-

(2006)
, D.P.MGR., ,
....
- : ,
,
: ,
, . ..
... : ,
,
TEACCH : ,
, /

.
(...)
,
, .
:
- ,
,
- ,
- , ,
,
,
- .
- .
,
, .

, , ICD 10 (
1992)
(1994), , DSM
IV.
70.
Asperger, 90
ICD DSM ,
/

 . ,
, DSM IV Asperger,
ICD 10 .
ICD-10 : ,
,
.
ICD 10, .
, .
,
.
,
,

(Howlin 1998). ,


.
,
.

,
ICD10,
,
:
1. : , ,
, Kanner.
2. : ,
.
3. Rett
4.

):

, Heller.
5.

6. Asperger : ,
.
7.
8. ,

DSM IV (

) :
-

.
,


.
:
-

:
-

,
,

, ,
.

:
-

, .

.

(D.S.M IV ) :
-

Asperger

Rett

()

, ,
.

. ,
. Asperger
. ,
,
.
, ,
. :

.
, ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
. ,

.
, .

 .
(Larcombe, 1998).

,
, , ,
,

.

, , ,
, .
, Uta Frith, Alan Leslie,
Simon Baron-Coen ,

, ,

. , ,
, .
Uta Frith ,
,
.
,
.

.
.


.
:
-

, , ,
( )

 20 .
-
,
.
..
,
,
.
.

:

.
,
.
Lorna Wing
:
1) , :
)
.
.

.
)
,
.
) ,
, , .
)


,
,

.

2) :
)
, - . ,
,
.

.
) ,
, , .
) ,
.
) :
- ,
- , ( , )
- (, , ..) , ,
- , (, ),
-, , , -
.

, .
.
,
.

.

.


.

.

3)
,
,
.

. ,
, ,

, ,
,
.

.
Asperger
,
, , ,
, ,
.

:
. :

:
.
.
, .
, .
. :
:
/
/
/ .
-, -, -
. :
:
.
.
.
, , .
. , ,
:
:
, ,
, , , ,
, , , .


.
. :

:
.

.
, .
,
.

Asperger
.
.
:
. ,
, .
. . .

.
.
, ,
.

.
.
:
-

.
-

 .
-
,

,
, 2 3 . ,
,
, ,
.

.

.
.
1

,
. .

10 ,
11
, ,
.
12

;
:
1.
2.
3.
4. /
5. ,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.


, ,
. ,

.
,
,
.

(Howlin,1998).
H .


.
75% ,
(Dawson and Osterling,
1997; Rogers, 1996,1998).
,
,
(Cox et al 1999). O Woolley et al
(1989)
, ,

.


.

.
/ / ,

, .

. .

, .
, ,
. ,
.
-,

.


(Baird et al 2000;
Baird et al 2001; Baron-Cohen et al 2000).
:
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)
,
.
.
CHAT, Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening
Test-Stage 1 (Siegel, 1998)
.
, 3
, .
,
36 .

,
.
PDDST-stage 1 .
Australian Scale for Aspergers Syndrome (Garnett and Attwood,
1998)

. 24
1 6 10
.
2 6 ,
, .

.

(Osterling and Dawson, 1994).
90%
, Mars,
Mauk Dowrick (1998) :


(pointing)
Showing
, Osterling Dawson (1999)
12
.
(Brown et al, 1998; Baranek,1999 ; Teitelbaum et al, 1998).

,
12 .



,
, ,
.
, Denver II ( Denver Developmental
Screening Test Revised; Frankenburg et al 1992)
6
. , ,
.
To Revised Denver Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (RDPDQ; Frankenburg 1986)
.
Denver Developmental Screening Test, sensitivity
.
Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ)

.
ADI algorithm (Lord et al 1994)
ICD 10 ( , 1994)
DSM-IV ( , 1994).
Rutter Lord (Berument et al 1999),
,
. ASQ
40 , DI-R,

. , 6
6 . ASQ
4 .
, ,
.

