Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of
electrons or other electrically charged particles.
3. What is communication?
Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes
through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication
says as transferring of message from one place to another place called
communication.
4. Different types of communications? Explain.
Analog and digital communication.
As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human
voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking
the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a
series of 1s and 0s.
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is good,
components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and
power consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals.
5. What is engineering?
The application of science to the needs of humanity and a profession in which a
knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience,
and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
6. Difference between electronic and electrical.
Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the
electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer
inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC
voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc). Electric devices can also
be designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v.
Examples: are incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc
7. What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is
referred to as sampling.
8. State sampling theorem.
It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken
care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency
and the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
place with a code communicating between them and the other end if one is
knowing that code then only it can listen to the data being transmitted i.e. the
communication is in the coded form.
On the other hand GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)uses
narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency. TDMA works by dividing a radio frequency into time slots and then
allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single frequency can support
multiple, simultaneous data channels.
26. What is an Amplifier?
An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power,
voltage or current of an applied signal.
27. What is Barkhausen criteria?
Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be
satisfied for oscillations.
Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of
the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback
factor of the feedback network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than
unity.
The condition of unity loop gain -A = 1 is called the Barkhausencriterion. This
condition implies that | A|= 1and that the phase of A is zero.
28. Explain Full duplex and half duplex.
Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. For
example, a telephone is a full-duplex devicebecause both parties can talk at once.
In contrast, a walkie-talkie is ahalf-duplex device because only one party can
transmit at a time.
Most modems have a switch that lets you choose between full-duplex and halfduplex modes. The choice depends on whichcommunications program you are
running.
In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on yourscreen until it has
been received and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validate that
the data has been accurately transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each
character, it probably means that your modem is set to half-duplex mode when it
should be in full-duplex mode.
29. What is a feedback? And explain different types of feedback.
Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is
passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour
of the system.
Types of feedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and
linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a systems output, inverted,
into the systems input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.
Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes
referred to as cumulative causation, is a feedback loop system in which the
system responds to perturbation (Aperturbation means a system, is an alteration of
function, induced by external or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the
perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite
direction is called a negative feedback system.
Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.
30. Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback.
Much attention has been given by researchers to negative feedback processes,
because negative feedback processes lead systems towards equilibrium states.
Positive feedback reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system
away from equilibrium states, possibly causing quite unexpected results.
31. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback.
Example for ve feedback is Amplifiers
And for +ve feedback is Oscillators
32. What is Oscillator?
An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input.
The two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic
oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have
waveforms with sharp changes.
33. What is a transducer and transponder?
A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical,
electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or
physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or
information transfer.
In telecommunication, the term transponder (short-forTransmitter-responder and
sometimes abbreviated to XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP) has the following meanings:
An automatic device that receives, amplifies, andretransmits a signal on a different
frequency (see alsobroadcast translator).
An automatic device that transmits a predetermined messagein response to a
predefined received signal.
A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon proper electronic
interrogation.
A communications satellites channels are called transponders, because each is a
separate transceiver or repeater.
34. What is an Integrated Circuit?
An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto
a silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance,
and very small size.
12. one of the following statements in reference to a unity gain noninverting buffer
using an opamp is in correct. identify this statement
(a) it has extremely high input impedance,much higher than even its open loop
input impedance
(b) its input impedance is very high almost approaching its open loop input
impedance magnitude
(c) the voltage gain is unity. (d) the inputis applied to the non-inverting input
(e) the feed back magnitude is 100 per cent.
13.the SLEW RATE specification of an opamp is usually measured in
(a) microvolts per second (b) volts per microsecond
(c) decibels (d) volts per microvolt
14. a given opamp has an open loop gain of 110dB and a CMRR rating of 106dB.
what should be the open loop common mode gain of this op-amp?
(a) it cannot be determined from the given data (b)4dB
(c) 216 dB (d) 110Db
15. in a 555 astable multivibrator operating from Vcc of 15V, the output wave from
duty cycle is 0.4 (duty cycle = ON-time/total time period.) the circuit is slightly
modified with the capacitor now charging from a voltage of 30V rather than Vcc. the
duty cycle of the output waveform in the modified circuit will
(a) remain unchanged (b) become about 0.6
(c) be approximately 0.2 (d) none of these
16. the pulse width in a 555 monostable multivibrator is given by
(a)t = 0.69 RC (b)t = 1.1 RC
(c)t = RC (d) none of these
17. in the astable mode of operation of IC 555, the timing capacitor always charges
between
(a) 0 and 1/3 Vcc (b) 1/3 Vcc and 2/3Vcc
(c) 0 and 2/3 Vcc (d) 0 and Vcc
18.when a PLL is being used as an FM demodulator,the demodulated signal appears
at
(a) the output of phase comparator (b) the output of low pass filter
(c) the VCO output (d) none of these.
