F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

DESIGN DATA

Subject
It is required to check the adequacy of a 63 x 200 mm C24 joist for a flat roof, with an effective span
of 4 800 mm at 600 mm spacing.

Service class

~~~
~~~
~~

classes which are related to the expected temperature and

humidityin the service environment. Service class 1 corresponds to a moisture content in
most sofhoods of 12% or less, which is likely to occur in warm roofs in c(entrallyheated
Clause 3.1.5
For members made of solid or glued laminatedtimber, designs which are validfor Service
class 1 will also be validfor Service class 2.

Service class 1
Timber strength class and properties

BS EN 338

Timber strength class C24

Material properties for solid timber strength classes are given in

BS EN 338
The subscript k in the values reproduced below indicatesa five percentile characteristic
strength value, based on the ultimatestrength measured in laboratorytest&

Bemimg strength

Compression strength perpendicular to grain

Shear strength
Mean moduhu of elasticity parallel to grain
Mean shear modulus
Average density

=
=
=
=
2
GZ
=
PIIWIII =
f m.k
fc.9o.k

24
5.3
2.5
11000
690
420

N/nUl+
N/mm*
N/II&
N/mm*
N/mm*
kg/m3

For section properties, target sizes are used.

Clause 3.2.3 P(1)
The standard target sizes used in the UK are tabulutedin T&IDAs Guidance Document
GD3, and in Tables 3 and 4 of the Introductionto the Design Examples. !

Section dimensions and properties

Breadth of beam section
Depth of beam section
Span between bearing centres
Bearing length

b
h
L
0

=63
=200
= 4 800
=50

mm
mm
mm
mm

F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

In ECS, the major bending axis is designatedas y-y, not x-x as normallyused in the UK.
W is used rather than Z to represent the section modulus.
EC5 Figure 5.1.6

Cross-sectional area

Section modulus about y-y

W,

!$

= 63 x

?!$!

= 4200()Omm3

Second moment of area about y-y IY

!$

= 63 x

= 42000000mm4

=bh=63x200=12600mm2

For the calculation of self-weight, the mean density is used.

Beam self-weight

9.807 p

_A
109

Clause 2.2.2.2(3)

9.807 x 420 x 12 600

= 0.05190 kN{m

14

Actions
Dead weight of decking, insulation aud ceiling =
=

0.6 kN/m*
0.6 x 0.6 kN/m

Beam self weight

0.05190 kN/m

Therefore

=
Gk =

0.36 + 0.05190

Snow load

0.75 kN/nnz

Therefore
Imposed concentrated load

0.75 x 0.6

Partial

0.36 kN/m

0.4119 kN/m

=
=

0.45 kNlm
0.9kN

safetyfactors
Partialsafetyfactors for actions and materialsare given in Tables 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2 of 1
ECS, and in Table 1 of the NationalApplicationDocument (the NAD). They may also 1
be obtained from Tables 6 and 8 of the Introductionto the Design Examples.

Permanent actions
Variable actions

1.35
1.5

T&le 2.3.3. I

YQ =

Material factor for timber

Yh4 =

1.3

Table 2.3.3.2

2 of44

YG

TRADA, HughendenValley, High Wycombe. Bucks. HP14 4ND. UK

oT&4DA1!3!M.F

F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - Strength

Clause 2.3.2.2P(l)

Design values of actions

=

YG G,c

= YQQW =
= YQQU =

1.35 x 0.4119
1.5x0.45
1.5 x 0.9 x 1 000

=
=
=

0.5561 kN/m or N/mm

0.675 kN/m or N/mm
1 350 N

STRENGTHMODIFICATIONFACTORS

T&ADAs EC5 Guidance Document GD3, Table 5, liststhe modif%xtionfqrs

applicable
to characteristicstrength values. These factors are calculated in turn as follows.

Load sbarlug

Clause 5.4.6

The load sharingfactor may be used ifthe structureis a load distribution sys%emas defined
C&use 5.4.6(2)
in

Beam is part of a load sharing system

k,, =

1.1

Size factor
Factor k,, may be used for solid timbersectionswithdepths in bending or widthsin tension
of less than 150 mm to increase the characteristicbending and tensilestrenglylvalues given
Clause 3.2.2
in BS EN 338.

Depth modification factor

k,, =

l.Oforabeam2OOmmdeep

Lateral stability
l?ze beam is notfully restrainedalong its length; therefore the critical bending stress must
Clause 5.2.2
be calculated to determhte the instabilityfactor kc,+,.
The flective length, L, depends on the distancebetween restraints,L, and on the degree
of restraintto rotationin plan and to twisting. The NAD recommends values of Lti from
0. ZLto 1.2L, depending on the degree and type of restraint. In this example, the effective
length is taken as equal 1.2L.