:
1. Ages and Stages Questionnaire, , ASQ (Bricker
and Squires 1994, 1999 ; Squires, Bricker and Potter 1997).

3 .

(Glascoe,1994, 1997, 1998; Glascoe and Dworkin
1995). .
(standardised) ,
-

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

.
BRIGANCE Screens (Brigance 1986; Glascoe 1996)
7 .
, 10
.
,
.
,
.
Child Development Inventories (Ireton 1992; Ireton and Glascoe
1995)
72 .
5-10 . CDIs
, , , , , ,
, . specificity .
,
.
Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS; Glascoe
1998)
.


. 10
,
2 . PEDS .
,
.
Bayley scales II (Bayley 1993)
Bayley scales
1-42 . ,

.
45 60 .
:
:

, , ,

:

:
, .
Wechsler pre-school and
primary scale, (WPPSI-R) (Wechsler 1990)
3 7 .
.
60 .

 :
,

. Lorna Wing,
Judith Gould National Autistic Societys Centre.
- the Handicaps and Behaviour
Schedule (HBS)- 70 (Wing and Gould
1978). .
HBS Diagnostic Interview for Social and
Communication Disorders (DISCO), .
,
.
DISCO ICD
10 Asperger Gillberg
(Leekam et al 2000).
Autistic Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Lord, Rutter
Le Couteur (1994)
.


.
(checklists), Gilliam Autism Rating
Scale (Gilliam 1998).
, .

3 22 . DSM-IV
4 - ,
,
.
,

. :
-

Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler, Reichler and Renner

1998). 15
24 .


. 30-45
.

Parent Interview for Autism (Stone and Hogan,1993)

118 , 11

,
.

 45 . .
-

Autism Behaviour Checklist (Krug, Arick and Almond,1980)

Behavioural Rating Instrument for autistic and other atypical

children (Ruttenberg et al 1977). ,

.

.
.
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al 1989)
, Pre-Linguistic ADOS (Di Lavore Lord
and Rutter,1995)
DOS-G (Lord et al 1996).

.
, ,
, . ADOS-G 20-40
.
ADOS-R, ADOS-G
.

24
35 Screening Tool
for Autism in Tow-year-olds (Stone 1998a, 1998b).

.
20 20 .
3 : (
), .
.

, Filipeck (1999),

,
,

. ,

.

 ,

,

.
, .
,
.
,
, ,
,
.

,
, .

,
.

,
,
.
,
.
- ,

( ) .

.

.
, ,
, :

1. teacch (division teacch)

2. (behavioural approaches, applied
behaviour analysis a.b.a.)
3. - ( integration
approaches)
4. higashi (daily life therapy at the
boston higashi school)
5.

(interactive

approaches,

option

approach , the playschool curriculum , infant development programe)

6. .

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.

7.
8.
9.

10.

(
) :
1.
2.

3. PECS , MAKATON
4.
5.

6. -,

7. ,
8.
9.
10.
11.

- :
1.
,
2.
,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. , ,
- ,
8. .

, ,

.
:

, ,
, ,
.

- .

-

.

.

.

,
....,
The
Playschool.


.

, -

. ,
, -
.

.

.
,
.
, ,
,
.


.
- ,

.

. ,


.

.

.
(
)
.

, .
, ,

. .

,
, .

.

 ,

.
.
,
.

(-, )
.
-
, .


.

( , ,
).

:
1) ,
2)

3) .

. ,
.

.
,
, :
- ,
- ,
- , ,
- ,

-,
- ,
- ,
-, ,
-.

.
TEACCH
ABA, PECS, MAKATON,
.

,


.
,

, .

D.P.MGR

- **

.


,
.
,


.
, ,


. ,
;

,
, ,
Hellbrugge

1 3 3
, 6, Eric Schopler.

,
, , , ,
, .
,
, .

,
, ;
, ;

 ,
,
.
.
1980
, .
DSM-3 . 1987

. ,

.
, L. Kanner 43 ,
,
Asperger, , ,
. M. Rutter
80 DS-3 DS-4 87.
:
, , Rett,
Asperger ,
.

