Cathode ray tube

order of 0.01 Pa[2] to 133 nPa.[3]

In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front
area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically
in a xed pattern called a raster. An image is produced
by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron
beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green,
and blue) with a video signal as a reference.[4] In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by
magnetic deection, a varying magnetic eld generated
by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck
of the tube, although electrostatic deection is commonly
used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument.[4]

Cutaway rendering of a color CRT:

1. Three electron emitters (for red, green, and blue phosphor
dots)
2. Electron beams
3. Focusing coils
4. Deection coils
5. Anode (collector)
6. Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of
displayed image
7. Phosphor layer with red, green, and blue zones
8. Close-up of the phosphor-coated inner side of the screen

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, and a phosphorescent
screen used to view images.[1] It has a means to accelerate and deect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to
create the images. The images may represent electrical
waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer
monitor), radar targets or others. CRTs have also been
used as memory devices, in which case the visible light
emitted from the uorescent material (if any) is not intended to have signicant meaning to a visual observer
(though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data).

A 14-inch cathode ray tube showing its deection coils and electron guns

1 History
Cathode rays were discovered by Johann Hittorf in 1869
helo in primitive Crookes tubes. He observed that some
unknown rays were emitted from the cathode (negative
electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall
of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight
lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode
rays could be deected by electric elds, and William
Crookes showed they could be deected by magnetic
elds. In 1897, J. J. Thomson succeeded in measuring
the mass of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of
negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, the rst
"subatomic particles", which were later named electrons.
The earliest version of the CRT was known as the Braun
tube, invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun

The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large,

deep (i.e. long from front screen face to rear end), fairly
heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the
face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly
shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product.
CRTs have largely been superseded by newer display
technologies such as LCD, plasma display, and OLED,
which have lower manufacturing costs, power consumption, weight and bulk.
The vacuum level inside the tube is high vacuum on the
1

2 OSCILLOSCOPE CRTS
that CRT technology was used for what is now known as
television.[1]
The rst cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name to the term
Johnson noise) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western
Electric, and became a commercial product in 1922.
It was named by inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin in
1929.[7] RCA was granted a trademark for the term (for
its cathode ray tube) in 1932; it voluntarily released the
term to the public domain in 1950.[8]
The rst commercially made electronic television sets
with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken
in Germany in 1934.[9][10]

2 Oscilloscope CRTs
Typical 1950s United States television set

A at CRT assembly inside a 1984 Sinclair FTV1 pocket TV

Electron gun

Brauns original cold-cathode CRT, 1897

in 1897.[5][6] It was a cold-cathode diode, a modication

of the Crookes tube with a phosphor-coated screen.
In 1907, Russian scientist Boris Rosing used a CRT
in the receiving end of an experimental video signal to
form a picture. He managed to display simple geometric shapes onto the screen, which marked the rst time

An Oscilloscope showing Lissajous curve

In oscilloscope CRTs, electrostatic deection is used,

rather than the magnetic deection commonly used with
television and other large CRTs. The beam is deected
horizontally by applying an electric eld between a pair
of plates to its left and right, and vertically by applying an
electric eld to plates above and below. Televisions use
magnetic rather than electrostatic deection because the
deection plates obstruct the beam when the deection
angle is as large as is required for tubes that are relatively
short for their size.

2.1 Phosphor persistence

Various phosphors are available depending upon the
needs of the measurement or display application. The
brightness, color, and persistence of the illumination depends upon the type of phosphor used on the CRT screen.
Phosphors are available with persistences ranging from
less than one microsecond to several seconds.[11] For visual observation of brief transient events, a long persistence phosphor may be desirable. For events which are

2.5

Data storage tubes

fast and repetitive, or high frequency, a short-persistence

phosphor is generally preferable.[12]

2.2

Microchannel plate

When displaying fast one-shot events, the electron beam

must deect very quickly, with few electrons impinging
on the screen, leading to a faint or invisible image on the
display. Oscilloscope CRTs designed for very fast signals can give a brighter display by passing the electron
beam through a micro-channel plate just before it reaches
the screen. Through the phenomenon of secondary emission, this plate multiplies the number of electrons reaching the phosphor screen, giving a signicant improvement in writing rate (brightness) and improved sensitivity
and spot size as well.[13][14]

2.3

Graticules

Most oscilloscopes have a graticule as part of the visual

display, to facilitate measurements. The graticule may be
permanently marked inside the face of the CRT, or it may
be a transparent external plate made of glass or acrylic
plastic. An internal graticule eliminates parallax error,
but cannot be changed to accommodate dierent types
of measurements.[15] Oscilloscopes commonly provide a The Tektronix Type 564: First Mass Produced Analog Phosphor
means for the graticule to be illuminated from the side, Storage Oscilloscope
which improves its visibility.[16]

2.4

Image storage tubes

These are found in analog phosphor storage oscilloscopes.

