IV.

RESEARCH PLAN
Rationale
Nowadays, mosquitos transmit diseases to over 700 million people per year. In most
developed countries, diseases are very limited and deaths are comparatively rare, but in Africa,
South and Central America, Mexico, Asia, millions of infections and death result from mosquitoborne disease. Mosquito brings viruses in it that cause deadly and epidemic disease like malaria,
yellow fever, encephalitis, epidemic polyarthritis, filariasis and the most epidemic in the
Philippines, the dengue fever.
Dengue fever is caused by one of the four viruses present in mosquito saliva. Symptoms
include headache, joint and muscle pain, fever, severe dizziness, bleeding from the mucous
membranes, and bloody vomit/diarrhea. There are an estimated 50 million cases per year, with a
fatality rate of 2.5 percent, or an estimated 125,000 deaths.
Basil is another herb that can also double as a pest repellent. The pungent smell that basil
leaves give off is what keeps pests at bay. And since all kinds of basil work to keep flies and
mosquitoes at bay, feel free to explore and find the right types of basil to mix into your garden.
This herb likes to be kept damp, needs good drainage, and enjoys lots of sun. You can plant basil
in containers or in the garden, alone or with other flowers, as long as both plants meet the same
requirements.
Peppermint has a high menthol content. The oil also contains menthone and menthyl
esters, particularly menthyl acetate. Dried peppermint typically has 0.3-0.4% of volatile oil
containing menthol (7-48%), menthone (20-46%), menthyl acetate (3-10%), menthofuran (1-

17%) and 1,8-cineol (3-6%). Peppermint oil also contains small amounts of many additional
compounds including limonene, pulegone, caryophyllene and pinene.
Lemongrass is widely used as a culinary herb in Asian cuisine and also as medicinal herb
in India. It has a subtle citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. It is
commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for use with poultry, fish, beef, and
seafood. Lemongrass is known for its ability to repel insects and bugs. It is also used in India as a
snake repellant. Lemongrass is planted around the house or onto window sills.
The study is about the use of pepper mint, garlic and lemongrass as a component of
mosquito paper. This aims to lessen the number of patients having dengue and to produce
product that is cheap. The study will be compared to the commercial mosquito paper in terms of
odor, number of mosquito killed and time it took before the mosquito killed.
Statement of the Problem
The main problem of this study is to produce a mosquito paper out of pepper mint, basil
and lemon grass.
Specifically, this will aim to answer the following question:
1. What are the active components of peppermint, basil and lemongrass that can be used in
producing a mosquito paper?
2. Which is the most acceptable among the three experimental set-ups and commercial setups in terms of:
2.1 Odor;

2.2 No. of mosquitoes killed; and

2.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed?
3. Is there significant difference among the three experimental set-ups and the commercial
product in terms of:
3.1 Odor;
3.2 No. of mosquitoes killed; and
3.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed?
Hypothesis
1. There are no active components present in Peppermint, basil and Lemongrass that can be
used in producing a mosquito repelling paper.
2. Set-up 2 which is the experimental set-up is the most acceptable among the three
experimental set-ups and the commercial set-up.
2.1 Odor;
2.2 No. of mosquitoes killed; and
2.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.
3. There is no significant difference among the three set-ups in terms of:
3.1 Odor
3.2 No. of mosquitoes killed
3.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.
3

Materials and Equipment

The Materials and Equipment that will be used in this study are 35g of Lemongrass, 40g
of Basil, 38g of Peppermint, Frame, Screen, 47g of starch, basin, Cheesecloth, Bowl, Blender,
Vat, 43g of Alkaline Solution, Formation aid , Mold, deckle, Sponge, Scissors, latex gloves and
non-corrosive pot.
General Procedure
First the researcher will gather all the needed materials and equipment. The Lemongrass,
Basil and Peppermint will be place in three different containers. Cut them in a length of .5 inches
and remove unwanted residue. Boil each plant in a non-corrosive pot in about 2 hours with an
alkaline solution to purify the fibers. Boil until the fibers can be easily separated along the grain.
Rinse to remove all residue. Strain the fibers in a cheesecloth bag and rinse until the water runs
clear. Keep squeezing the bag and rinsing. Separate the fibers into individual filaments using a
blender. Add 750 mL of water and the appropriate measurement of the fibers according to the
set-ups.While blending the fibers and water add10g of formation aid. Keep the water moving to
avoid clumping. Feel a vat 1/3 of water and add the pulp of the fiber. After that, stir it with hand
to distribute the fibers evenly.Using a mold and deckle with the plain deckle frame positioned on
top of the screened mold and held tightly together, use a side to side and back and forth motion
to dip the assembly into the water as you scoop up water and fiber and lift it out still holding the
mold and deckle together. Let the water drain away. Let the fiber in your mold for a while. Press
the fiber using sponge to remove excess water. Fill your mold with some weight and live it there
until it dries up. Remove the finished product in the mold.