8TRADA19!XF

TRADA, HughendenValley, High Wycombe. Bucks. HP14 4ND. UK

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F 1 JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

,

Effective length

Lf

Critical bending stress

u mail

=
=

1.2L
1.2~4800

0.75 %,05b2

NAD Clause 5.2.2

0.75 x 7 400 x 632

5 760 x 200

19.12 N/mm2

(5.2i2a)

A+,

Lit

Instability factor

5760mm

Lcfh
=

Relative slenderness for bending

1.56 - 0.751,,

1.56 - (0.75 x 1.120) = 0.7197

_ 24
19.12

1.120

(5.2.26)

Values of k& may be obtaineddirectly from TBADA s EC5 Design Aid: Beam and Column
ModificationFactors. To find kc&for C24 timber, Beam InstabilityFactors: Figure 3 is
used.

h/b

200/63
5 760/63

=
=
=

3.2
91.4
0.72 as before
Clause 5.1.5

Bearing
length
Bearing length

Distance betweenbearing
Overhang at beam end

= 5omm
members (clear span) P, = L - 1 = 4 800 - 50 = 4 750 mm

10 mm
=

1.06

Table S.J.5

The NAD, in its comments on Clause 3.1.6P(2), states that snow loads in the UK and
imposed concentrated loads on roofsfor maintenance or repair should be considered as
short-termactions. The adequacy of the beam to resist the resulting bending, shear and
bearing stresses will therefore be checked for permanent and short-term load cases.
.

F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

-LOAD

Design values of effects of actions

Clause 2.2.2.5P(l) defines the @ects of actionsas responses of the structurk?Q-orexample9
intemal forces and moments, stresses, strains) to the actions.

Design bending moment

M, =

-G,L2
8

Design shear load

v,

-=
%L
2

0.5561 x 4 Sod
8
0.5561

4 800

1601000Nmm

= I 335 N

Modification factor for actions of permanent duration

in Service class 1
kcd = 0.6

Table 3.1.7

Bending strength

Design bending stress

u,,,&

1601000
420000

=
Y

Design bending strength

fm,d,y

3.81 N/mm2

8.77 N/mm2

= 4kk&kmodfmJI.
YM
=

1.1x1x0.7197x0.6x24
1.3

Bt!IldiUg

stren%h
satisfactory

Shear stmgth

Design shear stress

7d

_1.5v,

1.5 x 1 335
12 600

0.159 N/mm2

1.1 x 0.6 x 2.5

1.3

1.27N,_2

Design shear strength

kkmdf~&
YM

7d

bTRADA1P94.F

fy,d

<

fv,d

TRADA, Hughendenvalley, High Wycombe, Bucks. HP14 4ND. UK

Shear
strength
satisfactory

5 of44

F 1 JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

Bearing strength

Design compression

StESS

perpendicular

t0 grSiII

uc,w,d

Design compression strength

perpendicular to grain
f&-,d = lQG9okcpoffs9oJr =

1.1 x

1.06

-=

0.6

= 0.424 N/rim2

5.3

2 g5 N,&
.

1.3

YM
%Q,d

1 335
63 x 50

fc,93,d

+ SHORT-TERMLOADS

Design values of effects of actions

Design bending moment
The bending moment produced by the u.d.1. Qa,,

Qd,1L2
8

The bending moment produced by the point load Qd,*

0.675x48od
8

Qd&

1)44o-,ON&,

1350 x 4 800

1 620 000 Nmm

BS 6399 : Part 3, the Code of Practke for imposed roof loads, specifies a concentrated
load of 0.9 kN as an altenrativeto the snow load, i.e. it is assumed that the two imposed
loads will not occur simultaneously. Thertrfre the bending momentsfrom the variable
actions are not combined, so the larger value alone is the critical one.

Using the value of Iv&produced by the permanent load Gd that was CakXlated preViOuSly,
h!& =

1601000

1944000

= 3545000Nmm

Design shear load

The shear load produced by the u.d.1. Qd,l

The shear load produced by the point load Qd,*

=Q&
2
=

O-675 X 4 800
2

1 350 N

Therefore the shear load produced by Qd,l is the critical one.

1
6of44

1 620 N

Se!ction
adequate
in bending,
shear and
permanent
loads

F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

Using the value of V, produced by the permanent load G,, that was calculated pteviously,
V, =

1 335 +

1 620 = 2 955 N
Table 3.1.7

Modification factor for short-term loading in Service class 1 k,,_, = 0.9

Since the period in whichpermanent and short-termloads occur simuk&ously is shortterm, the modificationfactor for loads of short-termduration is used.

