Veronica - Lighting Design C4

Theory: Prediction Models for Light Pipe System
Horizontal Light Pipes
CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDY 1: HORIZONTAL LIGHT PIPES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Case studies
Chapter IV
4.3 Case study 1: Waterfront Building in Kuala Lumpur.

Horizontal light pipes
4.3.1 Project description
This figure is not available online.

Please consult the hardcopy thesis
available from the QUT Library
Figure 4.1: Left- Waterfront House building. Right- Section of Waterfront House (source Ken
Yeang).
Chapter IV
Figure 4.2: Left- Site plan of Waterfront building in Kuala Lumpur. Right- View of the
Waterfront building in the site.

Figure 4.3: Optimum orientation for a building in the tropics (Marsh, 2000).
Chapter IV
Figure 4.4: Orientation of Waterfront building.

Figure 4.5: View of the west faade of the Waterfront building which shows the faade treatment
of the service core (Richards, 2001).
4.3.2 Proposed design solution
Chapter IV
Figure 4.6: Light pipes in plan (red), aligned to come through the westerly core.
Figure 4.7: Light pipe design proposal.
Figure 4.8: A- Light pipe with clear glazing. Light at any high angle coming into the pipe will be
lost due to multiple reflections. B- Light pipe with LCP. LCP redirects the light along the pipe
reducing the number of reflections and therefore loss of intensity.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.9: Detail of the laser cut panel as light collector, and deflection of incident sunlight into
the light pipe for high elevation angle (A) and low elevation angle (B).
Figure 4.10: Transmission of light through horizontal pipes for the deflected and undeflected
beam of light at different times of the day.
Figure 4.11: Light extraction theory in mirrored light pipes.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.12: Laser cut light spreading panel.
4.3.3 Methodology of study and system optimisation
4.3.3.1 Light pipe design parameters
4.3.3.2 Scale models
Scale model 1
Figure 4.13: Area of the building represented by the scale model construction.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.14: Scale model construction at School of Design workshop.
Figure 4.15: The effect of multiple light pipes was simulated by placing mirrors on the side walls.
View from the front opening (east window).
1) Light Collection
2) Light Transmission
3) Light extraction
Figure 4.16: View of extraction apertures of light pipes and its light extractor panels. Decrease in
the light intensity at each extracting panel showing that the amount of light is not achieved.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.17: View of same scale model as Figure 4.16 with the inclusion of light distribution
system (LCP).
4) Light distribution
Figure 4.18: Distribution of the light without emitters.
Figure 4.19: Diffuser arrangement (left) and LCP arrangement (right). View of light spread in
the ceiling. View through the floor of the scale model showed in Figure 4.14 up to the ceiling.
Scale model 1: testing under real sky conditions
Chapter IV
Figure 4.20: Scale model testing under sunny sky conditions (left) measurement grid (right).
Figure 4.21: Measured values for 81, 57, 45 and 27 of sun elevation.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.22: Measured values for overcast sky conditions.
Figure 4.23: Interior of horizontal light pipe scale model for testing under real overcast sky
conditions.
Validation
Figure 4.24: Comparison of measured values and theoretical calculations.
Conclusions of Scale model 1
Chapter IV
Scale model 2
1) Light collection
2) Light Transport
3) Light extraction
Figure 4.25: Comparison of influence of the averaging factor on the light distribution along the
pipe.
Figure 4.26: Light extraction panels for scale model 2.
4) Light distribution
Chapter IV
Figure 4.27: Interior of horizontal light pipe model tested under sunny sky conditions.
Scale model 2: Testing under real conditions and artificial sky
Figure 4.28: Scale model 2 testing. January 22, 2003.
Figure 4.29: Light distribution for horizontal light pipe for sun altitude 20 (top), 29.3 (below).
Chapter IV
Figure 4.30: Light distribution for horizontal light pipe for sun altitude 46.7 (top), 57.9 (below).
Figure 4.31: Light distribution for horizontal light pipe for sun altitude 70.9 (top), 74 (below).
Chapter IV
Validation
Figure 4.32: Comparison of interior average illuminance levels (under each extraction aperture)
obtained from testing HLP under sunny sky conditions, and from the mathematical models.
Figure 4.33: Comparison of average illuminance levels of HLP with LCP collectors obtained
from mathematical modelling and testing under real sky conditions against different sun altitude
angles.
Chapter IV
Conclusions Scale Model 2
4.4 Further studies of horizontal light pipe technology
4.4.1 Study of horizontal light pipes aspect ratio
Chapter IV
Table 4.1: List of parameters modeled for horizontal light pipes
Luminous input power
x 10
Area 1.6m2
3.5
Lumens
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Elevation angle
Figure 4.34: Luminous flux collected by the pipe opening for pipes of various w/h ratios under
different sun elevations angles.
Figure 4.35: Illustrating the variation of projected collection area with sun elevation.
Figure 4.36: Average illuminance levels for pipes of various cross sections, but same area of
collection, under different sun elevation angles.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.37: Efficiency of light pipes of various heights under different sun elevations
4.4.2 Study of reflectance material
Table 4.2: Commercially available reflective materials
Chapter IV
Figure 4.38: Average illuminance levels for Horizontal light pipes with different cross sections
and light pipe reflectance of 90%.
and reflectance of 95%.
and light pipe reflectance of 98%.
Figure 4.41: Efficiency of Horizontal light pipes with different cross sections and light pipe
reflectance of 90%.
Chapter IV
reflectance of 95%.
reflectance of 98%.
Horizontal mirrored light pipes and reflectance material. Conclusions
Figure 4.44: Comparison of average illuminance levels for pipes width heights of 0.4m, 0.6m and
0.8m and reflectance of 98%, 95% and 85% respectively.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.45: Comparison of average illuminance of a horizontal light pipe for sun elevation
angles from 10 to 90, for pipes of different heights (0.4m to 2m) and different reflectance of the
light pipe material.
4.4.3 Performance
orientations
of
horizontal
light
pipes
for
different
Figure 4.46: Sun path of Kuala Lumpur and sun position on December 1st at 1:30pm and
4:00pm.
Chapter IV
Figure 4.47: Performance of a Horizontal light pipe with no LCP collector
Chapter IV
Figure 4.48: Performance of rectangular horizontal light pipe with LCP, cross section 0.8m x 2m.
Figure 4.49: New azimuth angles of the light deflected by LCP for different elevation angles
Figure 4.50: Performance of horizontal light pipe, cross section 2m x 0.8m
Chapter IV
Figure 4.51: Performance of horizontal light pipe, cross section 1.26x1.26m.
Figure 4.52: Performance of horizontal light pipe under different altitude and azimuth sun
angles. Cross section 0.8m x 2m and pipe reflectance 95%. D/W=0.66
angles. Cross section 2.0m x 0.8m and pipe reflectance 95%.
Chapter IV
angles. Cross section 0.8m x 2m and pipe reflectance 95%.
Orientation of horizontal light pipes with LCP collectors
Figure 4.55: Solar Charts for locations at different latitudes (Kuala Lumpur, Brisbane,
Tasmania, and Rio Gallegos).
Chapter IV
Figure 4.56: Horizontal light pipe orientations. 1) Building in the south hemisphere, 2) building
in the tropics.
4.4.4 Study of design aspects of the LCP collector for HLP
4.4.4.1 Tilt angle of the LCP
Figure 4.57: Average illuminance levels for a horizontal light pipe; cross section 0.8m x 2m,
reflectance 85% and LCP tilt 45 for a range of elevation angles (15 to 90).
Chapter IV
Figure 4.58: Average illuminance levels for a horizontal light pipe, cross section 0.8m x 2m,
reflectance 85% and LCP tilt 50.
Chapter IV
4.4.4.2 D/W ratio
Chapter IV
reflectance 95%, LCP tilt 55 and D/W=0.33.
reflectance 95%, LCP tilt 55 and D/W=0.50.
4.5 Conclusions of horizontal light pipes strategies
Table 4.3: Minimum aspect ratios of horizontal light pipes coupled with laser cut panels of
different reflectance of the light pipe material.
Chapter IV
29,
29,
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Theory: Prediction Models for Light Pipe System