:
, ,
,

.
2-3 .
,
.
.

, .

 , 2
. , 2 10 ,
:
, , ,
.
.
Rett: Rett
. 5
. ,
5 .
, 4 ,
. .
, .
, ,
,

. Rett ,
98%. .
Asperger: ,
; ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

.
, .
,


.
,

. , ,
, , .
, 30-40% .

; .

, ,
.
.
, ,
.
, .
, .

.
;
, , 4 1 . Rett
, . 4-5
10.000. ,
, , 50
10.000 90 10.000
.
.
60 90, 80
, .
; 1960

,

.
1987 ,
. 1992
2000
.
. L. Kanner ,
.


93%.
, 5 9
3% 20%
.

, , , 60%
, , 5-9%.
.
15% .
.
.
.
15
, 15q-11 q-13. , 8-15
.
Rett
, q 28 , Mecpi-2

.
. ..
33% , .

. ,

 .
:
.

.

. , ,
, , ,
. .

.
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
.

,
. .
,

.
** .

**


, ,
.
, ,
.
.

.
, 17 ,


, 1 ,

.
,


. ,
, , ,

.


.
,

.


.


. ,
, ,
.
,


.

,
, .

,
,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,

. , ,
, ,

.

. ,
, ,
,
.



. , ,

, ,
.
.
,
.

. , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.

,

.
,

.

, ,
, , ,
- -.

.
-2, , -2
.
,
.

 .

, ,
,

.
,
. , , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
.


.


.
,
.
,

,
, , , , ,
.

.


70
.
98
,
, , , .
,
,

.

.

,
.

,
.

, ,

.

, .

.
,

.
, ,
.
,
.

 .
-2 , ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.


.
-,
,
, , .

.
.

.
,
.
.

 .
.

.

,
. ,
,
,


.
, ,

,
.


, ,

.

.
, .

,
.
.
.

, .

.

.
,
,
, ,
,

.
,
.
1998
,
.
,
,

.

,
.
,

.

.


,


.
,
, .



.
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.


,
.
, .

.
,

pH
.
, ,

,
,


. ,

.
,

.

 (,
) .

. -,

, , . ,
, ,
.


-
,

,
.
pH

. L-
-
. -6
,

.
,
,
.
98 ,
. ,
,
.
,
,

 , .

,
,

- .
,
, , ,
,


.
.

,

, ,

Johns Wort , ,
,
. ,


. , ,


.
LSD, ,
, ,

.
** .

&

() (Applied Behavior Analysis ABA)
, ,
. ,
,

.

.

,
,

. ,
,
,
(Skinner, 1953, 1974. , 2002).

 ,
J. . Watson, ,
, , ,
.
Watson
(Skinner, 1974),
,
,
, (Watson, 1913, 1924/1930).
Watson, : () H

, ,

. ()
,

. ()

,
( ) (,
. Hilgard & Bower, 1975).
Watson, B.
F. Skinner,
,
, , ,

(
). Skinner,
,

.
, ,
Skinner. ,
: () ,
, ,
, Skinner (1974)
(private events). , ,
, ,
. ,

, . ,
,
,
.


. ()

( ) ,
,
.

,
1.

.
,
, ,
Bandura (1969),
.
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
(, ).


(Baer, 1978. Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 1987. , 2002. , 2004. Gena,
2006. Mellon, 2005).

1 ,
. , .


,

, ,
.

, ,

. ,
,
(Baer, 1978).

()
, ,
(, ).
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,

, ,
(Baer, 1978). ,
,

,
.
, ,
, , (Baer, Wolf, & Risley,
1968).

,
:
.

 ,

, . , ,
,
,
, (.. , 2002. Kalish, 1981.
, 1991).
H
.

(.. , 2002. Catania, 1992. -, 1997. Keller & Schoenfeld,
1950/1995. , 1991). , ,
: )
, ) )
(Cooper et al., 1987).

