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EE 233.

LIGHTWAVE
SYSTEMS
Chapter 8A. Multichannel
Systems[WDM components,
subcarrier mux]
Instructor:
Ivan P. Kaminow
3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

High Performance Optical


Equipment (HPOE)
T
T
T

!1

!2
BPF

!3

!3

BPF

Key Enabling Technologies:


!N

!1
BPF

!2

3/7/06

Enables ultra long distance


operation at 10Gb/s

Wavelength selective
mux/demux
Optical add/drop mux
Optical cross-connects
ee233. prof kaminow

!N
BPF

Bergano
2

WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

Most common material systems for WGRs


Index of
refraction Loss (dB/cm)
@ 1550 nm @ 1550 nm

Typical waveguide
cross section
Silica (SiO2)

P:SiO2
SiO2

Waveguide
mode

1.45

0.02

1.5

0.1

Si

Polymer

Polymer

Si

Indium phosphide (InP)

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI)

3/7/06

InP
InGaAsP
InP

, ...

,
Si
SiO2
Si

ee233. prof kaminow

3.2

0.2, 2

3.5

0.1

Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Fabrication


FHD

combustion gas raw material vapor


SiCl4-GeCl4
(O2,H2)

Substrate

Consolidation

core

turn table

under
cladding

torch
substrate
(Si or Glass wafer)

over
cladding

(a) Flame Hydrolysis Deposition


3/7/06

SiO2-GeO2 particles
SiO2 particles

ee233. prof kaminow

RIE
FHD+
Consolidation

(b) Fabrication process


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p. 1

Glass Deposition and Core Ridge Structures

!"#$$%&'()$*+*),%*,%-./
3/7/06

0)1'%1*&2'%$+134+31'$%*,%&*1'4+*),#"
4)3("'1

ee233. prof kaminow

p. 2

ASOC (All-Silicon Optical Circuit)


Technology

67
s
h

Waveguide Configuration

3/7/06

Core width 2a 5 2 m
Ridge height s 5 0.5 m
Core height h 5 1 m
ee233. prof kaminow

p. 4

Thermooptic phase shifter


Chrome
Phase shifter

Dominant mechanism is index change with temperature (~+1"10-5/C) and not length
change with temperature.
Total phase shift / electrical power is independent of length (~400 mW/#)
Time response is 1-2 ms.
Chrome heater resistance changes with temperature by ~ +0.2%/C. Change can be
significant.
Temperature rise of core ~ !105/(2#L). (! is free-space wavelength, L is phase shifter
length). E.g., core temp. rises by 15C for # phase shift in a 5-mm long phase shifter.
3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

10

WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3/7/06

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Corrado Dragone
Bell Labs 1989

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Katsu
Okamoto

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I. P. Kaminow

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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Low-loss AWG with Vertically Tapered Waveguides in Gap Region

junction
arrayed
waveguides

arrayed
waveguides

slab

slab
vertically
tapered
waveguides

Configuration of AWG
3/7/06

Vertically Tapered WGs in Array Gap Region


ee233. prof kaminow

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p.31

BPM Simulation at Slab-Array Interfaces


$ = 0.75 %, Linear taper ; 600
m
Light
propagation

Conventional AWG

0.85 dB loss
3/7/06

Vertically Tapered
AWG

0.15 dB loss

ee233. prof kaminow

Total Loss Reduction =


(0.85-0.15)82 = 1.4
dB
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p.32

WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

27

Integrated NxN Multiplexer


SiO2/Si or InP
Waveguides

Planar
"Free-Space"
Coupler

Dragone

$L = Const.