19.A NOR gate is equivalent to a bubbled AND gate. this statement is an outcome
of
(a) demorgans theorems (b) involution law
(c) absorption law (d) idempotent law
20.for one of the following conditions, clocked j-k flip flop can be used as DIVIDE BY
2 circuit where the pulse train to be divided is applied at clock input.
(a) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should have active HIGH inputs
(b) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should have active LOW inputs
(c) J=0, K=0 and the flip flop should have active high inputs
(d) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should be a negative edge triggered one.
21. in a presettable, clearable positive edge triggered J-K flip flop, the Q output
when the flip flop is clocked for J=1,K=0,preset=1 and clear = 0 will be
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) indeterminate (d) complement of what it was at the time of clocking
(assume all the inputs to be active LOW inputs).
22. A 4-bit circulating register is initially set to 0001(1 is the true output of the first
flip flop and represents LSB).
4-bit number preset in the register at the end of 16 clock pulses is
(a) 0001 (b) 0010
(c) 0100 (d) 1000
23. a shift counter comprising of 5 flip flops with an inverse feedback from the
output of the MSB flip flop to the input of the LSB flip flop is a
(a) divide by 32 counter (b) divide by 10 counter
(c) 5-bit shift register (d) modulus-5 counter
24. number of comparators needed to build a 6-bit simultaneous A/D converter is
(a) 63 (b) 64
(c) 7 (d) 6
25. the average conversion time in a 4-bit counter type A/D converter run by a 10
MHZ clock shall be
(a) 8ms (b) 400ns
(b) 800ns (d) none of these
26. out of the following,the fastest A/D converter type is
(a) counter type A/D converter
(b) successive approximation type A/D converter
(c) dual slope integrating type A/D converter
27. if the received carrier frequency in an AM communications broadcast receiver is
changed from 560kHz to 1120kHz the resonant frequency of the IF tuned circuits
(a) would have to be changed from 455Khz to 910kHz.
(b) would remain unchanged at 455kHz
(c) would also change in the same proportion but in the opposite direction.
28. in a broadcast communication receiver,most of the receiver selectivity is
achieved in
(a) RF Section (b) IF Section (c) Mixer
50. a transmission line has an SWR of 3 when terminated in a certain load. the
reflection co-efficient is
(a) 3 (b)
(c) 1/3 (d) none of these
51. lines of constant resistance on a smith chart are
(a) parallel to each other (b) all circle tangent to each other on one extreme
(c) arcs of circles (d) none of these
52. electromagnetic wave in which the electric field is entirely transverse to the
direction of propogation is known as
(a) TE wave (b) TEM wave
(c) TM wave (d) TE10 wave
(e) TE11 wave
53. one of the following modes does not exist in wave guides
(a) TE10 mode (b) TE11 mode
(c) TEM mode (d) TM01 mode
54. the dominant mode in rectangular waveguides is the
(a) TE10 mode (b) TM01 mode
(c) TE11 mode (d) TM11 mode.
55. for a rectangular wave guide with a=2 cm and b=1 cm, the cut-off wavelength
for TE10 mode will be
(a) 2 cm (b) 1 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) none of these.
