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Proceedings: Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, June 1-5, 1988, St. Louis, Mo., Invited Paper
SYNOPSIS: The design and construction of anchored and strutted sheet pile walls in soft clay are reviewed in the
paper based on experience gained mainly in Singapore during the last 10 years where mainly strutted sheet pile walls
and contiguous bored piles are used. It is important to consider in the design also the high 1ateral earth pressures
on the sheet piles below the bottom of the excavation when the depth of the excavation is large compared with the
shear strength of the clay. The strut loads and the maximum bending moment in the sheet piles can be considerable
higher than indicated by a conventional analysis.
Different methods to increase the stability have also been
investigated. With jet grouting. embankment piles and excavation under water it is possible to reduce significantly
the maxinrum bending moment, the strut loads, the settlements outside the excavated area and the heave within the
excavation.
INTRODUCI'ION
The design of anchored and strutted sheet pile walls in
soft clay had to satisfy the following criteria.
o that the sheet pile wall should be stable and the
factor of safety be adequate with respect to complete
collapse both during and after the construction of
the wall (ultimate limit state)
o that the displacements and deformations of the sheet
pile wall 'and of the support system at working loads
should be small so that the sheet pile wall will
function as intended in the design (serviceability
limit state).
o that the settlements or lateral displacements caused
by the installation of the sheet piles or of the
support system (e.g. the driving of the sheet piles
or the installation of the anchors) should be small
so that adjacent buildings or other nearby structures
are not damaged.
The settlements from an
unintentional lowering of the ground water level in
soft clay due to e.g. pumping can be large.
The main factors affecting the behaviour of anchored or
braced excavations in soft cla;y can be classified as
follows :
o Geometry of the excavation
(depth, width, shape and excavation sequence)
o Soil and ground water conditions
(strength and deformation properties of the soil and
the ground water level)
o Properties of the sheet piles
(stiffness and depth of sheet piles and the chosen
construction method}
o Properties of the support system
(type, spacing and preloading of ground anchors or of
struts)
o Loading conditions
{surcharge and traffic loads}
o Worlananship
Thus a large number of factors can affect the behaviour
of both anchored and strutted sheet pile walls.
In
this paper experience with strutted and anchored sheet
pile walls primarily in Singapore has been reviewed.
Limfi:ationsOf differe~wall and support systems are
analyzed.
Methods that can be used to calculate
lateral earth pressure and the stability of deep
excavations with respect to bottom heave and excessive
settlements havebeen evaluated as well as methods to
increase the stability. The following review is mainly
based on experience gained in Singapore during the last
10 years where numerous deep excavations in soft clay
have been required for high rise building, 'subway
stations and tunnels.
SOILS <X>NDITIONS IN SINGAPORE
There are extensive deposits of very soft marine clay.
and organic soil with a thickness of up to 35m or more
along the coast and in the buried river valleys in
Singapore. It is mainly these soils that have caused
difficulties during the construction of both anchored
and braced sheet pile walls, e.g. large lateral
displacements and settlements. The organic content of
the marine clay is normally 3X to 5%.
The water
content varies usually between 65% and 100%.
The
undrained shear ~ttrength ( cu) which is usually low
close to the ground surface increases approximately
linearly with depth. Tan {1983) has reported a c/p ratio {cu/u~0 ) of 0.315 based on the results from field
vane tests.
Tan {1970) and Ahmad and Peaker (1977)
have indicated somewhat lower values, 0.27 and 0.25,
respectively.
The effective friction angle 4>' as
determined by consolidated undrained or drained
triaxial tests (CD or aJ-tests) has been very
consistant, 21 to 22 degrees. Settlement observations
and oedometer tests indicate that the clay is slightly
overconsolidated. The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is
1.1 to 1.5. The coefficient of consolidation when the
clay is normally consolidated is typically 1 to
2 m2/year.
1515
WALL SYSTEMS
Different wall systems can be used as illustrated in
Fig 1 depending on the soil conditions.
In Fig la is
shown a conventional anchored sheet pile wall.
The
lateral earth pressure on the wall is transferred to
the ground anchors through wale beams, normally U-, Hor I- beams.
t.Jale beam
!2ails
Anchor rod
Anchorn:xl
a. :51:-eel
~heef
Wale bea,
d.. R.ad;:;
?-des.