1
2

tp

ts

Ou

pu

ut

In
N

Dummy
Guides

WAVELENGTH ROUTING
f1 f2 f3 f4

3/7/06

Input
1

Output
1

ee233. prof kaminow

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Configuration of Arrayed-Waveguide Grating (AWG)

Okamoto

3/7/06

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p. 8

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Okamoto

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Simulation of Light Focusing Properties in 2nd Slab Region

3/7/06

! = !0

ee233. prof kaminow

! < !0

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p.11

1xN MUX/DMUX
Agrawal (2004)

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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80 Channel 50 GHz Channel


Spacing Waveguide Grating Router
0
-5
-10

Loss (dB)

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
1530 1532 1535 1537 1540 1542 1545 1547 1550 1552 1555 1557 1560 1562

3/7/06

Wenhua Lin

ee233.
prof kaminow
Wavelength
(nm)

Wavelength (NM)

35
ICAPT98 MZ

Entire Demultiplexing Properties of 64ch-50GHz AWG

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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p.18

Entire Demultiplexing Properties of 128ch-25GHz AWG

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p.19

Filter Cascade
Effective Filter Response
(Waveguide Grating Router)
0

Single Filter

Relative Transmission (dB)

10 Cascaded

-10

-20

-30

-40
-200 -150 -100

-50

50

100

150

200

Frequency, $f (GHz)
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ee233. prof kaminow

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Waveguide grating history

M. Smit, Electron. Lett., p. 385,


1988.

C. Dragone, Electron. Lett., p. 942,


1988.

H. Takahashi, et. al., Electron.


Lett., p. 87, 1990.

Arrayed
waveguide
grating
(AWG)

PHASAR

A. Vellekoop and M. Smit, J.


Lightwave Technol., p. 310, 1991.

C. Dragone, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A,


p. 2081, 1990.

Waveguide
grating router
(WGR)
3/7/06

C. Dragone, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., p. 812, 1991.


ee233. prof kaminow

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Super-high $ 16 channel AWG


H$AWG (Conventional)

SH$AWG ($1.5%)

Silica, 1.5%

SH$ PLC
Rmin = 2 mm

4 wafer
Chip size
13816 mm2 (1/5)

Rmin = 5 mm
3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow


9:

41
Photonics
Laboratories

Photographs of AWG Modules

3/7/06

High-$%AWG

ee233. prof kaminow

Super high-$ AWG

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p.14

Dynamic gain equalizing filter

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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WGR DGEF: single-filtered-arm interferometer


C. R. Doerr, et. al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 1443-1445, 1998.

Conventional design
TA( p )

Demultiplexer

Attenuators

Multiplexer

Lower-loss design
R

T
Coupler

Coupler

j 1! R

Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Phase shifters

Trades decrease in attenuation range for decrease in insertion loss.


3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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Fixed-port reconfigurable optical add/drop


multiplexer (ROADM)

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

Configuration of 16ch-100GHz OADM


3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

Photograph of OADM
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p.40

Okamoto

3/7/06

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Okamoto

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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WGR multifrequency laser

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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WGR laser
Also called multifrequency laser (MFL)
Laser cavity

SOAs
SOA

Fiber

InP

Waveguide grating

B. Glance, I. Kaminow and R. Wilson., J. Lightwave


Technol. 12, 957-962 (1994)

Au
p-doped InP
quantum wells

M. Zirngibl, et. al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 6,


513-515, 1994.
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ee233. prof kaminow

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WDM COMPONENTS

Integrated optics
Grating-based multiplexer/demultiplexer
MZ-based multiplexer
Add/drop multiplexer
Star couplers
Arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and
related devices
Optical cross connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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3D Analog Gimbal-mirror
Switches
Fiber
array

Astart
Fiber Networks

Lens
array

MEMS
mirror array

Lucent
3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

Torsional flexures
with sensors

Nortel/Xros53

Mirror Geometry
MEMS Mirror
Spring

Gimbal
Electrode

Top View of PC4 Mirror 1C

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

Mirror spring (D1)


connecting mirror to gimbal
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MEMS Mirror Array

Beam steering elements for 256 x 256 optical cross-connect


1mm mirror spacing, 0.5mm mirror diameter
2-axis flexure gimbal mount
Self-assembling design
Scalable to very large cross-connects

3/7/06

ee233. prof kaminow

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