Chapter

Functions and Linear Functions

vast expanse of open water at the top of our world was once covered with ice. The melting of
the Arctic ice caps has forced polar bears to swim as far as 40 miles, causing them to drown in
significant numbers. Such deaths were rare in the past.
There is strong scientific consensus that human activities are changing the Earths climate. Scientists
now believe that there is a striking correlation between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and
global temperature. As both of these variables increase at significant rates, there are warnings of a planetary
emergency that threatens to condemn coming generations to a catastrophically diminished future.*
In this chapter, youll learn to approach our climate crisis mathematically by creating formulas, called
functions, that model data for average global temperature and carbon dioxide concentration over time.
Understanding the concept of a function will give you a new perspective on many situations, ranging
from global warming to using mathematics in a way that is similar to making a movie.

*Sources: Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth, Rodale, 2006; Time, April.3, 2006

Mathematical models involving global

warming are developed in Example 10
and Check Point 10 in Section 2.4.
Using mathematics in a way that is
similar to making a movie is discussed
in the Blitzer Bonus on page 147.

103

104 C ha pt e r 2 Functions and Linear Functions

SECTION

2.1
Objectives

Introduction to Functions
Top U.S. Last Names

1 Find the domain and

range of a relation.
2 Determine whether a
relation is a function.
3 Evaluate a function.

Name

% of All Names

Smith

1.006%

Johnson

0.810%

Williams

0.699%

Brown

0.621%

Jones

0.621%

Source: Russell Ash, The Top 10 of Everything

The top five U.S. last names shown above

account for nearly 4% of the entire population.
The table indicates a correspondence between a last
name and the percentage of Americans who share that
name. We can write this correspondence using a set of
ordered pairs:

Venus and Serena Williams

{(Smith, 1.006%), (Johnson, 0.810%), (Williams, 0.699%),

(Brown, 0.621%), (Jones, 0.621%)}.
These braces indicate we are representing a set.

The mathematical term for a set of ordered pairs is a relation.

Definition of a Relation
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first components of the ordered
pairs is called the domain of the relation and the set of all second components is
called the range of the relation.
1 Find the domain and
range of a relation.

Exam ple 1

Finding the Domain and Range of a Relation

Find the domain and range of the relation:

{(Smith, 1.006,), (Johnson, 0.810,), (Williams, 0.699,), (Brown, 0.621,), (Jones, 0.621,)}.
Solution The domain is the set of all first components. Thus, the domain is
{Smith, Johnson, Williams, Brown, Jones}.
The range is the set of all second components. Thus, the range is
{1.006%, 0.810%, 0.699%, 0.621%}.

Although Brown and Jones are both shared

by 0.621% of the U.S. population, it is not
necessary to list 0.621% twice.

Check point 1 Find the domain and the range of the relation:

{(0, 9.1), (10, 6.7), (20, 10.7), (30, 13.2), (38, 19.6)}.

Se ctio n 2.1 Introduction to Functions 105

As you worked Check Point 1, did you wonder if there was a rule that assigned the
inputs in the domain to the outputs in the range? For example, for the ordered
pair (30, 13.2), how does the output 13.2 depend on the input 30? The ordered pair
is based on the data in Figure 2.1(a), which shows the percentage of first-year U.S.
college students claiming no religious affiliation.
Percentage of First-Year United States College
Students Claiming No Religious Affiliation
Women

Men

23.2
19.6

21%
16.9

18%
15%
12%
9%

14.0 13.2

11.9

9.7

9.1

10.7

6.7

6%
3%
1970

1980

1990
Year

2000

24%
Percentage Claiming No
Religious Affiliation

Percentage Claiming No
Religious Affiliation

24%

Percentage of First-Year United

States College Women Claiming
No Religious Affiliation
(38, 19.6)

21%
18%
15%
12%

(30, 13.2)
(0, 9.1)

9%

(20, 10.7)

6%
(10, 6.7)

3%

2008

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Years after 1970

Figure 2.1(a) Data for women and men

Figure 2.1(b) Visually representing the relation for womens data

Source: John Macionis, Sociology, 13th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010.

In Figure 2.1(b), we used the data for college women to create the following ordered
pairs:
percentage of first@year college
years after 1970, women claiming no religious .
affiliation
Consider, for example, the ordered pair (30, 13.2).
(30, 13.2)
30 years after 1970,
or in 2000,

13.2% of first-year college women

claimed no religious affiliation.