Set-up 1

Set-up 2

Set-up 3

Lemongrass

10g

12g

13g

Basil

15g

15g

10g

Peppermint

13g

13g

12g

Alkaline solution

10g

15g

18g

Starch

12g

20g

15g

Risk and Safety

Risk
The study uses some chemicals. The study should be away from children to avoid
allergies.
Safety
The researcher must ask or seek for an elderly help o to a person who can help in doing
the product.
Testing Procedure
To test the three set-ups, the researcher will have ten trials for twenty minutes each pper
to kill mosquitoes. There are five nets with ten mosquitoes inside of each net. The coils will be

put in each net and will be observed for twenty minutes. The researcher will have a survey to
thirty respondents to rate the odor of each formulation.
Odor produced
Ratings
5
4
3
2
1

Parameters
Very Good if the product has a very pleasant odor
Good if the product has a pleasant odor
Odorless if the product has no odor
Unpleasant if the product has unpleasant odor
Very Unpleasant if the product has a very unpleasant odor

Data Analysis
The statistical tool to be used in this study is the one factor ANOVA .
Bibliography
Barzakov, S. (2013).11 Mosquito Repelling House Plant. Retrieved March 16, 2015 from:
http://m0rd0r.hubpages.com/hub/11-mosquito-repelling-house-plants
Cruz, K. (2001). 5 wonder plants that repel Mosquito. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford
University Press.
Liz-ana. (2010). Make your own paper from plants. Retrieved March 16, 2015 from :
http://liz-annaslakesidestudio.blogspot.com/2010/06/papermaking-tutorial.html
OConnor, A. (2007). The Claim: Eating Garlic Helps Repel Mosquitoes. The
Journal of the
American Mosquito Control Association, 112-114.

V. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Few animals on Earth evoke the antipathy that mosquitoes do. Their itchy, irritating bites
and nearly ubiquitous presence can ruin a backyard barbecue or a hike in the woods. They have
an uncanny ability to sense our murderous intentions, taking flight and disappearing milliseconds
before a fatal swat. And in our bedrooms, the persistent, whiny hum of their buzzing wings can
wake the soundest of sleepers.
Mosquitoes use exhaled carbon dioxide, body odors and temperature, and movement to
home in on their victims. Only female mosquitoes have the mouth parts necessary for sucking
blood. Mosquitoes transmit disease in a variety of ways. In the case of malaria, parasites attach
themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and enter a host as she feeds. In other cases, such as
yellow fever and dengue, a virus enters the mosquito as it feeds on an infected human and is
transmitted via the mosquitos saliva to a subsequent victim.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of
the world. Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is
most common in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific islands, but the disease has been
increasing rapidly in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Today about 2.5 billion people, or 40% of the worlds population, live in areas where
there is a risk of dengue transmission. Dengue is endemic in at least 100 countries in Asia, the
Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean. The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that 50 to 100 million infections occur yearly, including 500,000 DHF cases and

22,000 deaths, mostly among children. In the Philippines, by September 2011, the disease had
already resulted in 285 deaths of children between 1 and 9 years of age.
B. Statement of the Problem
The main problem of this study is to produce a mosquito paper out of pepper mint, basil
and lemon grass. Specifically, this will aim to answer the following question:
1. What are the active components of peppermint, basil and lemongrass that can be used in
producing a mosquito paper?
2. Which is the most acceptable among the three experimental set-ups and commercial setups in terms of:
2.1 Odor;
2.2 No. of mosquitoes died; and
2.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed?
3. Is there significant difference among the three experimental set-ups and the commercial
product in terms of:
3.1 Odor;
3.2 No. of mosquitoes died; and
3.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed?
C. Null Hypothesis
1. There are no active components present in Peppermint, basil and Lemongrass that can be
used in producing a mosquito repelling paper.
8