These are distinct from digital storage oscilloscopes which
rely on solid state digital memory to store the image.

When the main electron gun writes an image to the

screen, the energy in the main beam is sucient to create
a 'potential relief' on the storage mesh. The areas where
this relief is created no longer repel the electrons from the
ood gun which now pass through the mesh and illuminate the phosphor screen. Consequently, the image that
was briey traced out by the main gun continues to be displayed after it has occurred. The image can be 'erased' by
resupplying the external voltage to the mesh restoring its
constant potential. The time for which the image can be
displayed was limited because, in practice, the ood gun
slowly neutralises the charge on the storage mesh. One
way of allowing the image to be retained for longer is temporarily to turn o the ood gun. It is then possible for
the image to be retained for several days. The majority
of storage tubes allow for a lower voltage to be applied to
the storage mesh which slowly restores the initial charge
state. By varying this voltage a variable persistence is obtained. Turning o the ood gun and the voltage supply
to the storage mesh allows such a tube to operate as a conventional oscilloscope tube.[17]

Where a single brief event is monitored by an oscilloscope, such an event will be displayed by a conventional
tube only while it actually occurs. The use of a long persistence phosphor may allow the image to be observed
after the event, but only for a few seconds at best. This
limitation can be overcome by the use of a direct view
storage cathode ray tube (storage tube). A storage tube
will continue to display the event after it has occurred
until such time as it is erased. A storage tube is similar
to a conventional tube except that it is equipped with a
metal grid coated with a dielectric layer located immediately behind the phosphor screen. An externally applied
voltage to the mesh initially ensures that the whole mesh
is at a constant potential. This mesh is constantly exposed
to a low velocity electron beam from a 'ood gun' which
operates independently of the main gun. This ood gun
is not deected like the main gun but constantly 'illuminates the whole of the storage mesh. The initial charge on 2.5 Data storage tubes
the storage mesh is such as to repel the electrons from the
ood gun which are prevented from striking the phosphor For more details on this topic, see williams tube.
screen.

3 COLOR CRTS

Color CRTs

have three electron guns, one for each primary color, arranged either in a straight line or in an equilateral triangular conguration (the guns are usually constructed
as a single unit). (The triangular conguration is often
called delta-gun, based on its relation to the shape of
the Greek letter delta .) A grille or mask absorbs the
electrons that would otherwise hit the wrong phosphor.[19]
A shadow mask tube uses a metal plate with tiny holes,
placed so that the electron beam only illuminates the correct phosphors on the face of the tube;[18] the holes are
tapered so that the electrons that strike the inside of any
hole will be reected back, if they are not absorbed (e.g.
due to local charge accumulation), instead of bouncing
through the hole to strike a random (wrong) spot on the
screen. Another type of color CRT uses an aperture grille
of tensioned vertical wires to achieve the same result.[19]

3.1 Convergence and purity in color CRTs

Magnied view of a delta-gun shadow mask color CRT

Due to limitations in the dimensional precision with

which CRTs can be manufactured economically, it has
not been practically possible to build color CRTs in which
three electron beams could be aligned to hit phosphors of
respective color in acceptable coordination, solely on the
basis of the geometric conguration of the electron gun
axes and gun aperture positions, shadow mask apertures,
etc. The shadow mask ensures that one beam will only
hit spots of certain colors of phosphors, but minute variations in physical alignment of the internal parts among
individual CRTs will cause variations in the exact alignment of the beams through the shadow mask, allowing
some electrons from, for example, the red beam to hit,
say, blue phosphors, unless some individual compensation is made for the variance among individual tubes.

