Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
including sap2000
Prof. Wolfgang Schueller
Memorial arch
Arch bridge
Arched cables
Wall penetration
Arched buildings
etc.
Arch geometries
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In the past, the arch together with the barrel
arch and the arch-like vault were among the
few structural systems that made it possible to
span larger distances by using masonry with its
low tensile capacity. Probably the first arches
built were based on the corbelling principle,
where horizontal masonry courses projected
slightly beyond the previous course. These
corbeled arches are false arches that do not
develop lateral thrust, which is the basic
characteristic of true arches.
Palace of Ctesiphon,
now Taq-i-Kisra, near
Bagdad, Iraq, c. 400 AD
Constantine Basilica,
Trier, Germany, 310 AD
17 m
13 m
Amiens Cathedral,
Amiens, France, 1269
Amiens Cathedral,
France, 1269
Bourges Cathedral,
France, 1214. Most
efficient flying
buttress system ever
constructed.
St. Lorenz,
Nuremberg, 1500,
Construction
of a Gothic
cathedral
Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy. Begun in 1296. Segmented dome added by Brunelleschi in
1436. 42 m span, 91 m high.. Built without centering
Built without
centering
Shape is arch a quinto
acuto
Anji Bridge located in Zhaoxian County of Hebei Province was built in the Sui
Dynasty (581-618). Anji Bridge is a single span stone arch bridge in China, and it is also
the oldest extant bridge of China. It is also known as the Zhaozhou Bridge with a history
of about 1,400 years, it is reputed as The First Bridge Under Sky.
It may have been Robert Hook (1670), who was the first to relize from a
scientific point of view that the catenary is the funicular response of the
arch weight.
Christopher Wren introduced the concept of the catenary dome shape
with the conical brick dome supporting the cupola of St. Pauls Cathedral,
London (1970).
But Giovanni Poleni was the first to actually use a model of string and
lead weights to obtain the thrust line of St. Peter in Rome (1743) and thus
was able to make his recommendations for the number of tension rings
required to prevcent bfurther cracking of the cupola.
Galerie des Machines (375 ft, 114 m), Paris, 1889, Dutert and Contamin
Frames: 375-ft (114 m) span steel arches for the Galerie des Machines (1889), Dutert
and Contamin
The Stock
Exchange
Amsterdam,
1903, Hendrik
Petrus Berlage
Arch
Viaduc de Garabit,
Saint-Flour, Cantal, 1884,
Gustave Eiffel
Firth of Forth Bridge (1708 ft), Scotland, 1890, Benjamin Baker, John Fowler
DOUBLE CANTILEVER
STRUCTURES
Thonet's first bentwood rocking chair, upholstered, 1860, Thonet Brothers, Austria
Paimio chair, 1932, Alvar Aalto; bent laminated birch frame, solid birch, with
painted bent plywood seat
Institute of Public
Administration, Ahmedabad,
India, 1963, Louis Kahn
CONTEMPORARY ARCHES
ARCH USE:
ARCHES
BRIDGES
The 100-m span tied arch Japan Bridge in Paris (1993, Kisho Kurokawa) consists of the two
main inward leaning tubular steel arches, the walkway of triangular precast concrete panels
covered by a curved glass enclosure, and the support of the arched spatial cable-strut
network. The walkway and glass enclosure are suspended from the arches. The lateral arch
thrust is taken by the cable-strut network at the base. Torsion due to lateral loads is efficiently
resisted by the triangular cross-section of the bridge (i.e. torsion box).
Bridge over the Rhein-Herne-Chanel, BUGA 97 Gelsenkirchen, Germany, 1997, Stefan Polnyi
ARCHES as
ROOF/BUILDIG
Support
STRUCTURES
The Metro station at Blaak, Rotterdam, 1993, Harry Reijnders of Movares; the arch
spans 62.5 m, dome diameter is 35 m
Olympic
Stadium
OAKA,
Athens,
Greece, 2004,
Santiago
Calatrava
The Olympic
Velodrome, Athens,
Greece, 2004,
Santiago Calatrava
ARCHES AS
ROOF
STRUCTURES
Messehaus 9 and
Galleria ,
Frankfurt,
Germany, 1983,
Oswald Mathias
Ungers Arch,
Stefan Polonyi
Struct. Eng.
Messehaus 9 and
Galleria , Frankfurt,
Germany, 1983,
Oswald Mathias Ungers
Arch, Stefan Polonyi
Struct. Eng.
