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The Mosquito was unusual in that its airframe was constructed almost
entirely of wood. It served multiple roles including tactical bomber,
night high-altitude bomber, day or night fighter, intruder, maritime strike
aircraft, and reconnaissance. Due to its wooden construction it had a high
maximum speed and was able to outrun almost all enemy aircraft. Its
wooden construction also gave it a low radar signature.
PART
II
Essential
Groundwork
4.
53
5.
63
6.
77
53
54
nt
Curre
Changing
Electric
Field
Magnetic
Field
Changing
Magnetic
Field
Electric
Field
Magnetic
Field
55
+++++++++
+++++++++
Figure 4-7. Like ripples on a pond, radio waves move outward, long
after the disturbance that produced them has ceased.
Force
56
Force
A radio wave has several fundamental qualities: speed, direction, polarization, intensity, wavelength, frequency, and phase.
Direction of
propagation
The variation, however, is so extremely small that most practical purposes radio waves can be assumed to travel at a constant speed, the same as that in a vacuum. This speed is very
nearly equal to 3 108 m/sec. This is the value usually used in
radar computations.
57
c=
299.7925 106
meters/s*
( e )1/ 2
Space: e = 1
Air: e = 1.000536
*From Maxwells equation, c = ()1/2, where = o m, and = oe. But, (00)1/2 = 299.7925 106 and, in a nonmagnetic medium, the permeability m = 1.
/8
/4
58
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
1
2
1
Reflected
Energy
Incident
Energy 1
1
Reflected
Energy
Incident
Energy
Specular Reflection
Scattering
Refracted
Energy
Edge Diffraction
H
H
59
2. Other terms for this rate are energy flux and power flow.
Unit
of
Area
Flow
of
Energy
Antenna
60
Wavelength
() Intensity (+)
Distance
Placing a receiving antenna in the waves path and the voltage developed across the antenna terminals is observed on an
oscilloscope will reveal that it has the same shape (amplitude
versus time) as the earlier plot of the intensity of the fields
versus distance along the direction of travel (Fig. 4-17). The
number of cycles this signal completes per second is the waves
frequency.
Frequency is usually represented by a lowercase f and is
expressed in Hertz (Hz) in honor of Heinrich Hertz: 1 Hz is one
cycle per second; 1000 Hz is 1 kilohertz (kHz); 1000 000 Hz is
1 megahertz (MHz); 1000 MHz is 1 gigahertz (GHz); and
1000 GHz is a terahertz (THz).
f1
Distance
Speed
f2 = 3f1
Distance
Fixed Observation Point
c
f
Period =
Period
T
Amplitude
Time
4.3 Summary
Radio waves are radiated whenever an electric charge accelerates whether due to thermal agitation in matter or a current
surging back and forth through a conductor. Their energy is
contained partly in an electric field and partly in a magnetic
field. The fields may be visualized in terms of the magnitude
and direction of the forces they would exert on an electrically charged particle and a tiny magnet, suspended in the
waves path.
The polarization of the wave is the direction of the electric
field. The direction of propagation is always perpendicular to
the directions of both fields. In free space at a distance of several wavelengths from the radiator, the magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field, and the rate of flow of energy
equals the product of the magnitudes of the two fields. In an
unmodulated signal, the intensity of the fields varies sinusoidally as the wave passes by. The distance between successive
crests is the wavelength.
If a receiving antenna is placed in the path of a wave, an
AC voltage proportional to the electric field will appear across
its terminals. The number of cycles this signal completes per
Reference Signal
Phase
61
62
300 106
Wave length = Frequency
1
Period = Frequency
Further Reading
S. E. Schwarz, Electromagnetics for Engineers, Oxford University
Press, 1995.
K. Lonngren, S. Savov, and R. Jost, Fundamentals of
Electromagnetics with MATLAB , 2nd ed., SciTech-IET, 2007.
J. W. Nilsson and S. Reidel, Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis,
chapter 9 in Electric Circuits, Prentice-Hall, 2011.
F. T. Ulaby, E. Michielssen, and U. Ravaioli, Fundamentals of
Applied Electromagnetics, 6th ed., Pearson, 2014.