B xy dng

Chng trnh bi dng k s

t vn gim st xy dng

Bi ging
Mn Hc

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu

cng tc b tng ct thp
Ngi son :
PGs L KIu
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

H ni, 1-2002
gim st thi cng v nghim thu
cc cng tc b tng ct thp
trong cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip
1

Ngi son bi ging v trnh by:

PGs L Kiu

Ch nhim B mn
Cng ngh Xy dng
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

I. Phn m u
iu 15 trong Chng Ch Kinh t ca bn Hin php nc Cng
Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam ghi r:
" Nh nc pht trin nn kinh t hng ho nhiu thnh phn theo c ch th
trng c s qun l ca Nh nc, theo nh hng x hi ch ngha. "
D tho Bo co chnh tr ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng
CSVN kho VIII trnh i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX c mt mc :
" Tip tc to lp ng b cc yu t ca kinh t th trng; tng cng vai
tr qun l ca Nh nc". Trong mc ny ghi r: " Thc y s hnh
thnh , pht trin v tng bc hon thin cc loi th trng theo nh
hng x hi ch ngha. . . "
Trong tc phm " Kinh t hc - phn tch kinh t vi m " tc gi
Rodrigue Tremblay, gio s kinh t - ti chnh quc t, trng i hc
Montral , Canada , vit : " Quy lut c bn v ph bin ca kinh t ( th
trng ) ch r l cc c nhn v cc t chc x hi b tin ca ra mong
t mt li ch hoc mc tiu nh trc vi chi ph t nht. iu ny c
ngha l khi phi chn mt vt, mt ca ci, mt k thut sn xut, hay l
trong cc vt c cng mc ch s dng, ngi ta s chn la th no r
nht". Ni mt cch ton hc th mi ngi hot ng trong kinh t th
trng u l nhng ngi gii bi ton mini/Max. Bi ton ny pht biu
nh sau: mi ngi u mun b ra chi ph t nht ( mini ) thu v li ch
cho mnh nhiu nht ( Max ). Ngi mua mun b tin ra t nht em v
hng ho cho mnh c nhiu li ch nht, s dng thun li nht , cht lng
cao nht. Ngi bn li mun cho sn phm hng ho c bn vi chi ph
ch to , chi ph lu thng t nht nhng li thu v li nhun cao nht
(Introduction l'analyse des problmes conomiques de toute socit,
Rodrigue Tramblay, Les ditions HRWLTEE - Montral ).
S mua bn c, hay ni cch khc th li gii ca bi ton mini/Max
chn l vic cn nhc trn c s dung ho li ch ca hai bn mua v bn. Ci
cu ni gia ngi mua v ngi bn chnh l tiu chun cht lng ca

hng ho. Trong cc hp ng thng mi , dch v, th tiu chun hng ho,

dch v c coi l iu kin hp ng ht sc quan trng.
Trong xy dng c bn cng vy , tiu chun cht lng sn phm l
c s cho nhng hp ng t vn v thit k , thi cng xy lp, mua bn thit
b. Nhng khng phi nh u t no cng am tng v qu trnh sn xut
xy dng c bn. C quan t vn c Nh nc giao cho nhim v gip cho
ch u t trong vic kim nh , gim st thi cng v nghim thu cht lng
cng trnh.
Cng ngh gim st vic m bo cht lng cng trnh trc y vai
tr K thut A thc hin nhng khi mc phc tp ca cng trnh ngy
mt ln, nu phi t chc b my k thut A p ng nhim v th s rt
cng knh m tn km nn cn thit phi chuyn nghip ho lc lng ny.
Nhim v ny ngy nay c giao cho cc k s c quan t vn v thit k
hoc nhng b phn chuyn trch ca cc Tng Cng ty Xy dng.
thun li cho vic gim st cht lng v nghim thu cng trnh,
chng ta phi coi vic m bo cht lng l tng th trong ton b khu
thc hin d n.
Cc d n u t c xy dng s dng vn ngn sch Nh nc trc
khi u thu xy lp phi c c quan c thm quyn ph duyt thit k k
thut v tng d ton. Quy ch qun l u t v xy dng ban hnh theo
Ngh nh s 52/1999/N-CP ngy 8-7-1999 quy nh c th v vic thm
nh thit k k thut v tng d ton. C quan thm nh thit k k thut
v tng d ton c th thu chuyn gia hoc t chc t vn chuyn ngnh
cng tham gia thm nh, nhng n v thit k khng c thm nh
nhng thit k l sn phm ca cng ty mnh lp ra.
Ni dung thm nh c ghi r trong quyt nh s 17 /2000/QBXD ngy 02-8-2000 ca B trng B Xy dng ( iu 10 ).
V vn ph hp ca thit k k thut vi Quy chun xy dng Vit
nam v tiu chun k thut c p dng, lu vi nhng cng trnh xy
dng ti Lai Chu v Sn La nm trong khu vc c a chn Imax = 8
(MSK-64) . Theo quan h gia cc thang cp ng t th khu vc Lai Chu
v Sn La l vng c ng t theo thang JMA t 5 n 6 v theo thang
MM l vng c cp ng t trong thang 8.
Hin nay cha c Tiu chun Vit nam v khng chn nhng khi thit
k c php vn dng trong s cc tiu chun hin hnh ca cc nc tin
tin v c B Xy dng chp thun.
Khi thit k cng trnh, nu thy cn thit chng ta c th pht biu
bng vn bn v yu cu c s tho thun ca B Xy dng.
3

Chng ti xin nu mt s kinh nghim trong cu to cc chi tit nh

ca loi nh ging nh ta hay lm sau khi s kt nhng trn ng t ln
nh ti Osaka ( 17 thng Ging nm 1995; 7,2 Richter ):
(i) Nh khung b tng ct thp chu lc khng chn tt hn nh tng gch
chu lc.
(ii) Nh khung b tng ct thp, ti nt khung nn b tr thp ai trong nt
khung , ai phn b theo chiu ct khung, vic trnh c nt nt khung
tt. Khong cch ai 50 mm , ai 8.

