Pushover and Response Spectrum Analysis

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

midas Civil

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Force Based Design :

F
D

FE

F
Elastic Analysis

FP
Inelastic
Response

1
Design Load FP = FE / R
D

Dy
Du

R = Response Modification Factor

R = Du / Dy, represent the ductility
capacity of the ERS

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

midas Civil

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Displacement-Based Design:
F

Displacement-Based Design:

Elastic Analysis

FP

Equal Displacement Assumption: Displacements

resulted from inelastic response is approximately
equal to displacement obtained from linear elastic
response spectrum analysis.

Inelastic
Response

Design Load is simply FP.

DD

Dy
Du

What to be checked:

DD Du

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Seismic Design
Comparison of two Design Approaches:
Force

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design

Specification
Complete design for STR, SERV limit
state first
Elastic demand forces divided by
Response Modification Factor R
Ductile response is assumed to be
adequate without verification
Capacity protection assumed

Capacity Protection:

Column Shear Capacity

Pier Cap
Foundation
Joint

Displacement

AASHTO Guide Specification for

LRFD Seismic Bridge Design
Complete design for STR, SERV limit
state first
Displacement demands checked
against displacement capacity
Ductile response is assured with
limitations prescribed for each SDC
Capacity protection assured

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

3. Determination of Demand
Elastic Dynamic Analysis:
Step 3 : EDA Results RS X
Maximum Deflection : 5.92 inches

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

3. Determination of Demand
Elastic Dynamic Analysis:
Step 3 : EDA Results RS Y
Maximum Deflection : 4.94 inches

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Determination of Capacity
Displacement Capacity
Set up of Pushover Model:
Pushover Curve: (X Direction)

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Determination of Capacity
Displacement Capacity
Set up of Pushover Model:
Pushover Curve: (Y Direction)

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

1. Introduction
Seismic Analysis:
Seismic Analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building/bridge
(or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering
or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent.

Why is Seismic Analysis Important?

Seismic Analysis would enable us to visualize the response of the bridge in the earthquake, which would
enable us to obtain the additional forces or deformations that would be generated as a result of
earthquake.
Thus once the proper estimation of forces is done we can design the structure to withstand a particular level

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

1. Introduction
Consequences of Earthquake:
> Lateral Forces applied by earthquake
> Sudden force applied: vibration
> Additional Forces due to P-Delta Effects

> Non linear behavior of Steel and Concrete

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

1. Introduction

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

1. Introduction
Methods of Earthquake Analysis:
Certain methods are developed to estimate the earthquake forces.

Structure /Action

Static

Dynamic

Elastic

Equivalent
Force Method

Response
Spectrum

Non-linear

Pushover

Non Linear Time History

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

1. Introduction
Static Seismic Analysis :
Pros:
> Relatively Simple to understand and apply
> Does not need rigorous calculations and hence quick
Cons:
> Does not take into account the dynamic response of the structure into account
> The non linearity of the material is ignored
> Does not lead to detailed response in earthquake

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

1. Introduction
Response Spectrum Analysis:
Pros:
> Applies the Dynamic Equation of Motion for earthquake force determination
> Different modes of excitation are considered for obtaining the earthquake effect
> Damping is considered while obtaining results
Cons:
> The non linearity of the material is ignored
> Does not lead to detailed response in earthquake
> Various combinations methods and results depend on them

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

1. Introduction
Pushover Analysis
Pros:
> Simple to understand and application
> Non linear behavior of concrete and steel considered
> Consideration of second order effects ( P delta )
Cons:
> Dynamic Equation of motion is not considered
> Structure is supposed to excite only in one direction or mode
> Various methods of distribution of Forces, hence no specified scheme

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

1. Introduction
Time History Analysis
Pros:
> Consideration of Dynamic Equation of Motion
> Non linear behavior of concrete and steel considered
> Gives the displacement, velocity or acceleration of the structure with time in earthquake
> Considers damping
Cons:
> Very difficult to understand and application
> Requires computer software
> Requires various additional parameters to do

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

2. Code Specifications
Highlight of SDC:
Adopt a seven percent in 75 year design event for the development of a design spectrum
Ensure sufficient conservatism