Color convergence and color purity are two aspects of

this single problem. Firstly, for correct color rendering
it is necessary that regardless of where the beams are deected on the screen, all three hit the same spot (and nominally pass through the same hole or slot) on the shadow
mask. This is called convergence.[20] More specically,
the convergence at the center of the screen (with no deection eld applied by the yoke) is called static convergence, and the convergence over the rest of the screen
area is called dynamic convergence. The beams may
converge at the center of the screen and yet stray from
each other as they are deected toward the edges; such a
CRT would be said to have good static convergence but
poor dynamic convergence. Secondly, each beam must
only strike the phosphors of the color it is intended to
strike and no others. This is called purity. Like converSpectra of constituent blue, green and red phosphors in a common gence, there is static purity and dynamic purity, with the
CRT
same meanings of static and dynamic as for convergence. Convergence and purity are distinct parameters;
Color tubes use three dierent phosphors which emit red, a CRT could have good purity but poor convergence, or
green, and blue light respectively. They are packed to- vice versa. Poor convergence causes color shadows or
gether in stripes (as in aperture grille designs) or clusters ghosts along displayed edges and contours, as if the imcalled triads (as in shadow mask CRTs).[18] Color CRTs age on the screen were intaglio printed with poor regisMagnied view of a Trinitron color CRT

3.2

Degaussing

tration. Poor purity causes objects on the screen to appear o-color while their edges remain sharp. Purity and
convergence problems can occur at the same time, in the
same or dierent areas of the screen or both over the
whole screen, and either uniformly or to greater or lesser
degrees over dierent parts of the screen.
The solution to the static convergence and purity problems is a set of color alignment magnets installed around
the neck of the CRT. These movable weak permanent
magnets are usually mounted on the back end of the deection yoke assembly and are set at the factory to compensate for any static purity and convergence errors that
are intrinsic to the unadjusted tube. Typically there are
two or three pairs of two magnets in the form of rings
made of plastic impregnated with a magnetic material,
with their magnetic elds parallel to the planes of the
magnets, which are perpendicular to the electron gun
axes. Each pair of magnetic rings forms a single eective magnet whose eld vector can be fully and freely
adjusted (in both direction and magnitude). By rotating a pair of magnets relative to each other, their relative eld alignment can be varied, adjusting the eective
eld strength of the pair. (As they rotate relative to each
other, each magnets eld can be considered to have two
opposing components at right angles, and these four components [two each for two magnets] form two pairs, one
pair reinforcing each other and the other pair opposing
and canceling each other. Rotating away from alignment,
the magnets mutually reinforcing eld components decrease as they are traded for increasing opposed, mutually cancelling components.) By rotating a pair of magnets together, preserving the relative angle between them,
the direction of their collective magnetic eld can be varied. Overall, adjusting all of the convergence/purity magnets allows a nely tuned slight electron beam deection
and/or lateral oset to be applied, which compensates for
minor static convergence and purity errors intrinsic to the
uncalibrated tube. Once set, these magnets are usually
glued in place, but normally they can be freed and readjusted in the eld (e.g. by a TV repair shop) if necessary.
On some CRTs, additional xed adjustable magnets are
added for dynamic convergence and/or dynamic purity at
specic points on the screen, typically near the corners or
edges. Further adjustment of dynamic convergence and
purity typically cannot be done passively, but requires active compensation circuits.
Dynamic color convergence and purity are one of the
main reasons why until late in their history, CRTs were
long-necked (deep) and had biaxially curved faces; these
geometric design characteristics are necessary for intrinsic passive dynamic color convergence and purity. Only
starting around the 1990s did sophisticated active dynamic convergence compensation circuits become available that made short-necked and at-faced CRTs workable. These active compensation circuits use the deection yoke to nely adjust beam deection according to the
beam target location. The same techniques (and major

5
circuit components) also make possible the adjustment
of display image rotation, skew, and other complex raster
geometry parameters through electronics under user control.