The five points in Figure 2.1(b) visually represent the relation formed from the
womens data. Another way to visually represent the relation is as follows:

2 Determine whether a
relation is a function.

Top U.S. Last Names

0
10
20
30
38

9.1
6.7
10.7
13.2
19.6

Domain

Range

Functions
Shown, again, in the margin are the top five U.S. last names and the percentage of
Americans who share those names. Weve used this information to define two relations.
Figure 2.2(a) shows a correspondence between last names and percents sharing those
names. Figure 2.2(b) shows a correspondence between percents sharing last names and
those last names.

0.810%

Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones

1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%

Williams

0.699%

Domain

Range

Brown

0.621%

Jones

0.621%

Name

% of All Names

Smith

1.006%

Johnson

Figure 2.2 (a) Names correspond

to percents.

1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%

Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones

Domain

Range

Figure 2.2 (b) Percents correspond

to names.

106 C ha pt e r 2 Functions and Linear Functions

Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones

1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%

Domain

Range

Figure 2.2(a) (repeated)

1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%

Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones

Domain

Range

Figure 2.2(b) (repeated)

A relation in which each member of the domain corresponds to exactly one member
of the range is a function. Can you see that the relation in Figure 2.2(a) is a function?
Each last name in the domain corresponds to exactly one percent in the range. If we
know the last name, we can be sure of the percentage of Americans sharing that name.
Notice that more than one element in the domain can correspond to the same element
in the range: Brown and Jones are both shared by 0.621% of Americans.
Is the relation in Figure 2.2(b) a function? Does each member of the domain
correspond to precisely one member of the range? This relation is not a function
because there is a member of the domain that corresponds to two different members
of the range:
(0.621,, Brown) (0.621,, Jones).
The member of the domain, 0.621%, corresponds to both Brown and Jones in the
range. If we know the percentage of Americans sharing a last name, 0.621%, we cannot
be sure of that last name. Because a function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs
have the same first component and different second components, the ordered pairs
(0.621%, Brown) and (0.621%, Jones) are not ordered pairs of a function.
Same first component

(0.621%, Brown) (0.621%, Jones)

Different second components

Definition of a Function
A function is a correspondence from a first set, called the domain, to a second set,
called the range, such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one
element in the range.
In Check Point 1, we considered a relation that gave a correspondence between
years after 1970 and the percentage of first-year college women claiming no religious
affiliation. Can you see that this relation is a function?
Each element in the domain

{(0, 9.1), (10, 6.7), (20, 10.7), (30, 13.2), (38, 19.6)}
corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

However, Example 2 illustrates that not every correspondence between sets is a

function.
Exam ple 2

Determining Whether a Relation Is a Function

Determine whether each relation is a function:

a. {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 7), (4, 8)}

b. {(5, 1), (5, 2), (7, 3), (8, 4)}.

Solution We begin by making a figure for each relation that shows the domain and
the range (Figure 2.3).
1
2
3
4

5
7
8

Domain

Range

Figure 2.3(a)

a. Figure 2.3(a) shows that every element in the domain corresponds to exactly one

element in the range. The element 1 in the domain corresponds to the element 5 in
the range. Furthermore, 2 corresponds to 5, 3 corresponds to 7, and 4 corresponds
to 8. No two ordered pairs in the given relation have the same first component and
different second components. Thus, the relation is a function.

Se ctio n 2.1 Introduction to Functions 107

5
7
8

1
2
3
4

Domain

Range

b. Figure 2.3(b) shows that 5 corresponds to both 1 and 2. If any element in the

domain corresponds to more than one element in the range, the relation is not a
function. This relation is not a function because two ordered pairs have the same
first component and different second components.
Same first component

Figure 2.3(b)

(5, 1)

Different second components

Great Question!
If I reverse a functions
components, will this new
relation be a function?
If a relation is a function,
reversing the components in
each of its ordered pairs may
result in a relation that is not
a function.

3 Evaluate a function.

(5, 2)

Look at Figure 2.3(a) again. The fact that 1 and 2 in the domain correspond to the
same number, 5, in the range does not violate the definition of a function. A function
can have two different first components with the same second component. By contrast,
a relation is not a function when two different ordered pairs have the same first
component and different second components. Thus, the relation in Example 2(b) is
not a function.