Pail
Shotcrele
An char reel.
La'Jg<ng
AncJ,orrod
Re,n.forr-erneni
.A bou..f t>o ,,.,
Shotcre-l:e
(i ~ so "'"V
Jle<r.krcernent
Precast Concrete
fa neb
eoncrel.e p.nel:s.
Fig la
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the anchors
can be placed
I
D~l'l.ect'-'ol?
Ground anchor
\_../
Anchor
,,:.. .:
1-
...........
..
IF::;::==:Jil.. .
Fig 2
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Support systems
Fig 3
... ::
. ()mny
a. Pfactm;rrl
Qil onchor
....
.. . .
Expender bodies
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DFSIGN PRINCIPLFS
The following four steps are normally followed in the
design of a sheet pile wall :
o
force
in
the
ground
Cau~t
/Odurt of ~N
firuloron 'I"
r
..
a.
;:otlure of middlt
-slrul o/' anchor
mtchom~m
~
--:;j
.
b.
!Oilurt of /()l.r
~tnrl or anchor
c.
11oment Capt;lCI:fy d
tnsulkci~nl ol lhe
top.
d.
ffom~nl- COjXl,~ td
trisullictirrl
-the
c~rrfre
Penefroft on depth
ond moment cop::zdf!L _o':' tn~ulfi.P. 'Ctenf
,Piosftc
1519
.
~
r
r
e.
IOilurt
ol .fa/lure
h,n1e
or slrut or anC.'IJo,n
Failure mechanisms
b.
Fig 6
sheet
pile
The
earth
pressure
distribution
for
temporary
structures in clay is shown in Fig 6.
This
distribution is in principle the same as that proposed
by Terzaghi and Peck (1967}.
A trapezoidal earth
pressure distribution can be used in the calculation of
the force in the anchors and in the struts as well as
of the required penetration depth. The lateral earth
pressure is assumed to be [pH - 4c ] above the bottom
of the excavation when the deptn uof the excavation
exceeds 4cu/p and 0.35pH when the depth is less than
4cu/p.
Below. the bottom of the excavation the net pressure,
the difference in the lateral earth pressure on both
sides of the wall is (pH - Ncbcu} where Ncb is the
1520
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< cu.
BO'ITOM HEAVE
17
=2
+ Dp + 2 c DIB
u
UJII-~cu
{1)
Ncb
=5
when HIB
(5)
{6)
(7)
(3)
h. Boll-om heare
{4)
cu + Dp
8)
~t'ttHi
'-'----
= 2.83
~+'~
(2)
D
I
CT
+-
1-J.
II
CT
,....:JL..!_
1521
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r------------1
,.,.,..------- --
-----
::\:'---c
41
.v
>/
"
B;i -o
I-/
ty;../.o
(Circa/or or:yuorJ
0 ':-_..___...___.......__
_J
Pofto lf'./J
b.
;o,/ure
boffom ht!CIYe
(alf.e~ B;errum I Eid~ 195f}
Fig 8
Fig 9a
~~r.
H,H'tt
1522
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etay(l1)
Fig 9b
Fig 9c
= 0.58) is
5.9 when the excavation is long compared with the width
{BIL = 0) as can be seen from Fig 7.
However, a
relatively large deformation will be required to
mobilize the average shear strength of the cla:y.
A
partial factor of safety of about 1.4 is required to
limit the maximum wall movement to 1% of the excavation
depth {Mana and Clough, 1981).
.
{8)
where lQs is the total skin friction resistance per
unit length along the sheet piles and the piles in the
marine clay and in the F1 material {fsl and f~2
1523
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a. Ru!ure
plane.
The weight (W) of the sliding soil wedge is
approximately the same for the two cases.
The force
(Ca) along the sheet piles depends on the adhesion {ca)
mechom~m
between the sheet piles and the clay below the bottom
of the excavation.
The inclination and the magnitude
of the force (R) in the anchors or in the struts will.
however, be different.
~
yI_______
_
;:5
v== :5 :5t.i? ~
h. fOrce j22ly!f-or;.
