~~

~~

I E E E 281
84
4805702
0538275
T30
IEEE Std 281-1984
(Revision of IEEE
Std 281-1968)

IEEE Standard Service Conditions for

Power System Communication Equipment

$CC*,*,

Or 6 L S C T R l C I L II

lEEE

Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA

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IEEE
Std 281-1984
(Revision of IEEE
Std 281-1968)

IEEE Standard Service Conditions for

Power System Communication Equipment

Sponsor

Power System Communication Committee

of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

0 Copyright 1984 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017,
USA
N o part of thispublicationmuy be reproduced in any form,
in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permissiono f thepublisher.

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I E E E 2 8 1 84

m 4805702 0538277 803 m

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Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 281-1984, IEEE Standard Service Conditions for Power System Communication Equipment.)

This is a revision of a standard for theusual and unusual service conditions for powersystem communication equipment. It is similar to service conditions for relays, automatic station supervisory
control, and telemetering equipment with which this communication equipment is used. IEEE Std
97-1969, IEEE Recommended Practice for Specifying Service Conditions in Electrical Standards
has been considered.
These service conditions have been coordinated with the Relay Standards Subcommittee of the
Power System Relaying Committee.
This revision of IEEE Std 281-1968 containschanges in content and organization as follows:
(1)The Scope excludes certain power line carrier equipment, communication cables, and cable
protective devices.
(2) Requirements for earthquake withstandhave been included as Unusual Conditions.
(3) AC power voltage waveform distortion factor limitshave been added.
(4)Requirements for Surge Withstand Capability from ANSI/IEEE C37.90-1978, IEEE Standard
Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus, has been added.
( 5 ) Altitude derating data have been added for unusual altitude conditions for insulation and for
temperature of the cooling air.
(6) Design and routine testswith respect t o service conditions have been described.
(7) Required nameplate information with respectto service conditions has been added.
(8) A revised format has been used.
The Standards Subcommitteeof the Power System Communication Committee has been responsible for the revision and approval of this standard. At the time of its approval it had the following
membership:

A. Klopfenstein, Chairman
M. C. Adamson
R. W. Beckwith

A. J . Fuller
H. W . Lensner

J. B. Wallace

When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 17,1983, ithad the following
membership:
Edward Chelotti, Vice Chairman

James H. Beall, Chairman

Sava I. Sherr, Secretary
J. J. Archambault
John T. Boettger
J. V. Bonucchi
Rene Castenschiold
Edward J. Cohen
Len S. Corey
Donald C. Fleckenstein
Jay Forster

Donald H. Heirman
I n i n N. Howell J r
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
Irving Kolodny
George Konomos
John E. May
Donald T. Michael*

*Member emeritus

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John P. Riganati
Frank L. Rose
Robert W. Seelbach
Jay A. Stewart
Clifford O. Swanson
Robert E. Weiler
W. B. Wilkens
Charles J. Wylie

Contents
SECTION

PAGE

1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. References

................................................................
4 . Serviceconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 UsualService Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1AmbientTemperature
..............................................
4.1.2 Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3
Altitude
........................................................
4.1.4 AtmosphericContamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.5Vibration,Shock,
and Seismic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6 Power Source Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6.1 AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.6.1.1 60 Hz Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6.1.2 50 Hz Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6.1.3 Waveform Distortion ...............................
4.1.6.2 DC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6.2.1 Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6.2.2
Ripple
..........................................
4.1.7 Surge Voltage Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Unusual Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Unusual Altitude Derating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1.1 Air Insulation Derating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1.2 AmbientTemperatureAltitude Derating ........................
4.2.2 Unusual Shock, Vibration, and Seismic Conditions ........................