Check point 2 Determine whether each relation is a function:

a. {(1, 2),(3, 4),(5, 6),(5, 7)}

b. {(1, 2),(3, 4),(6, 5),(7, 5)}.

Functions as Equations and Function Notation

Functions are usually given in terms of equations rather than as sets of ordered pairs.
For example, here is an equation that models the percentage of first-year college
women claiming no religious affiliation as a function of time:
y = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8.

Input x
f
Output
f (x)

Figure 2.4 A function machine

with inputs and outputs

The variable x represents the number of years after 1970. The variable y represents the
percentage of first-year college women claiming no religious affiliation. The variable
y is a function of the variable x. For each value of x, there is one and only one value
of y. The variable x is called the independent variable because it can be assigned any
value from the domain. Thus, x can be assigned any nonnegative integer representing
the number of years after 1970. The variable y is called the dependent variable because
its value depends on x. The percentage claiming no religious affiliation depends on the
number of years after 1970. The value of the dependent variable, y, is calculated after
selecting a value for the independent variable, x.
If an equation in x and y gives one and only one value of y for each value of x, then
the variable y is a function of the variable x. When an equation represents a function,
the function is often named by a letter such as f, g, h, F, G, or H. Any letter can be used
to name a function. Suppose that f names a function. Think of the domain as the set
of the functions inputs and the range as the set of the functions outputs. As shown in
Figure 2.4, the input is represented by x and the output by f(x). The special notation
f(x), read f of x or f at x, represents the value of the function at the number x.
Lets make this clearer by considering a specific example. We know that the equation
y = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8
defines y as a function of x. Well name the function f. Now, we can apply our new
function notation.

Great Question!

We read this equation

as f of x equals
0.014x2 0.24x + 8.8.
Input

Output

f(x)

Equation

f(x)=0.014x2-0.24x+8.8

Doesnt f(x) indicate that I

need to multiply f and x?
The notation f(x) does
not mean f times x. The
notation describes the value
of the function at x.

108 C ha pt e r 2 Functions and Linear Functions

f(x)  0.014x2  0.24x  8.8
Input
x 30

0.014(30

) 2  0.24

(30)  8.

Output
f (30) 14.2
Figure 2.5 A function machine
atwork

Suppose we are interested in finding f(30), the functions output when the input is 30.
To find the value of the function at 30, we substitute 30 for x. We are evaluating the
function at 30.

f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8

This is the given function.
2
f(30) = 0.014(30) - 0.24(30) + 8.8
Replace each occurrence of x with 30.
= 0.014(900) - 0.24(30) + 8.8 Evaluate the exponential expression:

= 12.6 - 7.2 + 8.8

f(30) = 14.2

302 = 30 # 30 = 900.

Perform the multiplications.

Subtract and add from left to right.

The statement f(30) = 14.2, read f of 30 equals 14.2, tells us that the value of the
function at 30 is 14.2. When the functions input is 30, its output is 14.2. Figure 2.5
illustrates the input and output in terms of a function machine.
f(30)=14.2
30 years after
1970, or in 2000,

14.2% of first-year college women

claimed no religious affiliation.

We have seen that in 2000, 13.2% actually claimed nonaffiliation, so our function
thatmodels the data overestimates the data value for 2000 by 1%.

Using Technology
Graphing utilities can be used
toevaluate functions. The
screens on the right show the
evaluation of
f (x) = 0.014x 2 - 0.24x + 8.8
at 30 on a TI-84 Plus graphing
calculator. The function f is
named Y1 .

We used f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8 to find f(30). To find other function values,
such as f(40) or f(55), substitute the specified input value, 40 or 55, for x in the functions
equation.
If a function is named f and x represents the independent variable, the notation f(x)
corresponds to the y-value for a given x. Thus,
f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8 and y = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8
define the same function. This function may be written as
y = f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8.
Exampl e 3

Using Function Notation

Find the indicated function value:

a. f(4) for f(x) = 2x + 3

b. g(-2) for g(x) = 2x 2 - 1

c. h(-5) for h(r) = r 3 - 2r 2 + 5

d. F(a + h) for F(x) = 5x + 7.

Solution
a. f(x) = 2x + 3

This is the given function.

To find f of 4, replace x with 4.

f(4) = 2 # 4 + 3
= 8 + 3
f(4)=11
f of 4 is 11.

Multiply: 2 # 4 = 8.

Add.

