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PERIOD3(17541800):Britishimperialattemptstoreassertcontroloveritscoloniesandthecolonialreactionto
theseattemptsproducedanewAmericanrepublic,alongwithstrugglesoverthenewnation'ssocial,political,and
economicidentity.

KeyConcept3.1:Britain'svictoryoverFranceintheimperialstruggleforNorthAmericaledtonewconflictsamong
theBritishgovernment,theNorthAmericancolonists,andAmericanIndians,culminatinginthecreationofanew
nation,theUnitedStates.

KeyConcept3.2:Inthelate18thcentury,newexperimentswithdemocraticideasandrepublicanformsof
government,aswellasothernewreligious,economic,andculturalideas,challengedtraditionalimperialsystems
acrosstheAtlanticWorld.

KeyConcept3.3:MigrationwithinNorthAmerica,cooperativeinteraction,andcompetitionforresourcesraised
questionsaboutboundariesandpolicies,intensifiedconflictsamongpeoplesandnations,andledtocontestsover
thecreationofamultiethnic,multiracialnationalidentity.

Event/Person/Idea

Definition

ImportancetoUSHistory/ExtraInfo

SevenYearsWar
(1754~1763)

AsEnglishsettlersmovedintothe
OhioValley,theFrenchtriedtostop
thembybuildingfortifiedoutpostsat
strategicentryspots;TheFrench
weretryingtoprotecttheir
profitablefurtradeandtheircontrol
oftheregion
MostNativeAmericansalliedwith
theFrenchbetterrelations

ReferredtoastheFrenchandIndianWar
bytheBritish
Englandwasthewinner
EnglandgainedcontrolofCanadaand
almosteverythingeastoftheMississippi
Valley;Frenchkept2sugarislands
ManyAmericansservedintheEnglish
armyandcameincontactwithEnglish
soldiers=>antiBritishsentiment

PontiacsRebellion(1763)

ChiefPontiacledamajorattack
TheBritishwereforcedtoquellthis
againstcolonialsettlementsonthe
rebellionatgreatcostinadditiontothe
westernfrontierOhioRiverValley
costsoffightingtheFrench
AmericanIndianswereangeredby
thegrowingwestwardmovementof
Europeansettlersontotheirlandand
byBritishrefusaltooffergiftsasthe
Frenchhaddone

Proclamationof1763

Prohibitedcolonistsfromsettling
westoftheAppalachianMountains
Britishhopedtopreventfuture
hostilitiesbetweencolonistsand
AmericanIndians

Thecolonistswerefurious
Despitetheproclamation,thousandsof
colonistscontinuedwestward
Endof
salutaryneglect

SugarAct(1764)

Dutiesonforeignsugar

MolassesActof1733
Aimedat
deterringmolassessmugglers
(stricterenforcementof
Navigation

Violatorsweretobetriedin
viceadmiraltycourt
scourtsinwhicha
singlejudgeissuedaverdictwithoutthe
deliberationofajury

Acts
);Loweredthedutyonmolasses Parliamentwasoversteppingits
comingintothecoloniesfromthe
authorityandviolatingtheirrightsas
WestIndiesandthesedutieswereto Englishmen
becollected
CurrencyAct(1764)

Forbadethecoloniestoissuepaper
moneyastheBritishdidntwant
worthlesscolonialcurrency

Britishcurrencywasbackedupbygold
andsilver,butcolonialcurrencywasnt
backedupbyanything

JamesOtisTheRightsofthe
BritishColoniesAssertedand
Proved(1764)

Notaxationwithout
representation
Sincecolonistsdidntelectmembers
toParliament,theywerentobliged
topaytaxes
RepresentationinParliamentor
greaterdegreeofselfgovernment

Britishview:
virtualrepresentation

membersofParliamentrepresentedall
Britishsubjectsregardlessofwhoelected
them
Colonistswanted,Britishwererefusing,
therighttodeterminetheirowntaxes

QuarteringAct(1765)

Requiredcoloniststoprovidefood
andhousingforBritishsoldiers
stationedinthecolonies

SavemoneyforBritain

StampAct,StampAct
Congress(1765)

