Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1 Etymology
Bucharest (/bjukrst/; Romanian: Bucureti, pronounced [bukuret]
listen ) is the capital and largest
city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial,
and nancial centre. It is located in the southeast of
the country, at 442557N 260614E / 44.43250N
26.10389ECoordinates: 442557N 260614E /
44.43250N 26.10389E, on the banks of the Dmbovia
River, less than 60 km (37.3 mi) north of the Danube
River and the Bulgarian border.
2 History
HISTORY
became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince and limited electrication were introduced.[18] The DmVlad III the Impaler.[16]:23
bovia River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus
endemic oods like the 1865
The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators putting a stop to previously
[19]
ooding
of
Bucharest.
The
Fortications of Bucharest
(Phanariotes) to run the town from the 18th century.
were
built.
The
extravagant
architecture
and cosmopoliA short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in
tan
high
culture
of
this
period
won
Bucharest
the nick1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks
name
of
Little
Paris
(Micul
Paris)
of
the
east,
with
[17]
in Bucharest.
Calea Victoriei as its Champs-lyses.
The Old Princely Court (Curtea Veche) was erected by
Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer
residence of the royal court. During the years to come,
it competed with Trgovite on the status of capital city
after an increase in the importance of southern Muntenia
brought about by the demands of the suzerain power the
Ottoman Empire.
Bucharest nally became the permanent location of the
Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of
Constantin Brncoveanu).
Partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several
times during the following 200 years, and hit by Carageas
plague in 181314, the city was wrested from Ottoman
control and occupied at several intervals by the Habsburg
Monarchy (1716, 1737, 1789) and Imperial Russia (three
times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under
Russian administration between 1828 and the Crimean
War, with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred 1848
Wallachian revolution. Later, an Austrian garrison took
possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the
city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a re consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the
city.
3.1
General
2.1
Geography
(Piaa Sfntul Gheorghe). Bucharests radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies
from 10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi).
Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were
largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built
around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov County. Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the
late 2010s, when the Bucharest Metropolitan Area plan
will become operational, incorporating additional communes and cities from the Ilfov and other neighbouring
counties.[28]
Black swans on Lake Cimigiu in Cimigiu Gardens
3.2 Climate
Using the milder isotherm of 0 C (32 F) for the coldest
month, Bucharest has a humid continental climate Dfa.
Using the 3 C (27 F) isotherm, instead, the climate is
crossover between continental and the extreme varieties
of warm oceanic and cool subtropical. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the citys winters can get
windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 C
(32 F), sometimes even to 20 C (4 F). In summer,
the average temperature is 23 C (73 F) (the average
for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35
to 40 C (95 to 104 F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during
summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During
spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between
17 and 22 C (63 and 72 F), and precipitation during
spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.
4.1 Administration
See also: Bucharest metropolitan area
Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian adminis-
The city has an area of 226 km2 (87 sq mi). The altitude
varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dmbovia bridge in
Celu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at
the Militari church. The city has a roughly round shape,
with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main
north-south/east-west axes at University Square. The
milestone for Romanias Kilometre Zero is placed just
south of University Square in front of the New St. George
Church (Sfntul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square Bucharest City Hall near the Dmbovia River
4.2
Justice system
5
Piedone (PC, 2008- 4 November 2015), Sector 5 Dan
Croitoru (PNL, since 2015),[32] Sector 6 Rare Mnescu (PNL, since 2012).
Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest
sectoral councils, the capitals general council, and the
mayors are elected every four years by the population.
Additionally, Bucharest has a prefect, who is appointed
by Romanias national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to
represent the national government at the municipal level.