Se ctio n 2.1 Introduction to Functions 109

b.

g(x) = 2x2 - 1
g(-2) = 2(-2)2 - 1
= 2(4) - 1
= 8 - 1

g(2)=7
g of 2 is 7.

This is the given function.

To find g of -2, replace x with - 2.
Evaluate the exponential expression: (- 2)2 = 4.
Multiply: 2(4) = 8.
Subtract.

h(r) = r 3 - 2r 2 + 5

c.

The functions name is h and r represents

the independent variable.

h(-5) = (-5)3 - 2(-5)2 + 5 To find h of -5, replace each occurrence of r with - 5.
= -125 - 2(25) + 5
Evaluate exponential expressions.
= -125 - 50 + 5

Multiply.
-125 - 50 = -175 and -175 + 5 = - 170.
h(5)=170
h of 5 is 170.

d. F(x) = 5x + 7

This is the given function.

F(a + h) = 5(a + h) + 7
F(a+h)=5a+5h+7

F of a + h is 5a + 5h + 7.

Replace x with a + h .
Apply the distributive property.

Check point 3 Find the indicated function value:

a. f(6) for f(x) = 4x + 5

b. g(-5) for g(x) = 3x 2 - 10

c. h(-4) for h(r) = r 2 - 7r + 2

d. F(a + h) for F(x) = 6x + 9.

Great Question!
In Example 3 and Check Point 3, finding some of the function values involved
evaluating exponential expressions. Cant this be a bit tricky when such functions
are evaluated at negative numbers?
Yes. Be particularly careful if there is a term with a coefficient of -1. Notice the following
differences:
f(x)=x2

g(x)=(x)2

Replace x with 4.

Replace x with 4.

f(4)=(4)2
=16

g(4)=((4))2

=42=16

Functions Represented by Tables and Function Notation

Function notation can be applied to functions that are represented by tables.
Example 4

Using Function Notation

Function f is defined by the following table:

a. Explain why the table defines a function.

f(x)

-2

b. Find the domain and the range of the function.

-1

Find the indicated function value:

c. f(-1)

d. f(0)
e. Find x such that f(x) = 4.

110 C ha pt e r 2 Functions and Linear Functions

Solution

f(x)

-2

a. Values in the first column of the table make up the domain, or input values. Values

-1

in the second column of the table make up the range, or output values. We see
that every element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range,
shown in Figure 2.6. Therefore, the relation given by the table is a function.
The voice balloons pointing to appropriate parts of the table illustrate the solution to
parts (b)(e).

The table defining f (repeated)

2
1
0
1
2
Domain

5
0
3
1
4
Range

Figure 2.6

f ( x)

b. The domain is the

set of inputs:
{2, 1, 0, 1, 2}.

c. f (1) = 0: When the input is 1, the output is 0.

d. f (0) = 3: When the input is 0, the output is 3.
e. f (x) = 4 when x = 2: The output, f(x), is 4 when the input, x, is 2.

b. The range is the

set of outputs:
{5, 0, 3, 1, 4}.

Check point 4 Function g is defined by the following table:

a. Explain why the table defines a function.

g(x)

b. Find the domain and the range of the function.

Find the indicated function value:

c. g(1)
d. g(3)
e. Find x such that g(x) = 3.

Achieving Success
Check out Professor Dan Millers Learning Guide that accompanies this textbook.
Benefits of using the Learning Guide include:
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assigned homework, quizzes, and tests.
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Video Lecture Series, and the PowerPoint Presentation.
It will help increase your study skills.
It will help you prepare for the chapter tests.
Ask your professor about the availability of this textbook supplement.

Concept and Vocabulary Check

Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true.
1. Any set of ordered pairs is called a/an ______________. The set of all first components of the ordered pairs is called the

______________. The set of all second components of the ordered pairs is called the ______________.
2. A set of ordered pairs in which each member of the set of first components corresponds to exactly one member of the set of

second components is called a/an ______________.

3. The notation f(x) describes the value of ______________ at ______________.
4. If h(r) = - r 2 + 4r - 7, we can find h(2) by replacing each occurrence of ______________ by ______________.

Se ctio n 2.1 Introduction to Functions 111

2.1 Exercise Set

Watch the videos

in MyMathLab

Download the
MyDashBoard App

Practice Exercises

18. f(x) = (- x)3 - x 2 - x + 10

In Exercises 18, determine whether each relation is a function.

