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Douglas Naffziger
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DOUGLAS NAFFZIGER
Entrepreneurship
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,
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Organizational Environment
Individual
Characteristics
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-
Intelligence
Aptitudes
Knowledge
Temperament
Preferences
Expectations
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Job Behavior
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Feedback
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Feedback
PROCESS
PERSON
Source:
High
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Organizational
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PRODUCT
Managerial Behavior, Performa71ce.and Effecriveness, Campbell, John P., Dunnette, Marvin D.,
Lawler 111, Edward E., and Weick, Karl E. Jr., McGraw-Hill, 1970, New York, NY.
Figure I .
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Entrepreneurship
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For clarity the term "entrepreneur" should be defined, remembering
that the purpose of this paper is not to debate the definition, but
rather why one becomes one. (If that is viewed as avoiding the issue,
I apologize; however, it is a potential quagmire which is really outside
the scope of this paper.) Brockhaus (1987) and Gartner (1988) gave
short and simple definitions of an entrepreneur. Brockhaus stated
"anyone who starts a business is an entrepreneur." (p. 2) while
Gartner (1988) stated "entrepreneurship is the creation of new
organizations." (p. 26) If Gartner is correct, then an entrepreneur is
someone who creates a new organization. While there may be
questions these definitions raise, persons who start new organizations
are viewed as entrepreneurs in the context of this paper. The type
of organization they create, whether it be a rapid growth firm or a
Mom and Pop firm is relevant only if it is believed that the builders
of these two types of organizations differ.
It is also necessary to define personality. Personality, which will
be discussed at greater length in the next section, is assumed to
be an influence of human behavior and may roughly be defined
as a person's predisposition to behave in a certain way. An
individual's personality is seen as a multi-dimensional
phenomenon composed of a large array of traits or characteristics. Gough (1976) commented:
DOUGLAS NAFFZIGER
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Personality
Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship
Figure 2.
Models of Interaction
DOUGLAS NAFFZIGER
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a
.
,
U bV u ~i ~ u I o b v k * L i i~i u l l l
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Entrepreneurship
Personality-Based
Individual
Differences
Environmental
Conditions
Non-PersonalityBased Individual
Differences
DOUGLAS NAFFZlGER
Decision
$to Start
ri
Stage 3
Stage 1
Start-up
Behavior
Organizational
Performance
Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship
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DOUGLAS NAFFZIGER
Fagenson and Coleman (1987) compared male (N= 44) and female
(N= 66) entrepreneurs on Rokeach's value instrument and concluded
they "are more alike t h ~ ndifferent." (p. 203) Hartley (1987) (noN
reported) found there were some differences in risk orientation
between entrepreneurs, large firm executives, and business teacherconsultants. Greenberger and Sexton (1987) concluded that a
component of locus of control, the desire for personal control, was
Entrepreneurship
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DOUGLAS NAFFZIGER
Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship
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Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., & Carland, J. C. (1988). Who is anentrepreneur is a question
worth asking. American Journal of Small Business, I2:4, (pp. 3340).
Carsrud, A. L., & Johnson, R. W. (1987). Entrepreneurship: A social psychological
perspective. Paper presented at 1st Annual Gateway Conference on
Entrepreneurship Research.
Cattell, R. B. (1946). Description and Measurement of Personality, New York:
Wnr!d Bnnk.
Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality: A Systematic, Theoretical, and Factual Study,
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Churchill, N. C. (1983). Entrepreneurs and their enterprises, a stage model. In J.
A. Hornaday, J. TimrOons, and K. Vesper, (eds). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, pp. 1-14.
Cooper, A. C.,& Dunkelberg, W. C. (1987). Entrepreneurial research: Old questions,
new answers, and methodological issues. American Journal of Small Business,
II:3, pp. 11-24.
Endler, N. S. (1983). Interactionism: A personality model but not yet a theory. In
Page, M.M. and Dienstbier (eds.), Personality-Current
Theory and
R earch, I982 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln, NB: University
of ebraska Press, pp. 155-200.
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions ofpersonality. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S.B.G. (1963). Eysenckpersonality inventory, London:
University of London Press.
Fagenson, E. A., & Coleman, L. L. (1987). What makes entrepreneurs tick: An
investigation of entrepreneurs' values. In Churchill, Neil C., Hornaday, John
A., Kirchhoff, Bruce A., Krasner, 0. J., and Vesper, Karl H., (eds.), Frontiers
of entrepreneurship research, (pp. 202-203).
Fry, F. L. (1987). The role of incubators in small business planning. American
Journal of Small Business, 12(1), (pp. 51-61).
Gartner, W. B. (1988). Who is an rntrepreneur?' Is the wrong question. American
Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 11-32.
Gartner, W. B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of
new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, I0(4), 696-706.
Gasse, Y. (1986). The development of new entrepreneurs: A belief-based approach.
In Sexton, Donald L, and Srnilor, Raymond W., (eds.), The art and science
of entrepreneurship, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co.
Gough, H. (1976). Personality and personality assessment. In Handbook of
Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Dunnette, Marvin D., (Eds.)
Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally College Publishing Co., pp. 571-608.
Greenberger, D. B., & Sexton, D. L. (1987). A comparative analysis of the effects
of the desire for personal control on new venture initiations. In Churchill,
Neil C., Hornaday, John A,, Kirchhoff, Bruce A., Krasner, 0 . J., & Vesper,
Karl H., (eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, Wellesley MA: Center
for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College. pp. 239-253.
Greenberger, D. B., & Sexton, D. L. (1988). An interactive model of new venture
creation. Journal of Small Business Management, 26:3, 1-7.
Hartley, T. R. (1987). Propensities for risk: A comparative study of risk acceptance
levels of three groups: Entrepreneurs, corporate executives, and business