Grenville
sdirecttaxtoraise
revenuetosupportBritishforcesin
thecoloniesandpayoffnational
debt
Broadbasedtax:coveringalllegal
documentsandlicenses=>everyone
wasaffected,butespeciallylawyers
(deeds,wills,contracts,newspapers,
pamphlets,advertisements)

Unitedcolonists:boycottand
nonimportation
Protestgroupsandstrongopposition
andtheActwasrepealedin1766
Representativesmetin1765and
resolvedthatonlytheirownelected
representativeshadthelegalauthorityto
approvetaxes

Sons&DaughtersofLiberty
(1765)

Asecretsocietyorganizedforthe
purposeofintimidatingagents

Sometimesdestroyedrevenuestamps
andtarredandfeatheredrevenue
officials

DeclaratoryAct(1766)

Parliamenthadtherighttotaxand
legislateinallcasesanywhereinthe
colonies

BostonMassacre(1770)

ManyBritishsoldiersremainedin
Bostonandwereinstigatedbyamob
whowasangryatthecompetitionin
harborjobsduetoBritisharrival

Propagandacampaignthatsuggested
thatthesoldiershadshotintoacrowdof
innocentbystanders

JohnAdams
defendedsoldiers
&Samuel
Adams
markeditasamassacre,inflaming
antiBritishfeeling

TownshendActs(1767)

Taxedgoodsimporteddirectlyfrom
Britain(tea,glass,paper)

Repealedin1770,exceptfortheteatax

Instituted
writsofassistance
:
licensesthatgavetheBritishthe
powertosearchanyplacethey
suspectedofhidingsmuggledgoods
JohnDickinsonLettersFrom
aFarmerinPennsylvania
(1768)

Anytaxesimposeduponthe
coloniesbyParliamentforthe
purposeofraisingrevenue,whether
directorindirect,wereunjust

Parliamentcouldregulatecommercebut
dutieswereaformoftaxationcouldnt
beleviedonthecolonieswithoutconsent
ofrepresentativeassemblies

Gaspee(1772)

ABritishcustomsshipthathad
caughtseveralsmugglersran
agroundofftheshoreofRhode
Island

Agroupofcolonistsdisguisedas
AmericanIndiansorderedtheBritish
crewashoreandsetfiretotheship

BostonTeaParty(1773)

Britishgranted
EastIndiaCompany
amonopolyonteatradeinthe
colonies=>cheapertea,butanother
newtaxthatwouldrecognize
Parliamentsrighttotaxthecolonies

GovernorHutchinson
allowsdelivery

December16,1773
:GroupofBostonians
disguisedasAmericanIndians,boarded
theBritishships,anddumpedteaintothe
harbor

Coercive/IntolerableActs
(1774)

ClosedBostonHarbortoallbut
essentialtradeuntildestroyedtea
waspaidfor
MartialLaw:militarygovernment

Allowedroyalofficialsaccusedofcrimes
tobetriedinGreatBritain,notincolonies
EnableBritishtroopstobequarteredin
privatehomesinallcolonies

QuebecAct(1774)

EstablishedRomanCatholicismas
theofficialreligionofGovernment,
setupagovernmentwithouta
representativeassembly,extended
QuebecsboundarytotheOhioRiver
=>furtherimpedingwestward
expansion

FearedthattheBritishwouldattemptto
enactsimilarlawsinAmericatotake
awayrepresentativegovernment;
PredominantlyProtestantresented
recognitiongiventoCatholicism

FirstContinentalCongress
(1774)

SuffolkResolves
:immediaterepeal
ofIntolerableActs,resistthemby
militarypreparations&boycott
Britishgoods

DeclarationofRightsand
Grievance
:urgedthekingtoredress
colonialgrievancesandrestore
colonialrightsandrecognized
Parliamentsauthoritytoregulate
commerce

ContinentalAssociation
:networkof
committeestoenforcetheboycott
Ifcolonialrightswerentrecognized,
delegateswouldmeetagaininMay1775

SecondContinentalCongress
(1775)