Museum of
Contemporary Art,
Helsinki, Finland, 1998,
Steven Holl, Arup +
Nordenson
EXPO-Dach Hannover, Arch.: Herzog und Partner, Ing.: Julius Natterer, 2000
Bodegas Protos,
Peafiel, Valladolid,
Spain, 2008, Richard
Rogers, Arup
Konstruktionaufnahme von
Druck:jeweils 5 Steine sind zu
einem Segment verschraubt
Center Paul Klee, Bern, Switzerland, 2007, Renzo Piano Building Workshop , Arup
Documentation Center
Nazi Party Rally
Grounds, Nuremberg,
2001, Guenther Domenig
La Grande Arche, Paris, 1989, Johan Otto von Sprechelsen/ Peter Rice for the canopy
Iglesia de la Medalla
Milagrosa, Navarte, Mexico
City, 1955, Felix Candela
National Grand
Theater, Beijing, 2005,
Paul Andreu
Bangkok
International
Airport, 2006,
Murphy/Jahn,
Werner Sobek
Bangkok International
Airport, 2006, Murphy/Jahn
Arch, Werner Sobek
Struct. Eng
The new International Terminal at San Francisco International Airport, 2001, SOM
Stuttgart Airport, Terminal 1, Germany, 1991, von Gerkan Arch, Schlaich Struct. Eng
Beijing Capital
International
Airport Terminal 3,
2008, N. Foster
Cargolifterhalle, Berlin
Brand
Ludwig-Erhard-Haus, Berlin,
Germany, 1999, Nick Grimshaw
Tekla Xsteel
Complex canopy
M = wLL2/64
The same equations can also be used for preliminary design purposes for twohinged and fixed arches.
Notice:
the frame/arch in case e. is only a bent beam, which cannot resist lateral forces and hence no axial
forces in the arch portion the reaction forces are only vertical
The tie rod in case d. resists horizontal forces hence causing axial forces in the arch portion
Graphic statics
Berlin Stock
Exchange, Berlin
(Grimshaw, London)
- The main support
structure is a
2-hinge arch
- The floor framing
hangs on the arches
in a uniform manner
(assuming uniform
floor loads) -
Radius
4) Enter the Radius and a value for the Number of Divisions in this edit box
to specify the meshing of the generated curved frame/cable element.
5) Click the Insert button and SAP2000 will calculate the coordinates of the
curve automatically based on the Number of Divisions specified. The curve
will be displayed in plan in the display area on the right-hand side of the
Curve Parameters form.
6) Click OK button and the arch will appear on the screen but not in the xzplane, it must be rotated to its proper location: select all (i.e. arc), then Edit,
then Replicate, then Radial, then Rotate About XLine, then check
Coordinates of Point on YZ Plane, then check Angle of rotation using
increments of 450, and check Delete Original Objects, then OK.
Thick arches:
fixed arch
STATICALLY DETERMINACY
3-hinged arch
statically determinate
all pressure lines pass through the 3 hinges where the
moments are zero.
convinient for transportation (prefab arches)
2-hinged arch
once indeterminate: moments occur at the eliminated hinge.
force flow is rather close to 3-hinged arches since the
moments are rather small.
Fixed arch
thrice indeterminate
moments occur at the fixed supports.
Indeterminate Arches
wL
w
M min = Ne
Mmax
h
N
H
H
Av
/2
Bv
/2
Shallow arches (h/L 1/8): treat circular arches as parabolic arches, use
M = wLL2/64
Intermediate arches (1/8 < h/L 1/3) for the rise-to-span ratios between
steep and shallow roof arches, circular arches may be considered as parabolic
arches for first-approximation purposes, although the effect of dead load causing
bending must be considered.
Mmax - wDh2/8 - wLL2/64
Ignored are safely the difference in location between the two moments.
Parabolic arch:
Mmax wwh2/5.5 = 0.2(20)2/5.5 = 14.55 k-ft
Semicircular arch:
Mmax wwh2/4.5 = 0.2(20)2/4.5 = 17.78 k-ft
Mmin -wwh2/10 = -0.2(20)2/10 = -8 k-ft
wind loading
Parabolic arch:
Mmax= - PL/16 = -2(40)/16 = -5 k-ft
Semicircular arch:
Mmax - PL/10= -2(40)/10 = -8 k-ft
PARABOLIC ARCH
Intermediate arches,
h/L = 10/40 =
Parabolic arch
CIRCULAR ARCH
+Mmax = wLL2/64 =
0.5(40)2/64 = 12.5 k-ft
S 1.25Mb/Fb =
1.25(12.5)12/24 = 7.81 in.3
Circular arch:
Parabolic arch:
Mmax= - PL/16
= -2(40)/16 = -5 k-ft
Semicircular arch:
Mmax 1.2(- PL/16)
= 1.2(-5) = -6 k-ft
Single load at crown
PARABOLIC ARCH
CIRCULAR ARCH
Treat the shallow arches as parabolic arches for preliminary design purposes
because of the rise-to-span ratio h/L = 5/40 = 1/8
Mmax = wL L2/64 = 0.5(40)2/64 = 12.5 k-ft
S 1.35Mb/Fb = 1.35(12.5)12/24 = 8.44 in.3
PARABOLIC ARCH
CIRCULAR ARCH
8'
90
40'
Notice:
the frame/arch in case e. is only a bent beam, which cannot resist lateral forces and hence no axial
forces in the arch portion the reaction forces are only vertical
The tie rod in case d. resists horizontal forces hence causing axial forces in the arch portion
8'
40'
First, the geometry input for modeling the arches must be determined.