8
8

8
8
8
8
8

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

9
9

5. Testing and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
5.2 DesignTests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
5.2.1 Usual Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity .......................
9
5.2.2 Vibration,Shock,and Seismic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
5.2.3 Tests of Power Source Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
5.2.4 Dielectric Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
5.2.4.1 Power Frequency Withstand Voltage Tests .......................
10
5.2.4.2 DC Voltage Withstand Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
5.2.4.3 Operational Tests after Dielectric Tests ..........................
10
5.2.4.4 Temperature at Which Dielectric Tests are to be Made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2.5 Surge Withstand Capability Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
5.2.6 Tests of Equipment for Altitudes Not Exceeding 1500 m (5000 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2.7 Tests of Equipment for Altitudes Exceeding 1500 m (5000 f t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2.8 Tests Made a t Altitudes Exceeding 1500 m (5000 f t ) ......................
10
11
5.3 RoutineTests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Dielectric Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
5.4 UserTests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
6 . Nameplate

................................................................

11

TABLES

Table 1 Altitude Dielectric Strength Derating for Air Insulation ........................

9
Table 2 Altitude Correction of Maximum Temperature of Cooling Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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IEEE Standard Service Conditionsfor

Power System Communication Equipment

cabinet. An enclosure provided with an internal

equipment mounting rack and hinged doors.

1. Scope
This standard describes the usual and unusual
service conditionsforcommunicationequipment that is to operate in electric power generation stationsand in generation, transmission,
and distribution substations.
This standard applies to communication
equipment that is located in the zone of influence of the ground potential rise of generation
stations and
generation,
transmission, and
distributionsubstations.Thestandard
applies
to communicationequipmentthatmaybe
used for functions such as voice communication, data communication, telemetering, supervisory control,andprotective
relaying. Base
station radio, telephone and power line carrier
are considered to be included by the term
communication equipment.
This standard does not apply to power line
carrier line traps, coupling capacitors, coupling
capacitor voltage transformers, or line tuning
equipment.Itdoesnotapply
to communication cables and cable protective devices.

cover. A protective covering used to enclose or

partially enclose equipment thatmay be mounted in a rack.
enclosure. A surrounding case or housing to
protectthecontainedequipment
against externalconditionsand
to prevent personnel
from accidentally contacting live parts.
outdoor enclosure. An enclosure constructed
to protect equipment therein from the weather
andaccidentalcontactthatwouldinterfere
with the successful operation.
indoor enclosure. An enclosure for use where
another housing provides protection against
exposure to theweather.
percent ripple. The ratio of the effective (rootmean-square) value of theripple voltage or
current to the average value of the total (direct
current) voltage or current, expressed in percent.

2. Definitions
Definitions for
terminology
used in
this
standard are in accordance with ANSI/IEEE
Std 100-1984, IEEEStandard Dictionary of
Electrical and Electronics Terms. Definitions
not included in ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984 are
as follows:

3. References
When thedocuments
referred to in this
standard or superseded by a revision, the revision shall apply.

distortion factor. The ratio of the root-meansquare value of the residue of a voltage wave
after the elimination of the fundamentalto the
root-mean-square value of the original wave.

[ l ] ANSI/IEEEC37.90-1978(R1982),American National Standard Relays andRelay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus.
7

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IEEE

IEEE STANDARD SERVICE CONDITIONS FOR

Std 281-1984

4.1.6 Power Source Variations

4.1.6.1 AC Power. The usual (nominal)
conditions of power frequency andvoltage and
their range of variation forcommunication
equipment at power stations shall be as follows:
4.1.6.1.160
Hz voltage rmsnominal
(range of variation)
60 (+ 3) Hz frequency
120 (+ 12) volts - single phase
2081240 (f 21/* 24) volts - single phase
4.1.6.1.2 50 Hz voltage rmsnominal
(range of variation)
50 (k 2.5) Hz frequency
110/120 (+ ll/+12) volts - single phase
220/240 (* 20/* 22)volts - single phase
4.1.6.1.3 Waveform Distortion. The voltage waveform shall have no more than 5% distortion factor (see Section 2, distortion factor).
4.1.6.2 DC Power
4.1.6.2.1 Voltages. Usual nominal directcurrent voltage and range of variation for communication equipment
may
that
be available at
power stations is as follows:

[2] ANSI/IEEE C37.98-1978, IEEEStandard

for Seismic Testing of Relays.
[3] ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984, IEEE Standard
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.
[4] ANSI/IEEE Std 344-1975(1980), IEEE
Recommended Practices for Seismic Qualification of Class 1 E Equipment for Nuclear Power
Generating Stations.
[ 5 ] IEEE Std 97-1969, IEEERecommended
Practicefor Specifying Service Conditions in
Electrical Standards.