Fig 10
o Anchorecf
~heel
f-!lt wall
b. /}raced :5hel!"t
;Q!It? wall
Fig 11
1524
the
the
... .
.':. .: j
iJ.? /
1- /
At
= 1.0
the adhesion
a. /0;/ure
5tabtk-!ylaclor ~h
mtchan/517)
6.o
5.o
4.o
Fig 13
Total
wall
3.0
calculations.
Fig 12
increases
with
value
on
~p
and
with
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',1
,.
Fig 15
In
I~
I=<!' I
I I
::; i
... ~ .:. : .. : ,
/
The displacement required to develop the maximum skin
friction is small, a few mm, compared with the relative
large displacement which is required to mobilize the
end resistance.
a. fcll1tlrt mechom5m
(10)
The friction angle .P' is normally assumed to correspond
.a
to the angle of internal friction of the soil .P' or .pd.
The coefficient K depends mainly on the . relative
density of the soil. This coefficient can for dense,
coarse and wellgraded sand or gravel be as high as 2 to
3 due to the dilatancy of the soil. In loose fine sand
and silt the coefficient K can be as low as 0.5. The
assumed value on K should be verified by load tests.
Fig 14
STRENGTH OF ANCHORS
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5-<J
(11)
4.o
where p0 is the
the grounct at
coefficient that
the magnitude of
Pe = Pgrout
..
:.- Q~u
/
/
i.o
O.G
:o.4.
0.3
O.i-
(13)
(14)
o.s
= 1. 24 Qend = 0 86
_:. -~---.'
.. ...
where p
t is the grout pressure at the ground
grou
surface, Pgrout is the unit weight of the grout and z
is the depth.
~lt
......... : ... :
>: ")
:Z.o
O.e
~.:-
3.o
<12 )
+ z Pgrout
..
Aend
(15)
0.1
008
006
O.os
0.01.;. '-------t----..1-..-:L---'------L--'--'....._L_____..J.__ _..J....__,L__j
0.1
0.2.
.
04 06
0.3
Ma.umu.rn
Fig 16
as -lo
2.o
0.5 0. 7 0.9
ctrou.t Dressu.re o
v"'
;~
4.o
3.o 5.o
, MPct
rgr-out:)
1527
TABLE I
a>MPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT PENETRATION TESTS
(after Broms and Bergdahl, 1982)
Relative
Weigth Sounding
Tests, Penetration Re.sistance
Dens~ty
qs' MPa
blows/30 em
Nw' ht/0.2 m
Very loose
Loose
< 2.5
2.5 - 5
<4
<4
4 - 10
10 - 30
Medium
5 - 10
10 - 30
30-60
Dense
10 - 20
30-50
60- 100
> 20
>50
Very dense
> 100
(16)
when the anchor is located at least four diameters
below the ground surface.
Also
the
skin resistance
(ca)
will
depend
on
the
(17)
a =a c u
> 50
kPa.
1528
has
'
Another common case is illustrated in Fig 18a
where it
not been possible to drive the sheet piles
sufficiently deep because of stones or boulders in the
soil which interfere with the driving.
Addi tiona!
anchors may be required at the toe of the sheet piles
in order to increase the lateral resistance. However,
an additional row of anchors will increase the vertical
force in the sheet pile which bas to be considered.
a.. SteeL
b. Aciddt."onaL
d.owe!.:s
ground onchor.s
Fig 17
1529
.. .
.
~
. . . .. . . .
r/.1/1'<
~
..... : ...
z:
<
Pion
a. Jh~zdfident
j2.UlefMion do/!f_h
Fig 18
Vertical
walls
b. 5fab/lr2nlon wtl-6
~lee/ 1/-f?!le'~.
v'"'
L~rne or
1---
E!evcrlton
iJ
--
(-
A.Uernative I
\-
_,
..A
Fig 19
1530
cement coLumn.>
-y
<:-
/I
_j,
Cem-ent
Co!..u.rnn5
~Lmeor
..
...