The prefect is acting as a liaison ocial facilitating the
implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest
(as of 2014) is Paul Nicolae Petrovan.[33]
The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the Bucureti - Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent to NUTS-II
regions in the European Union and is used both by the
EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis, and to co-ordinate regional development projects and
manage funds from the EU. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is not, however, an administrative entity
The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are dis- yet.
posed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered
clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters 4.2 Justice system
(cartiere) which are not part of the ocial administrative
division:
Sector 1 (population 227,717):
Dorobani,
Bneasa, Aviaiei, Pipera, Aviatorilor, Primverii,
Roman, Victoriei, Herstru Park, Bucuretii Noi,
Dmroaia, Struleti, Grivia, 1 Mai, Bneasa
Forest, Pajura, Domenii, Chibrit
Sector 2 (population 357,338): Pantelimon,
Colentina, Iancului, Tei, Floreasca, Moilor, Obor,
Vatra Luminoas, Fundeni, Plumbuita, tefan cel
Mare, Baicului
Sector 3 (population 399,231): Vitan, Dudeti,
Titan, Centrul Civic, Dristor, Lipscani, Muncii, The Palace of Justice viewed across the Dmbovia River
Unirii
Bucharests judicial system is similar to that of the Ro Sector 4 (population 300,331): Berceni, Olteniei, manian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own loGiurgiului, Progresul, Vcreti, Timpuri Noi, cal rst-instance court (judectorie), while more serious
Tineretului
cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal (Tribunalul
Bucureti), the citys municipal court. The Bucharest
Sector 5 (population 288,690): Rahova, Ferentari,
Court of Appeal (Curtea de Apel Bucureti) judges apGiurgiului, Cotroceni, 13 Septembrie, Dealul Spirii
peals against decisions taken by rst-instance courts and
Sector 6 (population 371,060): Giuleti, Crngai, tribunals in Bucharest and in ve surrounding counDrumul Taberei, Militari, Grozveti (also known as ties (Teleorman, Ialomia, Giurgiu, Clrai, and Ilfov).
Bucharest is also home to Romanias supreme court, the
Regie), Ghencea
High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the
Each sector is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sec- Constitutional Court of Romania.
tor 1 Andrei Chiliman (ind., since 2004), Sector 2 Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest PoNeculai Onanu (UNPR, since 2000), Sector 3 Robert lice (Poliia Bucureti), which is responsible for policing
Negoi (PSD, since 2012), Sector 4 Cristian Popescu crime within the whole city, and operates a number of di-
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
visions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on tefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts
throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city
hall also has under its administration a community police
force (Poliia Comunitar), dealing with local community
issues. Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of
the Gendarmerie and the national police.
4.3
Crime
ronment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The dicult situation of the quality
of life in Bucharest is conrmed also by a vast urbanism
study, done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture
and Urbanism.[41]
6 Demographics
As per the 2011 census, 1,883,425 inhabitants lived
within the city limits, a decrease from the gure recorded
at the 2002 census.[5] This decrease is due to low natural
increase, but also to a shift in population from the city itself to neighboring small towns such as Voluntari, Buftea,
and Otopeni. In a study published by the United Nations,
Bucharest placed 19th in among 28 cities that recorded
sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid-2010s.
In particular, the population fell by 3.77%.[46]
The citys population, according to the 2002 census, was
1,926,334 inhabitants,[3] or 8.9% of the total population
of Romania. A signicant number of people commute
to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov
County, but ocial statistics regarding their numbers do
not exist.[47]
8.1
Public transport
Economy
8 TRANSPORT
Bucharest is the hub of Romanias national railway network, run by Cile Ferate Romne. The main railway
station is Gara de Nord (North Station), which provides connections to all major cities in Romania, as
well as international destinations: Belgrade, Soa, Varna,
Chiinu, Kiev, Chernivtsi, Lviv, Thessaloniki, Vienna,
Budapest, Istanbul, Moscow, etc.