Give the domain and range for each relation.

a. f(0)

c. f(2)

1. {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 5)}

2x - 3
19. f(x) =
x - 4

a. f(0)

2. {(4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 8)}

3. {(3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5)}
4. {(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 6), (6, 7)}

d. f(1) + f(- 1)

b. f(3)

c. f(- 4)

e. f(a + h)

d. f(-5)

f. Why must 4 be excluded from the domain of f?

5. {(- 3, -3),(-2, - 2),(- 1, -1),(0, 0)}

20. f(x) =

6. {(- 7, -7), (- 5, - 5), (- 3, -3), (0, 0)}

b. f(2)

3x - 1
x - 5
b. f(3)

c. f(- 3)

a. f(0)

7. {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)}

d. f(10)

8. {(4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1)}

f. Why must 5 be excluded from the domain of f?

e. f(a + h)

In Exercises 924, find the indicated function values.

21.

9. f(x) = x + 1

a. f(0)

d. f(2a)

b. f(5)

c. f(-8)

e. f(a + 2)

10. f(x) = x + 3

a. f(0)

d. f(2a)

b. f(5)

c. f(-8)

e. f(a + 2)

11. g(x) = 3x - 2

a. g(0)

d. g(4b)

b. g(- 5)

e. g(b + 4)

12. g(x) = 4x - 3

a. g(0)

d. g(5b)

b. g(- 5)

e. g(b + 5)

2
c. g a b
3
3
c. g a b
4

23.

13. h(x) = 3x 2 + 5

a. h(0)

d. h(- 3)

b. h(- 1)

22.

c. h(4)

e. h(4b)

14. h(x) = 2x 2 - 4

a. h(0)

d. h(- 3)

b. h(- 1)

c. h(5)

e. h(5b)

15. f(x) = 2x + 3x - 1

a. f(0)

d. f(b)

e. f(5a)

b. f(3)

24.

c. f(-4)

16. f(x) = 3x 2 + 4x - 2

a. f(0)

d. f(b)

e. f(5a)

b. f(3)

a. f(0)

c. f(2)

f(x)

-4

b. f(2)

-2

c. For what value of x is

12

15

f(x) = 9?

a. f(-3)

f(x)

-5

b. f(3)

-3

c. For what value of x is

12

16

20

f(x) = 12?

h(x)

-2

-1

a. h(- 2)
b. h(1)
c. For what values of x is

h(x) = 1?

h(x)

a. h(- 2)

-2

-2

b. h(1)

-1

-1

c. For what values of x is

-1

-2

h(x) = -1?

Practice Plus

17. f(x) = (- x)3 - x 2 - x + 7

c. f(-5)

a. f(-2)

In Exercises 2526, let f(x) = x 2 - x + 4 and g(x) = 3x - 5.

b. f(2)

25. Find g(1) and f(g(1)).

d. f(1) + f(-1)

26. Find g(- 1) and f(g(-1)).

112 C ha pt e r 2 Functions and Linear Functions

In Exercises 2728, let f and g be defined by the following table:
x

f(x)

g(x)

-2

-1

-1

-4

-3

-6

least corrupt countries corresponds to a corruption

rating. Each ordered pair should be in the form
(country, corruption rating).

b. Is the relation in part (a) a function? Explain your

answer.

2f(- 1) - f(0) - [g(2)]2 + f(- 2) , g(2) # g(- 1).

27. Find

33. a. Write a set of four ordered pairs in which each of the

c. Write a set of four ordered pairs in which

corruption ratings for the least corrupt countries

correspond to countries. Each ordered pair should
be in the form

28. Find 0 f(1) - f(0) 0 - [g(1)]2 + g(1) , f(- 1) g(2).

(corruption rating, country).

In Exercises 2930, find f(-x) - f(x) for the given function f.

Then simplify the expression.
29. f(x) = x 3 + x - 5

30. f(x) = x 2 - 3x + 7

answer.

In Exercises 3132, each function is defined by two equations.