3.2 Degaussing
If the shadow mask becomes magnetized, its magnetic
eld deects the electron beams passing through it, causing color purity distortion as the beams bend through the
mask holes and hit some phosphors of a color other than
that which they are intended to strike; e.g. some electrons
from the red beam may hit blue phosphors, giving pure
red parts of the image a magenta tint. (Magenta is the additive combination of red and blue.) This eect is localized to a specic area of the screen if the magnetization of
the shadow mask is localized. Therefore, it is important
that the shadow mask is unmagnetized. (A magnetized
aperture grille has a similar eect, and everything stated
in this subsection about shadow masks applies as well to
aperture grilles.)
Most color CRT displays, i.e. television sets and computer monitors, each have a built-in degaussing (demagnetizing) circuit, the primary component of which is a
degaussing coil which is mounted around the perimeter of the CRT face inside the bezel. Upon powerup of the CRT display, the degaussing circuit produces
a brief, alternating current through the degaussing coil
which smoothly decays in strength (fades out) to zero over
a period of a few seconds, producing a decaying alternating magnetic eld from the coil. This degaussing eld is
strong enough to remove shadow mask magnetization in
most cases.[21] In unusual cases of strong magnetization
where the internal degaussing eld is not sucient, the
shadow mask may be degaussed externally with a stronger
portable degausser or demagnetizer. However, an excessively strong magnetic eld, whether alternating or constant, may mechanically deform (bend) the shadow mask,
causing a permanent color distortion on the display which
looks very similar to a magnetization eect.
The degaussing circuit is often built of a thermo-electric
(not electronic) device containing a small ceramic heating
element and a positive thermal coecient (PTC) resistor,
connected directly to the switched AC power line with
the resistor in series with the degaussing coil. When
the power is switched on, the heating element heats the
PTC resistor, increasing its resistance to a point where
degaussing current is minimal, but not actually zero. In
older CRT displays, this low-level current (which produces no signicant degaussing eld) is sustained along
with the action of the heating element as long as the display remains switched on. To repeat a degaussing cycle,
the CRT display must be switched o and left o for at
least several seconds to reset the degaussing circuit by allowing the PTC resistor to cool to the ambient temperature; switching the display o and immediately back on
will result in a weak degaussing cycle or eectively no

7 OTHER TYPES OF CRTS

degaussing cycle.
This simple design is eective and cheap to build, but
it wastes some power continuously. Later models, especially Energy Star rated ones, use a relay to switch the entire degaussing circuit on and o, so that the degaussing
circuit uses energy only when it is functionally active and
needed. The relay design also enables degaussing on user
demand through the units front panel controls, without
switching the unit o and on again. This relay can often
be heard clicking o at the end of the degaussing cycle
a few seconds after the monitor is turned on, and on and
o during a manually initiated degaussing cycle.

Vector monitors

7.1 Cats eye

Main article: Magic eye tube
In better quality tube radio sets a tuning guide consisting of a phosphor tube was used to aid the tuning adjustment. This was also known as a Magic Eye or Tuning
Eye. Tuning would be adjusted until the width of a radial
shadow was minimized. This was used instead of a more
expensive electromechanical meter, which later came to
be used on higher-end tuners when transistor sets lacked
the high voltage required to drive the device.[26] The same
type of device was used with tape recorders as a recording
level meter, and for various other applications including
electrical test equipment.

Main article: Vector monitor

7.2 Charactrons

Vector monitors were used in early computer aided design

systems and are in some late-1970s to mid-1980s arcade
games such as Asteroids.[22] They draw graphics point-topoint, rather than scanning a raster. Either monochrome
or color CRTs can be used in vector displays, and the
essential principles of CRT design and operation are the
same for either type of display; the main dierence is in
the beam deection patterns and circuits.

Some displays for early computers (those that needed to

display more text than was practical using vectors, or
that required high speed for photographic output) used
Charactron CRTs. These incorporate a perforated metal
character mask (stencil), which shapes a wide electron
beam to form a character on the screen. The system selects a character on the mask using one set of deection
circuits, but that causes the extruded beam to be aimed
o-axis, so a second set of deection plates has to reaim the beam so it is headed toward the center of the
screen. A third set of plates places the character wherever required. The beam is unblanked (turned on) briey
to draw the character at that position. Graphics could be
drawn by selecting the position on the mask corresponding to the code for a space (in practice, they were simply
not drawn), which had a small round hole in the center;
this eectively disabled the character mask, and the system reverted to regular vector behavior. Charactrons had
exceptionally long necks, because of the need for three
deection systems.[27][28]

CRT resolution

Dot pitch denes the maximum resolution of the display,

assuming delta-gun CRTs. In these, as the scanned resolution approaches the dot pitch resolution, moir appears,
as the detail being displayed is ner than what the shadow
mask can render.[23] Aperture grille monitors do not suffer from vertical moir; however, because their phosphor
stripes have no vertical detail. In smaller CRTs, these
strips maintain position by themselves, but larger aperture grille CRTs require one or two crosswise (horizontal)
support strips.[24]

7.3 Nimo

Main article: Nimo tube

Nimo was the trademark of a family of small specialised
6 Gamma
CRTs manufactured by Industrial Electronics Engineers.
These had 10 electron guns which produced electron
CRTs have a pronounced triode characteristic, which re- beams in the form of digits in a manner similar to that of
sults in signicant gamma (a nonlinear relationship in the charactron. The tubes were either simple single-digit
an electron gun between applied video voltage and beam displays or more complex 4- or 6- digit displays produced
intensity).[25]
by means of a suitable magnetic deection system. Having little of the complexities of a standard CRT, the tube
required a relatively simple driving circuit, and as the image was projected on the glass face, it provided a much
7 Other types of CRTs
wider viewing angle than competitive types (e.g., nixie
tubes).[29]

7.6

Zeus thin CRT display

7
unit act as a single light bulb.[30] Each one is coated with
a red, green or blue phosphor, to make up the color subpixels. This technology has largely been replaced with
light emitting diode displays. A similar device has been
proposed by one manufacturer as a lamp.

