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John C. Wiles
SWTDI/NMSU
Box 30001/ Dept. 3 SOLAR
Las Cruces, NM 88003
505-646-6105
FAX 505-646-3841
5A
ORAL
ANALYSES OF GROUNDED AND UNGROUNDED
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS
Ward Bower
Sandia National Laboratories
Photovoltaic Systems Applications
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0753
and
John Wiles
Southwest Technology Development Institute
New Mexico State University
Box30001/Dept3 SOLAR
Las Cruces, NM 88003
OF TI-MS DCCUMENT
Is UNLlM1=
DISCLAIMER
Portions of this document may be illegible
electronic image produets. images are
produced from the best avaiiable original
documetit.
The figures below show some of the many possible grounding configurations.
They range from the entirely ungrounded system to the solidly grounded
system with equipment grounding, surge suppression, and ground-fault
detection.
Electrical shock scenarios and equipment damage due to lightning strikes,
faulty equipment, improper installations, improper usage, and faults to
higher voltage systems will be analyzed for both types of systems. The safety
of the systems in normal operation, often operated by untrained persons, will
be addressed and contrasted with safety during maintenance operations by
trained persons. The configuration of the grounding system may be dictated
by safety considerations for the user and/or the service technician. The
system may require several different operating modes or configurations
depending on the accessibility of the system to both trained and untrained
persons.
safety and/or
Changes needed in
and
use of ground-fault detectors (for electrical personnel safety and for fire safety)
for both types of systems.
The cost impacts in the implementation
will be addressed.
The information contained in this paper will impact the current and future
design and installation of PV systems. It will also impact the design,
development, and manufacture of balance-of-systems equipment for PV
systems. The information will yield positive contributions to the overall
safety, reliability, and durability of photovoltaic power systems throughout
the world.
Material for this paper will be based on original research and testing by the
authors, previous IEEE papers by the authors and others, and material from
several IEEE Standards. Information from documents published by U. S.
National Laboratories, texts on grounding published by the International
Association of Electrical Inspectors, and information relating to European and
Japanese PV systems will also be used.
lnverter
PV
Array
&
Balance of
Systems
Load
IEEE-94A-1
Ungrounded
lnverter
&
Balance of
Systems
PV
Array
Load
GF
GF
I
-
Detection
IEEE-94A-2
3
PV
Array
lnverter
&
Balance of
Systems
Surge Suppression
-I
Load
IEEE-94A-3
Surge Suppression
l-
PV
Array
Surge Suppression,
lnvetter
&
Balance of
Systems