Category
Very
Short-lived
Surface storage
since 2003
VLL ()
1,000,000 m3
LL ( + )
ML ()
HL ( + )
Radioactive
decay
60
Types of Waste
Treatment
(examples)
Conditioning
(example)
Traceability
Compacting
Encapsulation
in cement
inside concrete drum
Inspection
tiquette code-barre
Filters...
Casting in bars
61
inspection gallery
concrete recess
Raft
buried gravitational separation system
62
63
Transport of 6 tonnes
of spent nuclear fuel
in 110 tonne flask
64
65
66
NATURAL
OUTLET
Way-shaft
> 200 m
Upper
sedimentary
rock
formations
Shaft
Fault
Seal
Gallery
Engineered
barrier
container
67
Oskarshamn, Sweden
Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne),
France
Olkiluoto,
Finland
68
Yucca
Mountain,
USA
(tuff)
69
Less than
USD 40/kg.U
Less than
USD 80/kg.U
Less than
USD 130/kg.U
No recovery
cost estimate
assigned
1,947,000
2,643,000
3,297,000
n.a.
799,000
1,161,000
1,446,000
n.a.
Prognosticated
n.a.
1,700,000
2,519,000
n.a.
Speculative
n.a.
n.a.
4,557,000
2,979,000
2,716,000
5,504,000
11,819,000
14,798,000
Resource Category
Reasonably Assured
Resources (RAR)
Inferred
Total
Note:
Note:
Estimated global uranium requirement
for operating nuclear power plants
for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.
Historical &
Projected
Global Uranium
Supply & Demand
from 1945 to 2025
Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), IAEA & other sources
70
Uranium
Resource
s (tonnes)
% of
World
Total
Australia
1,243,000
23
Kazakhstan
Russian
Federation
South Africa
817,000
15
546,000
10
435,000
Canada
423,000
USA
342,000
Brazil
278,000
Namibia
275,000
Niger
274,000
Jordan
112,000
Uzbekistan
111,000
India
73,000
China
68,000
Mongolia
62,000
Secondary nuclear
fuel supply from
dismantled nuclear
weapons
under the Megatons
to Megawatt
Programme
between the USA
& Russian
Federation
71
Spot Yellow-cake
Prices
in Constant 2007
US$
& Current US$
1988 to 2013
prices
declined
since
Uranium price increase in recent years due to dynamics of global uranium supply and demand itself,
i.e. flooding at McArthur River mine in Saskatchewan, Canada,
with largest known high-grade uranium deposits in the world, in 2003,
temporary shutdown of Honeywell uranium conversion plant in Metropolis, Illlinois, USA, in late 2004 to early 2005,
uncertainties over continued operation of Rssing mine in Namibia,
fire at the multi-mineral Olympic Dam mine in South Australia,
and advent of uranium hedge funds in 2005,
with underlying positive outlook for nuclear power due to concerns over global warming & Kyoto Protocol.
Source: UxC
71
72
Source: UxC
73
Country
Gaseous Diffusion:
USA
US Enrichment Company Inc.
(USEC)
France
Areva
Centrifuge:
Russian
TENEX
Federation
United Kingdom
URENCO
Netherlands
URENCO
Germany
URENCO
Japan
Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL)
China
Others
(Argentina,
Brazil, India and
Pakistan)
Total
Start of Operation
Uranium Enrichment
Capacity (SWU per year)
1954
11,300,000
1979
10,800,000
1949 to 1964
15,000,000 to 20,000,000
1976
1973
1985
1992
1997
2002
1999
not applicable
3,100,000
2,500,000
1,700,000
600,000
450,000
500,000
500,000
300,000
46,750,000 to 51,750,000
74
75
76
1 kW
10 kW
100 kW
1 MW
10 MW
100 MW
1,000 MW
Conventional
300300-1,500 MW
Nuclear
8080-1,000 MW
Coal
25 kWkW-500 MW
Gas
Renewable
Hydro
1 kWkW-700 MW
Biomass
10 kWkW-50 MW
Wind
10 kWkW-5 MW
Solar
1 kWkW-100 kW
Human heart
1.5 W
Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
77
Investment
Costs for
1,000 MWe Plant
Nuclear
Wind farm
Natural gas
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Billion US $
78
Note:
Latest generation of nuclear power plants have 60-year lifetime,
which may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at end of 60-years.