, .
, ,
,
, , . ,
,
(Green, 1996).
, ,
(, 1996. Smith, 1993)
,
, ,
, .
,
.
(evidence-based treatments) , ,
(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005)
. ,
,
.
Rogers (1998),
, 8 ,

 . 7
. ,
, Smith (1999) 9 ,

, TEACCH
,
. , , Kasari (2002) 10
.
( 6) ,

, .
, ,
,
.

National Research Council (2001) ,

,
, ,
,
. :
1.

. (Individualized
Educational Program)
, .
, ,
,
,
, , ,
.
2.
, ,
.
3. ,
25
.
4. , ,
, ,
, , (
15-20 ).
5.
. ,

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1:1
1:2.

, . , ,
,
,

.

,
,
.
(3 )
,
/ ,
.
,
.

.

,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
( ),
. ,
, ,
. ,

. , ,
.

(.. ).

,
,
, ,
. -
. ,
. ,
, . ,

, .
.

 , .
,

,
(, 2002).
, ...

(, 2002). : 1)
,
. 2)

. 3)
' . 4)
,
,
. 5)
. 6)
,
. 7) , ,
, . 8)
,
. 9)
,
. 10)

. 11) ,
.

1960,
. Ivar Lovaas

,

(Olley, 2005).
,

Lovaas, ,
Kansas University, Krantz,
McClannahan .

 Baer, o Risley, o Wolf,

.

, .
,
, .
(mass trials),
- , ,
. ,
. , , ,
,
(Lovaas, 2003. Green, 1996).
, ,
,
.

: ,
: ) , )
, )
, )
, )
. ,
,
, (, 2002. Lovaas, 1987). ,
.
, , , (activity schedules)
(.. McClannahan & Krantz, 1999. Krantz, MacDuff, & McClannahan, 1993. MacDuff, Krantz,
& McClannahan, 1993),
(.. Gena, Couloura, & Kymissis, 2005. Charlop-Christy, Le, & Freeman, 2000. Taylor,
Levin, & Jasper, 1999), (.. Gray & White, 2003. Del Valle,
McEachern, & Chambers, 2001), ,
PECS, (Frost & Bondy, 1994. Charlop-Christy, Carpenter, Le, LeBlanc, & Kellet, 2002),
,
.
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , , , ,

, , ,
(Lovaas, 2003. Maurice, Green, & Luce, 1996. Olley, 2005). ,
,
,
,
, , ..
(Gena, Krantz,
McClannahan, & Poulson, 1996. Howlin, Baron-Cohen, & Hadwin, 1999. Schreibman &
Ingersoll, 2005).

, .
, ,
, , , ,
, , .

(home-based programs)
, , ,
,
,
, (Harris, Handleman,
& Jennett, 2005). UCLA (Young
Autism Project at UCLA), Ivar Lovaas,
.
,

. , ,
, 40 . ,
,
, ,
, (Lovaas,
2003). ,
,
, ,
(Harris et al., 2005).

 , , ,
, ,
.
, . ,
,
.
, , .
. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,

, ,

(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005. Smith, Groen, & Wynn, 2000).

,
, , ,
. ,

,
. ,
,
. ,
, (
), .
,
(Smith, Buch, & Gamby, 2000).
,
,
, (Bibby,
Eikeseth, Martin, Mudford, & Reeves, 2002. Sheinkopf & Siegal, 1998. Smith, Buch, et al.,
2000).
,

. ,
(Sheinkopf & Siegal, 1998).
, ,

 ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, (Bibby et al., 2002. Smith, Buch
et al., 2000). , , - ,
,
, ,

. , ,
,
(Johnson & Hasting, 2002). ,
,
, ,
. ,
, (..
), ,
(Bibby et al.,
2002. Mudford, Martin, Eikeseth, & Bibby, 2001. Smith, Buch, et al., 2000).
, ,
,

(Smith, Buch et al., 2000).
Sallows & Graupner (2005), ,
, ,
( ),

.

. , ,

, ,
, ,
.
,
.

 .
,
, ,
, , ..,

.


. ,
,
, .


,
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
(Harris et al., 2005).