2. Set-up 2 which is the experimental set-up is the most acceptable among the three
experimental set-ups and the commercial set-up.
2.1 Odor;
2.2 No. of mosquitoes died; and
2.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.
3. There is no significant difference among the three set-ups in terms of:
3.1 Odor;
3.2 No. of mosquitoes died; and
3.3 Time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.
D. Significance of the Study
People who live near rivers
They will benefit the study because they will use this to kill mosquito that came from the
river. And it is cheap compare to the commercial product.
Schools
As of today, many school have reported that they have issue upon dengue and they will
use this because it is cheap and effective.
Community

This can be used to make a mosquito paper to lessen the population growth of mosquito.
It can help the less fortunate people who cannot afford buying insect repellent.
Future Researchers
It will also a big help in finding ways of producing mosquito paper out of basil,
peppermint and lemongrass. And the result of this experiment could help future researchers in
finding new ways where basil, peppermint and lemongrass can be used.
E. Definition of Terms
Aedes Mosquito
Of which the voracious Asian tiger is a member, carry yellow fever, dengue, and
encephalitis.
Anopheles Mosquito
It is the only species of mosquito known to carry malaria.
Basil
It is another herb that can also double as a pest repellent.
Dengue
It is a mosquito-borne disease and is endemic in at least 100 countries of Asia. Also, it is
caused by one of the four virus present in mosquito saliva.
Evaporate
It is the process of turning liquid into gas.
10

Haemorrhage
Is an internal bleeding or gush of blood inside the body.
Lemon grass
It is one of the most common insect repellent in the Philippines and is known for its
ability to repel insects and bugs.
Mosquito
They are carriers, or vectors, for some of humanitys most deadly illnesses, and they are
public enemy number one in the fight against global infectious disease.
Mosquito larvae
It is the second stage of mosquito which is also known as wrigglers.
Peppermint
It has a high mentol content that can repel mosquito. And is also one of the most common
mosquito killer in the Philippines.
F. Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
Peppermint
The essential oils of mints, a group of plants belonging to the family, Labitae, are widely
used. The various types of mints, which are cultivated commercially in different parts of the
world are Japanese mint, Peppermint and Bergamount mint. Many commercial repellents contain
a number of plant essential oil either for fragrance or as repellents including peppermint. The
11

most effective of these contains peppermint oil, patchouli and clove that have been found to repel
malaria, filarial, and yellow fever vectors for a period of 60-80 mins. Most of these essential oil
are highly volatile and this contributes to their poor longevity as mosquito repellents. (Malan, J.,
2011).
Basil
Basil can be found throughout the country and can easily be planted and cultivated. The
research suggested that most people are unaware of the benefits of basil, especially its insect
repellent properties. The active substance in basil (volatile oil), apart from its use as an insect
repellent, is also a natural and economic product. Individuals provided with samples for use at
home confirmed that the extracts helped to repel insects.
A review by Sukumar (1991) highlighted the potential of plants for use in mosquito
control, either as repellents, larvicides, or insecticides. Extracts of several plantsneem
(Azadirachta indica), basil (Ocimum basilicum), (Mentha piperata), and lemon eucalyptus
(Corymbia citriodora)have been studied as possible mosquito repellents and have
demonstrated good efficacy against some mosquito species.
Lemongrass
Lemongrass, or Cybnopogon citrates in the family Poaceae, is a perennial herb widely
cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Native to Southeast Asia, lemongrass can also be found
growing in India, South America, Australia, Africa, and the United States. It is a tall perennial
grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. Lemongrass is considered
to be a medicinal plant as well an ingredient in traditional Indian insect-repellent preparations

12

Repellent compounds contained in this plant include alpha-pinene, citronellal, citronellol, and
geraniol.
Citronella oil and other lemon grass oil extracts are used in sprays and topical
applications. Studies with birds and starved mosquitoes, using topical applications of lemon
grass oil in the form of cream or liquid paraffin solution, was effective protection against the
hungry mosquitoes, comparable to commercial mosquito repellents, according to a 2002 report in
the journal Phytomedicine. (Duke and Blue, 2009).