Categories: SDC A,B,C,D

Type of Design:
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

2. Code Specifications
Categories of SDC
SDC A:

No Displacement capacity check is needed

No capacity design is needed
SDC A minimum requirements
No Liquefaction analysis

SDC B

Implicit Displacement Capacity Check required

Capacity Checks suggested
SDC B level of Detailing
Liquefaction assessment recommended for certain conditions

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

2. Code Specifications
Categories of SDC
SDC C:

Implicit Displacement capacity check is required

Capacity design is required
SDC C level of detailing
Liquefaction assessment is necessary

SDC D:

Pushover Analysis Required

Capacity design required
SDC D level of detailing
Liquefaction assessment required

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

2. Code Specifications
Types of Design:
Type 1:

Design a ductile substructure with an essentially elastic superstructure

Type 2:
Design an essentially elastic substructure with a ductile superstructure
Type 3:

Design an elastic superstructure and substructure with a fusing mechanism at the interface between
the superstructure and substructure

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

2. Code Specifications

Demand Analysis:
1.
2.

SDC A doesnt require the demand analysis.

SDC B C D require the demand analysis so we will try to simulate the same in midas Civil.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

3. Performance Based Design

Performance Based Design:
Performance-Based Building Design is an approach which focuses on the objective of a building asset,
in order to prescribe desired results instead of the way and the method to get things done, as
its concepted in a traditional practice.
Performance concept is based on two key characteristics :
the use of two languages, one for the clients/users requirements and the other for the supply of the
performance
the need for validation and verification of results against performance targets.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

3. Performance Based Design

Demand And Capacity:
Demand: Demand is what is expected out of the structure based on the designed earthquake force. It can
be in form of deformation, force etc.
Capacity: Capacity is what the structure can deliver.
The assessment is OK when the capacity is greater than demand.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

3. Performance Based Design

Step 1: Demand Analysis

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

4. Determination of Demand

In this tutorial we will deal with SDC D because once we

understand all concepts of SDC 4 we can apply them in
SDC B and C

SDC D:
Steps of SDC Design for SDC D:
Step 1: Displacement Analysis
Step 2: Displacement Capacity
Step 3 : Satisfy Support Requirements
Step 4: Capacity Design
Step 5: Foundation Design
Step 6: Detailing

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

4. Determination of Demand
SDC D:
Step 1: Displacement Analysis

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

4. Determination of Demand
SDC D: Step 1: Displacement Analysis
Analysis Procedure
We would study procedure 2.

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

4. Determination of Demand
Elastic Dynamic Analysis or Response Spectrum Analysis
can be done in midas civil.
Guidelines of SDC:
1. A linear elastic multimodal spectral analysis using the
appropriate response spectrum response spectrum must
be
Performed.
2. The damping must be selected as 5%
3. EDA results should be combined as Complete Quadratic
combination

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Response Spectrum Analysis:
Response Spectrum Analysis is a dynamic analysis which combines the response spectrum with the time
period of the structure.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Response Spectrum Analysis:
Response Spectrum Analysis is a dynamic analysis which combines the response spectrum with the time
period of the structure.
From Combination of Response Spectrum and
Eigen value period

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Response Spectra?
The response spectrum is a function of period, the reciprocal of circular natural frequency, and damping
ratio. It is developed using Duhamels integral for a single degree of freedom harmonic oscillator to
develop equations for displacement, velocity and acceleration. The values in the appropriate spectrum
are the maximum absolute values from these equations.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

What is Period ( Eigen value Analysis )?
The period is the time of the vibration of the structure in a particular mode.

Modes of vibration of the structure

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

What is Period ( Eigen value Analysis )?
The period is the time of the vibration of the structure in a particular mode.

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

How to Obtain
Combination of Response Spectrum and the period

Mode 2:
Period: 1.04, Wg = 1.25*g

Mode 1:
Period: 2.41, Wg = 0.75*g

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Results Combination:
The analysis is performed for all modes using the dynamic equation and then the results are combined
using one of the following methods:

AASHTO Specification

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Steps of Elastic Dynamic Analysis:

Response Spectrum Functions

Response Spectrum Load Cases

Response Spectrum Results

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Procedure of Elastic Dynamic Analysis:

Eigenvalue Analysis

Frequency
Mode Shapes

Period
Modal Directional Factor
Effective Modal mass and ratio

**Eigenvalue Analysis is must.

R S Analysis

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Load Response Spectrum Analysis Response Spectrum Analysis Functions