: ()
,
, ()
, () .
,
. ,
(Harris et al., 2005).
,
, , ,
.
,
, . ,
,
. ,
(.. ,
, , ..),
, . ,


,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, , , , . ,

,


(Harris et al., 2005).

,
,

. ,

, ,
. , ,
. ,
,
,

(Harris et al., 2005).
,
, .
,
, ,
.
Green (1996),
, ,
.

,

, ,
, ,

(Green, 1996). 1985 19 ,

.
Lovaas (1987),
34 , ,
. 40
2-3 , , 20
, , ..
47%
, (>85),
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, 0 35%
. , ,

. Lovaas,
,
(..
Smith, Groen, et al., 2000 50, Lovaas 63,
Bibby (2002) 16% <35 ...).
,
,
UCLA,
. , ,
, , 10 ,
UCLA.

Lovaas, , ,

. 19 , 15
, , ,
, .
,
(Birnbrauer & Leach, 1993.
Smith, Groen & Wynn, 2000). , ,
( 30%)
(Bibby et al., 2002. Boyd & Corley, 2001).
,
( 20 )
(Smith, 1999), 16 (Smith, Groen, et al., 2000) 30 (Howard,
Sparkman, Cohen, Green, & Stanislaw, 2005) . ,
, ,

, , ,
- (Luiselli, OMalley- Cannon, Ellis, & Sison, 2000).
, ,
, ,
(Howard et al., 2005. Smith, Groen et al., 2000).
Smith (2000) (
60 Reynell Developmental Language Scales)
( 43 Merrill-Palmer Scale).
( 34 ,
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) (Weiss, 1999). ,
19 ,
CARS (Weiss, 1999). ,
, 27-47%
,
(.. Weiss,
1999. Harris & Handleman, 2000. Sallows & Graupner, 2005). Green (1996),

,
. ,
,
,
, 2-3 .
, ,
, ,
. 14 ,

( 1
), 14
(Howard et al., 2005).
, , ,
. ,
, , , ,
(Smith, Groen, et al.,
2000).
2-4 (Green, 1996. Luiselli et al., 2000),
, (4-7 ) (Eikeseth, Smith, Jahr, &
Eldevik, 2002).
, , ,
,
,
(Eikeseth et al., 2002. Howard et al., 2005. Gena, 2006). ,
,
. , ,
, 13

 (Harris & Handleman, 2000).

.
, ,
.

,
(Eikeseth et al., 2002. Howard et al., 2005). ,
,
,
, (.. ,
, , ..),

. , , ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
. , 70%
Boyd & Corley (2001). ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
. , ,
. ,
. , , ,
,
.
,
(Boyd & Corley, 2001. Smith, Buch, et al., 2000. Smith, Groen et al., 2000).

.
.

 () , () () .

, ,
,
, (.. Eikeseth et al., 2002)
(.. Smith, Groen et al., 2000).
, , :

:
1. (Eikeseth et al., 2002. Bibby
et al., 2002. Harris & Handleman, 2000. Sallows & Graupner, 2005).
, ,
.
, Harris & Handleman (2000), .. 78
, ,
26 , ,
. , .. 46
, .., (13
) ,
, . ,
.. , ,
50 ,
(, 2002).
2. . 5
, 2-4 ,
(Bibby et
al., 2002. Fenske, Zalenski, Krantz, & McClannahan, 1985. Harris & Handleman,
2000. Luiselli et al., 2000. Green, 1996. Schreibman, 2000).
3. , , , ,
, (Sallows & Graupner, 2005)
(Schreibman & Winter, 2003). ,
, .
( ) 5 ,
( 2002). Beglinger Smith (2005)
,
( Wing),
,
( ), , ,
( ).
4. (
), 3, , ,
(Sallows & Graupner, 2005. Smith, Groen, et al., 2000.
Weiss, 1999).
:
1. ,

 - (Luiselli et al., 2000).

