: 

 
  : 


 
MISSOURI Mohamed

(  
 )"!

$%)(' "

B -$. : 2 

 
"

B + H 2O
BH + HO

/


/

AH +
, -$. :1 


$
 $
 $

ni = CV
CV x
CV x f

(


#
 $$

 
#

(
(

x
xf

x
xf

x
xf

) 
#
* 
#

HO = BH =
f
f

%

AH + H 2 O
A + H 3 O

ni = CV
CV x
CV x f

n ( HO

n ( BH

=
V
V
14
10
Ke
HO =
= pH = 10 pH 14
+
f
10
H 3O
f
f

xf
V

xf
xm

n ( H 3O + )

xf

xm

=
=

Qr ,q

2
q

( .C ) = 2C
k = Qr ,q =
C (1 ) 1

@ 
!A
, 1B 768.

Ke
Ke 1
Ke
Ka =
=
Ka
K 2C

xf

= 10 pH

H 3O .V H 3O
10 pH
f
f
=
=
CV
C
C
+ ,  
1
+
  = 1

n ( AH ) f

CV x f

V
V
+
CV H 3O .V
V

= C H 3O +

xf
xm

H 3O + A
H 3O +
q
q
q
=
=
[ AH ]q
[ AH ]q
x f = .xm = .C.V

x
.C.V
H 3O + = f =
= .C
q
V
V
CV x f
= C H 3O + = C C = C (1 )
[ AH ]q =
V
2
( .C )
2C
Qr ,q =
=
C (1 ) 1
: %
 0)1 0)
( 0$-
 -" )  -$
 . "

= H O H 3O + + A A
3

K=

n ( A )

) 
#
* 
#

x
.C.V
HO = f =
= .C
q
V
V
CV x f
= C HO = C C = C (1 )
[ B ]q =
V

BH +

x
xf

(  7= -$ 768) 4 -$ : 768.

x f = .xm = .C.V

 
#

x f = H 3O + .V
CV xm = 0 xm = CV

[ AH ] f

( 7= -$ 768) 4 -$ : 768.

x
xf

HO .V HO
10 pH 14
f
f
=
=
=
=
xm
CV
C
C
n ( B ) f CV x f
=
[ B] f =
V
V

CV HO .V
=
= C HO
V

k = Qr ,q

H 3O = A =
f
f

BH + HO
HO
q
q
=
=
[ B ]q
[ B ]q

 $$

 #

: 234  6 

x f = HO .V
CV xm = 0 xm = CV
xf

x
xf

(
(

%

: pH 0)1 0)

: 234  6 

$
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(
0
0

pH 0)1 0)



 
"


x
H 3O + = A =
V

= H O+ + A
3

) Vx

H 3O + = A =

x
=
V H O+ + A
3



 : 

 
  : 


 
MISSOURI Mohamed

(  
 )"!

$%)(' "

n M ( S ) = nx

: + 3$

n M (S ) =

n ( e )
m

M ( S )  "$

)

$
G5 D"

n( X ) =
n( X ) =

:6J
 H
:( E $
 )  $
 $

V (X )
Vm
: +
$



CaVa

CbVb

CaVa x

CbVb x

) 
#

CaVa x f

CbVb x f

xf

xf

xf

* 
#

 
#

CbVbE xm = 0 CaVa xm = 0 )

: 2(3
)

CaCO3 + 2 H 3O + Ca 2+ + CO2 + 3H 2O
C.V

:+3



ni x

C.V x

ni x f

C.V x f


#
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#

3x

) 
#

xf

3x f

xf

* 
#

ni ( CaCO3 ) =

: $-
 3

0
x
xf

m
+
ni ( H 3O ) = C.V : 4567 %
 -
M
ni ( CaCO3 ) xm = 0 ni ( H 3O + ) xm = 0
xm =

: $
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"

%

$
 $
 $

ni

n( X )
[X ] =
Vs
m
Cm =
Vs
m
=
V

M
29

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 #

%

+
D ,    17 I1 -$ :4 

J

n ( A)
C=
Vs

d=

$
 $
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xm = CaVa = CbVbE
xm
CaVa
CV
A =
=
= b bE
f
Va + VbE Va + VbE a Va + VbE a

N
Na

d=
eau

: 
n ( e ) = mnx

Q I t I t
I t
n ( e ) = =
=
x=
F
F
N Ae
mnF

m( X )
n( X ) =
M (X)

,
1 
/ 2!@ -$ AH +
D , 78 :3 

 
E  -$. F



 


"
AH + HO
A + H O

m
M

xm = C.V

: 89:
; -
<
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: 
$
= %- 3$
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? +A , ;#

PCO2 .VCO2 = n ( CO2 ) .R.T

: 
)?
* , (

x = n ( CO2 ) =

PCO2 .VCO2

n ( CO2 ) .R.T

L$<
$

3
7

E

C2 H 6



C3 H 8

 

C4 H10

))

C5 H12

?3*

C6 H14

n1i

n2i

n3i

n4i

*

C7 H16

n1i mx

n2i nx

n3i + mx

n4i + nx

CH 4

$ < :5 $

mN ( S ) + nM (maq+) mN (nS+) + nM ( S )
$
 $
 $

Qr ;i =

N naq+
( )

%

ni N (naq+ )

 
"


#
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#


#
)

C 'V '
= V +V ' =
m
+
CV
ni M ( aq )
M maq+
( ) i
V +V '
n+
N ( S ) N ( aq ) + ne : D3
E D
$
+ 5
i

M (maq+) + me M ( S )