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LIGHTWAVE
SYSTEMS
Chapter 8A. Multichannel
Systems[WDM components,
subcarrier mux]
Instructor:
Ivan P. Kaminow
3/7/06
!1
!2
BPF
!3
!3
BPF
!1
BPF
!2
3/7/06
Wavelength selective
mux/demux
Optical add/drop mux
Optical cross-connects
ee233. prof kaminow
!N
BPF
Bergano
2
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
Typical waveguide
cross section
Silica (SiO2)
P:SiO2
SiO2
Waveguide
mode
1.45
0.02
1.5
0.1
Si
Polymer
Polymer
Si
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI)
3/7/06
InP
InGaAsP
InP
, ...
,
Si
SiO2
Si
3.2
0.2, 2
3.5
0.1
Substrate
Consolidation
core
turn table
under
cladding
torch
substrate
(Si or Glass wafer)
over
cladding
SiO2-GeO2 particles
SiO2 particles
RIE
FHD+
Consolidation
p. 1
!"#$$%&'()$*+*),%*,%-./
3/7/06
0)1'%1*&2'%$+134+31'$%*,%&*1'4+*),#"
4)3("'1
p. 2
67
s
h
Waveguide Configuration
3/7/06
Core width 2a 5 2 m
Ridge height s 5 0.5 m
Core height h 5 1 m
ee233. prof kaminow
p. 4
Dominant mechanism is index change with temperature (~+1"10-5/C) and not length
change with temperature.
Total phase shift / electrical power is independent of length (~400 mW/#)
Time response is 1-2 ms.
Chrome heater resistance changes with temperature by ~ +0.2%/C. Change can be
significant.
Temperature rise of core ~ !105/(2#L). (! is free-space wavelength, L is phase shifter
length). E.g., core temp. rises by 15C for # phase shift in a 5-mm long phase shifter.
3/7/06
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
3/7/06
10
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
11
3/7/06
12
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
13
3/7/06
14
3/7/06
15
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
16
3/7/06
17
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18
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19
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20
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21
Corrado Dragone
Bell Labs 1989
3/7/06
22
Katsu
Okamoto
3/7/06
23
I. P. Kaminow
3/7/06
24
junction
arrayed
waveguides
arrayed
waveguides
slab
slab
vertically
tapered
waveguides
Configuration of AWG
3/7/06
25
p.31
Conventional AWG
0.85 dB loss
3/7/06
Vertically Tapered
AWG
0.15 dB loss
p.32
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
27
Planar
"Free-Space"
Coupler
Dragone
$L = Const.
1
2
tp
ts
Ou
pu
ut
In
N
Dummy
Guides
WAVELENGTH ROUTING
f1 f2 f3 f4
3/7/06
Input
1
Output
1
28
Okamoto
3/7/06
29
p. 8
3/7/06
30
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31
Okamoto
3/7/06
32
3/7/06
! = !0
! < !0
33
p.11
1xN MUX/DMUX
Agrawal (2004)
3/7/06
34
Loss (dB)
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
1530 1532 1535 1537 1540 1542 1545 1547 1550 1552 1555 1557 1560 1562
3/7/06
Wenhua Lin
ee233.
prof kaminow
Wavelength
(nm)
Wavelength (NM)
35
ICAPT98 MZ
3/7/06
36
p.18
3/7/06
37
p.19
Filter Cascade
Effective Filter Response
(Waveguide Grating Router)
0
Single Filter
10 Cascaded
-10
-20
-30
-40
-200 -150 -100
-50
50
100
150
200
Frequency, $f (GHz)
3/7/06
38
3/7/06
39
Arrayed
waveguide
grating
(AWG)
PHASAR
Waveguide
grating router
(WGR)
3/7/06
40
SH$AWG ($1.5%)
Silica, 1.5%
SH$ PLC
Rmin = 2 mm
4 wafer
Chip size
13816 mm2 (1/5)
Rmin = 5 mm
3/7/06
41
Photonics
Laboratories
3/7/06
High-$%AWG
42
p.14
3/7/06
43
Conventional design
TA( p )
Demultiplexer
Attenuators
Multiplexer
Lower-loss design
R
T
Coupler
Coupler
j 1! R
Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Phase shifters
44
3/7/06
45
Photograph of OADM
46
p.40
Okamoto
3/7/06
47
Okamoto
3/7/06
48
3/7/06
49
WGR laser
Also called multifrequency laser (MFL)
Laser cavity
SOAs
SOA
Fiber
InP
Waveguide grating
Au
p-doped InP
quantum wells
50
WDM COMPONENTS
Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects
3/7/06
51
3/7/06
52
3D Analog Gimbal-mirror
Switches
Fiber
array
Astart
Fiber Networks
Lens
array
MEMS
mirror array
Lucent
3/7/06
Torsional flexures
with sensors
Nortel/Xros53
Mirror Geometry
MEMS Mirror
Spring
Gimbal
Electrode
3/7/06
3/7/06
55