7.6 Zeus thin CRT display

In the late 1990s and early 2000s Philips Research Laboratories experimented with a type of thin CRT known as
the Zeus display which contained CRT-like functionality
in a at panel display.[31][32][33][34][35] The devices were
demonstrated but never marketed.

8 The future of CRT technology

8.1 Demise
Although a mainstay of display technology for decades,
CRT-based computer monitors and televisions constitute
a dead technology. The demand for CRT screens has
dropped precipitously since 2007, and this fallo had accelerated in the last two years of that decade. The rapid
advances and falling prices of LCD at panel technology,
rst for computer monitors and then for televisions, has
been the key factor in the demise of competing display
technologies such as CRT, rear-projection, and plasma
display.[36]
Nimo tube BA0000-P31

7.4

Williams tube

Main article: Williams tube

The end of most high-end CRT production by around

2010[37] (including high-end Sony and Mitsubishi product lines) means an erosion of the CRTs capability.[38][39]
In Canada and the United States, the sale and production
of high-end CRT TVs (30-inch screens) in these markets
had all but ended by 2007. Just a couple of years later, inexpensive combo CRT TVs (20-inch screens with an integrated VHS player) disappeared from discount stores. It
has been common to replace CRT-based televisions and
monitors in as little as 56 years, although they generally
are capable of satisfactory performance for a much longer
time.

The Williams tube or Williams-Kilburn tube was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data. It
was used in computers of the 1940s as a random-access
digital storage device. In contrast to other CRTs in this
article, the Williams tube was not a display device, and
in fact could not be viewed since a metal plate covered its Companies are responding to this trend. Electronics retailers such as Best Buy have been steadily reducing store
screen.
spaces for CRTs. In 2005, Sony announced that they
would stop the production of CRT computer displays.
Samsung did not introduce any CRT models for the 2008
7.5 Flood beam CRT
model year at the 2008 Consumer Electronics Show, and
Flood beam CRTs are small tubes that are arranged as on 4 February 2008 Samsung removed their 30 wide
website and has
pixels for large screens like Jumbotrons. The rst screen screen CRTs from their North American
[40]
not
replaced
them
with
new
models.
using this technology was introduced by Mitsubishi Electric for the 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
It diers from a normal CRT in that the electron gun
within does not produce a focused controllable beam. Instead, electrons are sprayed in a wide cone across the entire front of the phosphor screen, basically making each

However, the demise of CRTs has been happening more

slowly in the developing world. According to iSupply,
production in units of CRTs was not surpassed by LCDs
production until 4Q 2007, owing largely to CRT production at factories in China.

In the United Kingdom, DSG (Dixons), the largest retailer of domestic electronic equipment, reported that
CRT models made up 8090% of the volume of televisions sold at Christmas 2004 and 1520% a year later,
and that they were expected to be less than 5% at the
end of 2006. Dixons ceased selling CRT televisions in
2006.[41]

8.2

Causes

CRTs, despite recent advances, have remained relatively

heavy and bulky and take up a lot of space in comparison to other display technologies. CRT screens have
much deeper cabinets compared to at panels and rearprojection displays for a given screen size, and so it becomes impractical to have CRTs larger than 40 inches
(102 cm). The CRT disadvantages became especially
signicant in light of rapid technological advancements
in LCD and plasma at-panels which allow them to easily surpass 40 inches (102 cm) as well as being thin and
wall-mountable, two key features that were increasingly
being demanded by consumers.

