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  • Properties and Structure of Matter and Atoms

    Transféré par

    Melissa Suelto
    95 vues8 pages
    The document discusses the key concepts of matter, including the three states of matter and their properties. It then covers the structure of atoms, including electrons, protons, neutrons, and the nucleus. The history of atomic theory is reviewed from early Greek philosophers to modern structure. Key atomic concepts are defined, such as atomic number, mass number, ions, and isotopes. The development of the periodic table is summarized chronologically from early classifications to Mendeleev's table organized by atomic mass to the modern table organized by atomic number.

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    General Chemistry Reviewer :)

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    General Chemistry Reviewer

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    The document discusses the key concepts of matter, including the three states of matter and their properties. It then covers the structure of atoms, including electrons, protons, neutrons, and the nucleus. The history of atomic theory is reviewed from early Greek philosophers to modern structure. Key atomic concepts are defined, such as atomic number, mass number, ions, and isotopes. The development of the periodic table is summarized chronologically from early classifications to Mendeleev's table organized by atomic mass to the modern table organized by atomic number.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    95 vues8 pages

    Properties and Structure of Matter and Atoms

    Transféré par

    Melissa Suelto
    The document discusses the key concepts of matter, including the three states of matter and their properties. It then covers the structure of atoms, including electrons, protons, neutrons, and the nucleus. The history of atomic theory is reviewed from early Greek philosophers to modern structure. Key atomic concepts are defined, such as atomic number, mass number, ions, and isotopes. The development of the periodic table is summarized chronologically from early classifications to Mendeleev's table organized by atomic mass to the modern table organized by atomic number.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 8

    Chapter 1

    Matter
    -anything that occupies space and has mass

    Solid

    Liquid

    Gas

    IMF

    Strong

    Moderate

    Weak

    Rate of
    Dissolution

    very slow

    moderate

    fast

    Diffusion

    very slow

    moderate

    fast

    Shape

    definite

    not definite

    not definite

    Volume

    definite

    definite

    not definite,
    negligible

    Density

    high

    high

    low

    Motion of
    Particles

    high

    high

    low

    moderately
    difficult

    easy

    Compressibility difficult

    Chapter 2

    Atoms and Elements


    smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of the element
    I.

    Parts of an atom
    Electron-negatively charged
    Nucleus- contains the ff
    Proton- positively charged
    Neutron- neutral

    II. History of the Atom


    Democritus
    tiny indestructible particles
    atomos
    Dalton
    proposed the atomic theory of
    matter
    like billiard balls
    J.J. Thompson
    electrical nature of atoms through
    cathode ray tubes
    raisin bread
    discovered the electron
    Ernest Rutherford
    established the properties of the
    nucleus
    mostly empty space
    + charged nucleus where mass is
    concentrated and where - revolve
    around the nucleus
    Neils Bohr
    proposed the planetary model of the
    atom
    III. Daltons Atomic Theory of Matter
    All mater is composed of tiny particles
    called atoms
    All atoms of a given element are
    identical, but atoms of different elements
    are not alike.
    Atoms are neither created nor destroyed
    in any chemical reaction
    Atoms unite in simple ratios to form
    compounds

    IV. Modern Atomic Theory


    also known as the electron cloud model

    Electrons do not revolve around the


    nucleus in an orbit of definite radius,
    rather, there are regions within the atom
    where the electrons are most likely to be
    found
    Quantum numbers are used to
    approximate the probable location of an
    electron
    Orbit- regular path taken
    Orbitals- region where electron
    is most probably found

    V. Basic Laws in Chemistry


    Law of Mass Conservation
    Antoine Lavoisier
    Total mass of reactants is equal to
    the mass of the products
    Law of Definite Composition
    Joseph Proust
    a compound always contains the
    same elements in the same mass
    proportions
    Law of Energy Conservation
    energy cannot be created or
    destroyed it only changes forms
    Law of Multiple Proportions
    atoms combine in multiple
    proportions of small whole numbers
    VI. Species and Subatomic Particles
    the Periodic table of elements gives us
    the symbol, the atomic number, and the
    mass number of each element
    Symbols
    used in place of the name of
    the elements
    Atomic
    Number

    number of protons
    Atomic Mass/Mass Number
    sum of protons and neutrons
    VII. Ions
    charged particles of atoms -> anions
    and cations
    VIII.Isotopes
    atoms with the same number of protons
    but different number of neutrons

    IX. The Periodic Table of Elements


    1789
    Lavosier published Traite
    Elementaire de Chimie
    1817

    Wolfgang Dobereiner
    elemental triad
    [Cl,Br,I] &[Li, Na, K]
    1862

    Chancourtois
    notices the periodicity of
    elements
    telluric helix
    1865
    Newlands
    Classified elements according to
    physical properties which
    differed by some multiple of 8 in
    atomic weight
    Law of Octaves
    1869
    Mendeleev
    published the first periodic table
    by increasing atomic weight
    1914

    Mosely
    resequenced the elements
    according to their increasing
    atomic number
    1943
    Seaborg
    Actinide series

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