Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Guide
Adapted from:
http://intranet.yorkcollege.ac.uk/yc/new/lduweb/documents/citrefs.pdf
http://education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.htm
Compiled by David Fisher and Terry Hanstock
Revised by IPG, January 2009 - Edited by RB, DA and ED
Revised by EB, May 2009 Edited by JW, ED and ML
Revised by ED, Oct 2009 to reflect new Study Skills materials
Revised by M Haque, Jan 2011
Book
authors
last name
year of
publication
title of book
place of
publication
publisher
Cutler, T. (1986). Keynes, Beveridge and beyond. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
initial
Journal Article
authors
last name
year of
publication
title of article
title of journal
volume no.
page no.
initial
Greenfield, J. (1990). The Sevso Treasure: the legal case. Apollo, 132(341), 14-16.
Website article
authors name
or source
year of
publication
title of article
type of media
website url
Contents
2. Citations .............................................................................................................. 11
Integrated citation ............................................................................................................................ 11
Non-integrated citation .................................................................................................................... 11
Secondary Referencing ..................................................................................................................... 11
Direct Quotations.............................................................................................................................. 12
3. Other.................................................................................................................... 12
Difference between reference list and bibliography ........................................................................ 12
Using media sources such as the BBC ............................................................................................... 13
Alphabetical order of reference lists ................................................................................................ 13
1. Reference Lists
Reference List
In-text Citation
The order in which you write the authors names is based on the way it is written
on the original source.
Book three authors
Cutler, T., Williams, J., and Jacobs, M. (1986). Approaches to learning. London:
Penguin.
The following examples apply to one author, but the rules above for more
than one author can be applied to any of these sources.
E-book
Authors last name, Initials. (Year). Title of book. [type of medium] Place of
publication: Publisher. Available through: source/database, URL [Accessed date].
Fishman, R. (2005). The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle
Press. Available through: City University Library, http://city.ac.uk/library [Accessed
5 June 2010].
Conference Paper
Authors last name, Initials. (Year). Title of paper. Place of publication: Publisher.
Cunningham, S. (1993). Computer graphics: SIGGRAPH 93 conference proceedings,
Anaheim, California, 1-6 August, 1993. New York: The Association for Computing
Machinery.
Illustrations
Authors last name, Initials. (Year). Title of illustration. Type of illustration. At:
place of publication: publisher. Register number
Gosse, S. (1912). The Garden, Rowlandson House. Ink and oil. At: London: British
Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1915-27-41.
E-mail correspondence
Authors last name, Initials. (Year). Subject of email, e-mail to destination (email
address), date, month.
Johnson, R. (2001). Access courses for women, e-mail to NIACE Lifelong Learning
Mailing List (lifelong-learning@niace.org.uk), 22 Aug.
YouTube Video
Screen name of contributor. (Year). Video Title. [type of
medium] Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].
Organisations have been found to differ (Mrgeorged, 2009).
Mrgeorged, (2009). Top Gear The Stig revealed Full. [video online]
Available at:<http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4>
[Accessed 23 June 2009].
More than one work by the same author, with the same year
Cutler, T. (1986a). Approaches to learning. London: Penguin.
Missing Date
If you do not have the date, use n.d.
Cutler, T. (n.d.). Approaches to learning. London: Penguin.
Missing author
If you do not know the author of the work, use Anon.
Anon. (1986). Approaches to learning. London: Penguin.
Missing publisher
If you do not know the name of the publisher, use s.n., which stands for
sine nomine
Cutler, T. (1986). Approaches to learning. London: s.n.
2. Citations
Integrated citation
In a integrated citation, when making reference to an authors work in your text, their name is
followed by the year of publication of their work:
Cutler (1986) claims that a deep approach will lead to being successful at university.
Non-integrated citation
If you make reference to a source without mentioning the author in the text, then the authors
name and publication year are placed in the sentence, usually at the end, in brackets:
A deep approach can lead to being successful at university (Cutler, 1986).
Remember that the full stop should appear after the citation, because it is part of the
sentence.
Secondary Referencing
Example: you are reading a journal article written by John Lucas. In the article it says this:
There are many different approaches to learning. A surface approach is typically described as a
method for passing exams (Brown, 1984).
You want to use the point made by Brown in your own essay. In your reference list you
should put the reference for the article which you read, the Lucas reference. Then in your
essay, you would write this for a non-integrated citation:
One method which can be described as being useful for passing exams is the surface approach
(Brown, 1984, cited in Lucas, 1998).
As an integrated citation it would be:
According to Brown (1984, cited in Lucas, 1998), a method which can be described as being useful
for passing exams is the surface approach.
11
Direct Quotations
When using a direct quotation in a citation, you need to use quotation marks and write the
page number next to the year.
As Jacobs (1964: 114) states, it is simply not possible to know everything, but it can be stated that
some knowledge is attainable.
Indented long quotations
When using a long quotation, you should not use quotation marks, but indent the quote.
Knowledge construction happens at all levels of society but may be more problematic at the
international level:
Governments have demonstrated how the concepts of democracies have been adapted
based on the national, cultural and religious influences of each country. This has led to
some surprises when cross-border agreements started with the rise of globalisation
(Cunningham, 1993: 121).
3. Other
12
Consider the reliability of the source carefully. Serious journalists try to report
information correctly, while other journalists may simply want to sell their newspaper,
magazine or documentary using an exciting story or shocking statistic. Therefore the
BBCs Panorama programme is more reliable than Channel 5s Worlds Fattest
Man, The Economist is more reliable than Heat magazine, and The Financial
Times is more reliable than The Sun newspaper. You must think critically about the
sources you use.
If you want to use statistics that you see in media sources, then it is good academic
practice to go to the original source of the statistics. For example, if you read a BBC
article which has a statistic from the Office of National Statistics, then you should go
to their website and find the statistic yourself, and reference that. If you cannot
access the original source of the data, use a secondary citation (see p11).
13