8.3

HEALTH CONCERNS

brightness) due to the uorescent lights commonly used

as a backlight.[44]
CRTs are still popular in the printing and broadcasting
industries as well as in the professional video, photography, and graphics elds due to their greater color delity,
contrast, and better viewing from o-axis (wider viewing
angle). CRTs also still nd adherents in vintage video
gaming because of their higher resolution per initial cost,
lowest possible input lag, fast response time, and multiple native resolutions such as 576p. Many retro gamers
also prefer to use older CRTs with lower resolutions and
scan rates due to the distinct scan line eect created when
displaying the 240p analog signal generated by most retro
consoles. CRT TVs are also the only way for almost the
entire library of light gun games to be played, as newer
TVs have a dierent signal latency which prevents light
guns from working.
CRT monitors are still widely used in the study of the
brains visual processing (e.g. in psychophysics). The
speed and delity of their response, combined with the
simplicity of their design, makes them well-suited for experiments where scientists need to have very ne control
over stimuli which are presented to an observer.[45]

Slimmer CRT

9 Health concerns
9.1 Ionizing radiation
CRTs can emit a small amount of X-ray radiation as
a result of the electron beams bombardment of the
shadow mask/aperture grille and phosphors. The amount
of radiation escaping the front of the monitor is widely
considered not to be harmful. The Food and Drug
Administration regulations in 21 C.F.R. 1020.10 are
A comparison between 21 inch Superslim and Ultraslim CRT
used to strictly limit, for instance, television receivers to
0.5 milliroentgens per hour (mR/h) (0.13 C/(kgh) or
Some CRT manufacturers, both LG Display and Sam- 36 pA/kg) at a distance of 5 cm (2 in) from any external
sung Display, have innovated CRT technology by creat- surface; since 2007, most CRTs have emissions that fall
ing a slimmer tube. Slimmer CRT has a trade name Su- well below this limit.[46]
perslim and Ultraslim. A 21-inch at CRT has 447.2 millimeter depth. The depth of Superslim is 352 millimeters
and Ultraslim is 295.7 millimeters.

9.2 Toxicity
8.4

Resurgence in specialized markets

In the rst quarter of 2008, CRTs retook the #2 technology position in North America from plasma, due to the
decline and consolidation of plasma display manufacturers. DisplaySearch has reported that although in the 4Q
of 2007 LCDs surpassed CRTs in worldwide sales, CRTs
then outsold LCDs in the 1Q of 2008.[42][43]
CRTs are useful for displaying photos with high pixels per
unit area and correct color balance. LCDs, as currently
the most common atscreen technology, have generally
inferior color rendition (despite having greater overall

Older color and monochrome CRTs may contain toxic

substances, such as cadmium, in the phosphors.[47][48][49]
The rear glass tube of modern CRTs may be made from
leaded glass, which represent an environmental hazard if
disposed of improperly.[50] By the time personal computers were produced, glass in the front panel (the viewable portion of the CRT) used barium rather than lead,
though the rear of the CRT was still produced from
leaded glass. Monochrome CRTs typically do not contain enough leaded glass to fail EPA TCLP tests. While
the TCLP process grinds the glass into ne particles in
order to expose them to weak acids to test for leachate,

9.6

Electric shock

intact CRT glass does not leache (The lead is vitried, dangerous fragments which accelerate inward and then
contained inside the glass itself, similar to leaded glass spray at high speed in all directions. The implosion
crystalware).
energy is proportional to the evacuated volume of the
In October 2001, the United States Environmental Pro- CRT. Although modern cathode ray tubes used in teletection Agency created rules stating that CRTs must be visions and computer displays have epoxy-bonded facebrought to special recycling facilities. In November 2002, plates or other measures to prevent shattering of the envemust be handled carefully to avoid personal
the EPA began ning companies that disposed of CRTs lope, CRTs
[56]
injury.
through landlls or incineration. Regulatory agencies, local and statewide, monitor the disposal of CRTs and other
computer equipment.[51]
9.6 Electric shock
In Europe, disposal of CRT televisions and monitors is
To accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the screen
covered by the WEEE Directive.[52]
with sucient velocity, a very high voltage (EHT or Extra
High Tension) is required,[57] from a few thousand volts
for a small oscilloscope CRT to tens of kV for a larger
9.3 Flicker
screen color TV. This is many times greater than household power supply voltage. Even after the power supply is
Main article: Flicker (screen)
turned o, some associated capacitors and the CRT itself
may retain a charge for some time.
At low refresh rates (60 Hz and below), the periodic scanning of the display may produce a icker that some people
perceive more easily than others, especially when viewed
with peripheral vision. Flicker is commonly associated 10 Security concerns
with CRT as most televisions run at 50 Hz (PAL) or 60
Hz (NTSC), although there are some 100 Hz PAL tele- Under some circumstances, the signal radiated from the
visions that are icker-free. Typically only low-end mon- electron guns, scanning circuitry, and associated wiring
itors run at such low frequencies, with most computer of a CRT can be captured remotely and used to reconmonitors supporting at least 75 Hz and high-end moni- struct what is shown on the CRT using a process called
tors capable of 100 Hz or more to eliminate any percep- Van Eck phreaking.[58] Special TEMPEST shielding can
tion of icker.[53] Non-computer CRTs or CRT for sonar mitigate this eect. Such radiation of a potentially exor radar may have long persistence phosphor and are thus ploitable signal, however, occurs also with other display
icker free. If the persistence is too long on a video dis- technologies[59] and with electronics in general.
play, moving images will be blurred.