.
t-T"rf- , , ""
Al~ernaf:Lve I [
Jet !Jrot.dt:mJ
or ~wei: f,me
coturnns
Qu,cl:. [,me.
coi..W??ns
Fig 20
fill,
jet
Fig 21
1531
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_.l-o
0
5/:ru.l:s n
{renches
II
II
II
v ~1
J~
i c
va
v ~~
II
IL___.-/ ....-../(:
6ond
Elevofti:m
Fig 22
Fig 23
drt.ven c:nto
a ~rrtYJ
t.aye;-
~----
~zea+armmaae;;y:;a~~;;;;:w;;o:ii!A,a;r;&EOI
t
8'''
Fig 24
1532
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5heet ptles
fvlobd t'zcrtt'on of
;5heqr
sirenJ-&h
Fig 26
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5ho-l:cretc-
~
(,...,s.srn
Bored pde
.:5hotcre.f:e-
A
Sol!: do'j_,
c4
""
12 /;Pet
Fig 27
jl-l-roct..l.
~lllt
\
.-rnr-,-
._vf
c,z c <:::::/
/;{ /
z ..c)t.
C{o !I
COTYie
{n here
:5ectt.."on
Fig 2S
1534
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This
A -A
Proiect A.
This project is located in the Central
Business District (CBD) of Singapore (Fig 29).
The
size of the 11.1 m deep excavation is 42.6 m x 27.0 m.
The walls of the excavation were supported by 30 m long
sheet piles (FSP IIIA) which were driven 19 m below the
bottom of exca~ation. Six levels of struts supported
the wall.
The vertical spacing of the strut varied
between 1.5 m to 2.5 m.
The horizontal spacing was
about 6 m.
The excavation proceeded in stages.
The struts
supporting the sheet piles were installed during each
excavation stage 0.5 m above the bottom of the
excavation and they were preloaded to 15 percent of the
design load. The site was divided into three sections
during the excavation.
In the present study the
behaviour of the sheet pile wall in the middle section
of the excavation has been analyzed.
Scale
Legend
G Inclinometer
r::J Heave point
Fig 29
20m
10
Instrumentation - Project A
Lafera/ di1acemenf1 mm
50
100
60
2Q::)
250
Fl11
Fintle el~rnenl
onofr.~'6
{Fc-A)
Upper morine
day
l?anqe from
tncllnomeler
Madti?j5
20
Lower mor/ne
cloy
..
'
Fig 30
1535
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.w::; vaftbn
depfh
3
0 o.------5..--_____I,. . o____
Fig 32
~-----...--~
-~-5.75m excavation
100
'
/
--
ll.lm excavation
computed
that the
and Peck
match is
Settlement, mm
Fig 31
(a)
Fig 33
1536
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{bj
I .ZOO
-1/.;
10
~~/r7/-/Tot~~-L:T/~;rr-rll~;
20
!
I
i
fltostlred
(a!culcrfed
IJet-lh ol euova.fton1..!!2
Fig 34
Fig 35
-l
I
I
I
I
"
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1m~o.~
"
"
l.a-!en:;d earlh
LeJ-end.
0
f:ietd
prt>:5.5UrJ
i Pa.
measuremenf~
Fig 36
calculated
1537
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The soft clay on the east side was adopted in the FEM
analysis since it is more critical than the stiff soil
on the west side. The excavation was carried out in
seven stages. It should be noted that the struts Sl
were placed after level El had been reached (Fig 37}.
The excavation proceeded down to level E2 prior to the
installation of the struts at this level.
This
sequence was continued down to level E7.
The struts
were preloaded to 70% of the design load.
A comparison
The measured strut loads were low.
between the measured and computed apparent lateral
earth pressures is shown in Fig 40. The measured loads
were considerably smaller than those computed by FEM
except for the two strut levels at the bottom of the
excavation. One possible explanation of this behaviour
~cole
10
20m
Inc!t"nom.e-1-er
:Janel
.:_1n
~rut 'Sf
(7'7
5Z
~3
::;
:54
:55
/)tcom;o~
~and
~6
yronile
&Hom
(~'-';;te
wall ( 'PN)
Fig 37
ol eLcall'c:dtonf
[)pcom;-!~cl
.Jml?rfe
0
:5"
10m
1538
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Dep-1-h.~m
0
E.tcavatLol"}
/efl'e/
t.;
El
E4
IZ
E7
E3
1!7
16
rrr
.20
300
300
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT
mm
Measured and
Project B
100
mm
Fig 38
200
HORIZONTAL MOVMENT
computed wall
deflections
I.