, 2-3 (Green,
1996).
2. (Lovaas, 1987. Sheinkopf & Siegal, 1998. Howard et
al., 2005. Smith, Groen, et al., 2000).
-.
25-30
, 1:1 (Green, 1996).
,
,
. , ,
, 16-30
.. , ,
(Lovaas, 1987. Sheinkopf &
Siegal, 1998. Smith, Groen, et al., 2000). ,

(Sheinkopf & Siegal, 1998). ,
,
UCLA (Lovaas, 1987).
,
,
(Smith, Groen, et al., 2000. Boyd & Corley, 2001), ,
, , Princeton Child
Development Institute (McClannahan & Krantz, 1994).
3. ,
.
. , ,
, Azrin Fox
, ,
,
(McGee, Daly & Jacobs, 1994). ,
,

, (Schreibman & Winter, 2003).
4. , ,
,
, ,
,
,
(, 2002).

, ,
, ,
, , - ,
, ,
. ,

. , ,

, , , ,
(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005.
Schreibman & Winter, 2003).

,
,


.

-
,
,
, ,
(Schreibman &
Ingersoll, 2005). ,
,
- ,
, , ,

.

,
(child-centered approaches),

.
,
. ,
,
(Hart & Risley, 1968. McGee, Krantz, Mason, & McClannahan, 1983. McGee,
Almeida, Sulzer-Azaroff, & Feldman, 1992).
Walden,
(McGee,
Daly & Jacobs, 1994). ,
, ,

 , , ,
, .
,
,
, (..
, , ). ,
(..
, , , ...).
Walden ,
6 .
,
.
, .
,
,
, ,
Walden, ... , ,
, , ,
, , , . ,
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
.

.
, .
, ,
, .
, , , ,
. ,
,
,
(Koegel et al., 1989).
, ,

. Koegel, Koegel McNermey (2001)
: () (
,
, ,

 ,
), () ,
, ,
, ()
, () ()

(Koegel, Koegel, & McNermey, 2001. Koegel, Koegel, & Carter, 1999).

,

.

1

(Delprato, 2001, .316).

,
,
,

.

,

.

,

.

,


.

,
,



.

 ,

.

,
.

-

,

.

,
,

.

-

.

,



.

-
,
.

1:

, , ,
,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
,
(Olley, 2005).
.




,
, ,
(.. Delprato, 2001. Charlop-Christy & Carpenter, 2000). ,

, ,
, ,
,
(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005). , , ,

,
.

,
, TEACCH
Denver,
. .
, ,

. , ,

, (Green, 1996),
,
, TEACCH Denver.
E EA
, . ,
,
, , TEACCH,
, ,
(Eikeseth et al., 2002. Howard et al., 2005).
,
( ),
( ). ,
, ,
10 28 , ,
, , ,
. , ,
, . , ,
,

 .
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,

, .
, ,
(treatment fidelity). , ,

. ,
-
. , , , ,
TEACCH (.. Ozonoff & Cathcart, 1998),
(.. Crozier & Tincani, 2005. Scattone, Wilczynski, Edwards, &
Rabian, 2002), ,

(Schreibman
& Ingersoll, 2005). ,
,
(Olley, 2005).

, ,

 .
, . ,
, ,
(Green,
1996. Olley, 2005). Schreibman & Ingersoll (2005),
50-70% .
, , ,

,
.
, ,

, ,
,
(best-fit approaches).
, ,


. ,
, : ,
, , , (.. )

(Screibman & Winter, 2003).
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ( & )
.

. ,
, ,

, ,
,
(indirect language stimulation)
(contingent imitation). ,
,
, , ,

 , , , (reciprocal
imitation) ,
(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005. Olley, 2005).

- , , ,
, .
Schreibman Ingersoll (2005),

,
.
,
, , ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,

,
,
. ,
,
.

,
(Schreibman &Ingersoll, 2005).

,

. , ,

, ,
. , ,
, ,

,
. , , ,
,
,

 , ,

.
,
,
(Schreibman & Ingersoll, 2005). Ivar Lovaas (2003), Sandra Harris (1983),
Lynn McClannahan Pat Krantz (1994), , ,

,
,
, .