(iii) Gia tng chn v khung cn b tr nhng thanh thp ru cm t trong

ct khung cu vi tng m khong cch gia cc ru khng ln qu 5
hng gch. Ni gia hai ct ru hai u tng l thanh thp chy theo
chiu di tng. ng knh thp ru 8 . Mch cha ru thp phi xy
bng va xi mng khng c vi v #100. Nn t ru thp ny khi t ct
thp ct, p vo mt cp-pha, sau khi r cp-pha s cy cho thp ny
bung ra cm vo cc lp tng xy chn.. Nu qun c th khoan l su
100 mm vo ct khung ri nht thp vo sau nhng nh lp l chn bng va
c xi mng trng n ( sikagrout ).
(iv) Vi nhng nh tng gch chu lc phi xy bng va c xi mng v
cht lng va khng nh hn #25. Cn m bo cu gia nhng hng
gch. Khng xy qu ba hng dc mi n mt hng ngang v nn xy theo
kiu ch cng.
(v) Trong mt bc tng nn c t nht hai hng ging ti cao trnh bu ca
s, cao trnh lanh t ca. Ging bng b tng ct thp #200 c 2 ct dc 8
v ai ni 2 thanh ct dc ny. Ct thp t gia ging.
Nhiu cng trnh h hng do xut hin lc ct ln trong dm v ct
khung. Nhng ph hoi loi ny thng xy ra ti phn ct st ngay mc trn
sn. L do l cc chi tit quanh nt khung cha cng. Vi ct , ta
thy cha c cu to chng vi lc ct vng gn chn ct. Cn thit k li

p quanh chn ct. Nhng thanh thp dc m qua gi ct ca dm , nn un

mc 135o.
khng chn tt, nn dng ct thp vn ( thp gai, thp g) v
Kob cho thy nhiu nh m kt cu dng thp trn thng b ph hng.
Trn y l mt s khuyn ngh khng lm tng chi ph xy dng l
bao nhng m bo chng khng chn n 5,5 Richter tt hn nu khng
ch cc cu to gin n ny.
Cc b t vn gim st c th ngh S Xy dng cho php cu to
thm chi tit nh trn v bn thit k a vo trong bn v thi hnh
nhng khuyn ngh ny, nu bn thit k cha a vo bn v, khi thm nh
c th ngh b sung.
Cng vic ca cn b t vn gim st m bo cht lng ca mt n
v xy dng c th c khi qut nh sau:
1. Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung :
T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng qua hp
ng kinh t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht lng cng
trnh. Nhim v ca gim st thi cng ca ch u t :
(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh ca
thit k cng trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc tiu chun
k thut , cc cam kt v cht lng theo hp ng giao nhn thu. Nu
cc c quan t vn v thit k lm tt khu h s mi thu th cc iu kin
k thut trong b h s mi thu l c s gim st k thut.
(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cc b t vn gim st phi
kim tra vt t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt liu khng
ng tnh nng s dng , phi a khi phm vi cng trng m khng
c php lu gi trn cng trng . Nhng thit b khng ph hp vi
cng ngh v cha qua kim nh khng c a vo s dng hay lp t.
Khi thy cn thit , c th yu cu ly mu kim tra li cht lng vt liu ,
cu kin v ch phm xy dng .
(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn cng
tc thi cng xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m bo cht
lng , k hoch cht lng ca nh thu nhm m bo vic thi cng xy
lp theo ng h s thit k c duyt.
Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an ton lao
ng m nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng hon thnh , cht
5

lng cng tc t c v tin thc hin cc cng tc . Lp bo co

tnh hnh cht lng v tin phc v giao ban thng k ca ch u t .
Phi hp cc bn thi cng v cc bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh
trong qu trnh thi cng . Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp . Lp
bin bn nghim thu theo bng biu qui nh .
Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c nhng du
hiu cht lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut nh trong tiu ch
cht lng ca b h s mi thu hoc nhng tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi
d kin nh ln qu qui nh , trc khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn
nh gi tng th v s c xut ca n v thit k v ca cc c quan
chuyn mn c php .
(4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim st ca
ch u t phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v ti liu v qun
l cht lng . Lp danh mc h s , ti liu hon thnh cng trnh xy
dng. Khi kim tra thy cng trnh hon thnh m bo cht lng , ph
hp vi yu cu ca thit k v tiu chun v nghim thu cng trnh , ch
u t t chc tng nghim thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin bn tng nghim
thu l c s php l lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng
v l c s quyt ton cng trnh.
2. Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc xy lp,
lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton :
(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng trng : Gim st bo m
cht lng trong cng tc xy lp v lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton
cho cng trnh nm trong nhim v chung ca gim st bo m cht lng
cng trnh l nhim v ca bn ch u t. Di s ch o trc tip ca
ch nhim d n i din cho ch u t c cc cn b gim st bo m
cht lng cng trnh . Nhng ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v
Thit k k hp ng vi ch u t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v
ny. Thng thng ch c ngi chu trch nhim m bo cht lng xy
lp ni chung , cn khi cn n chuyn mn no th Cng ty t vn iu
ng ngi c chuyn mn theo ngnh hp n tham gia h tr cho ngi
chu trch nhim chung .