51
52
54_.;
The
........ I
:......_
_.:::r,:-,
'h.
I
I
'
..........
~FEMi
L.-----~
II
r------1
I!
'I
-------t
I
'~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.50
100
1.50
200
kPa
2.50
end:
---Observed
------FEM
Fig 39
1539
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:Jfrul~
\ v- vafton
\ ',...... ......
Fig 40
--------
10
zom
tA
.'\..,_ /.r;coftbn o/
borehole
Fig 41
1540
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lbrehole A
-Ji7- ~..2SI> ...~ql(8
-Sm
JOO"~ ..IJI.s
-7.5' m
L...
].S()J<$()Jtl31fdl
--'L.
- ;o.srn
..L
-!].()'"
.L_
- ....f._
''~7""
...
~:
J:i"/1
u;per 17Klri'Jt'
ti.B
day
JS()~t}SOS.137llll
<:5anct
~0.<$() JC 13l_Cll
I".-,
~rmorine
clay
/
/)~~ed
~nl'fe
("
120
8)
/60
200
16
Fig 43
1541
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
12
]
:r:
16
IC..
tll
0 20
24
28
- - - measured
32
- - - - computed
36~----~----------------------------------~
Fig 44
...
S1-
... ... ,
Measured and
Project C
computed
....
... ......
I
I
I
I
s2-
I
I
53-
f-FEM(Case 111):
I
I
I
S4-
:
I
55--
I
I
I
I
.,..
------..J
0
100
200
deflections
wall
300
= 16
El. -11 m.
ratio of 0.25
Fig 45
Below. cu
= 0.25).
1542
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Homen+ f.Hm/m
--------
-~
t5.o
(2~torY1)
25-o
':field momenr
E.ecavaftol?
20.o
jt......____
.3/?AJ J.Nmjm
uklhoul
unloadt't?g
'
30.o
:leo
()
).{)()
1#011
Momeni, lHmjm
Fig 46
Effect of unloading
.1.10
80
/").Q
Fig 4_7
1543
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---J..I+-I---2-+/-'_
0
::ZS.o
{0
:1.0
___,~,_/.1_ __,1J.I
30
110
Momen.f J
0
;700
i.Hnym
4cO
I
I
ao.o
Depl:~ "' 0"---1'---'-+--1---t---
\I
\
:<co
:u;o
"-'00
Mon?eniJ l!ty/"?
Fig 48
1-1()
80
120
tr:b..
140
Fig 49
1544
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o, jfonce1 m
2/./
311
41-/
~--~--~--~--~
10
20
fllomeni1 f:.flrn/m
0
30
,21l'
ti(XJ
:uo
.t;ao
f5P .lllA
~.0
30.o
0
Fig 50
Momenf1 i.Nnyn-;
Del!edoon, mrY)
g'foqltn.J
11cutmum w~/1
dd!edton;mm
#o-Limum
m
___
moment, Lfl%_
heort7; mm
~m)
4tl?mm :l()Bmm
/,t.Jo
Jt>l-
/80
film
/6/mm
(.WZ}
/65"
(arY.%)
J4qdmum .:wr/actp
:5e#lement, mm 209mm
f.ile1dmum ho~
7et
gmr.dti?!? j'rrx.rhi?q
/20mm
tOOmm
(eX)
Ncu/mum :Hrul
lazd~
L:o/m
Lei'd I
LePet.Z
.Lev~/
.J
J.eY~I -9-
Fig 51
Table II
1545
Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
http://ICCHGE1984-2013.mst.edu
9# (S..Y7.)
t7Z
1:<6
177
/53
32.9
358
ISZ
/.3$
.hs-
.,?09
(487,)
(-$</ '%)
Ns f-s<c:>::;?
Homen~ f:.Hmjm
30
40
.:zoo
200
"-00
-----------
-tim
I
I-
~,.,.,
:Jidd rnome'?T
.3ao.tl!mjm
wdhout
&l:eu-<.pdes
F3P .IllA
E :ZOO c"
3o.o
200
J.J()(j
Fig 52
21X)
i<OO
Momcn-! 1 i..flrnjm
De{/ectio0 mm
1.10
80
/;).0
){odrnarn wall
ddltdfo0 mm
160
~31 mm
!J!J:Z.mm
..106 mm
('tt7.)