4. Service Conditions
4.1 Usual Service Conditions. Communication
equipment conforming to this standard that is
by
Or
Operate
satisfactorily underthe following usual conditions.
4.1.1 AmbientTemperature.Theambient
temperature of the air is the air temperature
measured 1 ft fromtheoutside
of enclosures
or coversof
communicationequipment. This
temperature shall be
within
the
limits
of
-20 Oc to 55 Oc*
The average ambient air
temperature with respect to time during
equipment life is not toexceed 40 "C.
4.1.2 Relative Humidity. Relative humidities
may be up to 95% outside of enclosures or
covers fortemperaturesup
to 40 OC for a
period up to 96 h. If moisture condensation on
the inside of outdoor enclosures is t o be avoided
during periods of low temperature, heaters are
recommended.
4.1.3 Altitude. Theusual condition of altitude
shall be less than 1500 m (5000 ft).

Nominal
24 (-3
48
(-6
125 (-20

(Range)
+4) volts
+8) volts
+15) volts
250(-40+30) volts
4.1.6.2.2 Ripple. The percent ripple on
thedirect-current voltage supplied to communication
equipment
shall be no more
than 5%
(see Section 2, percent ripple).

4.1.7 Surge Voltage Levels. Crest levels of

surge voltage as highas 2.5 kV described in
ANSI/IEEE C37.90-1978 [l] mayoccur in
terminals of signal, control, and power circuits
of powersystemcommunication
equipment
which is to not malfunction or be damaged by
this level of surge voltage.

NOTE: See Tables 1 and 2 for derating of air insulation

and cooling air at higher altitudes.

4.2 Unusual Conditions. The use of communication equipment in power stations with conditions more severe than those in 4.1 shall be
considered unusualconditions.The
user will
inform the supplier of unusual conditions to
arrange for modifications that will ensure satisfactory performance.

4.1.4 Atmospheric Contamination. The usual

condition of the atmosphere outside of enclosures is to be free of measurable quantities of
corrosive umes, dust,steam, salt spray,and
mixtures of explosive gas. Measurable quantities of contamination are considered to be an
umsua1 condition.
4.1.5 Vibration, Shock, and Seismic Conditions. Standard equipmentis not to be
subjected
to vibration, shock, or earthquakes. Vibration,
shock, or earthquakes are considered t o be unusual conditions.

4.2.1 Unusual Altitude Derating

4.2.1.1 Air Insulation Derating. Air insulation is to be derated when tested or applied at
The numbers in bracketscorrespond
ences in Section 3.

8
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to the refer-

IEEE
Std 281-1984

POWER SYSTEM COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

5. Testing and Application

Table 1
Altitude Dielectric Strength Derating
for Air Insulation
Altitude
Above
Sea
Meters (m)
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
(10
3600
(14
4200
4800
(16
5400
(18
(20
6000

Level
Feet (ft)
( 5000)
( 6000)
( 7000)
( 8000)
( 9000)
000)
( 1 2 000)
000)
000)
000)
000)

5.1 General. Tests shall be conducted to determine thatthe powersystemcommunication

equipment
performs
functions
its
satisfactorily
during conditions described in thisstandard.
Three classes of tests aredescribed.
(1) Design Tests demonstrate that a prototype
performs
satisfactorily with standard
service condtions.
(2) RoutineTests
demonstrate thatrepetitively manufactured
equipment
has been
manufactured to operate with standard service
conditions.
(3) User Tests are made to determine if shipping and storage conditions have affected
equipment performance.