S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng

Ch u t

*Ch nhim d n
*T vn m bo
cht lng
*Cc t vn
chuyn mn

Nh thu chnh
Thu ph
Hoc Nh my
Ch huy
Cng trng
Gim st cht lng v
Phng ban k thut
ca nh thu

i
thi cng

i
thi cng

*******

i
thi cng

(ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d n m

ngi xut chnh l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc khi bt u
tin hnh cc cng tc xy lp cn lp tng tin . Tng tin ch cn
vch ra nhng vic thuc bn thi cng no vo thi im no m mc chi
tit c th tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin cho bit vo thi gian no cng
tc no phi bt u cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng ton b cng
trnh bit v phi hp . T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp
v cung ng lp ra bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc
ch n s phi hp ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn .
(iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m bo
cht lng. Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn m bo
cht lng cn thng qua bin php xy dng tng th ca cng trnh nh
phng php o t ni chung , phng php xy dng phn thn ni
chung , gii php chung v vn chuyn theo phng ng , gii php an
ton lao ng chung , cc yu cu phi hp v iu kin phi hp chung .
Nu n v thi cng thc hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t vn s
gip Ch nhim d n tham gia xt duyt chnh sch m bo cht lng

ca Nh thu v duyt s tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi

cng cp i .
(iv) Ch tr kim tra cht lng , xem xt cc cng vic xy lp lm
tng ngy . Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh thu cn thng
bo t vn m bo cht lng kim tra vic chun b . Qu trnh thi
cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng . Khi thi cng
xong cn tin hnh nghim thu cht lng v s lng cng tc xy lp
hon thnh.
3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng :
Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay mt ch
u t chp nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp thc hin trn
cng trng m kim tra cht lng l mt bin php gip cho s khng
nh chp nhn hay t chi .
Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l :
ngi c tin b ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm , c sn
phm p ng yu cu ca mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng tc xy dng kh
khn , phc tp nn ch u t phi thu t vn m bo cht lng.
C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s p ng
cc Yu cu cht lng ghi trong b H s mi thu . Hin nay chng ta
vit cc yu cu cht lng trong b H s mi thu cn chung chung v
cc c quan t vn cha quen vi cch lm mi ny ca kinh t th trng .
Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng trng l :
3.1. Ngi cung ng hng ho l ngi phi chu trch nhim v cht
lng sn phm trc ht .
y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u t v
nh thu . T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo cng trnh phi
c cc ch tiu cht lng p ng vi yu cu ca cng tc. Trc khi a
vt t , thit b vo to nn sn phm xy dng nh thu phi a mu v
cc ch tiu cho Ch nhim d n duyt v mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi
lu tr ti ni lm vic ca Ch u t cng trng. Ch tiu k thut
(tnh nng ) cn c in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng ca
nh cung ng v thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng .
Khi dng bn sao th i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du
ng xc nhn mu v c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn bn.
Mi s thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cn c Ch u t duyt li trn
c s xem xt ca t vn bo m cht lng nghin cu xut ng .
Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v s
8

tng thch ca hng ho m mnh cung cp vi cc ch tiu yu cu v

phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v cht lng v s ph hp ca sn
phm ny.
Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim duy nht
gip Ch nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh thu cung ng l ph
hp vi cc ch tiu cht lng ca cng trnh . Cn b t vn gim st bo
m cht lng c Ch u t u nhim cho nhim v m bo cht
lng cng trnh v thay mt Ch u t trong vic xut chp nhn ny .
3.2. Kim tra ca t vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c n gin
c ngay ti hin trng :
Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh th
ng vi n c mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng. Nh thu
tin hnh thc hin mt cng tc th yu cu gii trnh ng thi l dng
phng php no bit c ch tiu cht lng t bao nhiu v dng
dng c hay phng tin g cho bit ch tiu y . Bin php thi cng cng
nh bin php kim tra cht lng y c t vn trnh Ch nhim d n
duyt trc khi thi cng . Qu trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim
tra cht lng ca sn phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng
phi c cc dng c kim tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d :
ngi cung cp b tng thng phm phi chu trch nhim kim tra cng
chu nn mu khi mu t 7 ngy tui . Nu kt qu bnh thng th nh
thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy . Nu kt qu ca 7 ngy c nghi vn th
nh thu phi th cng nn 14 ngy v 28 ngy xc nh cht
lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28 c kt qu gy ra nghi vn th
t vn kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b sung khng nh cht
lng cui cng. Khi thi cng cc nhi, nht thit ti ni lm vic phi c
t trng k bit dung trng ca bentonite , phi c phu March v ng
h bm giy kim tra nht ca dung dch khoan , phi c ng
nghim o tc phn tch nc ca dung dch . . .
Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu trnh
thi cng v qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh qua hiu
bit ca mnh thng qua quan st bng mt vi sn phm lm ra . Khi no
qui trnh bt buc hay c nghi ng th t vn yu cu nh thu thu phng
th nghim kim tra v phng th nghim c ngha v bo s liu t c
qua kim tra cho t vn t vn kt lun vic t hay khng t yu cu
cht lng. trnh tranh chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m
ch nn chng kin s kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt
nh chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi
ng , t vn s ch nh ngi kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu
ny .
9

3.3. Kim tra bng dng c ti ch :

Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi thng
xuyn kim tra cht lng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra sau mi cng
on hay gia cng on khi thy cn thit . Nhng ln kim tra ny cn
c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi
cng khng c s bo trc v yu cu t vn m bo cht lng chng
kin , ngi t vn c quyn t chi vic thanh ton khi lng hon
thnh ny . Kim tra kch thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh
thc tm , thc cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao ,
thng ng thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v .
Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s b
cng b tng . Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze , ng
nghim , t trng k , cn tiu ly , l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn c trang
b . Ni chung trn cng trng phi c y cc dng c kim tra cc
vic thng thng .
Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim chun theo
ng nh k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin tin trnh
nhng sai s v nghi ng xy ra qua qu trnh nh gi cht lng.
Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t vn
bo m cht lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca nh thu . Khi
no nghi ng kt qu kim tra th nh thu c quyn yu cu nh thu thu
n v kim tra khc . Khi tht cn thit , t vn bo m cht lng c
quyn ch nh n v kim tra v nh thu phi p ng yu cu ny .
3.4. Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim :
Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s ch
tiu nh gi cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo qui nh ca
tiu chun k thut v khi ti cng trng c s khng nht tr v s nh
gi ch tiu cht lng m bn thn nh thu tin hnh .
Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn m
bo rng n v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin hnh th cc
ch tiu c th c ch nh. Cn khi nghi ng hay cn m bo tin cy
cn thit th t vn m bo cht lng dnh quyn ch nh n v th
nghim .
Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu cu ny
phi c Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn m bo cht
lng kim tra v ngh thng qua bng vn bn . n v th nghim phi
m bo tnh b mt ca cc s liu th nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn
10

hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm lm ra phi l ch nhim d n

qua tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng .
Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh hp
php ca cng c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai lch do
dng c th nghim cha c kim chun , yu cu mi cng c th
nghim s dng phi nm trong phm vi cho php ca vn bn xc nhn
kim chun .
n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc ch tiu
c yu cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t yu cu hay c
ph hp vi cht lng sn phm yu cu phi do t vn m bo cht
lng pht biu v ghi thnh vn bn trong t nghim thu khi lng v
cht lng hon thnh.
3.5. Kt lun v lp h s cht lng
(i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun tng
cng tc , tng kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc hin l c cht
lng ph hp vi yu cu hay cha ph hp vi yu cu .
nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn phm
cho tng kt cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn bn xc nhn
tng chi tit , tng vt liu cu thnh sn phm v h s kim tra cht
lng cc qu trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc vn bn xc nhn cht lng vt
liu , cht lng thi cng ghi rt chung chung . Cn lu rng mi bn xc
nhn phi c a ch kt cu s dng , khng th ghi cht lng m bo
chung chung.
Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng khi
tra cu thun tin.
(ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn cht
lng kt cu l nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp nhng d kin
c bn xy ra trong tng ngy nh thi tit , din bin cng tc tng v
tr, nhn xt qua s chng kin cng tc v tnh hnh cht lng cng trnh.
kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi h
chng kin vic thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu trnh thi
cng v kin gii quyt ca t vn m bo cht lng v kin ca
gim st ca nh thu . . .
(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh c
lp theo ng qui nh.
Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi
lng hon thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu , bn giao cng
trnh cho s dng.
11

II . Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng trnh b tng v b tng ct

thp.
2.1 Mt s quan nim mi v b tng ct thp :
B tng v va l loi vt liu xy dng c s dng rng ri trn
th gii. B tng kh kinh t , l nguyn liu c la chn ng n
lm cu, lm nh v nh cao tng, lm sn bay, lm ch xe, lm
hm.
Di y, chng ti trnh by nhng quan im hin i v b tng.
B tng l vt liu hn hp ch yu bao gm ct liu lm khung
xng, xi mng v nc thng qua t l nc/ximng to thnh xi
mng. By gi khi xem xt v cht lng b tng, ngi ta khng n thun
ch ni v cng chu nn ca b tng. Vn l bn hay tui th
ca b tng m cng chu nn ca b tng ch l mt ch tiu m
bo tui th y.
Trc y , theo suy ngh c, ngi ta dng ch tiu cng chu
nn ca b tng c trng cho b tng nn gi mc ( mark) b tng. Thc
ra ni ln tnh cht ca b tng cn nhiu ch tiu khc nh cng chu
nn khi un, cng chu ct ca b tng, tnh chc c v nhiu ch tiu
khc. By gi ngi ta gi phm cp ca b tng ( grade). Phm cp ca b
tng c qui c ly ch tiu cng chu nn mu hnh tr lm i din.
Gia mu hnh tr nh ra phm cp ca b tng v mu lp phng
150x150x150 mm nh ra "mc" b tng trc y c s liu chnh lch
nhau cng vi loi b tng. H s chuyn i khi s dng mu khc nhau
nh bng sau:

Hnh dng v kch thc mu

12

H s tnh i

(mm)
Mu lp phng
100x100x100
150x150x150
200x200x200
300x300x300

0.91
1,00
1,05
1,10

Mu tr
71,4x143 v 100x200
150x300
200x400

1,16
1,20
1,24

Ngun : TCVN 4453-1995

Trong trng hp chung nht c th nh ngha c tui th ca b
tng l kh nng ca vt liu duy tr c tnh cht c, l trong cc iu
kin tha mn s an ton s dng trong sut i phc v ca kt cu, trong
c vn nc thm qua b tng.
Tc ng ca ha cht n thun bn ngoi vo b tng quan h mt
thit vi cc tc ng c , l , ha-l cho nn vn bn ca b tng l
vn v cng phc tp.
T l nc/ximng l nhn t quyt nh trong vic m bo tui th
ca b tng.Tng lng nc dng trong b tng cng vi hm lng xi
mng v bt kh l cc nhn t to nn l rng l iu s quyt nh
cng chu nn ca b tng. rng ca b tng quan h vi hm
lng nc/ximng.

Quan h ny c th hin qua biu :

rng %
40
13

30
20
10
0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6
0,7
0,8
T l: Nc/ximng

Xem th, chng ta c th ni: b tng thc cht l loi vt liu rng, c
c trng bi kch thc ca l rng v cch ni gia nhng l ny theo
dng no, bi s khng lin tc trong vi cu trc nh cc lin kt thnh
cc ht, bi s kt tinh t nhin ca cc hydrate. Nhng l rng ny lm
cho thm nc ca b tng tng dn n s trng n, s nt n v iu
cng lm cho ct thp b g. Tui th ca b tng chu nh hng ca
lng thm nc v kh qua kt cu b tng, ca tnh thm ca h ximng,
v c th ca ngay c ct liu na.
Cc dng l rng ca b tng c th khi qut qua hnh v:
Rng vt liu khng thm