Aedes Aegypti
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), has been a nuisance species in the
United States for centuries. Originating in Africa, it was most likely brought to the new world on
ships used for European exploration and colonization. As the common name suggests, Ae.
aegypti is the primary vector of yellow fever, a disease that is prevalent in tropical South
America and Africa, and often emerges in temperate regions during summer months. During the
Spanish-American War, U.S. troops suffered more casualties from yellow fever transmitted
by Ae. aegypti than from enemy fire.
The yellow fever mosquito was a common vector in Florida until the invasion of
the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Since the introduction of the Asian tiger
mosquito in 1985, by way of Texas, the population of Ae. aegypti in Florida has declined
dramatically, but still thrives in urban areas of South Florida. Aedes albopictus larvae outcompete Ae. aegypti larvae for food, and develop at a faster rate. Some research also suggests
13

there is a hybridization of the two species in zones where they overlap, producing sterile
offspring. Yellow fever mosquitoes are container-inhabiting mosquitoes; often breeding in
unused flowerpots, spare tires, untreated swimming pools, and drainage ditches. They thrive in
urbanized areas, in close contact with people making them an exceptionally successful
vector. Aedes aegypti are extremely common in areas lacking piped water systems, and depend
greatly on stored water for breeding sites. Male and female adults feed on nectar of plants;
however, females bloodfeed primarily on humans in order to produce eggs, and are active in the
daytime. Eggs have the ability to survive desiccation for long periods of time, allowing eggs to
be easily spread to new locations. (Harper and Paulson 1994).
Review of Related Studies
The Department of Plant Production Technology and Faculty of Agricultural Technology
in Bangkok Thailand affirmed that lemon grass indeed contains organic repellents against
mosquitoes. In a laboratory experiment, volunteers were instructed to apply oil extracts from
different target crops including lemon grass on one of their arms, while the other was untreated
(control). Both hands were inserted in a cage containing 250 nulliparous female mosquitoes
ageing 5-7 day old. Mosquitoes were observed in terms movements and behaviours. Results
showed that oil extracts from lemon grass, peppermint, eucalyptus, citronella, and cloves were
effective to repel both dengue and malaria mosquitoes. However, the repellent effects of these oil
extracts do not last longer compare to synthetic chemicals, thus, further study to improve its
formulation and efficacy is needed.
This study above supports this study because based on the methods and results, it shows
that lemongrass has power to kill mosquito.
14

Different concentrations of the extracts were tested for mosquito repellency on rabbit skin
as the host of Aedes aegypti. Laboratory reared starved females were used for the tests and data
collection was done by observational parameters based on frequency of mosquito landing and
blood engorgement. Synergised Crude oleoresin extract of Pyrethrum and Ballet mosquito
repellent were included as positive test controls and Vaseline pure petroleum jelly as a negative
test control. The results showed that synergised Pyrethrum oleoresin showed complete protection
at 0.1% as compared to Lemon Eucalyptus oil and Sweet Basil oil at 2% and 3%
respectively(p<0.05). Neem oil and Ballet did not provide complete protection. The mean
percent repellency of 5% Neem oil was 84.21 and that of Ballet was 66.84 (p<0.05). Sweet basil
and Lemon Eucalyptus oils can be alternative to Pyrethrum as natural mosquito repellents from
plant origin. (Kiplingat & Mwangi, 2013)
The study above support this study because it shows the effect of lemongrass and basil on
rabbit skin and based on that it has repellent action against the aedes aegypti.
Oil of Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint oil), a widely used essential oil, was evaluated for
larvicidal activity against different mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and
Culex quinquefasciatus by exposing IIIrd instar larvae of mosquitoes in enamel trays 6 4 inch2
size filled to a depth of 3 inch with water. The oil showed strong repellent action against adult
mosquitoes when applied on human skin. Percent protection obtained against An. annularis, An.
culicifacies, and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 100%, 92.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The repellent
action of Mentha oil was comparable to that of Mylol oil consisting of dibutyl and dimethyl
phthalates. (Alankaw, 2009).

