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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
I.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564)

A. Characteristics1 . B a s e d o n o r a l t r a d i t i o n s 2 . C r u d e
o n i d e o l o g y a n d p h r a s e o l o g y B. Literary Forms1. Oral
Literaturea . R i d d l e s
(bugtong)
battle of wits among participants
Tigmo
C
e
b
u
P
a
k
t
a
k
o
n

I
l
o
n
g
g
o
Patotdon Bicolb . P r o v e r b s
(salawikain)
wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach asa food for thoughtc.
Tanaga
- a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessonson life is "more emotionally
charged than the terse proverb and thus hasaffinities with the folk lyric."2 . F o l k S o n g s It is a
form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people'slifestyles as well as their loves.
These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic andnaivea . H e l e o r o y a y i
l u l l a b y b.Ambahan (Mangyan) 7-syllable per line poem that are about human relationships
and social entertainmentc.Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the
peopled.Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) drinking songe.Kanogan (Cebuano) song of
lamentation for the dead3 . F o l k T a l e s a . M y t h s e x p l a i n h o w t h e w o r l d
w a s c r e a t e d , h o w c e r t a i n a n i m a l s possess certain characteristics, why some places have
waterfalls, volcanoes,mountains, flora or faunab . L e g e n d s e x p l a i n t h e o r i g i n
of things
Why the Pineapple Has EyesThe Legend of Maria Makiling
c . F a b l e s u s e d a n i m a l c h a r a c t e r s a n d a l l e g o r y d.Fantastic
s t o r i e s d e a l w i t h u n d e r w o r l d c h a r a c t e r s s u c h a s t i y a n a k , aswang,
kapre and others4 .
E p i c s These are narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition
revolving aroundsupernatural events or heroic deeds (Arsenio Manuel)E x a m p l e s :
L a m - a n g
( I l o c a n o ) H i n i l a w o d
( P a n a y ) K
u
d
a
m
a
n
(
P
a
l
a
w
a
n
)
D
a
r
a
n
g
e
n
(
M
a
r
a
n
a
o
)
II. SPANISH COLONIZ ATION PERIOD (1565 1863)

A . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 1.It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular2.It

introduced Spanish as the medium of communication B . L i t e r a r y F o r m s 1. Religious
Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed inboth Spanish and Tagalog were
included in early catechism and were used toteach Filipinos the Spanish language.a.Pasyon long
narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The mostpopular was Ang Mahal na Passion ni
Jesu Cristong Panignoon Natin byAguino de Belenb.Senakulo dramatization of the pasyon, it shows
the passion and death of Christ2. Secular (non-religious) Literature a . A w i t - c o l o r f u l t a l e s
o f c h i v a l r y m a d e f o r s i n g i n g a n d c h a n t i n g Example: Ibong Adarnab . K o r i d o
m e t r i c a l t a l e w r i t t e n i n o c t o s y l l a b i c q u a t r a i n s Example: Florante at Laura by
Francisco Baltazarc . P r o s e N a r r a t i v e s w r i t t e n t o p r e s c r i b e p r o p e r
decorumi
.
D
i
a
l
o
g
o
i
i
i
.
e
j
e
m
p
l
o
i i . M a n u a
l
d e
U r b a n i d a d i v .
t r a t a d o Examples: Modesto de Castro's "
Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na siUrbana at si Feliza
" and Joaquin Tuason's "
Ang Bagong Robinson
" (The NewRobinson) in 1879