Aeroport
Henri Coanda
Otopeni Nord
Otopeni Centru
Otopeni Sud
Supermarket
Aeroport
Aurel Vlaicu
Meteo Baneasa
Laminorului
Baneasa Institut
Cartier
Baneasa
Bazilescu
Pipera
Aurel Vlaicu
Expozitie
M4
M2
Privighetorilor
Padina
Pajura
1 Mai
Aviatorilor
Grivita
Basarab
Gara de
Nord
Crangasi
Lujerului
rit
ont
Oriz
Ghencea
Raul
Doamnei
M1
Iancului
Pantelimon
Republica
Piata
Muncii
Costin
Georgian
Izvor
ia
dem
Aca ra
ta
Mili
ul
Drum i 34
re
Tabe
Brancusi
Obor
Piata
Romana
Universitate
Politehnica
M5
Favo
Pacii
M3
Parc Drumul
Romancierilor Taberei
Valea
Ialomitei
Hasdeu
Gorjului
Grozavesti
Eroilor
Cismigiu
Preciziei
M1
Petrache
Poenaru
8.2 Railways
Titan
Timpuri
Noi
Piata
Unirii
Dristor
Tineretului
Mihai
Bravu
Eroii
Revolutiei
Nicolae
Grigorescu
1 Decembie Nicolae
Teclu
Anghel
Saligny
M3
Constantin
Brancoveanu
The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret. It was inaugurated in 1869, and in 1960, the communist government
turned it in a bus terminal.[58]
Piata
Sudului
Aparatorii
Patriei
Dimitrie
Leonida
M2
8.3 Air
Berceni
8
8.1
Transport
Public transport
8.5
Water
ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharests business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the
Bucharest city center.
8.4
Roads
9 Culture
Basarab Overpass
9.1 Landmarks
Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Palace of the Parliament, built in the 1980s during the reign of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceauescu. The largest Parliament
building in the world, the palace houses the Romanian
10
9 CULTURE
9.3
Performing arts
11
seum of Contemporary Art (MNAC), situated in a wing
of the Palace of the Parliament, was opened in 2004
and contains Romanian and international contemporary
art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab,
which caters to multimedia and experimental art. Private
art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre.
The palace of the National Bank of Romania houses the
national numismatic collection. Exhibits include banknotes, coins, documents, photographs, maps, silver and
gold bullion bars, bullion coins, and dies and moulds. The
building was constructed between 1884 and 1890. The
thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations.
12
9 CULTURE
9.5
In 2005, Bucharest was the rst city in Southeastern Europe to host the international CowParade, which resulted
in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across
the city.
Romanian Atheneum
13
Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major inuence in arts such as theatre, lm, and music.
Bucharest has two internationally renowned ethnographic
museums, the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the
open-air Village Museum.
Religion
Of the citys medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by Communist
systematization, re, and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edices remain, the most notable
are in the Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable
buildings such as Manucs Inn (Hanul lui Manuc) and
the ruins of the Old Court (Curtea Veche); during the
late Middle Ages, this area was the heart of commerce
in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went
through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell
into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was pedestrianised and is undergoing restoration.
14
10 ARCHITECTURE
French Baroque style Cantacuzino Palace
Macca-Vilacrosse, glass covered arcaded street
Eclectic style CEC Palace
Casa Capa, caf and hotel
Gothic revival Caru' cu Bere
Neo-Romanian style Central School for Girls
One of the singular examples of this type of architecture is Centrul Civic, a development that replaced a major
part of Bucharests historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly with marble or travertine faades,
inspired by North Korean architecture. Communist-era
In Romania, the tendencies of innovation in the ar- architecture can also be found in Bucharests residential
chitectural language met the need of valorisation and districts, mainly in blocuri, which are high-density apartarmation of the national cultural identity. The Art ment blocks that house the majority of the citys populaNouveau movement nds expression through new ar- tion.