GeorgeWashingtonischosento
leadthenewcolonialarmy,print

Kingdismissedthecongresspleaand
consideredthecoloniststobein
open

money,creationofgovernment
officestosupervisepolicy

OliveBranchPetition(1775):
delegatesvotedtosenditto
King
GeorgeIII
inwhichtheypledgdtheir
loyaltyandaskedthekingto
intercedewithParliamenttosecure
peaceandprotectionofcolonial
rights

rebellion
by
Parliament'sProhibitoryAct
(August1775)
Lastattempttoavoidarmedconflictas
congressurgedforareturntothe
formerharmony
Fewmonthslater,Parliamentforbadeall
tradeandshippingbetweenBritainand
colonies

Loyalistsvs.Patriots

ProBritish,Tories
Government
AntiBritish
Protestantpropertyholders
officials,devoutanglicans,merchants andgentry,urbanartisans,especiallyin
dependentontradewithEngland,
NewEngland
fearfulethnicminoritieswhodidnt
wanttofacepersecutionwiththe
rebels,Wealthier&more
conservative

ThomasPaineCommon
Sense(1776)

Firstdiscussionofcolonial
independence

HowcanBritain(small)controlcolonies
(huge)Isitlogical?Distance&Separation

DeclarationofIndependence
(July4,1776)

WrittenbyThomasJefferson
Listofthecoloniesgrievances
againstthecrown

Principleofindividuallibertyand
governmentsfundamentalresponsibility
toservethepeople

AmericanRevolution
(1765~1783)

LexingtonandConcord(1775)
Gage(British)sendalargeforceto
seizecolonialmilitarysuppliesin
Concord
PaulRevereandmilitiaofLexington
(minutemen)assembledtoface
British

BunkerHill(1775)
ColonialmilitiaofMassachusettsfarmers
fortifiedBreedsHill,nexttoBunkerHill
Britishforceattackedcolonistsposition
andmanagedtotakethehill,suffering
over1000casualties
Americansclaimedavictoryofsortsfor
inflictingheavylossesonBritish

FrancoAmericanAlliance
(1778)

NegotiatedbyBenjaminFranklin
WidenedthewarandforcedtheBritish
aftercolonistsdefeatedtheBritishat todivertmilitaryresourcesawayfrom
the
BattleofSaratoga(1777)
America
bringingtheFrenchintothewaron
thecolonistsside

TreatyofParis(1783)

BritishCornwallis
defeatat
Yorktown,Virginia
in1781
TheBritishwereforcedtoabandon
anunpopularwaronforeignsoil

GrantedtheUnitedStatesindependence
andgenerousterritorialrights:Western
boundary:MississippiRiverandfishing
rightsoffCanadascoast;Americans
wouldpaydebtstoBritishmerchantsand
honorLoyalistclaimsforproperty
confiscatedduringwar

ArticlesofConfederation
(1777~1781)

Senttocoloniesforratification
Firstnationalconstitution
Little/nocentralgovernment

Nationalgovernmentdidnthavethe
powertotax/regulatetrade
Amendmentstoarticlesrequired
unanimousconsentofallstatessoone
statecouldholdothershostagetoits
demands

ShaysRebellion(1786~1787) UprisingledbyDanielShayto
preventcourtsfromforeclosing
farmsofthosewhocouldntpaythe
taxes

Proofthatthenationalgovernmentwas
essentiallypowerlesstostopsuch
rebellions

JohnHancock

KingofSmugglers,Patriotleader
andpresidentofSecondContinental
Congress

FirstpersontosigntheDeclarationof
Independence

AnnapolisConvention(1786)
=>ConstitutionalConvention
(1787)

AlexanderHamiltonfearedforthe
survivalofthenewrepublicand
convenedtheAC

May:solepurposeofrevisingthe
ArticlesofConfederationbutthrown
away,illegalmeeting,writinganew
constitution

GreatCompromise=New
JerseyPlan+VirginiaPlan+
BicameralLegislature

NJPlan:smallplan;equal
representationfromeachstateone
voteeach
VPlan:largeplan,JamesMadison,
representationofeachstatebased
onpopulation