The equation in the first row gives the output for negative
numbers in the domain. The equation in the second row gives
the output for nonnegative numbers in the domain. Find the
indicated function values.
31. f(x) = b

a. f(-2)

c. f(3)

32. f(x) = b

a. f(-3)

c. f(4)

3x + 5
4x + 7

if x 6 0
if x 0
b. f(0)

6x - 1
7x + 3

most corrupt countries corresponds to a corruption

rating. Each ordered pair should be in the form
(country, corruption rating).

if x 6 0
if x 0
b. f(0)

(corruption rating, country).

d. f(-100) + f(100)

Top Four Least Corrupt and Most Corrupt Countries

9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5
10
Least corrupt
9
countries
8
7
Most corrupt
6
countries
5
4
3
1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
2
Myanmar

Haiti

Chad

Bangladesh

Denmark

New Zealand

Country
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index

d. Is the relation in part (c) a function? Explain your

answer.

Writing in Mathematics
35. What is a relation? Describe what is meant by its domain

and its range.

36. Explain how to determine whether a relation is a function.

What is a function?
37. Does f(x) mean f times x when referring to function f? If

not, what does f(x) mean? Provide an example with your

explanation.
38. For people filing a single return, federal income tax is a

function of adjusted gross income because for each value

of adjusted gross income there is a specific tax to be paid.
By contrast, the price of a house is not a function of the lot
size on which the house sits because houses on same-sized
lots can sell for many different prices.

1
Finland

c. Write a set of four ordered pairs in which corruption

ratings for the least corrupt countries correspond to

countries. Each ordered pair should be in the form

The Corruption Perceptions Index uses perceptions of the

general public, business people, and risk analysts to rate
countries by how likely they are to accept bribes. The ratings
are on a scale from 0 to 10, where higher scores represent less
corruption. The graph shows the corruption ratings for the
worlds least corrupt and most corrupt countries. (The rating for
the United States is 7.6.) Use the graph to solve Exercises 3334.

Iceland

b. Is the relation in part (a) a function? Explain your

answer.

Application Exercises

Corruption Rating

34. a. Write a set of four ordered pairs in which each of the

d. f(-100) + f(100)

d. Is the relation in part (c) a function? Explain your

a. Describe an everyday situation between variables that

is a function.

b. Describe an everyday situation between variables that

is not a function.

Se ctio n 2.1 Introduction to Functions 113

Critical Thinking Exercises

51. If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) and f(1) = 3, find f(2), f(3),

and f(4). Is f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all functions?

Make Sense? In Exercises 3942, determine whether each

statement makes sense or does not make sense and explain
your reasoning.
39. Todays temperature is a function of the time of day.

Review Exercises
52. Simplify: 24 , 4[2 - (5 - 2)]2 - 6.

40. My height is a function of my age.

41. Although I presented my function as a set of ordered

pairs, I could have shown the correspondences using a

table or using points plotted in a rectangular coordinate
system.
42. My function models how the chance of divorce depends

on the number of years of marriage, so the range is

{x x is the number of years of marriage}.
In Exercises 4348, determine whether each statement is true or
false. If the statement is false, make the necessary change(s) to
produce a true statement.

(Section 1.2, Example 7)

3x 2 y -2 -2
53. Simplify:
. (Section 1.6, Example 9)
y3
x
3x
54. Solve:
=
+ 4. (Section 1.4, Example 4)
3
5

Preview Exercises
Exercises 5557 will help you prepare for the material covered
in the next section.
55. Graph y = 2x. Select integers for x, starting with - 2 and

ending with 2.

43. All relations are functions.

44. No two ordered pairs of a function can have the same

second components and different first components.

Using the tables that define f and g, determine whether each
statement in Exercises 4548 is true or false.
x

f(x)

g(x)

-4

-1

-1

-4

-3

-2

-2

-3

-2

-3

-3

-2

-1

-4

-4

-1

56. Graph y = 2x + 4. Select integers for x, starting with - 2

and ending with 2.

57. Use the following graph to solve this exercise.

y
6
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 11

45. The domain of f = the range of f

46. The range of f = the domain of g

47. f(-4) - f(-2) = 2

a. What is the y-coordinate when the x-coordinate is

2?

48. g(- 4) + f(-4) = 0

49. If f(x) = 3x + 7, find

1 2 3 4 5

f(a + h) - f(a)
h

b. What are the x-coordinates when the y-coordinate is 4?

c. Use interval notation to describe the x-coordinates of

50. Give an example of a relation with the following

characteristics: The relation is a function containing two

ordered pairs. Reversing the components in each ordered
pair results in a relation that is not a function.

all points on the graph.

d. Use interval notation to describe the y-coordinates of

all points on the graph.