chitectural style initiated by Ion Mincu and taken over
by other prestigious architects who capitalize important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesi- 10.3 Contemporary architecture
astical architecture (for example the Mogooaia Palace,
the Stavropoleos Church or the disappeared church of Since the fall of Communism in 1989, several
Vcreti Monastery) and Romanian folk motifs.[75]
Communist-era buildings have been refurbished,
Two notable buildings from this time are the Creulescu modernized, and used for other purposes. Perhaps the
Palace,
housing cultural institutions including best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail
UNESCO's European Centre for Higher Education, complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres.
and the Cotroceni Palace, the residence of the Romanian These giant, circular halls, which were unocially called
President. Many large-scale constructions such as Gara hunger circuses due to the food shortages experienced in
de Nord, the busiest railway station in the city, National the 1980s, were constructed during the Ceauescu era to
Bank of Romanias headquarters, and the Telephone act as produce markets and refectories, although most
Palace date from these times. In the 2000s, historic were left unnished at the time of the revolution.
size and wealth, therefore seeking to emulate other large
European capitals such as Paris. Much of the architecture
of the time belongs to a Modern (rationalist) Architecture
current, led by Horia Creang and Marcel Iancu.
15
construction built inside a historic stone faade. In 2013,
the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137-m-high oce
building (SkyTower of Floreasca City Center), currently
the tallest building in Romania. Despite this development on vertical, Romanian architects avoid designing tall
buildings due to vulnerability to earthquakes.[76]
Aside from buildings used for business and institutions,
residential developments are underway, many of which
consist of high-rise oce buildings and suburban residential communities. These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less
densely populated and is home to middle- and upper-class
Bucharesters due to the process of gentrication.
Headquarters of the Union of Romanian Architects, an unusual
combination of new and old
11 Education
Financial Plaza
As of 2005, several oce buildings are under construction, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of
the city. Additionally, a trend to add modern wings
and faades to historic buildings has occurred, the most
prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects
Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel
16
13 HEALTHCARE
operator, are spread throughout the city, with the central
post oce (Romanian: Ociul Potal Bucureti 1) located
at 12 Matei Millo Street. Public telephones are located
in many places and are operated by Telekom Romania,
a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom and successor of the
former monopoly Romtelecom.
Bucharest is headquarters of most of the national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations
and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers
in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Naional,
Cotidianul, Romnia Liber, and Adevrul, while the
biggest news websites are Hotnews.ro (with an English
and Spanish version), Ziare.com, and Gndul. During
the rush hours, tabloid newspapers Click!, Libertatea, and
Cancan are popular for commuters.
A number of newspapers and media publications are
based in Casa Presei Libere (The House of the Free
Press), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally
named Casa Scnteii after the Communist Romania-era
ocial newspaper Scnteia. Casa Presei Libere is not
the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry. Palatul Telefoanelor
(The Telephone Palace) was the rst major modernist
building on Calea Victoriei in the citys centre, and the
massive, unnished communist-era Casa Radio looms
over a park a block away from the Opera.
12
17
tennis, boxing, and kickboxing.
Starting in 2007, Bucharest has hosted annual races along
a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the
Parliament, called Bucharest Ring. The competition is
called the Bucharest City Challenge, and has hosted FIA
GT, FIA GT3, British F3, and Logan Cup races in 2007
and 2008. The 2009 and 2010 edition have not been
held in Bucharest due to a lawsuit. Bucharest GP, owned
by the controversial businessman Nicolae erbu, won the
lawsuit that it initiated and will host city races around the
Parliament starting 2011 with the Auto GP.[88]
Every year, Bucharest hosts the BRD Nstase iriac Trophy international tennis tournament, which is included in
the ATP Tour. The outdoor tournament is hosted by the
tennis complex BNR Arenas. Ice hockey games are held
Other hospitals or clinics are Bucharest Emergency Hosat the Mihai Flamaropol Arena, which holds 8,000 specpital, Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital, Bucharest
tators. Rugby games are held in dierent locations, but
University Emergency Hospital, and Fundeni Clinical Inthe most modern stadium is Arcul de Triumf Stadium,
stitute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic, which
which is also home to the Romanian national rugby team.
are private.
