1.

3 Elements of power electronics

Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of

analog circuits
electronic devices
control systems
power systems
magnetics
electric machines
numerical simulation

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Course 1: Introduction to Power Electronics

Averaged equivalent circuit

Simulation
Steady state converter analysis
Equivalent circuit modeling

D' VD

D Ron

D' RD

D' : 1

RL

Vg

+
V

Inductor waveforms
vL(t)

Predicted efficiency

Vg V

100%

DTs

D'Ts

0.01

80%

50%

RL/R = 0.1

40%

iL(DTs)
Vg V
L

0.05

60%

0.02

70%

iL(t)
I
iL(0)

0.002

90%

V
switch
position:

iL

30%

V
L
DTs

20%
10%

Ts

0%
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Course 2: Converter Circuits

Switching loss

Switch realization
Power semiconductor devices
Modeling switching loss
Discontinuous conduction mode
Converter circuit topologies
Transformer isolation

iA(t)

transistor
waveforms

Qr
Vg
iL

vA(t)

Source
Gate

0
t

Power MOSFET

diode
waveforms

iL

iB(t)
vB(t)

0
t

area
Qr

Vg

Drain

n1 : n2 : n3

D2

L
+

The forward
converter

D3
Vg

tr

pA(t)

= vA iA

Q1

area
~QrVg

D1

area
~iLVgtr
t0

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

t1 t2

Chapter 1: Introduction

Course 3: Converter Control

AC equivalent circuit modeling
Bode plots of converter transfer functions
Design-oriented analysis
Power
input

Switching converter

Controller loop gains and closedloop transfer functions

Compensator design

Load

Averaging the waveforms

+
vg(t) +

gate
drive

v(t)

R
feedback
connection

transistor
gate driver
(t)

compensator
pulse-width vc
Gc(s)
modulator

dTs Ts

actual waveform v(t)

including ripple

voltage
reference vref

vc(t)

(t)

t
+

Closed-loop
converter
system

averaged waveform <v(t)>Ts

with ripple neglected

Controller

Small-signal
averaged equivalent
circuit
Fundamentals of Power Electronics

vg(t)

I d(t)

Vg V d(t)

1:D

D' : 1
+
I d(t)

v(t)

Chapter 1: Introduction

Course 4: Advanced!
Converter Control Techniques
I1 + i1

i2(t)
+

1:D

V1d(t)

v1(t)

v2(t)

V1 + v1

I2 d(t)

I2 + i2
+

V2 + v2

Averaged switch modeling

+
+
+
Averaged simulations: LTspice
plotting of
V d(t)
V +v
v (t)
V +v
I d(t)
(t)
converterv transfer
functions
Current-mode

control

I1 + i1

i2(t)
+

Buck converter

I2 + i2

D :1

i1(t)

+
v1(t)

I1 + i1

i2(t)
+
v2(t)

+
V1 + v1

I2 + i2
+

D :D
+

i1(t)

V1
d
DD

I2
d
DD

|| Gvd ||

Spice-generated
transfer functions of
SEPIC in CCM and
DCM

20 dBV

R = 40

Gvd
R = 50

v(t)

vref

90

180

50 Hz

Latch

Current-programmed controller

Compensator

40 dBV

5 Hz

Analog
comparator

Conventional output voltage controller

|| Gvd ||

20 dBV
0 dBV

Control
input

Ts

S Q
+

ic(t)Rf

R = 40
R = 50

Clock
0

Gvd

40 dBV

is(t)

is(t)Rf

80 dBV

Rf

v(t)

D1

V2 + v2

60 dBV

vg(t) +

Measure
switch
current

Small-signal averaged model of a switch network

iL(t)

Q1

is(t)

i1(t)

500 Hz

270
50 kHz

5 kHz

Current-mode control
of a buck converter

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Course 5: Magnetics!
for Power Electronics Converters

Magnetic path
length lm

Hz

Hz

200k

100k
z

0.1

50kH

Air gap
lg

Hz

Magnetics
loss
mechanisms

20k

Cross-sectional
area Ac

i(t)
+
n
v(t) turns

500
kH

1M

Core
permeability
Power loss density, Watts/cm3

Basic
magnetics

Hz

0.01
0.01

0.1

0.3

B, Tesla

n1 : n2

Inductor and
transformer
design

i1(t)

iM(t)

i2(t)

LM
R1

R2

layer
2

2i
i

Rk

current
density
J

layer
1

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

2i
2

ik(t)

: nk

3i

layer
3

The
proximity
effect

Chapter 1: Introduction

Simulation via LTspice

A theme throughout the specialization
Time-domain simulations of converters beginning this week
Open- and closed-loop simulations
Averaged models (shown)
L
Capstone design project
50 H
1

2 CCM-DCM1

Open loop, d(t) = constant

20 dB

80 dB
5 Hz

R = 25

Closed loop

500 Hz

5 kHz

vx

85 k

R3

C3

120 k
6

vz

vy

LM324

C2

2.7 nF

1.1 nF

+12 V
5

vref
+

value = {LIMIT(0.25 vx, 0.1, 0.9)}

Epwm

50 kHz

R2

VM = 4 V
50 Hz

R1
11 k
4

L = 50
fs = 100 kz

40 dB
60 dB

C
500 F

Xswitch

R=3

0 dB

iLOAD

28 V

20 dB

|| Gvg ||

Vg

R4
47 k

5V

.nodeset v(3)=15 v(5)=5 v(6)=4.144 v(8)=0.536

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Capstone Project
Power conversion system for USB Type C interfaces
Computer
Four Cell
Lithium
Battery Pack

Bidirectional
DC-DC
Converter

Converter
Controller

Filter
USB-C
Connector

Cable

A Profile 5 system that is

capable of supplying and
receiving 5 V, 12 V, and 20 V
at up to 5 A.

Power
Management
System/Firmware

Selection of DC-DC converter topology

and power stage design
Magnetics design
Analog controller design
Simulation and design verification
Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Prerequisite Chain!
Specialization in Power Electronics
1. Introduction to Power Electronics

2. Converter Circuits
6. Capstone
Design Project
in Power
Electronics

3. Converter Control

4. Advanced Converter Control Techniques

5. Magnetics for Power Electronic Converters

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 1: Introduction