Design Spectrum in the database

of Midas Civil can be used

Normalized Acceleration : Spectrum obtained

by dividing the acceleration spectrum by the
acceleration of gravity
Acceleration : Acceleration spectrum
Velocity : Velocity spectrum
Displacement : Displacement spectrum

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Load Response Spectrum Analysis Response Spectrum Analysis Functions
In Midas civil you can specify the Response Spectrum Functions as per
the site class

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Load Response Spectrum Analysis Response Spectrum Load Cases

Excitation Angle
When the seismic excitation direction is parallel to the X-Y plane
(Direction='X-Y'), the sign of the seismic loading angle [Degree] is
referenced to the Z-axis using the right hand rule.
The angle is zero at the GCS X-axis.

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Here the user can select the CQC as required by SDC.

Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method: This combines
the spectral results using structural damping and a weighted ratio of
relative frequencies. The act of combination removes the sign of the
result, thus leaving only a magnitude for the final answer.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

5. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

The damping can also be considered in Elastic Dynamic
Analysis: The following types are supported.
Modal
User defines the damping ratio for each mode, and the
modal response will be calculated based on the user
defined damping ratios.
Mass & Stiff Prop.
Damping coefficients
proportional damping
damping.

are computed for mass

and stiffness proportional

Strain Energy Prop.

Damping ratios for each mode are
automatically calculated using the damping ratios
specified for element groups and boundary groups in
Group Damping, which are used to formulate the
damping matrix.

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

4. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

For finding the spectral curve for different damping ratio the following
Methods are used:

1.

Correction by Damping Ratio :

When a single spectrum is selected, a modifying equation

is used to adjust the spectrum to apply to each mode having a corresponding damping ratio.

Interpolation of Spectral Data

Select the method of interpolating the response spectrum load
data.
Linear : Linear interpolation method
Logarithm : Log-scale interpolation method

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

4. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Open Model for Response Spectrum Analysis.

Model 1_RS

(SIDL and SW already applied)

Load>Static Load Cases

1.

Enter SW, SIDL as Dead Loads.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

4. Elastic Dynamic Analysis

Procedure 2: Inelastic Time history analysis
Time History Analysis can be performed with no fewer than three recorded earthquakes

Discussed in detail in other session.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

6. Capacity Determination

Step 2: Capacity Determination

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

6. Capacity Determination
Step 2: Displacement Capacity

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

6. Capacity Determination
Displacement Capacity

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

midas Civil

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Pushover Analysis:
Static Non Linear Analysis:
> Is a technique by which a structure is subjected to a incremental lateral load of certain shape
> The sequence of cracks, yielding, plastic hinge formation and failure of various structural
components are noted.
>The structural deficiencies are observed and rectified.

Model

Incremental Loading

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Non Linear Material Behavior:

The Structural Material has non linear material behavior, thus after a specified loading, the elements
responds non linearly.

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Pushover Analysis:

Combines the Increments of loads with Non Linear behavior.

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

midas Civil

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Linear Behavior

Pushover Curve:

Non Linear Behavior

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Performance of the Structure:

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Procedure of Pushover Analysis:

Define Pushover Global Control

Define Load Cases

Define Hinge Properties

Assign Hinge Properties

Results

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Design Pushover Analysis Pushover Global Control

Select the load case as initial

load for pushover analysis

Stiffness Reduction Ratio for

the Skeleton Curve

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Design Pushover Analysis Pushover Load Cases

Use Initial Load : Accumulate the reaction/story

shear/displacement due to the initial load to the pushover analysis
result.
Reaction / Story Shear by Initial Load : Accumulate the
reaction/story shear due to the initial load
Displacement by Initial Load : Accumulate the displacement due
to the initial load

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Increment Method:
Load Control
Displacement Control

Load Pattern
Load Pattern: Select the load pattern out of Mode Shape, Modal
and uniform acceleration
Mode: Select the mode

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Design -> Pushover Analysis -> Pushover Hinge Properties

Interaction Type:
Select None for Beam elements
Select P-M-M in Status Deformation for Column Elements
Components:

Always Select Fx for columns ( PMM interaction)

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil

Demand & Capacity Evaluation

7. Non Linear Static Analysis

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Thanks
ts@midasuser.com