9.4

High-frequency audible noise

11 Recycling

As electronic waste, CRTs are considered one of the

hardest types to recycle.[60] CRTs have relatively high
concentration of lead and phosphors (not phosphorus),
both of which are necessary for the display. There are
several companies in the United States that charge a
small fee to collect CRTs, then subsidize their labour
by selling the harvested copper, wire, and printed circuit boards. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its
category of hazardous household waste[61] but considThis problem does not occur on 100/120 Hz TVs and ers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be comon non-CGA computer displays, because they use much modities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumuhigher horizontal scanning frequencies (22 kHz to over lated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage.
100 kHz).
Leaded CRT glass is sold to be remelted into other CRTs,
or even broken down and used in road construction.[62]
50 Hz/60 Hz CRTs used for television operate with horizontal scanning frequencies of 15,734 Hz (for NTSC
systems) or 15,625 Hz (for PAL systems).[54] These frequencies are at the upper range of human hearing and
are inaudible to many people; however, some people (especially children) will perceive a high-pitched tone near
an operating television CRT.[55] The sound is due to
magnetostriction in the magnetic core and periodic movement of windings of the yback transformer.

9.5

Implosion

High vacuum inside glass-walled cathode ray tubes per- 12 Advantages and disadvantages
mits electron beams to y freelywithout colliding into
molecules of air or other gas. If the glass is damaged, Further information: Comparison CRT, LCD, Plasma
atmospheric pressure can collapse the vacuum tube into

10
Pros
High contrast ratio (over 15,000:1),[63] excellent
color, fairly wide color gamut and low black level.
No native resolution; the only current display technology capable of true multisyncing (displaying
many dierent resolutions and refresh rates without
the need for scaling).
No input lag.
No ghosting and smearing artifacts during fast motion due to sub-millisecond response time, and
impulse-based operation.
Higher refresh rates, resolution, deeper colors, phosphor glow
Long life (a few or several decades, depending on
use)
Newer CRT have similar weight and power consumption (NEC thin prole models and similar),
though nice, higher cost of production prevented
these from going into mass production against LCD.
Near zero color, saturation, contrast, or brightness
distortion.
Excellent viewing angle.
Allows the use of light guns/pens.
Can be used or stored in both extreme hot and
cold temperature conditions without harm to the
system.[64]

12

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

CRT equivalents of LCD are simply unavailable in

todays market, few high denition CRTs were ever
made for home TV market (they looked great, but
were heavier), computer CRTs were excluded from
support of the market.
CRTs lack new standards (i.e., internal computer):
one important one is the very long cord ability
some LCD have (to send data to monitor rather than
attempt to bus high delity picture signal over short
cable). However this was by fashion not needed:
older CRT and Computer Terminals accepted data
rather than analog signal up into the 1980s, but were
left on the shelf for the push on better image viewing consumers demanded; which for the price only
analog short wires could provide.
Large size and weight of older technology CRT (preceding NEC thin technologies, which are about the
same weight as LCD but cannot be produced at the
larger screen sizes LCD can be); however that is
comparing CRT to LCD before LCD was even used
for image viewing; not quite equitable.
CRT are less t to be installed in outdoor locations,
although many were.
Higher power consumption by lower cost CRT.
Dust electrostatically accumulates inside non-sealed
units due to the high voltages of 10-50kV, which
may cause short circuits
Higher weight and box dimension of lower cost CRT
(possibly more repairable due to).

Even decades older quality CRT have far better

viewing quality and size than LCD put into laptops
well into the 2000s or still.

Geometric distortion on lower cost CRT (not very

poor LCD viewing on lower cost LCD).

The heavier CRT (not NEC thin) have a very low

theft rate but engineering quality picture.