Correction
Factor
1.o0
0.97
0.94
0.91
0.87
0.83
0.79
0.74
0.69
0.64
0.59

NOTE: This table is adapted from [ 51.

5.2 DesignTests. Satisfactory performance of

power system communication equipment shall
be demonstrated during design tests at thelocation of manufacturingfor service conditions
described in 4.1.
5.2.1 Usual Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions. Design tests shall be
made to demonstrate satisfactory performance
at extremes of ambient temperature and relative humidity described in 4.1.1and 4.1.2.
5.2.2 Vibration,Shock, and Seismic Tests.
Design tests shall be made t o demonstrate that
equipment will perform satisfactorily in unusual
conditions of vibration, shock, and earthquake
when the unusual service condition capable of
withstanding vibration, shock, and earthquake
arerequired. Seismicdesign tests are to be
those described by ANSI/IEEE C37.98-1978
[ 2 ] . The ZPA of the seismic test level shall be
the acceleration level for a locationin a cabinet
at the floor elevation in the structure where it
is to be installed.

altitudes in excess of 5000 ft, as indicated in

Table 1.
4.2.1.2 Ambient
Temperature,
Altitude
Derating. Maximum cooling air temperature for
equipment that is tested or applied at an altitude greater than 1500 m (5000ft) is indicated
by Table 2.
4.2.2 Vibration, Shock, and Seismic Conditions. Any expected conditions of vibration,
shock,andearthquakeat
the operatinglocation shall be brought to the attention of those
responsible for application, manufacturing, and
operation of communicationequipment.The
required level of zero
period
acceleration
(ZPA) in g units shall beindicatedandrequirementsforsatisfactoryoperationduring
and after or only after a seismic event shall be
indicated by the user.

Table 2
Altitude Correction of Maximum Temperature of Cooling Air
Temperatures

Maximum

Altitude
(Short
Time)
(Long
Time
Average)
Usual
1500 m ( 5000 f t )
5 5 'C (131
'F)
40
"C (104 'F)
Unusual2000m
( 6 6 0 0f t )5 3
OC (127 OF)
38 'C (100 "F)2
Unusual3000m(10
O00 f t )
48 'C (118 'F)
3 3 "C ( 9 1 'F)
Unusual 4000 m.(13200 f t )
43 'C (109'F)28
"C ( 82 "F)
NOTE: This table is adapted from [ 51.

9
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(Difference
From
Usual)
'C ( 4 "F)
7 'C ( 1 3 'F)
1 2 'C (22 OF)

IEEE
Std 281-1984

Seismic testing shall be conductedas described

in ANSI/IEEE Std 344-1975 [4] andANSI/

IEEE ~37.98-1978pl.
5.2.3 Tests of Power Source Variation. Design
tests shall be made to demonstrate satisfactory
performance at the tabulated extremesof range
of usual ac supply voltage and frequency variation, ac supply voltage waveform variation, dc
supply voltage variation, and dc voltage ripple
described in 4.1.6.
5.2.4 Dielectric Tests. Design dielectric tests
shall be made to demonstrate thateach item of
powersystemcommunicationequipmenthas
an adequate insulation system.
5.2.4.1 PowerFrequencyWithstandVoltage Tests. (1)The test duration shall be 1min,
or as an alternate, 1 S at a voltage 20% higher
than the voltage in (4).
(2) No flashovers Or insulation damage shall
occur.
(3) Test
be
between Circuits,between windings, between windings and
cores, andbetweencircuitsand
the chassis or
enclosure which may be grounded.
(4) Equipment shall betested with asinusoidal rms voltage of twice the rms rated voltage
plus 1000 V with a minimum of 1500 V.
(5) Power frequency dielectric tests are not
required across windings, across devices having
surge-suppression components, or across solidstate components. These are t o be tested with
the Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) test (see
5.2.5) which shall be substituted for the power
frequency
dielectric
tests.
See ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 [l]8.1.
5.2.4.2 DC Voltage Withstand Tests. Terminals of circuits having devices such as capacitors
connected t o ground that would conduct
damaging current during application of power
frequency dielectric test voltage t o ground shall
be tested withstanding dc voltage equal to the
peak of the root-mean-square ac test voltage in
5.2.4.1(4)for a periodof 60 S without damage.
5.2.4.3 Operational Tests after Dielectric
Tests. Satisfactory operation of the power system communication equipmentshall be demonstrated before and after successful completion
of dielectric tests.
5.2.4.4 Temperatureat Which Dielectric
Tests are t o be Made. Dielectric tests shall be
made atambienttemperaturespermittedfor
normal operation.