Rng nhiu, tnh thm thp

Rng nhiu, vt liu thm

Rng t, tnh thm cao

14

Kt cu s dng b tng c cng cao : l cng ngh cn thit phi

nghin cu v thc nghim c th s dng rng ri trong nhng nm ti.
B tng composit trin vng ph bin c th phi sau nm 2010 nhng b
tng dng cht kt dnh ximng c s hiu C40, C45 s c s dng sm
hn. i loan s a s dng i tr loi b tng ny trong hai ba nm
ti.
Chng ta u bit, b tng composit dng cht kt dnh l nha h
pxy. H pxy khng phi nhanh chng sn xut c mt lng to ln
thay th xi mng. Bn cnh s pht trin dn pxy, trong hai chc nm
ti, trong xy dng vn phi ly cht kt dnh xi mng l ch o.
Trc y gn chc nm khi t vn ch to b tng c mc cao
hn mc xi mng l rt kh khn. Ngi ta phi nghin cu cch ch
to b tng dng cp phi gin on nng cao mc b tng bng hoc
cao hn mc xi mng cht t. Nhng qui trnh cng ngh to c b
tng mc cao theo cp phi gin on khng d dng nn kt qu mi
nm trong phng th nghim.
Nhng nm gn y, do pht minh ra khi silic m cng ngh b
tng c nhiu thay i r rt.
Chng ta nhc li mt s khi nim v b tng lm c s cho kin
thc v s pht trin cng ngh b tng c cng cao.
B tng l hn hp t cc thnh phn: ct liu (loi th v loi
mn) dng to khung ct chu lc, xi mng v nc ha hp vi nhau bin
thnh xi mng. Cc ha cht ngoi lai tc ng vo b tng lin quan
n cc hot ng ha l, vt l v c c hc. Cho nn bn ca b tng
l vn ht sc phc tp. Trc y ngi ta ngh v b tng, thng coi
trng vn cng . Thi hin i nhn b tng l bn ca b tng
trong kt cu. Nu nhn nh th, trong bn c vn cng , c vn
b tng phi chu c mi trng phi l, c vn tc ng ca cc tc
nhn phc tp trong qu trnh chu lc ca kt cu. bn ca kt cu b
tng rt ph thuc t l nc trn xi mng.
Thng thng lng nc cn thit cho thy ha xi mng, ngha l
lng nc cn bin xi mng thnh xi mng rt t so vi lng nc
cho vo trong b tng to ra b tng c th , m c thnh nn kt
cu. Nu st hnh cn l 50mm cho b tng thng thng ta vn thy
th lng nc d tha t 5 n 6 ln so vi yu cu thy ha thnh
xi mng. Nc d tha trong b tng khi bc hi to nn cc l rng
lm cho b tng b xp vi nhng l xp rt nh, c khi bng mt thng
chng ta khng thy c.
15

Chng ta thy r l tnh cht ca b tng ph thuc vo t l N/X.

T l N/X nh th tnh cht b tng tt, t l ny ln th cht lng b
tng km. nh lut ny gi l nh lut Abrams.
T nh lut ny, nhiu ngi ngh hay l lm b tng kh i, c th s
thu c loi b tng cht lng tt hn.
Mt s tnh c ta thy trong qu trnh ch to silicon v ferrosilicon
ta thu c khi silic :
2SiO2 + C Si + SiO2 + CO2
Khi silic l loi vt liu ht sc mn, ht khi silic c ng knh ~
0,15 Micon ( 0,00015 mm). Mt gam khi silic c din tch b mt khong
20 m2 to nn hot tnh cao. Ht khng kt tinh, cha 85-98% Dioxyt Silic(
SiO2).
Ht khi silic tc ng nh loi siu puzlan, bin i hydroxyt calxi c ch
tn li thnh cc gel hydrat silic-calxi c ch. Hiu qu ca tc ng ny
l gim tnh thm nc, bm dnh tng gia cc ht ct liu v ct thp,
cho cng tt hn v tng bn ca b tng.
T l nc/ximng cao lm gim cng b tng r rt. Biu
sau y cho thy quan h gia cng b tng v t l nc/ximng:

100
80
60
40
30
20
10
0,3 0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

a : Cng chu nn
b: Cng chu un

16

0,9

1,1 1,2

1,3

Bng sau y so snh gia ht khi silic , tro bay v xi mng.

Ximng
T trng kg/m3
Tn tht
chy
%

do

B mt ring
m2/g

Khi silic

Tro bay

1200 - 1400

200 - 300

900 - 1000

< 0,5

2 - 4

3 - 12

20

0,2 - 0,6

0,2 - 0,5

Kt qu ca vic s dng h ph gia c khi silic ci thin cht lng

b tng rt nhiu:
Ly R28 ca b tng quan st th:
B tng khng dng ph gia khi silic , sau 28 ngy t 50 MPa
B tng c 8% khi silic v 0,8% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy t 54
MPa
B tng c 16% khi silic v 1,6% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy t
100 MPa
Mi Mga Pascan tng ng xp x 10 kG/cm2.
iu kin lm nhng th nghim ny l dng xi mng PC40
Trc y ba nm trong ngnh xy dng nc ta s dng b tng
mc 300 lm cc b tng c sn kh kh khn. Hai ba nm
gn y vic s dng b tng mc 400, 500 trong vic lm nh cao
tng kh ph bin. Ch yu s nng cht lng ca b tng l nh
ph gia khi silic.
S chuyn dch cht lng v trong mi trng mao dn khng bo ha c
nu trong nh lut Washburn :
r.
v = . cos
4.d.
Trong :

17

r - bn knh l mao dn

- sc cng mt ngoi
- gc tip xc
d- chiu su xm nhp
- nht ca dch th

H s thm k, qua tit din A, cho qua lng cht lng Q , cht lng y c
nht v di gradient p lc dP/dZ rng buc vi nhau qua nh lut
Darcy, nh lut ny c th c trnh by li theo dng sau y :
A
dP
Q = -k . .