79
80
81
82
1 800
180
[8]
1 400
[12]
[10]
1 200
1 000
[16]
800
600
[4]
Standard deviation
160
gCO2-eq / kWh
1 600
Mean
140
Min - Max
120
[sample size]
[8]
100
[13]
80
60
400
[8]
40
200
20
lignite
coal
oil
gas
CCS
[16]
[15]
storage
hydro nuclear wind solar bio
mass
PV
[15]
83
84
Fatalities
(1970-92)
Fatal Victims
4,000
883
6,400
coal miners
342
1,200
85
50
workers
& fire personnel
13
85
86
No. of
Plants:
Generating
Capacity (MWe):
Operable
434
374,335
Under
Construction
70
74,911
In Planning
173
186,388
Proposed
310
349,170
87
SO..,
WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?
88
89
90 NUCLEAR
91
92
93
MILESTONE2:
MILESTONE2:
2015
Readytoinvitebidsforthefirst
nuclearpowerplant
PHASE1:
PHASE2:
PHASE2:
2008toJune2009
June2009
to2015
June2009to2015
Considerationsbeforeadecisionto Preparatoryworkforconstruction
launchanuclearpowerprogramme
ofanuclearpowerplantafter
istaken
apolicydecisionhasbeentaken
MILESTONE3:
MILESTONE3:
2021
Readytocommissionandoperate
thefirstnuclearpowerplant
PHASE3:
PHASE3:
2015to2021
Activitiestoimplement
afirstnuclearpowerplant
POST
POST2021:
Maintenanceandcontinuous
infrastructureimprovement
NUCLEARENGINEERINGHIGHEREDUCATIONDEVELOPMENTROAD
NUCLEARENGINEERINGHIGHEREDUCATIONDEVELOPMENTROADMAP
Commencementof
nuclearenergy
nuclearenergyrelatedsubjects
underotherengineeringcourses
atlocaluniversities.
atlocaluniversities.
Commencementof
nuclearengineering
firstdegreecourses
inlocaluniversities.
Localgraduates
innuclearengineering
enterthejobmarket
duringimplementation
offirstnuclearpowerproject.
Sustainedoutputoflocal
nuclearengineeringgraduates
commensuratewithdemand.
Conductofshort
Conductofshorttermcourses
onnuclearengineering
forengineeringprofessionalsfrom
otherengineeringdisciplines
inpreparationfor
nuclearpowerproject
management&implementation.
Commencementof
nuclearengineering
post
postgraduatecourses
inlocaluniversities
forsustainablelong
forsustainablelongterm
nuclearpower
nuclearpowerrelated
research&development.
Sustainednuclearpower
Sustainednuclearpowerrelated
localresearch&development
forlong
forlongtermrequirements.
Developmentofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
throughinternationalcooperation.
Developmentofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
fromamonglocalgraduates.
Sustainedoutputofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
fromamonglocalgraduates.
94
planning &
implementation
coordination
supply
NPP Vendor
Turnkey
Contractor
technical
support
TSO
TSOs
(NM & others)
Vendor Country
Nuclear Utility
National
Regulators
(AELB, ST, DOSH,
DOE, MHLG)
Malaysian Industries
Malaysian Educational
& Training Institutions
tec
& te hnolo
g
chn
ica y tr ans
l as
sist fer
an c
e
regulate
Vendor Country
TSO
Vendor Country
Regulators
Vendor Country
Industries
Vendor Country
Educational
&Training Institutions
n
io
io
ct
t
ra
tru
st e
Po sur
lo
C
n
s
on
pe
O
ON HOLD PENDING
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
95
96
settlement areas
roads
elevation / terrain
sensitive areas
land use
97
98
INTERNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS
relevant interinter-governmental agencies for international nuclear governance,
foreign Governments, especially supplier States, international civil
civil society.
Key Agencies:
MNPC. MOFA, KeTTHA,
MOSTI, NM & AELB
MNPC,
MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,
NM, AELB, ST & TNB.
MNPC,
MNPC, KeTTHA,
KeTTHA, MOSTI,
NM, AELB, ST & TNB.
99
STATE GOVERNMENTS
Why build in this State?
Won
Wont we lose the next election?
Is it safe? What benefit to the
State?
MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES
Why build in this district?
Is it safe for the people?
LOCAL POPULATION
NIMBY, BANANA!*
= Not in My Backyard
= Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything
100
Perception of Risk
by the Community
Demography Impacts
Employment
Community &
Institution Structure
Impacts
Infrastructure
& Amenities
Housing
& Accommodation
Health
Conflicts between
Local Community
& Foreign Workers
101
Completion of
Feasibility Studies
Pending completion of Feasibility Studies
& Approval of Site by Local Stakeholders
Policy Decision
to proceed with
Nuclear Power
Plant Project
NEED
Communications Plan
& Strategies to address
public concerns
by stakeholder segment
102
IN THE END,
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
103
IN THE END.
103
104
105
Questions?
THANK YOU