BL:
HouseofRepresentatives
(Lower
House)electedbythepeopleand
Senate
(UpperHouse)electedbythestate
legislatures

ThreeFifthsCompromise

Countedeachslavesasthreefifths
ofapersonforthepurposesof
determiningastateslevelof
taxationandrepresentation

Federalistsvs.
AntiFederalists

F:AlexanderHamilton,JohnJay,
JamesMadisonwrote
Federalist
Papers
,urgingfortheadditionofBill
ofRightsuponratificationofthe
Constitution

NewGovernment(1789)

ConstitutionEnactedin1789

BillofRightsAddedin1791

GeorgeWashington

Creationofcabinet,thoughnot
specificallygrantedinConstitution

SecretaryofState:ThomasJefferson
SecretaryofTreasury:Alexander
Hamilton

AlexanderHamilton

CreatedaNationalBanktoregulate
andstrengtheneconomy
Strongcentralgovernmentand
weakerstategovernments
Broad/looseconstructionist;implied
powerofgovernmentwithexplicit
powertocoinandborrowmoney,
collecttaxes

Planforfederalgovernmenttoassume
statesdebts;FavoredNorthernstates
whohadmoredebtthanSouthernstates;
Concession:WashingtonD.C.(Southern
location)asnationscapital

ThomasJefferson

Weakerfederalgovernmentto
defendcountryandregulate
internationalcommercesoallother
powersgiventostates=>fearof
monarchy

Strictconstructionist(withMadison):
ConstitutionallowedCongressonlythose
powersspecificallygrantedtoit
Bankmaybedesirableorbeneficial
butunnecessary,thuscreationbeyond
nationalgovernmentspowers

NeutralityProclamationof
1793

Frenchgovernmentrepresentative
CitizenEdmondGenet
visited
Americatoseekassistancefor
FrenchRevolution

Jeffersonwantedtosupportrevolution
anditsrepublicanideals;Francehad
helpedthem
Hamiltonstatedthattherewasno
money
WashingtondeclaredtheU.S.intention
toremainfriendlyandimpartialtoward
belligerentpowers

Federalistsvs.Democratic
Republicans

F:
Hamilton&Washington

DR:
Jefferson&Madison
Favored
Favoredastrongfederalgovernment strongerstategovernments

WhiskeyRebellion(1791)

Farmersresistedanexcisetaxon
whiskey
Attempttoraiserevenuetopayfor
thedebtincurredbytheRevolution

Washingtondispatchedthemilitiato
disperserebels

WashingtonsFarewell
Address(1796)

Domestic
:dontletpoliticalparties
becometoostrong,prevent
dominanceofonepartofthe
countryforfearofcivilwar

Foreign
:emphasizedcommercialties
withallcountries,stayoutofentangles
alliances,treatallcountriesfairly

JaysTreaty(1794)

JohnJaywenttoEnglandto
negotiateatreatyconcerningBritish
evacuationfromNorthwestTerritory
andBritishviolationsoffreetrade
andimpressment

Preventedwarbuttoomanyconcession
towardtheBritish,whoinessence
werentrespectingU.S.srightsasa
sovereignnation

PinckneysTreaty/Treatyof
SanLorenzo(1795)

ThomasPinckneywassenttoSpain
tonegotiate

SpainsaidU.S.couldusetheMississippi
RiveralongwithNewOrleansport

XYZAffair(1797)

AfterJaysTreatyissigned,France
seizedAmericanshipsonopenseas;
AdamssentdiplomatstoParisand
Frenchofficialswantedahugebribe

Adamspublishedtheirwrittenreport,
deletedFrenchofficialsnamesand
replacedthemwithX,Y,Z
FormerlyproFrench=>antiFrench

AlienandSeditionActs(1798) Allowedthegovernmenttoforcibly Aimedatdestroyingnewimmigrants

expelforeignersandjailnewspaper
supportforDemocraticRepublicans
editorsforscandalousandmalicious
writing
VirginiaandKentucky
Resolutions(1798~1799)

Stateshadtherighttojudgethe
constitutionalityoffederallaws

Nullification:DeclarationthattheAlien
andSeditionActswerevoid