Baer, D. M. (1978). On the relation between basic and applied research. In A. C.

Catania, & T. A. Brigham (Ed.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis. New
York: Wiley.
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. (1968). Current dimensions of applied behavior
analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 91-97.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behaviour modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc.
Beglinger, L., & Smith, T. (2005). Concurrent validity of social subtype and IQ after Early
Intensive Behavioral Intervention in children with autism. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 35, 295-303.
Bibby, P., Eikeseth, S., Martin, N. T., Mudford, O. C., & Reeves, D. (2002). Progress and
outcome for children with autism receiving parent- managed intensive interventions.
Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 81-104.
Birnbrauer, J. S., & Leach, D. J. (1993). The Murdoch early intervention program after two
years. Behavior Change, 10, 63-74.
Boyd, R. D., & Corley, M. J. (2001). Outcome survey of early intensive behavioral intervention
for young children with autism in a community setting. Autism, 5, 430-441.
Fenske, E. C., Zalenski, S., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1985). Age at intervention and
treatment outcome for autistic children in a comprehensive intervention program.
Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 5, 49-58.
Frost, L. A., & Bondy, A. S. (1994). PECS: The picture exchange communication systemTraining Manual. Cherry Hill: Pyramid Educational Consultants.
Catania, A. C. (1992). Learning (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., & Kellet, K. (2002). Using the
picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism :
Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social- communicative behavior, and

problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231.

Charlop-Christy, M. H., & Carpenter, M. H. (2000). Modified incidental teaching sessions: A
procedure for parents to increase spontaneous speech in their children with autism.
Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2, 98-112.
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Le, L., & Freeman, K. A. (2000). A comparison of video modeling with
in vivo modeling for teaching children with autism. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 30, 537-552.
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (1987). Applied Behavior Analysis. New York:
Macmillan.
Crozier, S., & Tincani, M. (2005). Using a modified social story to decrease disruptive
behaviour of a child with autism. Focus on Autism and other Developmental
Disabilities, 20, 150-157.
Delprato, D. J. (2001). Comparison of discrete- trial and normalized behavioural language
intervention for young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 31, 315-325.
Del Valle, P. R., McEachern, A. G., & Chambers, H. D. (2001). Using social stories with autistic
children. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 14, 187-197.
Eikeseth, S., Smith, T., Jahr, E., & Eldevik, S. (2002). Intensive behavioural treatment at
school for 4- to 7- year old children with autism: A 1- year comparison controlled
study. Behavior Modification, 26, 49-68.
, . (1996). , . .
(.) ,
. : .
, . (2002). . - . : .
, . (2004 ). :
. 1 . .
, . ( ). .
Gena, A. (2006). The effects of prompting and social reinforcement on establishing social
interactions with peers during the inclusion of four children with autism in preschool.
International Journal of Psychology, 41 (6), 1-14.
Gena, A. (2006 May). Bridging the gap between basic and applied research: The case of
generalized imitation. 32nd Annual Convention of the Association of Behavior Analysis.
Atlanta, Georgia.
Gena, A., Couloura, S., & Kymissis, E. (2005). Modifying the affective behavio

TEACCH

*
.

TEACCH
. TEACCH 70
Eric Schopler, Gary
Mesibov. ,
TEACCH (9)
().

,
.
, . ,
TEACCH
,
(Mesibov, Shea & Schopler, 2005).


. ,

.

.

(Quill, 1997 Schuler, 1995). ,
.

(Happe, 1994).


. ,
(zonoff, 1995).
,
,
.

,
(.. , ),
.

. ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.


:
. ,

- .


.


(MacDuff, Krantz & McClannachan, 1993 Pierce & Schreibman, 1994).
.



,
.

().


. , ,
, , ,
, . ,

(Mesibov, Shea & Adams, 2001),
, ,
.

(Marcus, Kunce & Schopler, 1997).
- ,
,
.

TEACCH.


(Shulman 2004, 2004).

.

. ,

. herese Jolliffe,
Asperger, :
,

.

.