I I I . N A T I O N A L I S T I C / P R O P A G A N D A A N D
R E V O L U T I O N A R Y P E R I O D (1864 1896)
A . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 1.Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos2.Language shifted from
Spanish to Tagalog3.Addressed the masses instead of the intelligentsia
B.
Literary Forms1 . P r o p a g a n d a L i t e r a t u r e - R e f o r m a t o r y i n o b j e c t i v e a .
P o l i t i c a l E s s a y s s a t i r e s , e d i t o r i a l s a n d n e w s a r t i c l e s w e r e w r i t t e n t o a t t a c k and
expose the evils of Spanish rulei . D i a r i o n g T a g a l o g f o u n d e d b y M a r c e l o
d e l P i l a r ii.La Solidaridad whose editor-in-chief is Graciano LopezJaenab .
P o l i t i c a l
N o v e l s i. Noli Me Tangere and
E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o J o s e R i z a l s m a s t e r p i e c e s that paved the way to
the revolution
2.
R e v o l u t i o n a r y L i t e r a t u r e m o r e p r o p a g a n d i s t i c t h a n l i t e r a r y a s i t i s m o r e violent
in nature and demanded complete independence for the country
a.
Political Essays helped inflame the spirit of revolutioni . K a l a y a a n n e w s p a p e r o f t h e
s o c i e t y, e d i t e d b y E m i l i o J a c i n t o b
.
P
o
e
t
r
y
i. Tru e
D e c a l o g u e A p o l i n a r i o M a b i n i ii.Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas Andres
Bonifacioiii.Liwanag at Dilim Emilio Jacinto
IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 1945)
A.
Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)1.Filipino Writers imitated English and American
models2 . P o e m s w r i t t e n w e r e a m a t e u r i s h a n d m u s h y, w h i c h p h r a s i n g a n d d i c t i o n
i s awkward and artificial
a . S h o r t S t o r i e s i.Dead Stars Paz Marquez Benitezii.The Key Paz
L a t o r e n a iii.Footnote to Youth Jose Garcia Villa b . N o v e l s i . C h i l d e o f
S o r r o w f i r s t n o v e l i n E n g l i s h , b y Z o i l o G a l a n g B. Period of
Emergence (1920-1930)1. Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and
Realism.a . S h o r t S t o r i e s m o s t p r e v a l e n t l i t e r a r y f o r m i . J o s e
G a r c i a V i l l a e a r n e d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l t i t l e P o e t o f t h e Century
V. J APAN E S E O C C U PATI O N ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 0 )
A.
War Years (1942-1944)1 . T a g a l o g p o e t s b r o k e a w a y f r o m t h e
B a l a g t a s t r a d i t i o n a n d i n s t e a d wrote in simple language and free
verse2 . F i c t i o n
p r e v a i l e d
o v e r
p o e t r y a.25
Pinakamabuting Maikling Kthang Pilipino (1943) compilation of the short story contest by the
military governmenti . S u y u a n s a T u b i g a n M a c a r i o
P i n e d a i i . L u p a n g T i n u b u a n N a r c i s o R e y e s iii.Uhaw ang
T i g a n g n a L u p a L i w a y w a y A r c e o B.Period of Maturity and Originality (19451960)1 . B o u n t i f u l h a r v e s t i n p o e t r y , f i c t i o n , d r a m a a n d
essay2 . F i l i p i n o w r i t e r s m a s t e r e d E n g l i s h a n d
f a m i l i a r i z e d t h e m s e l v e s i w h t diverse techniques3 . L i t e r a r y
g i a n t s
a p p e a r e d
a.
Palanca Awards for Literaturei . J o s e
G a r c i a
V i l l a i i . N i c k
J o a q u i n i i i . N V M
G o n z a l e s i v . B i e n v e n i d o
S a n t o s v . G r e g o r i o
B r i l l a n t e s v
i
.
G
i
l
d
a
C
o
r
d
e
r
o
Fernandob . N a t i o n a l
A r t i s t
A w a r d s
i.

J
o
s
e
G
a
r
c
i
a
V
i
l
l
a
i
i
.
N
i
c
k
J
o
a
q
u
i
n
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 PRESENT)
A .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 1.Martial Law repressed and curtailed
h u m a n r i g h t s , i n c l u d i n g f r e e d o m o f t h e press
2.
Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy
censorship3.Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil.
Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.4.From the eighties onwards, writers continue to
show dynamism and innovation
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Notes on The Apprenticeship Period (1910-1935)

In 1900 English became the official medium of instruction in Philippine schools. The first teachers were
army men and their wives. In 1901 the Philippine Normal School was founded to train the Filipino
teachers to take charge of elementary education. In the same year the army transport, Thomas, bought
600 American teachers to the country to be incorporated into the educational system. These teachers
introduced English and American literature to the Filipinos.

