o

H1
u

Iny

(S*

j
5
^

U!

c, |
^i
, '-AI ^

c* !
< &.

^v

w
4
z

--s

tu

* \i

Nr

a i

-4

CS

" '

^
"NJ

:'

x.

-c?

CL

1*1

Page 13
EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design - Draft prAnnex A2

NOTES
1) Tbese combinatkms of actions may be defmed in he National Annex or for th e particular project.
2) Special reqmrements for aceidental design situations involving ship colhsions against bridge piers
should be defined for the particular project. See EN 1991-1-7.

A2.2.6 Values of i^faeors

NOTE 3 The characteristic values of wind actions and snow loads duiing execution are defined in EN 199]1-6. Where relevant, representative values of water actions (Qna) may be defined for the particular project.

(1) Values of y factors should be specifed.

Noe l : The \p values may be set by the National Annex. Recommended values of y factors for the
groups of traffic loads and the more common other actions are given in :
- Table A2. l for road bridges,
- Table A2.2 for footbhdges, and
- Table A2.3 for ralway bridges, both for groups of loads and individual components of traffic actions.
Tabl A2.1 - Recommended values of ^factors for road bridges
Action

Symbol
grla(LMl) 1 )

Traffic loads
(see EN 1991-2,
Table 4.4)

TS
UDL

grlb(Singleaxle)
gr2 (Horizontal Forces)
gr3 (Pedesrian loads)
gr4 (LM4 ~ Crowd loading))
gr5 (LM3 - Special vehicles))

4
ThermaE actions
Snow loads
Construction loads

T
Sn (during execution)

a
- Working persona , staff and visitors
with small equipment (OCa)
- Storage of construction material,
precast elements, etc. (Od,)
- Heavy equipment etc. (Occ)
- Granes, lifts, vehicles etc. (Ocd)

Vb
,75
0,40 .
0
0
0

VI
0,75
0,40
0,75
0
0

Vi

0
0

0,75
0

0
0

0,6
0,8

0,2

0
0

0
0
0
0
0

1,0

0,63)
0,8

0,6

0,5

Action

Symbol
grl

Traffic loads

Thermal actions
Snow loads
Construction loads

?fwk
gi-2
%
T
Sn (during execution)

- Working personal, staff and visitors

with small equipment (Oca)
- Storage of construction material,
precast elements, etc. (6>cb)
- Heavy equipment etc. (Qm)
- Granes, lifts, vehicles etc. (Q^}

0,2

1,0

1,0
-

0,40
0
0
0,2

0,6("
0,8

0,6
-

0,5
0

1,0

0,2

1,0

1,0

1,0
1,0

1,0
-

NOTE 4 For footbridges, the infrequent value of variable actions is not relevant

1,0
1,0

1) The recommended values of \J/Q , \jf-\_ > Y? fr Br*a are given for roads with traffic corresponding
to adjusting factors CQJ , ct^ , a,-.r and j3n equal to 1. Those relating to UDL correspond to the
most comrnon traffic scenanos, in which an accumulation of lorries can occur, but not requently.
Other values may be envisaged for other classes of routes, or of expected traffic, related to the
choice of the corresponding factors. For example, a value of y/2 oher than zero may be envisaged
for he UDL system of LM1 only, for bridges supporting a severe continuous traffic. See also EN
1998.
2)'The factors for UDL apply not only to the distributed -part of LM1, but also to the combination
value of the pedestlian load mentioned in Table 4.4 of EN 1991-2.
3) The recommended \j/o value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0 for ultimate
limit states EQU, STR and GEO. See however he design Eurocodes

PT Draft - Sage 34 - 31 August 2001

0
0,40
0
0
0,3

0
0
0

1) The recommended y/; value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0 for ulimate
limit states EQU, STR and GEO. See however he design Eurocodes

1,0

1,0
1,0

Table A2.2 ~ Recommended values of y factors for footbridges

\Yind forces

Wind forces
Persistent design situations
Execution

NOTE 2 When the National Annex refere to the infrequen combination of actions for some servi ceability
limit states of concrete bridges, the recommended values of V/.IJ/T are :
0,80 for grla (LM1), grlb (LM2), gr3 (pedestrian loads), gr4 (LM4, crowd loading) and T (thermal
actions);
0,60 for FW in persistent design situations

1,00 in other cases (i.e. the characteristic value is substituted for the infrequent value)

PT Draft - Stage 34 - 31 August 2001

Page 15
EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Struclural Design - Draft prAnnex A2

Page 14
EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design - Draft prAnnex A2

Table A2.3 Recommended values of y factors for raihvay bridges

Individual
componente
of rraffc
actions"

Actions
LM 71
SW/0
SW/2
Unloaded train
HSLM
Traction and braking
Centrifugal forces
Interaction forces due to deformation under vertical
traffic loads