#a.timttm ba~
heave; mm
#Qltinum sln:d
(o:;,d~1 I:Njm
/..eye/ I
Wtth Bal::a.u.
Ba./;a.u.
P-t?es
pt'l'ff's
L~Ye/ 2
l..erd 3
<j-toomm
Fig 53
/.-t!Y~I ~
1546
Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
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Fig 54
Construction sequence
!),:;l-ance.~ f7?
0
t./
10
2/.1
20
3/.1
30
/.t./.f
IJ()
11om en!
/fOO
i:Nmjtn
400
I!JOO
-======--==-~
'100
,:
~00
..
\\
'\
15.o
\\
I
I
-sf:Jr/'ater-
N'nol
under
hnal :5"!oge
wd-h concrele
20.o
::stab
Z-45
25
Normal con::Jt<dtbl')
(
\
-33m
...L
()
2.00
l.t-00
[)e!"ledc'on) mm
Fig 55
1547
Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
http://ICCHGE1984-2013.mst.edu
4oO
'JOO
ax>
t1omen.f- i.Hmjm
kN/m3 ).
The wall movements during the dewatering and
the installation of the struts after the install~ion
of the base slab under water will mainly occur below
the slab. The lateral deflections of the sheet piles
above the slab will oe small.
80
J-1()
120
160
or~~~~--~----~~
-l:::;....;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;l
SUMMARY
The design and construction of anchored and struted
\
E.e caval-ton
under wclft!'r
Fig 56
Effect on strut
water
Norma/
con5~rucft""on
lt/Q.timum wall
dtl!t~dtonJ mm
A.!ler e.tr:ofC"hon
fo lim, h~ore Nna/~( ol'
Cor!creftnf
co~u
1.24/mm
165"mm
ion
REFERENCES
.3~/mm
#ozimum
1"~~
J1o.ttmam flml
food:J" l:o/m
/.tl't/ I
Iff/
l.erd
L/tl!l .J
f.t;d II
Table IV
.J~
~,3
55/
80
mm
l~mm
187'
Ahmad, A. S.
110
Baguelin, F.
Jezequel, J. F.
and Shields, D. H.
( 1978}.
''The
Pressuremeter
and
Foundation
Engineering," Trans. Tech. Publications, Clausthal
Germany, 617 pp.
'
JotJmrJ?
138
/30 .
70
95"3 ?Ia~
the
"1548
of
a.
Karlsrud, K.,
DiBiagio, E., and Aas, G.
(1980).
"Experience with Slurry Walls in Soft Clay." Proc.,
Symp. on Slurry Walls for Underground Transportation
Facilities, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Report No.
FHWA-TS-80-221, March, pp. 383 - 408.
Chang, C. S.
77-4,
Clough, G. W.
and
Hansen, L. A.
(1981}.
"Clay
Anisotropy and Braced Wall Behaviour," Journ. of the
Geotechnical Div., ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT 7, July,
pp. 893 - 914.
Clough, G. W.
and Tsui, Y. (1974}. "Performance of
Tied-Back Walls in Clay," Journ. of the Geotechncial
Div., ASCE, Vol. 100, No. GT12, pp. 1259- 1274.
1549
Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
http://ICCHGE1984-2013.mst.edu
700.
Tan, S. B. (1970). "Stability Investigations of the
Whampoa Slip," Journ. South East Asia Geotechnical
Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 95 - 101.
Tan, S. L. (1983).
"Geotechnical
Properties
and
Laboratory Testing of Soft Soils in Singapore," Int.
Seminar on Construction Problems in Soft Soils,
Nanyang Technological Institute, Singapore, 1 - 3
December 1983, 47 pp.
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B. {1967). "Soil Mechanics
in E:ngg Practice", 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 729 pp.
van der Veen, C. and Boersma, L. (1957). "The Bearing
Capacity Predetermined by Cone Penetration Test,"
Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. a. Found. Engg., Vol.
2, pp. 72 - 75.
1550
Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
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