dZ
Tnh phc tp ca s dch chuyn cht lng qua vt liu rng lm cho n
khng tun th mt cch n gin nh lut Darcy. Thc ra s dch
chuyn cht lng qua vt th rng c coi l mt hin tng khuych tn
theo nh lut Fick:
dC
j = - D .
dL
Trong

j - dng dch chuyn

dC/ dL -gradient nng

D - h s khuych tn
T nhng tng va nu trn, li ct ca cht lng b tng theo
quan im cng , tnh chng thm, v nhng tnh cht u vit khc rt
ph thuc vo t l nc/ximng.
Cng gim c nc c th gim c trong b tng cht lng
cng tng.Gim c lng nc trong b tng, mi ch tiu cht
lng u tng, trong c tnh cht chng thm. Ch : gim nc
nhng vn phi m bo tnh cng tc ca b tng.
Trc y , nm 1968, ti Vit tr, B Xy dng c t chc Hi ngh
ton quc v B tng kh nhng khng thnh cng v ch gim 10 lt nc
trong 1 m3 b tng m mun b tng m chc chy mt gn hai
trm m rung cc loi. Khi b tng khng chc c th mi tnh cht u
b nh hng gim theo.
18

Kt qu cht lng b tng ca t thao din b tng kh ti Vit tr

1968 khng t yu cu nh thng thng. iu ny dn n kt lun l
khng th gim nc bng phng php c hc thng thng m hng
nghin cu l phi tm cht liu g ci thin hon ton tnh cht ca b
tng.
Rt tnh c khi ch to silicon v ferrosilicon trong l t h quang
in thy bc ra loi khi trng dy c m c quan bo v mi trng yu
cu thu hi, khng cho lan to ra kh quyn thu c cht khi silic theo
phn ng:
2 SiO2 + C

Si + SiO2 + CO2

Sn phm khi silic ra i di nhiu tn khc nhau: Fluor Silic , Bi

Silic (Silica dust), Silic nh mn ( Microsilica) , Silic khi ( Fume Silica ) ,
Silic bay (Volatised Silica ), Silic l h quang ( Arc- Furnace Silica ), Silic
nung t ( Pyrogenic Silica ), khi Silic ngng t ( Condensed Silica
Fume).
Khi silic c cho vo b tng nh mt ph gia lm thay i
nhng tnh cht c bn ca b tng. Nh c ch tc ng kiu vt l m
khi silic khng gy nhng phn ng tiu cc n cht lng b tng.
Ta th lm php so snh thnh phn thch hc trong xi mng Pooclng
ph thng, x l cao, v tro bay , ta thy:
Ximng
Pooclng
ph thng

Khi silic

Tro bay

CaO

54 - 66

30 - 46

0,1 - 0,6

2-7

SiO2

18 - 24

30 - 40

85 - 98

40 - 55

Al2O3

2-7

10 - 20

0,2 - 0,6

20 - 30

Fe2O3

0-6

4,0

0,3 - 1,0

5 - 10

MgO

0,1 - 4,0

2 - 16

0,3 - 3,5

1-4

19

SO3

1-4

3,0

0,4 - 2,0

Na2O

0,2 - 1,5

3,0

0,8 - 1,8

1-2

K2 O

0,2 - 1,5

3,0

1,5 - 3,5

1-5

Theo bng ny ch yu thnh phn ca khi silic l oxyt silic m oxit

silic ny dng tr nn khng c tc ng ho lm thay i tnh cht ca xi
mng m ch c tc ng vt l lm cho xi mng pht huy ht tc dng ca
mnh.
Tip tc lm php so snh gia xi mng, khi silic v tro bay th:
Dung trng ( kg/m3 ) ta thy :
Xi mng : 1200 - 1400
Khi silic: 200 - 300
Tro bay:
900 - 1000
Mt mt do chy (%) :
Xi mng:
< 0,5
Khi silic :
2-4
Tro bay:
3 - 12
Din tch ring ( m2 / g ):
Xi mng:
Khi silic:
Tro bay:

0,2 - 0,5
20
0,2 - 0,6

Khi silic cc k mn, ht khi silic v nh hnh, kch thc xp x

0,15 Micromet ( 0, 00015 mm ).
Khi dng khi silic cho vo b tng qu trnh thu ho tng ln nhiu,
lng nc s dng gim c nn cht lng b tng c ci thin r
rng. Thng thng, vic s dng khi silic kt hp vi vic s dng cht
gim nc.
Nu dng khi silic s gim c l rng trong b tng. Nu khng
dng ph gia c khi silic thng l rng chim khong 21,8% tng th tch.
Nu dng 10% khi silic so vi trng lng xi mng s dng th l rng
gim cn 12,5%. Nu dng n 20% th l rng ch cn 3,1%.

20

Th tch l rng (%)

21,8
20

18
12,5

10
6,2
0

10

15

20% khi silic

Ly R28 ca b tng quan st th:

Gi th b tng c phm cp C50 :
B tng khng dng ph gia khi silic sau 28 ngy t 50 MPa
B tng c 8% khi silic v 0,8% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy t 54
MPa

B tng c 16% khi silic v 1,6% cht gim nc , sau 28 ngy t

100 MPa.
Mi MPa ( MgaPatscan) tng ng xp x 10 KG/cm2.
iu kin lm nhng th nghim ny l dng xi mng PC 40.

Trc y nm su nm, khi hi c th ch to c b tng c mc

cao hn mc xi mng khng th cu tr li rt d dt. Khi c th dng
phng php cp phi gin on s l nhng kt qu mi mang ngha
trong phng th nghim.
Cng trc y vi nm, chng ta s dng b tng mc 300 l t.
Gn y vic s dng b tng mc 400,500 trong vic lm nh cao tng kh
ph bin. Ch yu s nng cao cht lng b tng l nh ph gia khi silic.
Vic s dng b tng c phm cp cao khng ch mang li li ch v
cng . B tng phm cp cao s chc c v nh th s bo v b tng
trong nhng mi trng xm thc s ci thin r rt.
Cc tc ng xm thc vo b tng phi qua hi nc m hoc mi
trng nc. Cc tc ng ho hc thng xy ra di hai dng:

21

+ S ho tan cht thnh phn ca b tng do tc ng ca dung dch nc n

mn.
+ S trng n gy ra do s kt tinh ca cht thnh phn mi gy ra h hng
kt cu.
hn ch tc ng n mn, ph hng b tng iu rt cn thit l
ngn khng cho nc thm qua b tng. Bin php che ph ct thp bng
cch s dng thp c gia cng chng cc tc ng ho cht b mt tho ng
bng nhng vt liu mi c trnh by trong chuyn khc.