15

The study above support this study because it shows the repellent action of peppermint
oil when applied on human skin.
According to Nour, Yusoff and Sandanasamy, (2012), the essential oils from two basil (O.
basilicum) accessions were tested in a laboratory bioassay for larvicidal activity against third
instar A. aegypti larvae. The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, and their
chemical compositions were determined by GC-MS. Approximately 13 compounds (>1%) were
detected; most compounds were oxygenated monoterpenes. Methyl chavicol and geranial were
the predominant compounds in the two observed accessions. For the bioassay, six concentrations
(50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 g/ml) of essential oil solutions were prepared from the two
basil accessions. For each concentration of oil solution, 25 third instar larvae were inserted.
Controls, 1% DMSO or untreated larvae in tap water were also performed for comparison. The
active ingredients in the essential oils were separated and identified by TLC and GC-MS. The
larval assays provided LC50 and LC90 values for the methyl chavicol accession (MCV) were
160 and 262g/ml, respectively; the values for the geranial-geraniol accession (GGV) were 174
and 356g/ml, respectively. Linalool, geraniol, geranial, methyl chavicol and eugenol were
active components against A. aegypti larvae.
The study above supports this study because it shows the active components present in
basil that can be used as mosquito repellent.
Based on the study of Asari, Vasudevan, Tandon and Rezdan, (1999), entitled Larvicidal
and Mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha pepirita) oil, the present study has shown
peppermint oil has larvicidal activity against different species of mosquitoes. It also affects
fecundity and fertility of adults emerged from larvae exposed to oil. The oil has strong repellent

16

action against mosquitoes in general and particularly against An. Culicifacies, which is
responsible for 70-75% of the malaria transmission in the northern rural plain area of India. The
oil is already used in flavouring, pharmaceuticals, confectionery etc. and is considered non-toxic
to humans.
The study above supports this study because it shows the effects of peppermint in
mosquito particularly in India.
VI. METHODOLOGY
Materials and Equipment
The Materials and Equipment that will be used in this study are 35g of Lemongrass, 40g
of Basil, 38g of Peppermint, Frame, Screen, 47g of starch, basin, Cheesecloth, Bowl, Blender,
Vat, 43g of Alkaline Solution, Formation aid , Mold, deckle, Sponge, Scissors, latex gloves and
non-corrosive pot.
General Procedure
First the researcher gathered all the needed materials and equipment. The Lemongrass,
Basil and Peppermint was placed in three different containers. Cut them in a length of .5 inches
and remove unwanted residue. Boil each plant in a non-corrosive pot in about 2 hours with an
alkaline solution to purify the fibers. Boil until the fibers can be easily separated along the grain.
Rinse to remove all residue. Strain the fibers in a cheesecloth bag and rinse until the water runs
clear. Keep squeezing the bag and rinsing. Separate the fibers into individual filaments using a
blender. Add 750 mL of water and the appropriate measurement of the fibers according to the
set-ups. While blending the fibers and water add 20mL of formation aid. Keep the water moving

17

to avoid clumping. Feel a vat 1/3 to of water and add the pulp of the fiber. After that, stir it
with hand to distribute the fibers evenly. Using a mold and deckle with the plain deckle frame
positioned on top of the screened mold and held tightly together, use a side to side and back and
forth motion to dip the assembly into the water as you scoop up water and fiber and lift it out still
holding the mold and deckle together. Let the water drain away. Let the fiber in your mold for a
while. Press the fiber using sponge to remove excess water. Fill your mold with some weight and
live it there until it dries up. Remove the finished product in the mold.
Testing Procedure
To test the three set-ups, the researcher used ten trials for twenty minutes each paper to
kill mosquitoes. There are five nets with ten mosquitoes inside of each net. The coils were put in
each net and were observed for twenty minutes. The researcher had a survey to thirty
respondents to rate the odor of each formulation.
Odor produced
Ratings
5
4
3
2
1

Parameters
Very Good if the product has a very pleasant odor
Good if the product has a pleasant odor
Odorless if the product has no odor
Unpleasant if the product has unpleasant odor
Very Unpleasant if the product has a very unpleasant odor

VII. RESULTD AND DISCUSSION

18

After testing the products, the researcher collected the data about the number of mosquito
killed and the rates of the respondents in terms of odor.
Table 1. Comparisons of Experimental products and Commercial product in terms of odor.