Bencling
strength

M*

Design bending stress

%CLY

=w,

4khlhitLfmJK

Design bending strength f,,,d,y =

YM

3 545 000
420 000
1.1x1xo.7197xO.9x24
1.3

= 8.44 N/mm*

= 13.15 N/mm*

B-cling
strength
satisfactory
Shear strength
Design shear stress

Design shear strength

Td =

1.5 x v,
A

1.5 x 2 955
12 600

= 0.352 N/mm*

f,d =

%skmaf&
YM

1.1 x 0.9 x 2.5

1.3

rd

Bearing strength

<

1.90 N/mm*

Shear stren@h
satisfactory

fv.d

Design compression stress perpendicular to grain

Qc.90.d

Vd

b4

2 955
63 x 50

= 0.938 N/mm*

Design compression strength perpendicular to grain

fc,9D,d

14,%xl kod fcsw

=
YM

%SQ,d

bTMDA1994.F

TRADA,

1.1x1.06x0.9x5.3
1.3

Valley,

4.28 N/mm*

Section adequate in
bending, shear and bearing
for combined permanent
and short-term loads.

fc,90.d

Hughenden

High Wycombc,

Bucks. HP14 4ND. UK

7 of44

F 1

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE - Deflection

I

The procedure for cakulating instantaneousandfinal deflections and the recommend&i

limitationson dejletion are given in lXADA s GuidanceDocument GD4. For solid timber
members in load sharing systems, the mean elastic and shear moduli are used. In this
design example, use is made of the conventionalformulae for calculatingdejlections. The
form factor, t$, for solid rectangular sectionr, is 1.2.

Deflection formulae
Deflection caused by u.d.1.

5FU& L4

@Fad,

3~lhmKJY

5x48004
384x11000x42000000

Deflection caused by point load

1.2 x 4 Sod
+ 8x690~12600
F,,

L3

4qncJy

4sod
48x11
Instantaneous

Lz

1.2 F,,

=
1

15.36 Fvdlmm

+ 4GoJncanA

1.2x4 800

ooOx42 000 000

4x690~12

600

1=

0.005153

F-nun

deflection

Dead load
=
Ul.imt
SnOW load UZ,l,iml=
Point load
=
u2,2,imt

15.36 Gk
15.36 Qk
0.005153 Qk,z

=
=

15.36 x 0.4119
15.36 x 0.45
0.005153 x 0.9 x 1000

=
=
=

6.326 mm
6.912 mm
4.638 mm

Since the variable actions do not occur simultaneously, the maximum instantaneous
deflectionproduced by the variable actions is simplythe larger of the deflectionsproduced
by the two variable actions.

I
=

k!.imt

uZ,l.im

6.91 mm
Clause 4.3.1(2)

Recommended deflection limitation

4 800

L
u2.inst.mu

UZ,imt

<

zz

300

16.OOmm
Il$stantaneous

u2,itw.mu

dtflection
satisfactory

8of44

TRADA, HughendenValley, High Wycombe, Bucks. HP14 4ND. UK

oTR&DA1994.F

JOISTS FOR FLAT ROOF

F 1
Final deflection

Values of kq may be obtained from Table 10, or from Table 4.1 in EC5 For actions of
permanent duration on solid timber in Service class 1, kdcr= 0.80. For actions of shortTable 4.1
term duration, kw = 0.0.
/
I

Final deflection due to permanent loads

Ul,fin

C1

1.80 x 6.326

Lf)

Clause 4.1(4)

Ul,imt

11.39mm

Final deflection due to variable loads

Since 4., aud rSzare both caused by short-term actions for which kf
final deflections caused by the variable actions are the same, i.e.

Hence

%.fm =

Uz,imt

Uncc.fi =

Ul,fin

6.91 mm

18.30 mm

= 0.0, the instantan~us

and

9,tin

11.39 + 6.91

Recommended deflection limitations

For beams withoutprecamber, it is unnecessary to check uzJrnsince hfi
greater.

U acc,fin,nnx

-L
200

4 800
200

is always

24.oomm
Final dehction
satisfactory

4let,tin < 4la.fln,max

The joists proposed are adequate for both strength and sti~ess. The @tical design
parameter is the final deflection. Since the deflection is inversely proportional to the
modulus of elasticity,it is atident thattimber from a lower strength class, viz CI8, would
also suffice. Witha value of EO,_ = 9 OooN/n&, Cl 8 timber wouldproduce a final
net deflection of
unaJil# =

18.30

x II aw,
900

22.4mm

< 24.Omm

Hence the proposed joists are adequate, but Cl8 joists of the same size could also be used.