Nosing forces
Non public footpatlis loads
Real rains
Traffic load surcharge horizontal earth pressure
Aerodynamic effects
grl 1 (LM71 - SW/01
Max. vertical 1 with max.
longitudinal
gr!2(LM71 -SW/0)
Max. vertical 2 with max.
transverse
gr 13 (Braking/Troction)
Max. longitudinal
grl 4 (Centrifugal/Nosing) Max. lateral
Lateral
stabihry
with
gr!5 (Unloaded train)
"unloaded rain"
gr!6(SW/2)
SW/2 with max. longitudinal
SW/2 witli max. transgrl7(SW/2)
Main fnfflc actions
verse
(Groups of loads) gr21 (LM71 + SW/0)
Max. vertical 1 with max.
longitudinal
gr22 (L.M71 -i- SW/0)
Max. vertical 2 with max
transverse
Max. longitudinal
gr23 (Braking/Traction)
gr24 (Centrifugal/Nosing) Max. lateral
gi-26 (SW/2)
SW/2 with max. longitudinal
SW/2 with max. transgi-27 (SW2)
verse
gr31(LM71 +SW/0)
Additional load cases
Other operating Aerodynamic effects
actions
General maintenance loading for non public footpahs
Wind forces 2>
Ftm

V
Tab/c coriinued on nexl page

PT Draft - Stage 34 - 31 August 2001

Wi

Table contimted from previoits page

The r ma!
0,60
0,50
0,60
7
actions 3)
0,8
0
Snow loads
Sn (during execution)
Constritc-ion
- Working personal, staff and visitors with small
0,2
loads
1,0
equipment (O011)
- Storage of construction material, precast elements,
1,0
1,0
etc. (Qcb)
1,0
1,0
- Heavy equipment etc. (Occ)
- Granes, lifis, vehicles etc. (Oa])
1,0
1,0
0,8 if l rack only is loaded
0,7 if 2 tracks are srmultaneously loaded
0,6 if 3 or more tracks are simultaneously loaded.
2)
When wind forces act simultaneously with traffic actions, the wind force l// FWk should be taken
as no greater than /$* (see EN 1991-1-4) See A2.2.4(4)

V2J>

1)
0
0,80
]1
0.80
0
0
1,00
0
1,00
li
0
0.80
Individual Components of
traffic action including design situations where the
traffic loads are considered
as a single (multi directional) leading action and
not as groups of loads
should use the same values
as the y factors adopted for
the associated vertical loads
1,00
0,80
0
0,80
0,50
0
0,80
0
0,80
i)
0,80
0
0
0,80
0,50

3)
4)
5)
6)

(see EN 1991-1-5).
If deformation is being considered, y/a should be taken equal to 1,00.
Minimum coexistem favourable vertical load with centrfuga], traction or braking individual components of rail traffic actions is 0,5LM71 etc.
For specific design situations (e.g. calculation of bridge camber for aesthetics and drainage consideration, clearance, etc.) the requirements for the combinations of actions to be used should be
specfied for the particular project.

NOTE 5 For railway bridges, the infiequent value of variable actions is not relevant.

O.SO

0,80

(2) For traffic actions, a unique \jf value should be applied, as relevant, to one group of
loads defined EN 1991-2, taken equal to the yf value applicable to the leading componentof the group.
(3) Where groups of loads are used for the design of railway bridges the groups of loads
defmed in EN 1991-2 6.8.2, Table 6.8 should be used.
(4) Where relevant, for railway bridges, combinations of individual traffic actions (including individual components) should be taken into account.

0,80

0,70

NOTE Individual trafQc actions may also have to be taken into account for example for the design of beaiings, for he assessment of maxhnum lateral and minimum vertical traffic loading, bearing restraints, maximum overruming effects on abutments (especialy for continuous bridges); etc., see Table A2.3.

A2.3 Ultimate limit states (veriflcations for fatigue excluded)

0,80
0,80

0,60
0,50

0
0

0,80
0,60

0,50
0,50

1,00

0
0
0

A2.3.1 Design values of actions in persistent and transient design situations

(1) The design values of actions for ultimate limit states in the persistent and transient
design situations (expressions 6.9a to 6.10b) should be in accordance with Tables
A2.4(A) to (C).
NOTE The values in Tables A2.4 ((A) to (C)) rnay be altered e.g, for different reliability leveis n the
National Armex (see Section 2 and Annex B).

PT Draft - Stage 34-31 August 2001

EN 1991-2:2003 (E)

Table 4.4a - Assessment of groups of traffic loads (characteristic values of the multi-component action)
CAEBIAGEWAY

Load type
Reference
Load system

grla
grlb
gr2

Groups of
Loads

Vertical forces

4.3.2
4,3.3
LM1
LM2
(Single axle)
(TS and
UDL
systems)
Characteristic
values
Characteristic
vaiue
Frequent
valuesb

4.3.4
LM3
(Special
vehicles)

Horizontal forces
4,3.5
LM4
(Crowd
loading)

4.4.1
Braking and
acceleration
forces

4,4.2
Centrifugal
and
transverso
forces
'

Characteristic
value

gr3 d
Characteristic
value

Gr4

FOOTWAYS
AND
ClCLE TfiACKS

Vertical
forces onlv
5.3.2^(1)
Uoiformly
Distributed
load
Combination
value*

Characteristic
value
Characteristic
value
Characteristic
value b

Characteristic
vaiue
Dominant compouent action (designated as component associated with the group)
a May be defned in the National Annex,
b May be defned in lhe National Aiinex. The feconuouded vaiue is 3 kN/m3.
c See 5.3.2.i-(2). One footway only should be consdered to be loaded if the effect is more unfavourable than he effeet of wo loaded foouvays.
d This group is irrcevan if gr4 is considered.
Gr5

See annex A

43