Colea Hospital
14
Sports
15 Natives
Main article: List of Bucharesters
Sport clubs have formed for ice hockey, rugby union, basketball, handball, water polo, and volleyball. The majority of Romanian track and eld athletes and most gymnasts are aliated with clubs in Bucharest. The Athletics
and many Gymnastics National Championships are held
in Bucharest at the Polyvalent Hall, which is also used for
other indoor sports such as volleyball and handball.
18
18
REFERENCES
Ilie Nstase (b. 1946), professional tennis player and [11] EVZ. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
former world number one between 1972 and 1973
Nicolae Paulescu (18691931), physician, physiologist and discoverer of insulin
16
17
See also
List of Bucharesters
List of buildings in Bucharest
OPENCities
18
References
[1] Paris of the east. The Irish Times. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
[2] Catiusa Ivanov (23 June 2016). Gabriela Firea, primarul
ales al capitalei, despune astzi jurmntul. Realitatea
TV.
[3] (English) INS. Romanian Statistical Yearbook (PDF).
Retrieved 12 February 2009.
[4] Demographia World Urban Areas & Population Projections (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2011.
[31] The Climate of Bucharest 1981-2010 (Average Temperatures,Humidity)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate
( ). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
19
Bucharest
[35] http://b.politiaromana.ro/pdf/bilant/Bilant%
20DGPMB-2013.pdf
[56] Toti bucuretenii vor avea dosar scal din 2006. Retrieved June 2016., Averea, 15 December 2005
[40] 2010 Quality of Living global city rankings Mercer survey (PDF).
[41] Conceptul Strategic Bucureti 2035 ETAPA I see page
44 ref. to quality of life in Bucharest (PDF).
[42] [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924087904623#page/
n405/mode/2up Chamberss Encyclopaedia Vol. II, 1861
based on Brockhaus Enzyklopdie, 10th Edition
[43] George Milea, Contribuii la demograa Municipiului Bucureti. Volumul 1 : Populaia dup recensminte. Natalitatea. Mortalitatea, 1933, Tipograa Curii Regale F.
Gbl Fii
[44] Laureniu Rdvan, At Europes Borders: Medieval Towns
in the Romanian Principalities, Brill, 2010, p.260
[45] Florian Georgescu et al. Istoria Oraului Bucureti,
Muzeul de Istorie a Oraului Bucureti, 1965, p. 121
[46] Oraele care i pierd locuitorii. Bucuretiul, n topul localitatilor lumii cu cea mai mare rat de scdere a populaiei. inCont.ro. 9 February 2014.
[48] http://www.bucuresti.insse.ro/cmsbuc/rw/resource/
comunicat%20date%20provizorii%20rpl%202011%
20bucuresti.pdf
[66] Romanian Athenaeum awarded Label of European Heritage, Romanias Permanent Delegation to NATO
20
20
EXTERNAL LINKS
Re-
[92] Orae nfrite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primria Municipiului
Chiinu. Archived from the original on 3 November
2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
19 Further reading
Modern history of Bucharest, City Hall of Bucharest
erban Cantacuzino, Dou Orae Distincte. Revista
Secolul XX 4/6 (1997): 1140
Ernie Schoham, Luminia MacHedon, erban
Cantacuzino, Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 19201940
Romania: Arts & Architecture, Romanian Tourist
Oce
Tatiana Murzin, Romanian Education, 2005
Romanian Education Portal, Site for the Ministry of
Education containing lists of all educational establishments.
Bucharest, the small Paris of the East, on the Museums from Romania web site.
Bucica, Cristina. Legitimating Power in Capital
Cities: Bucharest Continuity Through Radical
Change? PDF (39.0 KB), 2000.
20 External links
Bucharest: Ocial administration site
Portalul Bucuresti - rme, radio, tv
21
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