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.2 Case studies

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.3 Case study 1: Waterfront Building in Kuala Lumpur.

4.3.1 Project description

This figure is not available online.

Horizontal Light Pipes

This figure is not available online.

Figure 4.4: Orientation of Waterfront building.

Horizontal Light Pipes

This figure is not available online.

4.3.2 Proposed design solution

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.7: Light pipe design proposal.

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.11: Light extraction theory in mirrored light pipes.

Figure 4.12: Laser cut light spreading panel.

4.3.3 Methodology of study and system optimisation

4.3.3.1 Light pipe design parameters

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.3.3.2 Scale models

Figure 4.14: Scale model construction at School of Design workshop.

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.18: Distribution of the light without emitters.

Scale model 1: testing under real sky conditions

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.22: Measured values for overcast sky conditions.

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.24: Comparison of measured values and theoretical calculations.

Conclusions of Scale model 1

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.26: Light extraction panels for scale model 2.

Scale model 2: Testing under real conditions and artificial sky

Figure 4.28: Scale model 2 testing. January 22, 2003.

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal Light Pipes

Conclusions Scale Model 2

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.4 Further studies of horizontal light pipe technology

4.4.1 Study of horizontal light pipes aspect ratio

Luminous input power

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.4.2 Study of reflectance material

Horizontal Light Pipes

Table 4.2: Commercially available reflective materials

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal mirrored light pipes and reflectance material. Conclusions

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.47: Performance of a Horizontal light pipe with no LCP collector

Horizontal Light Pipes

Horizontal Light Pipes

Figure 4.50: Performance of horizontal light pipe, cross section 2m x 0.8m

Figure 4.51: Performance of horizontal light pipe, cross section 1.26x1.26m.

Horizontal Light Pipes

Orientation of horizontal light pipes with LCP collectors

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.4.4 Study of design aspects of the LCP collector for HLP

Horizontal Light Pipes

4.4.4.1 Tilt angle of the LCP