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Martes, 29 enero 2013

ASTROFSICA

Agujeros negros, branas

negras y pliegues negros
Los agujeros negros estn rodeados de muchos misterios, pero ahora los autores de
un estudio reciente estn impulsando una nueva y revolucionaria teora que podra
explicar algunas de sus singulares propiedades.
A juzgar por las conclusiones a las que han llegado los especialistas del Instituto
Niels Bohr en Dinamarca y de otras instituciones, los agujeros negros tienen
propiedades que se asemejan a las de la dinmica de slidos y las de la dinmica de
fluidos.
Los agujeros negros son objetos extremadamente compactos en el universo. Son tan
compactos que generan una fuerza gravitatoria fortsima, y todo lo que se acerca
demasiado a ellos lo absorben. Ni siquiera la luz puede escapar. Cuando sta
alcanza a un agujero negro es absorbida por completo, sin reflejarse. Como
resultado de ello, el objeto no se puede ver directamente (no emite luz) y por eso se
le llama agujero negro.
En fsica terica pueden existir diferentes planos que se comportan como los
agujeros negros y que son llamados branas negras. Cuando stas se pliegan en
mltiples dimensiones forman un "pliegue negro".
Segn se deduce de lo investigado hasta ahora, un pliegue negro tiene una relacin
con la gravedad, la mecnica de fluidos y la fsica del estado slido.
Los investigadores saben que los agujeros negros son muy compactos, pero ignoran
cules son sus propiedades cunticas.
El equipo de Niels Obers, profesor de fsica terica de partculas y cosmologa en el
Instituto Niels Bohr de la Universidad de Copenhague, trabaja con modelos tericos

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para entender mejor los enrevesados entresijos de la fsica de los agujeros negros.
Obers explica que se puede concebir un agujero negro como una partcula. sta, en
principio, no tiene ninguna dimensin. Es un punto, en el sentido ms extremo. Si
una partcula adquiere una dimensin, se convierte en una cuerda. Si sta adquiere
una dimensin adicional, se convierte en un plano. Los fsicos llaman a este plano
una brana.

En fsica terica
pueden existir diferentes planos que se comportan como agujeros negros, y que se
denominan branas negras. Cuando stas se pliegan en mltiples dimensiones
forman un pliegue negro que, segn la nueva investigacin, tiene relacin con la
gravedad, la mecnica de fluidos y la fsica del estado slido. (Imagen: Recreacin
artstica por Merete Rasmussen)
Segn la teora de las cuerdas, pueden existir diferentes clases de branas,
incluyendo planos que se comportan como los agujeros negros, llamados branas
negras. Desde la perspectiva de la fsica, las branas negras tienen temperatura y son
objetos dinmicos; adems, al plegarse en mltiples dimensiones, forman un pliegue
negro.
Niels Obers, Jay Armas y Jakob Gath ahora han hecho un nuevo avance en la
descripcin de la fsica de los agujeros negros, basndose en las teoras de las
branas negras y los pliegues negros.
Las branas negras son objetos hidrodinmicos, es decir, tienen las propiedades de
un lquido. Ahora se ha descubierto que las branas negras tambin tienen
propiedades que pueden ser explicadas en trminos de propiedades tpicas de los
slidos. Pueden comportarse como un material elstico cuando son dobladas.

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Cuando las branas negras se doblan y pliegan en un pliegue negro, se crea un efecto
piezoelctrico (electricidad que se produce debido a la presin). Este nuevo efecto
puede entenderse como una cuerda negra ligeramente doblada y provista con una
mayor concentracin de carga elctrica en el lado interior con respecto al exterior.
Esto produce dos polos cargados elctricamente en las cuerdas negras. Los
agujeros negros fueron predichos por la teora de la gravedad de Einstein. Esto
ilustra que hay una relacin sorprendente entre la gravedad, la mecnica de fluidos y
la fsica del estado slido.
Informacin adicional:
http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news12/new-knowledge-about-theremarkable-properties-of-black-holes/

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Niels Bohr Institute > News > News 2012 > New knowledge about th...