Respondents

Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Total
Mean

4
3
4
4
4
3
5
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
30
3.0

5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
4
3
4
4
5
3
4
3
4
4
5
4
4
5
4
5
4
5
4
43
4.3

4
4
3
4
4
4
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
1
32
3.2

Commercial
Product
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
3
5
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
36
3.6

Table 1 shows the rating of respondents in terms of odor of the experimental products and
commercial product. The respondents rate them based on the 1 to 5 scale. It can be seen that the
19

experimental products has a higher mean compared to the commercial product. Set-up 2 got a
mean of 4.3 and the Commercial product got a mean of 3.6
Table 2. The number of mosquito died out of 20 mosquitoes.
Trials

Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Mean

3
2
4
3
5
2
4
3
3
2
31
3.1

4
4
5
3
5
3
6
4
4
5
43
4.3

3
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
4
5
32
3.2

Commercial
product
2
3
2
3
4
3
5
6
4
4
36
3.6

Table 2 shows the mean of the number of mosquito died by the experimental products
and commercial product in ten trials. Set-up 1 got a mean of 3.1, set-up 2 got a mean of 4.3, setup 3 got a mean of 3.2 and the commercial product got a mean of 3.6. Therefore, Set-up 2 which
is one of the experimental products has a better ability in killing mosquitoes than the commercial
product. Using One Way ANOVA, the researcher got a p-value which is 8.54x10 -9 which is less
than 0.05 levels of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Table 3. The time (in hours) it took before the mosquitoes were killed.

Trials

Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

Commercial
Product
20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Mean

3
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
3
5
31
3.1

3
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
25
2.5

4
4
3
4
3
4
5
3
3
2
35
3.5

3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
4
3
28
2.8

Table 2 shows the mean of the time it took before the mosquito were killed by the
experimental products and commercial product in ten trials. Set-up 1 got a mean of 3.1, set-up 2
got a mean of 2.5, set-up 3 got a mean of 3.5 and the commercial product got a mean of 2.8.
Therefore, Set-up 2 which is one of the experimental products kills faster the mosquitoes than the
commercial product.

VIII. CONCLUSION

21

Based on the observation and experimentation, the following conclusions were drawn:
3. There is an active components present in Peppermint, basil and Lemongrass that can be
used in producing a mosquito repelling paper.
4. Set-up 2 which is the experimental set-up is the most acceptable among the three
experimental set-ups and the commercial set-up in terms of odor, number of mosquito
died and time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.
5. There is a significant difference among the three set-ups in terms of odor, number of
mosquito died and time it took before the mosquitoes were killed.

IX. RECOMMENDATION

22

Based on the results after concluding the experimental, the following recommendations were
drawn:
1. Improve the project by producing more wrigglers on earlier time so you can produce
more mosquitoes.
2. The product must undergo more tests to produce more accurate results
3. Make a cost analysis, to test if the mosquito paper cost less than the commercial mosquito
paper.

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY

23

Asari, M. A., Vasudevan, P., Tandon, M., & Rezdan, R. K., (1999). Larvicidal
and mosquito repellent action of peppermint oil. Biosource
Technology, 267-271.
Duke, T., & Blue, M., (2009). Lemongrass oil extracts as mosquito repellent.
10-13
Harper, T. M., and Paulson, H. M., (1994). Aedes Aegypti: Yellow fever
mosquito. Retrieved April 19, 2011 from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in652
Kiplingat, K.P., and Mwangi, R. W., (2013). Repellent activities of ocimum
basilicum, azadirachta indica and eucalyptus citriodora extracts on
rabbit skin against aedes aegypti. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 84-91.
Malan, J., (2011). Peppermint oil: Mosquito Repellent. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from
http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3059459/NCBI.
Nour, A. H., Yusoff, M. M., & Sandanasamy, J. (2012). Bioactive compounds
from basil essential oils with larvicidal activity against aedesaegypti
larvae. 21-24.
Sukumar, L., (1991). The effectiveness of botanical extracts as repellents
against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes. The Journal of the American
Mosquito Control Association, 124-126.

24

XI. APPENDIX
Appendix A. Flow chart

Gathering the materials.

Separating the fibers using a blender.

cheesecloth.