Older technology CRT suer screen burn-in, though

not as quickly as Plasma displays., However nothing
recent allows burn-in, nothing since the early 1990s
perhaps before.

An adjusted CRT will appear new for decades, while

an LCD with a replaced back-light will often show
artifacts such as dust spots, bright spots, dark corners, improper lter order issues, tube light showing
through, etc.
CRT are not damaged by a child pushing a nger
onto picture, while even quality LCD are (none seem
to come with a front lter to protect LCD, possibly
to keep weight competitive).
Cons
Cost per square foot to produce an acceptably
viewed screen is far higher for CRT (especially if
the LCD manufacturer did not pay patents, most or
all are continually in patent disputes). Much of an
LCD is done with plastic layers and packing tape.

For lower cost CRT refresh rates lower than 85 Hz

are poorer for viewing (wrong persistence of phosphor used in some low cost CRT) compared to old
broadcast TV 24 Hz having long persistence phosphor. However LCD had blurring issues and were
terrible in comparison (some still) to even 72 Hz.
Both are hazardous to repair/service without proper
training and precautions taken, both have invisible
dangers and ones made visible.
Maximum size for direct-view displays is limited
to about 40 inches due to practical and manufacturing restrictions (a CRT display of this size can
weigh about 300 pounds), though the sizing can be
increased with an array of separate displays, such as
the original Jumbotron used at sports arenas.

11
The glass envelopes contains toxic lead and barium
as X-ray radiation shielding. The phosphors can
also contain toxic elements such as cadmium. Many
countries treat CRTs as toxic waste and prohibit
their disposal in landlls or by incineration, and
charge a fee for deposit of the 50-75 lb of well recyclable material (copper, aluminum, plastic, rare
earths).

Electrostatic deection
Electrostatic lens
Magnetic lens
Magnetic deection
Electron beam processing

Deection yoke
A damaged CRT could be a radiation hazard, though
anything from about the 1980s and beyond have raApplying CRT in dierent display-purpose
diation auto-shuto builtin by law.
Purity and convergence in color tubes requires extra personal equipment to set but can be eyed for
presentable viewing if lost (convergence would sway
and need to be set in older TV, but in new CRT automatic degaussing solves focus and purity for most)
(on modern CRT having this set is one of the least
likely end of life scenarios)
Sensitive to magnetic interference more than LCD, a
slight extra chance a TV would be moved during installation where an LCD would not (note such a disturbance is cause by faulty home wiring, the wiring
should be tended to if the TV shows EMF disturbance, i.e. polarity reversal and misinstallation of
ground wires are possible).
Image edges of most CRT viewed very close are
slightly diuse (blurred). However CRT light waves
are designed to blend to be sharper at viewing distance (viewing them up close is amateurish). However many CRT like Sony sf used perfect lines.
Packard Bell in the mid-1980s had 0 blur using 3
dots in a square, which showed perfect square text
but the sharp edges were a little disappointing for
those interested in still or moving picture imagery
using low resolutions (and many were).

13

See also

Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope#Cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO)
Image dissector
Raster scan
Scan line
Analog television
Analog television#Displaying an image
Horizontal blanking interval
Vertical blanking interval
Overscan in Television
Monoscope
Computer
Monochrome monitor
Computer monitor
Comparison of display technology
Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED
CRT projector
Miscellaneous phenomena

Basics of Cathode ray and discharge in low pressure gas

Cathode ray
Vacuum tube
Cathode ray causing light
Crookes tube
Phosphor
Cathodoluminescence
Scintillation (physics)
Manipulating the electron beam

Noise (video)
Historical aspect
History of display technology
Image dissector
Direct-view bistable storage tube
Trinitron
Penetron
Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
Flat panel display

12

14

LCD television / LED-backlit LCD

Safety and precautions

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15 Selected patents
U.S. Patent 1,691,324: Zworykin Television System

16 External links
Electromagnetic Deection in a Cathode Ray Tube,
Part 1 Interactive tutorial from the National High
Magnetic Field Laboratory
Electromagnetic Deection in a Cathode Ray Tube,
Part 2 Interactive tutorial from the National High
Magnetic Field Laboratory
The Cathode Ray Tube site
PCTechGuide: Cathode Ray Tubes
CRTs at the Virtual Valve Museum
Samuel M. Goldwasser TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information

14

17

17
17.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Cathode ray tube Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube?oldid=729481242 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Uriyan,

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MiraxFaew, Berterwe, MArischka and Anonymous: 744

17.2

Images

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