6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Amplifiers -Small Signal Model

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Review

MOSFET amp
VS
RL

vO
vI

iDS

Saturation discipline operate

MOSFET only in saturation region

Large signal analysis

1. Find vO vs vI under saturation discipline.

2. Valid vI , vO ranges under saturation discipline.

Reading: Small signal model -- Chapter 8

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Large Signal Review

1

vO vs vI
K
(vI 1)2 RL
2
valid for vI VT
and
vO vI VT
K 2
(same as iDS vO )
2

vO = VS

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Large Signal Review

2

Valid operating ranges

VS

vO

5V
corresponding
interesting
region for vO

vO > vI VT
vO = vI VT
vO < vI VT

1V

vI

VT

1V

2V

interesting region
for vI . Saturation
discipline satisfied.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

But
5V

VS

vO

vO = vI VT
vO 1V

vI
VT
1V

Demo

vI

2V

Amplifies alright,
but distorts

vI
vO
t

Amp is nonlinear /
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Small Signal Model

vO

~ 5V VS

Focus on this line segment

(VI , VO )

~ 1V
vI

VT
1V

~ 2V
2
K (vI VT )
vO = VS
RL
2
Amp all right, but nonlinear!
Hmmm So what about our linear amplifier ???

Insight:
But, observe vI vs vO about some
point (VI , VO) looks quite linear !
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Trick
vO

vo
VO

vi

(VI ,VO )

looks
linear

VI
vI

Operate amp at VI , VO
DC bias (good choice: midpoint
of input operating range)

Superimpose small signal on top of VI

Response to small signal seems to be
approximately linear

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Trick
vO

vo
VO

vi

(VI ,VO )

looks
linear

VI
vI

Operate amp at VI , VO
DC bias (good choice: midpoint
of input operating range)

Superimpose small signal on top of VI

Response to small signal seems to be
approximately linear
Lets look at this in more detail
I graphically
II mathematically
III from a circuit viewpoint

next
week

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

I Graphically
We use a DC bias VI to boost interesting input
signal above VT, and in fact, well above VT .

VS
RL

interesting
input signal

vI +

VI +

vO

Offset voltage or bias

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Graphically

VS
RL

interesting
input signal

vO

vI +

VI +

VS

vO

operating
point

VO

VI , VO

vO = vI VT
vI

VT

Good choice for operating point:

midpoint of input operating range

VI

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Small Signal Model

aka incremental model
aka linearized model

Notation
Input:

vI = VI + vi

total
DC small
variable bias signal (like vI)
bias voltage aka operating point voltage
Output: vO = VO + vo
Graphically,
vI

vO

vi

vo

VI

VO

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

II Mathematically

( watch my fingers)

RL K
2
vO = VS
(vI VT ) VO = VS RL K (VI VT )2
2
2

substituting vI = VI + vi
vi << VI
RL K
vO = VS
2

( [VI + vi ] vT )2

RL K
2

( [VI VT ] + vi )2

= VS

RL K
[VI VT ]2 + 2 [VI vT ]vi + vi 2
= VS
2
RL K
VO + vo = VS
(VI VT )2 RL K (VI VT ) vi
2
From ,

vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
gm

related to

VI

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Mathematically
vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
gm

related to

VI

vo = g m RL vi
For a given DC operating point voltage VI,
VI VT is constant. So,

vo = A vi
constant w.r.t. vi
In other words, our circuit behaves like a linear amplifier
for small signals

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Another way
RL K
vO = VS
(vI VT )2
2

R K

2
L
v V
VS

I
T
2
d

vo =
dv
I

vi
v =V
I
I

slope at VI

vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi
g m = K (VI VT )
A = g m RL

amp gain

Also, see Figure 8.9 in the course notes

for a graphical interpretation of this result
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

More next lecture

Demo

iDS
load line

input signal response

operating point
VI

VO

vO

How to choose the bias point:

1. Gain component g m VI
2. vi gets big distortion.
So bias carefully
3. Input valid operating range.
Bias at midpoint of input operating
range for maximum swing.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10