IEEE STANDARD SERVICE CONDITIONS FOR

5.2.5 Surge Withstand Capability Tests. Satisfactoryperformanceduringtransientelectromagnetic interference and occurrence of surge
voltages coupled to external circuits connected
to terminals shall be demonstrated by a representative equipment of the same or like model
powersystemcommunicationequipment
by
withstanding Surge Withstand Capability Tests
while energized andperforming itsfunction.
The Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) test
procedure is described in ANSI/IEEE C37.901978 [l] Section 9.
A SWC test is successful when no erroneous
output is present, no component failure occurs,
and there is no change in calibration exceeding
normal tolerances. An erroneous output is one
that presents false information such asfalse
target lights, or trip pulses.
5.2.6 Tests of Equipment for Altitudes Not
Exceeding 1500 m (5000 ft). Equipmentfor
altitudes not exceeding 1500 m (5000 ft) may
be tested for air dielectric strength and tempera h r e rise at any altitude notexceeding 1500 m
(5000 ft) and no altitude comection shall be
applied.
5.2.7 Tests of Equipment for Altitudes Exceeding 1500 m (5000 ft). When equipment is
designed forapplication at high altitudes, air
dielectric andtemperature rise testsmay be
made at any altitude less than 1500 m (5000 ft)
when appropriate altitude corrections
are made.
5.2.7.1 Insulation test voltage for high altitude shall be increased by dividing by the
appropriate correction factorin Table l .
5.2.7.2 Increased temperature rise atunusual altitudes shall be simulated by adding to
the measured temperature rise the appropriate
differencenumberindicated
in Table 2. The
simulated rise will be added to the appropriate
ambienttemperaturetodeterminethesuitability of insulation material used.
5.2.8 Tests Made atAltitudes
Exceeding
1500 m (5000 ft). Equipment designed for
application a t usual altitudes may be tested at
unusual altitudes above 1500 m (5000 ft).
5.2.8.1 Multiply air dielectric test voltages
by appropriate factors from Table
1.
5.2.8.2 Use areducedmaximumambient
temperature of an appropriate value indicated
in Table 2 to compute the equipment temperature at usual altitudesfromtemperature
rise
measurements madeat unusual altitudes.

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IEEE
Std 281-1984

POiPER SYSTEM COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

5.3 Routine Tests. Routineoperationaltests

shall be conducted t o determine that equipmentoperatessatisfactorilybeforeandafter
routine dielectric tests.
5.3.1 Dielectric Tests. Routinepowerfrequency dielectric tests shall beconducted at
of manufactureon all equipment
thepoint
between circuits
and
between
circuits
and
metallic equipment frames. Test duration and
values shall be those indicated in 5.2.4.

Storage of equipment shall have been in a controlled environment t o prevent deterioration of

the equipment.
5.4.2 Additional dielectric testsmay be made
using 75% of the test voltage in accordance
with 5.2.4 at the point of installation to determine the practicality of placing or continuing
in service.

5.4 User Tests

5.4.1 Tests in accordance with this standard
may be made once by the user on new equipment before or after installation.
New equipment is defined as that which has not been in
service and which has been stored for no more
than one year from the date
of shipment and
installed in accordance with accepted standards.

Power system communication

equipment
shall have a nameplate indicating service conditions for the equipmentas follows:
(1)Manufacturers name
(2) Serial or identification number
(3) Type designation
(4)Rated supply voltage
(5) Rated power frequency

6. Nameplate

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