- Cc tc ng n mn b tng kh d
Ngun gc

Qu trnh

Phn ng

Axit

Ho tan

Mui xunphat

Trng n

Tc ng
T bn ngoi

Bn ngoi
Bn trong

Phn ng
kim

Trng n

ng bng
nc

Trng n

22

Bn trong

Bn trong

Ccbnat ho
Clo

Thay i pH
n mn do Fe

Bn ngoi

- Cc tc ng ca kh quyn :
+ Ccbon dioxyt ( CO2) khi ln trn 600 mg/m3
+ Sulfure dioxyt ( SO2) khi t 0,1 - 4 mg/m3
+ Nitrogen oxyt (NOx)
khi t 0,1 - 1 mg/m3
- Cc tc ng do ccbonat ho:
Ca ( OH )2 + CO2 Ca CO3 + H2O
pH ~ 13

pH ~ 7

Cc tc ng ny ph thuc :
+ m tng i ca mi trng
+ S tp t ccbon dioxyt
+ Cht lng ca b tng ca kt cu.
Thi gian ccbonat ho tnh theo nm theo ti liu ca Tin s Theodor
A. Burge, vin chc Nghin cu v Pht trin ca Tp on SIKA, Thu s,
th thi gian ny ph thuc chiu dy lp bo h ca kt cu b tng ct thp
v t l nc/ximng. Kt qu nghin cu ca Tin s Burge th s liu nh
bng sau:
Thi gian ccbnat ho ( nm)
Lp bo h ( mm)
Tl
N/X
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60

10

15

20

25

30

19
6
3
1,8

75
25
12
7

100+
50
27
16

100+
99
49
29

100+
100+
76
45

100+
100+
100+
65

23

0,65
0,70

1,5
1,2

6
5

13
11

23
19

36
30

52
43

- Tc ng n mn ct thp:
Mi vt liu b gim cp theo thi gian : gch b mn, g b mc, cht
do b gin, thp b n mn, cc ch chn mi ni b bong , l, ngi ri,
chim chc i li lm v ngi, sn bong v bin mu ...
B tng v m tt c th tn ti vi th k. Mt bnh rt ph bin
l s n mn ct thp trong b tng.
iu ny c th do nhng tc nhn ht sc nghip v k thut. l:
+ Khng nm vng qu trnh tc ng cng nh c ch n mn ca
ct thp trong b tng.
+ Thiu ch dn cn thn v cc bin php phng, trnh khuyt tt.
Mi trng d b hin tng n mn ct thp l:
* Cng trnh bin v ven bin
* Cng trnh sn xut s dng ct c hm lng mui ng k.
* ng v mt ng s l chng ng bng dng mui
* Nh sn xut c tch t hm lng axit trong khng kh mc cn thit
cho tc ng n mn nh trong cc phn xng accuy, cc phng th nghim
ho .
* Nh sn xut c tch t hm lng cht kch hot clo- nguy him theo
quan im mi trng n mn.
S n gin v s n mn thp:
(V)

O2/H2O

+1 in th
oxy ho kh n mn
0H+/H2

Th ng

-1-

n mn

Min tr
0

14
24

i vi cc vng ven bin nc ta, nu i chiu vi tiu chun c

rt nhiu nc trn th gii p dng l BS 5328 Phn 1: 1991 l khu vc c
iu kin phi l l mi trng khc nghit v rt khc nghit. Cc tiu
chun Vit nam v b tng cha cp n nhng vn n mn cho kt
cu b tng cho vng ven bin nc ta.
Theo BS 5328: Phn 1 : 1991 th ti mi trng khc nghit v rt
khc nghit, vi cc kt cu trn kh phi c cht lng b tng: t l
nc/ximng ti a l 0,55, hm lng xi mng ti thiu l 325 kg/m3 v
phm cp b tng ti thiu l C 40. Nu mi trng kh, t thng xuyn
th t l nc/ximng ti a l 0,45 v lng xi mng ti thiu l 350 kg/m3
v phm cp b tng ti thiu l C50.
2.2 Nhng tiu chun lin quan khi gim st v nghim thu kt cu b
tng ct thp:
Khi gim st cng tc b tng ct thp, ngoi ti liu ny nn su
tm cc tiu chun hin hnh sau y:
TCVN 5574-91 :
Tiu chun thit k b tng ct thp
TCVN 2737-95 :
Tiu chun thit k - Ti trng v tc ng.
TCVN 4033-85 :
Xi mng Pooclng puzolan.
TCVN 4316-86 :
Xi mng Pooclng x l cao.
TCVN 2682-1992 :
Xi mng Pooclng.
TCVN 1770-86 :
Ct xy dng - Yu cu k thut.
TCVN 1771-86 :
dm,si, si dm dng trong xy dngYu cu k thut.
TCVN 4506-87 :
Nc cho b tng v va - Yu cu k thut.
TCVN 5592-1991 :
B tng nng - Yu cu bo dng m t nhin.
TCVN 3105-1993 :
B tng nng - Ly mu, ch to v bo dng
mu th.
TCVN 3106-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php th st.
TCVN 3118-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php xc nh cng
nn.
TCVN 3119-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php xc nh cng
ko khi un.
TCVN 5718-1993 :
Mi bng v sn b tng ct thp trong cng
trnh xy dng - Yu cu chng thm nc.
TCVN 6258-1997 :
Thp ct b tng- Thp thanh vn.