The period of 1910 to 1935 is generally called the period of apprenticeship or imitation. Virginia R.
Moreno, in her A Critical Study of the Shorty Story in English Written by Filipinos, describes the years
1910-1925 as a period of novices with their exercises in fiction-making and the rise of the new language.

The Filipino writers imitated American and English writers. This fact is hardly surprising since the early
writers were, for the most part, college students or young graduates whose literary education had been
largely confined to American and English authors.

The University of the Philippines was founded in 1908. It became the center of the literary effort. In
September 1910, the first issue of the UP Folio came off the press. This publication was recognized as
embodiment of the early attempts of Filipinos at self-expression in English.

The UP Folio was replaced by the Philippine Collegian. Other publications which introduced Philippine
literature in English to the public were Philippine Review, Independent, Rising Philippines, and Citizens.
In 1920 the Philippine Herald, the first Filipino daily in English, was founded. It paid for literary work it
published and thus gave a financial reward to writers in English, especially in the short story.

The period of apprenticeship was inaugurated b two significant events. In 925 A. V. H. Jartendorp became
the editor-publisher of the Philippine Education Magazine. This soon became the Philippine Magazine,
the most influential literary magazine of its time. The Manila Tribune was established in the same year. It
began publishing a Sunday supplement featuring original short stories and poems written in English.
Other journals followed and there was a market, although still very limited, for Filipino literary output in
English.

In 1927 the UP writers club was founded and began publishing the Literary Apprentice, which became the
most prestigious college literary publication in the country. In the same year, the Bureau of Education
published Philippine Prose and Poetry, which was prescribed as a high school textbook. Furthermore,
Jose Garcia Villa introduced Walt Whitman to the Philippines with the publication of his unconventional
Man Songs. This brought in a wave of experimentation and rapid development.

The literary output was further stimulated by literary contests. The first of these was that offered by the
Philippine Free Press in the field of the short story. The short story became the favorite form among
Filipino writers.

In 1927 the Free Press published the first anthology of Philippine short stories written in English. The
short stories during this period were either romantic tales of the past with legendary figures or were
imitations of plots and themes from American and other foreign sources.

The most significant short story produced during this period was Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez. It
was published in the Philippines Herald on September 20, 1925. Her fellow writers immediately
recognized the story as incomparably superior to all other Filipino short stories published up to then.

The poetry of the apprenticeship period was dominated by sentimental love lyrics. Verbal exuberance
made the poems artificial and insincere. Sursum Surda is the first known Philippine poem in English; it
appeared in the Philippine Free Press in 1907.

The first notable collection of Philippine essays in English, Thinking of Ourselves, compiled and edited
by Vicente M. Hilario and Eliseo M. Quirino, appeared in 1924. The essays dealt with Philippine traditions
and history, religion, philosophy, ethics, literature and the arts, politics and government, and other
significant matters bearing on Philippine culture.

The play produced during this period was mostly highly emotional rather than emotional experiences.
Some were contrived melodramas or broad comedies. American influence on the Filipino drama was less
discernable, but contact with American plays was extensive and foreign plays were often staged in
Manila. However drama suffered from public apathy. It could not compete with the zarzuela, which was
then at the height of its popularity.

The early novels in English were sentimental. The fact is that the cultural basis of literature was too thin to
support a sustained, complex tradition necessary for a novel. Zolio M. Galangs Child of Sorrow, the first
Filipino novel in English, was published in 1924.