11 December 2012

New knowledge about the remarkable properties

of black holes
Black holes are surrounded by many mysteries, but now researchers from the Niels Bohr
Institute, among others, have come up with new groundbreaking theories that can explain several
of their properties. The research shows that black holes have properties that resemble the

dynamics of both solids and liquids. The results are published in the prestigious scientific
journal, Physical Review Letters.
Black holes are extremely compact objects in the universe. They are so compact that they generate an
incredibly strong gravitational pull and everything that comes near them is swallowed up. Not even light
can escape, so light that hits a black hole will not be reflected, but will be entirely absorbed, as a result,
they cannot be seen and we call them black holes.
But black holes are not completely black, because we know that they emit radiation and there are
indications that the radiation is thermal, i.e. it has a temperature, explains Niels Obers, a professor of
theoretical particle physics and cosmology at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.

In theoretical physics you can have different planes that behave like black holes and they are called black
branes. When black branes are folded into multiple dimensions they form a blackfold, which new research
shows has a relationship between gravity and fluid mechanics and solid-state physics.
(Artist impression: Merete Rasmussen)

Multiple dimensions
Researchers know that the black holes are very compact, but they do not know what their quantum
properties are. Niels Obers works with theoretical modelling to better understand the physics of black
holes. He explains that you can look at a black hole like a particle. A particle has in principle no
dimensions. It is a point. If you give a particle an extra dimension, it becomes a string. If you give the
string an extra dimension, it becomes a plane. Physicists call such a plane a brane (the word brane is
related to membrane from the biological world).
In string theory, you can have different branes, including planes that behave like black holes, which we
call black branes. The black branes are thermal, that is to say, they have a temperature and are
dynamical objects. When black branes are folded into multiple dimensions, they form a blackfold,

explains Niels Obers, who worked out this new way of looking at black branes with associate professor in
theoretical physics at the Niels Bohr Institute, Troels Harmark, back in 2009.

New breakthrough
Niels Obers and his two doctoral students Jay Armas and Jakob Gath have now made a new
breakthrough in the description of the physics of black holes based on the theories of the black branes
and blackfolds,
The black branes are hydro-dynamic objects, that is to say that they have the properties of a liquid. We
have now discovered that black branes also have properties, which can be explained in terms of solids.
They can behave like elastic material when we bend them, explains Jay Armas.
He explains that when the black branes are bent and folded into a blackfold, a so-called piezoelectric
effect (electricity that occurs due to pressure) is created. This new effect can be understood as a slightly
bent and charged black string with a greater concentration of electric charge on the innermost side in
relation to the outermost side. This produces two electrically charged poles on the black strings. Black
holes are predicted by Einsteins theory of gravity. This means that there is a very surprising relationship
between gravity and fluid mechanics and solid-state physics.
With these new theories, we expect to be able to explain other black hole phenomena, and we expect to
be able to better understand the physical properties of neutron stars. We also expect to gain a greater
understanding of the so-called particle theories, which are, for example, relevant for understanding the
quark-gluon-plasma in the primordial universe, explains Niels Obers.
Article in Physical Review Letters >>
Article i Physical Review Letters, 2009 >>

Black Holes

A black hole is a celestial body that

is so compact that gravity does not
allow anything to escape not
even light.

A black hole is formed when a

star that is about 10 times as
large as the Sun dies in a
supernova. The outer parts of the

star are ejected out into space,

while the inner parts collapse
under their own gravity into a
black hole.
In the black hole, elements lose
their identity as atoms. If a star
like the Sun collapsed and
became a black hole, it would
only be about one kilometer in
diameter, but it would still weigh
the same as the Sun. A black hole
is thus extremely heavy and
massive and therefore has
incredibly strong gravity but
only close by.

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