. (1992, .18).

.
,
. , ,
. ,

. ,

,
,
.

 .
, (, , , ),
. ,

.
,
. ,
,
.
( )

.
,
, .
,
. ,
,
, ,
.

.
,
.
,

, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,

 .
--.

.
, ,
(.. ). ,
,
.

(Collia-Faherty, 1999 Mesibov, Browder &

Kirkland, 2002). :
.
, , .
,
.


.
.

. ,
.
, .
.

.
,
. ,
. , lego
.

 , ,
. Asperger
,
Collia-Faherty, 2003).

. ,
.

.
: ) , ) , )
, ) .

. ,
,
()
. .


.

.

,
,
.

.



.

.
,
: ) , )
) (Mesibov, Shea, & Schopler, 2005 Schopler,
Mesibov, & Hearsey, 1995).

. : )
(.. ). )

(..
). )
. )
(..
). )
.
,
,
,
, .

.
/ / / ,
.
, ( velcro)
.

,
. ,
, , (
), . ,

 ,

.

.

.

Collia-Faherty, C. (1999). . C. ColliaFaherty, B. & ., .

(. 15-65). :
.
Collia-Faherty, C. (2003). , . :
.
Grandin, T. (1995). The learning style of people with autism: An
autobiography. In K.A. Quill (Ed.), Teaching children with autism:
Strategies to enhance communication and socialization (pp. 33-52). New
York: Delmar.
Jolliffe, T., Lansdown, R., & Robinson, C. (1992). Autism: A personal account.
Communication, Journal of the National Autistic Society, 26, 12-19.
Kunce, L., & Mesibov, G. (1998). Educational Approaches to High-Functioning
Autism and Asperger Syndrome. In E. Schopler, G. Mesibov, & L. Kunce (Eds.)
Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism? (pp. 227-261). New York: Plenum
Press.
MacDuff, G.S., Krantz, P.J. & McClannachan, L. E. (1993). Teaching children
with autism to use photographic activity schedules: Maintenance and generalization
of complex response chains. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 89-97.
Marcus, L., Kunce, L.J., & Schopler, E. (1997). Workign with families. In
D.J.Cohen & F.R.Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental

disorders (pp. 631-649). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Marcus, L., Schopler, E., & Lord, C. (2001). TEACCH services for preschool
children. In J.S. Handleman & S.L.Harris (eds.), Preschool education programs for
children with autism (pp. 215-232). Austin, Texas: Pro-ed.

Mesibov,

G.B.,

Browder,D.M.,

&

Kirkland,

C.

(2002).

Using

individualized schedules as a component of positive behavioural support

for students with developmental disabilities. Journal of Positive Behavior
Interventions, 4, 73-79.
Mesibov, G.B., Shea, V., & Adams, L.W., (2001). Understanding Asperger
syndrome and high-functioning autism. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Press.
Mesibov, G.B., Shea, V., & Schopler, E. (2005). The TEACCH approach to
autism spectrum disorders. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Pubishers.

Ozonoff, S. (1995). Executive function impairments in autism. In

E.Schopler & G.B.Mesibov (Eds.), Learning and cognition in autism (pp.
199-220). New York: Plenum Press.
Pierce, K.L. & Schreibman, L. (1994). Teaching daily living skills to
children with autism in unsupervised
Quill, K. (1997). Instructional considerations for young children with
autism: The rationale for visually cued instructions. Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders, 21, 697-714.
Schopler, E., Mesibov, G., & Hearsey, K. (1995). Structured teaching
in the TEACCH system. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (eds.) Learning and
Cognition in Autism (pp. 243-292). New York: Plenum Press.
Schuler, A.L. (1995). Thinking in autism: Differences in learning and
development. In K.A. Quill (Ed.), Teaching children with autism: Strategies to
enhance communication and socialization (pp. 11-32). New York: Delmar.

Shulman, C. (2004). : TEACCH.

1 (.
132-151). : ,
..
Shulman, C. (2004). TEACCH ( ).

 1
(. 218-227). : ,
..
*