56. in a radar system, a rotating system is used to
(a) determine the target range (b) determine the target cross-section
(c) determine the target bearing (d) none of these
57. a device that is used to detect objects under water is known as
(a) radar (b) sonar
(c) MTI (d) pulse compression radar
58. a radar system that can determine the range of the target along with the target
velocity is
(a) CW radar (b) MTI
(c) pulse radar (d) Doppler radar
59. market the correct expression
(a) Doppler shift = 2vrf/c (b) Doppler shift = 2cf/v4
(c) Doppler shift = 2f/cv4 (d) Doppler shift = vrf/c
60. in a TV picture tube, the deflection of electron beam is achieved by :
(a) electrostatic means
70. gain margin can be determined from the root locus plot by
(a) value of gain factor (K) at imaginary crossover/design value of (k)
(b) design value of gain factor (k) / value of gain factor (k) at imaginary crossover
(c) value of gain factor (K) at real axis crossover/design value of (k)
(d) none of these
71. a higher value of gain factor (K) at the imaginary axis crossover of the root locus
part of a control system
(a) brings it closer to instability (b) takes it farther from instability
(c) is always undesirable (d) none of these
72. for drawing the root locus plot of a certain closed loop control system, one
needs to know
(a) only the open loop transfer function of the system
(b) the closed loop transfer function
(c) the closed loop system pole-zero map
(d) the open loop transfer function, gain and phase margins
73. when the PLL is being used as a frequency multiplier or a frequency divider, the
output is taken from
(a) the VCO input (b) the output of phase comparator
(c) the VCO output (d) LPF output
74. the essential building blocks of a phase locked loop are
(a) the VCO , the phase comparator and the error amplifer
(b) the VCO, the phase comparator and the low pass filter
(c)the VCO, the low pass filter and the error amplifer
(d) the phase comparator,the low pass filter and the error amplifier
(e) the phase comparator and the VCO
75. while connecting SCRs in series, the individual SCRs chosen for the purpose
should have closely matched
(a) di/dt rating (b) reverse biased characteristics
(c) forward and reverse blocking characteristics (d) forward ON-state characteristics
76. while connecting SCRs in parallel, the SCRs to be connected in parallel should
have closely matched
(a) forward ON- state characteristics
(b) forward and reverse OFF- state characteristics
(c) forward OFF-state and ON-state characteristics
(d) SCRs cannot be connected in parallel
77. a UJT relaxation oscillator circuit produces a sawtooth like waveform
(a) at B1 terminal (b) at B2 terminal
(c) across the capacitor (d) none of these
78. in half wave SCR power control circuit, if the firing angle is 300 c, then for one
complete cycle of operation,the load gets power for
(a) 600 (b) 1500 (c) 3300 (d) 300
79. most popular oscillator configuration for audio applications is :
(a) Hartley oscillator (b) colpitts oscillator
(c) wein-bridge oscillator (d) R-C phase shift oscillator.
80. the multivibrator characterized by one quasi-stable state is:
(a) bistable multivibrator (b) monostable multi vibrator
(c) astable multivibrator (d) Schmitt trigger
81. one of the following can be used to generate a pulse when ever triggered:
(a) flip-flop (b) monostable multivibrator
(c) astable multivibrator (d) Schmitt trigger
82. one of the following opamp type number is a comparator
(a) LM710 (b) LM 741
(c) LM748 (d) LM747
83. the operation of a thermocouple is based on :
(a) seebeck effect (b) peltier effect
(c) Thomson effect (d) faradays laws
84. a high Q-factor coil has:
(a) a flat response (b) a response with slightly lower bandwidth
(c) a higher power loss (d) a peaked response
85.lower the thermal resistances (junction-to-case-to-ambient) of a bipolar
transistor,
(a) lower is the power dissipation capability for a given ambient temperature
(b) higher is the power dissipation capability for a given ambient temperature
(c) higher is the probability of the device going to thermal runaway
(d) better is its high frequency performance
86. pulse communication system that is inherently highly immune to noise is
(a) PCM (b) PAM (c) PPM (d) PAM
87. the characteristic impedance of a certain transmission line section is 75 ohms. if
the length of the line is doubled, the characteristic impedance would
(a) reduce to half (b) double too
(c) increase four times (d) characteristic impedance is independent of length of line.
88. one of the following is a tracking radar
(a) monostatic radar (b) bistatic radar
(c) monopulse radar (d) secondary surveillance radar
89.the radar that has a higher range resolution and that makes use of matched filter
design is
(a) pulse compression radar (b) MTI
(c) pulse Doppler radar (d) monopulse radar
90. in the radar guidance of missiles where the missile has its own radar and it
extracts the tracking data from the target reflected energy, the technique is known
as
(a) command guidance (b) beam rider guidance
(c)homming guidance (d) none of these
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION Engineering Objective Type Questions
and Answers :ANSWERS FOR THE ABOVE
1.C
2.A
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.D
9.B
10.D
11.D
12.B
13.B
14.B
15.C
16.B
17.B
18.B
19.A
20.A
21.B
22.A
23.B
24.A
25.C
26.B
27.B
28.B
29.C
30.C
31.A
32.C
33.C
34.B
35.A
36.A
37.A
38.B
39.A
40.D
41.A
42.B
43.C
44.A
45.A
46.D
47.C
48.A
49.A
50.B
51.B
52.A
53.C
54.A
55.C
56.C
57.B
58.B
59.A
60.B
61.C
62.B
63.C
64.C
65.A
66.B
67.C
68.A
69.B
70.A
71.B
72.A
73.C
74.B
75.C
76.A
77.C
78.B
79.C
80.B
81.B
82.A
83.A
84.D
85.B
86.A
87.D
88.C
89.A
90.C