Notes on The Emergent Period (1935-1945)

The years 1935 to 1945 saw the emergence of a significant trend in Philippine literature in English. Jose
M. Hernandez describes this period as a time of self-discovery and of rapid growth. Hernandez proceeds
by the enumerating the qualities of the period:

1. The writers consciously and purposefully to create a national literature.

2. The writers had gained full control of the English language and could successfully manipulate it
as a literary medium.
3. Experimentation with different literary forms and techniques and moods was the fashion.
4. Three groups of writers emerged:
o

Those who were concerned with social consciousness

Those whose main concern was craftsmanship

Those who were determined to explore local color. Some of the writers of this group
formed the Veronicans.

There were many factors which lead to the flowering of creative energy in Filipino writing. Nevertheless,
Herbert Schneider, S. J. points to the following:

1. In 1937 the Philippine Book Guild was founded. Its purpose was to produce literature and create
a reading public.
2. In 1939 the Philippine Writers Guild was established. The creed of members was to develop a
common cultural consciousness among Filipinos.
3. The Free Press, The Graphic, and the Philippine Magazine followed a policy of providing ample
space for literary work in English.
4. The Commonwealth Literary Awards, established in 1940, gave the first substantial prices to
meritorious writers.
5. The policy adopted by newspapers to issue weekly supplements when literary works were
published.
The Japanese occupation of 1941-1945 brought this flowering of Philippine literature in English to an
abrupt close. The literary works that were produced were published abroad. Although the Japanese
occupation years produced little literary work of significance, the period was to become a rich source of
subject matter in the succeeding period.

The period of emergence saw a shift from romantic idealism to romantic realism. This realism reached a
climax in the stories of Manuel E. Arguilla, N. V. M. Gonzalez, and Nick Joaquin who wrote effective
portrayals of Filipino life evocative of rustic scenes, rising artistic value and significance.
In poetry, the literary output was rather meager although there seemed to be genuine desire to create
new poetic modes of expression. The schoolroom poets still provided inspiration, and the Romanticists
and Victorians offered patterns that Filipino poets followed. The sonnet enabled them to create love lyrics
which captured nuances and moods through a more skilled manipulation of language and imagery.
The revolt against traditional values and mores was first felt in poetry. Jose Garcia Villa was charged with
indecency when he published Man Songs. He was expelled from the University of the Philippines but
succeeded in awakening the Filipino poets to their inhibitive realities.

Jose Garcia Villas influence on Philippine poetry has been deeply felt. His first book of poems was
published in 1933. His second collection of poems, entitled Poems by Doveglion, won the
Commonwealth Literary Award for 1941.

The inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935 gave the Filipinos partial self-rule preparatory
to independence in 1946. This brought renewed political ferment into Philippine literature.

A group of essayist banded together to form the Philippine Writers League. They were animated by the
belief that literature conditioned society. One of the most articulate of this group was Salvador P. Lopez.
In his first books of essays, Literature and Society, he insisted that the writer should have a direct
responsibility to society.

In the drama, the Western influence continued its firm hold on Filipino playwrights. Although the West has
already rebelled against photographic representations of life, the Filipino playwrights in English were not
yet at home with representational realism.

The Philippine drama in English lagged behind in development compared to other literary forms. There
are several reasons for this. One reason is that nationalistic themes and revolutionary subjects were
popular among the general public. Playwrights who adopted English as their vehicle of artistic expression
felt neither rebellious nor seditious.

Another reason may have been that movies took over the zarzuela despite the great competition put up
by the latter. Dramatic realism could not assimilate unrealistic dialogue and situations resulting from the
use of English.
Prominent among the playwrights of this period were Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero and Severino Montano.
Guerrero succeeded in establishing a drama tradition in the University of the Philippines and had put up
the UP Mobile Theater.

In the field of the novel, Juan C. Layas His Native Souls won the first Commonwealth Literary Award in
1940. This novel tells of a Filipino repatriate who, having been educated abroad, finds himself a stranger
in his hometown. N. V. M. Gonzalez is prolific writer. He wrote The Winds of April. He is a regional-realist
and gives a down-to-earth portrayal of the farmers and fisherfolk.