The radius, R, for the shallow arch (Fig. 7.7A) according to Eq. (7.7), is
o = 43.600
Now three grid spaces with the following grid spacing along radial angles
are selected,
o/n = 43.600/3=14.530
The circular arch length, l, according to Eq. (7.9), is
l = R = (20) = 62.83 ft
To model the geometry of the arches in SAP the following values are selected:
Ribbed Domes
Plan view
2.68'
C.
10'
30 deg
17.32'
60 deg
Bh
Bv
10'
30 deg
a.
Ah
20'
Av
17.32'
2.68'
7.32'
5.86'
17.32'
4.29'
b.
10'
27.32'
10
.10
Mmax
Mmin
7.70 k
5.86'
4.29'
10'
27.32'
BRACED ARCHES
When arches are braced or prestressed by tensile elements, they are
stabilized against buckling, and deformations due to various loading
conditions and the corresponding moments are minimized, which in turn
results in reduction of the arch cross-section. The stabilization of the arch
through bracing can be done in various ways as suggested in Fig. 9.12 and
9.14.
Several typical examples of braced arches with non-prestressed web
members are shown in Fig. 9.12. The most basic braced arch is the tied
arch (b). Arches may be supported by a single or multiple compression struts
or flying columns (c, d)). Slender arches may also be braced against buckling
with radial ties at center span (e) as known from the principle of the bicycle
wheel, where the thin wire spokes of the bicycle wheel are prestressed with
sufficient force so that they do not carry compression and buckle due to
external loads; the uniform radial tension produces compression in the outer
circular rim (ring) of the wheel and tension in the inner ring. However, in the
given case, the diagonal members are not prestressed. Here, the three
members at center-span are struts.
The design of the unbraced arched portal frame in (a), is controlled by full
uniform gravity loading; here the lateral thrust at the frame knees is resisted
completely in bending. However, when the relatively shallow portion of the arch
is braced by a horizontal tie rod (b), the lateral displacement under full uniform
gravity loading is very much reduced, that is bending decreases substantially
although axial forces will increase. For the tied arch cases without or with flying
column supports for cases (b, c, d)), the design of the critical arch members is
controlled by gravity loading or the combination of half gravity loading together
with wind whereas the design of the web members is controlled by gravity
loading. It is apparent, as the layout of the arch webbing gets denser the arch
moments will decrease further as the structure approaches an axial system. If a
vertical load large enough is applied to the intersection of web members in case
(e) to prestress the radial rod web members, then the entire web members
form a radial tensile network. For further discussion refer to Problem 9.1.
10'
d
6'
12'
e
c
10'
L = 40'
20'
10'
500
0
50
50
50 0
50
50 0
Introducing to the semicircular arch a horizontal tie rod (Problem 9.3) at midheight, reduces lateral displacement of the arches due to uniform gravity
action substantially, so that the combination of gravity load and wind load
controls now the design rather than primarily uniform gravity loading for an
arch without a tie. Also the moments due to the gravity and wind load
combination are reduced since the tie remains in tension as it transfers part of
the wind load in compression to the other side of the arch. In contrast, when
the arch is braced with a trussed network , then the arch is stiffened laterally
very much, so that the uniform gravity loading case controls the design with
the corresponding smaller moments.
Similar behavior occurs for the arch placed on the diagonal (Fig. 9.14d, e). As
a pure arch its design is controlled by bending with very small axial forces as
based on gravity loading, in other words it behaves as a flexural system.
However, when prestressed tensile webbing is introduced the moments in the
arch are substantially reduced and the axial forces increased, now the arch
approaches more the behavior of an axial-flexural structure system
requiring much smaller member sizes; also here the controlling load case is
gravity plus prestressing although the design of some members is based on
dead load and prestressing. For further discussion refer to Problem
Stone Pavilion of
the Future, EXPO
92, Seville, Spain,
Peter Rice Eng.
(Ove Arup)
Stone Pavilion of the Future, EXPO 92, Seville, Spain, Peter Rice Eng. (Ove Arup)
Inflatable arches