Boiling each plant with an alkaline solution.

Straining the fibers using a

25

Putting it into a container.

Finished product.

Appendix B: Testing the Product

Culturing of mosquito larvae

After 3 days

After 6 days

26

After 12 days

After 9 days (Putting mosquito net.)

Testing the product

Rating the odor of the experimental product and commercial product.

Observing the effect of mosquito

paper to the mosquitoes.

27

Observing the effect of mosquito

paper to the mosquito after several hours.

28

Appendix C. Statistical Analysis

One factor ANOVA

3.46666666
7
3.46666666
7
3.46666666
7
3.46666666
7

ANOVA table
Source
Treatment
Error
Total

Mean

Std.
Dev

3.0

30

0.76

Set-up 1

4.3

30

0.75

Set-up2

3.2

30

0.82

3.3
3.5

30
120

1.29
1.04

Set-up 3
Commercia
l Product
Total

SS
28.93
100.93
129.87

df
3
116
119

MS
9.644
0.870

Post hoc analysis

Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values
(d.f. = 116)
Set-up
1 Set-up 3
3.0
3.2
Set-up 1
3.0
Set-up 3
3.2
0.83
Commercial
Product
3.3
1.11
0.28
Set-up2
4.3
5.26
4.43

F
11.08

p-value
1.88E-06

Commercia
l Product
3.3

Set-up2
4.3

4.15

critical values for experimentwise error

rate:
0.05
0.01
p-values for pairwise t-tests
Set-up
1
3.0
Set-up 1
3.0
Set-up 3
3.2
.4080
Commercial
Product
3.3
.2705
Set-up2
4.3
6.69E-

2.60
3.18

Set-up 3
3.2

Commercia
l Product
3.3

.7824
2.16E-

.0001

Set-up2
4.3

07

05

Comparison of Groups
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

Commercial Product

One factor ANOVA

3.55
3.55
3.55
3.55

Mea
n
3.1
4.3
3.2

n
10
10
10

Std.
Dev
0.99
0.95
1.14

3.6
3.6

10
40

1.26
1.15

d
f
3

MS
2.967

36

1.194

Set-up 1
Set-up2
Set-up 3
Commercial
product
Total

ANOVA table
Source
Treatment
Error
Total

SS
8.90
43.0
0
51.9
0

F
2.48

pvalue
.0764

39

Comparison of Groups
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

Commercial product

One factor ANOVA

3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1

Mea
n
3.6
2.5
3.5

n
10
10
10

Std. Dev
0.70
0.53
0.85

2.8
3.1

10
40

0.63
0.81

Set-up 1
Set-up2
Set-up 3
Commercia
l Product
Total

SS
8.60
17.0
0
25.6
0

df
3

MS
2.867

F
6.07

pvalue
.0019

36

0.472

Set-up 3
3.5

Set-up
1
3.6

ANOVA table
Source
Treatment
Error
Total

39

Post hoc analysis

Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. =
36)
Commercia
Set-up2
l Product
2.5
2.8
Set-up2
2.5
Commercial
2.8
0.98

Product
Set-up 3
Set-up 1

3.5
3.6

3.25
3.58

2.28
2.60

0.33

critical values for experimentwise error

rate:
0.05
0.01

2.70
3.35

Set-up2
2.5

Commercia
l Product
2.8

Set-up 3
3.5

.3355
.0025
.0010

.0288
.0133

.7468

p-values for pairwise t-tests

Set-up2
Commercial
Product
Set-up 3
Set-up 1

Set-up
1
3.6

2.5
2.8
3.5
3.6

Comparison of Groups
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Set-up 1

Set-up2

Set-up 3

Commercial Product

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher sincerely appreciates and acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of
the following:
First of all, to our Almighty God, for all of His blessings, the knowledge, the support for
the references of the materials, for the success of the study and for everything.
To Mrs Joanne Familara, for her advices, support and giving pieces of suggestion for the
study.
To the researchers friends, Lois Joy Puno, Jade Ann Capillo, Ariane Custodio, Alromae
Luna, Darline Gregorio and Nicole Adarlo, who helped her in making the research more
successful.
Lastly, to the researchers family for giving their full moral support, prayers, finances,
advices, courage, love, care and help before and after conducting this study.

J.J.L.P