25

TCVN 6287-1997 :
TCXD 224 : 1998 :

Thp thanh ct b tng - Th un v un li

khng hon ton.
Thp dng trong b tng ct thp - Phng php
th un v un li .

2.3 Gim st v nghim thu cng tc cp-pha :

(i) Yu cu ca cng tc :
Yu cu ca cng tc cp-pha v gio l phi c thit k v thi
cng sao cho ng v tr ca kt cu, ng kch thc hnh hc ca kt cu,
m bo cng , n nh , d dng lp v d tho d, ng thi khng
cn tr n cc cng tc lp t ct thp v , m b tng.
Trc khi bn nh thu tin hnh lp dng cp-pha, k s t vn
m bo cht lng cn yu cu nh thu trnh thit k cp-pha vi chng
loi vt liu s dng, phi cp bin php dn to v cao ca kt
cu, cn c thuyt minh tnh ton kim tra bn , n nh ca gio,
cp-pha. Trong thit k cn vch chi tit trnh t dng lp cng nh trnh t
tho d.
Vi nhng cp-pha s dng cho mng, cn kim tra cc trng hp
ti trng tc ng khc nhau : khi cha b tng , khi b tng.
Cp-pha phi c ghp kn kht sao cho qu trnh v m b
tng , nc xi mng khng b chy mt ra ngoi kt cu v bo v cb
tng khi mi . Trc khi lp ct thp ln cp-pha cn kim tra knca
cc khe cp-pha . Nu cn h cht t , cn nht k bng giy ngm nc
hoc bng dm g cho tht kn.
Cp-pha v gio cn gia cng , lp dng ng v tr trong thit k,
hnh dng theo thit k , kch thc m bo trong phm vi dung sai. Kim
tra s ng v tr phi cn c vo h mc o c nm ngoi cng trnh m
dn ti v tr cng trnh. Nu dng bin php dn xut t chnh cng trnh
phi chng minh c s m bo chnh xc v tr m khng mc sai lu
k.
Khuyn khch vic s dng cp-pha tiu chun ho bng kim loi.
Khi s dng cp-pha tiu chun ho cn kim tra theo catalogue ca nh
ch to.
Qu trnh kim tra cng tc cp-pha gm cc bc sau:
* Kim tra thit k cp-pha
* Kim tra vt liu lm cp pha
26

* Kim tra gia cng chi tit cc tm cp-pha thnh phn to nn kt cu

* Kim tra vic lp dng khun hp cp-pha
* Kim tra s chng
Khi kim tra cp-pha phi m bo cho cp-pha c cng
chu lc , c n nh khi chu lc.
(ii) Kim tra thit k cp-pha :
Kim tra thit k cp-pha cn c vo cc yu cu nu trong mc (i)
trn. Ti trng tc ng ln cp pha bao gm ti trng thng ng v ti
trng ngang.
Ti trng thng ng tc ng ln cp-pha gm ti trng bn thn
cp-pha, gio, thng khong 600 kg/m3 n 490 kg/m3 g, cn nu
bng thp theo thit k tiu chun th cn c theo catalogue ca nh sn
xut , ti trng do khi b tng ti c vo trong cp-pha , khong
2500 kg/m3 b tng, ti trng do trng lng ct thp tc ng ln cp
pha khong 100 kg thp trong 1 m3 b tng v ti trng do ngi v my
mc, dng c thi cng tc ng ln cp-pha, gio, khong 250 daN/m2
cn nu dng xe ci tin th thm 350 daN/m2 sn v ti trng do m
rung tc ng ly bng 200 daN/m2.
Ti trng ngang ly 50% ti trng gi cho a phng. Ap lc
ngang do b tng mi tc ng ln thnh ng cp-pha c th tnh n
gin theo p = H m l khi lng th tch b tng ti m , thng
ly bng 2500 kg/m3. Nu tnh chnh xc , phi k n cc tc ng ca s
ng cng xi mng theo thi gian v thi tit c phn nh qua cc cng
thc :
P = ( 0,27v + 0,78 ) k1.k2
m H l chiu cao lp (m) , v l tc b tng tnh theo chiu cao
nng b tng trong kt cu (m/h), k1 l h s tnh n nh hng ca
linh ng ca b tng , ly t 0,8 n 1,2 , st cng ln th k1 ly ln , k2
l h s k n nh hng ca nhit , ly t 8,85 n 1,15 , nu nhit
ngoi tri cng cao , k 2 ly cng nh. Cng thc ny ghi r trong ph lc A
ca TCVN 4453-95.
Ti trng ng tc ng ln cp-pha phi k n lc xung do phng
php b tng. Nu b tng bng bm, lc xung ly bng 400 daN/m2
v nu b tng bng benne khi dng cn cu a b tng ln , ly t 200
daN/m2 n 600 daN/m2 tu benne to hay b. Benne b ly lc xung nh,
benne to ly lc xung ln.
H s tin cy ( vt ti) khi tnh cp-pha l 1,1 vi ti trng tnh
v 1,3 vi cc ti trng ng.
27

Cn kim tra vng ca cc b phn cp-pha.

B mt cp pha l ra ngoi vng phi nh hn 1/400 nhp. Nu kt cu
b che, vng c th nh hn 1/250. vng n hi hoc ln ca cy
chng cp-pha phi nh hn 1/1000 nhp.
Cn dng my o c kim tra cao y kt cu nhp trn 4 mt
kt cu c vng thi cng c m bo :
vng f = 3L / 1000 m L l chiu rng ca nhp , tnh bng
mt.
(iii) Kim tra trong qu trnh lp cp-pha v khi lp xong:
Cn kim tra phng php dn trc to v cao xc nh cc
ng tm , ng trc ca cc kt cu. Phn mng c ( bi ging trc ),
cn kim tra , i chiu bn v hon cng ca kt cu mng , ri m ng
tm v trc cng nh cao ca kt cu , so snh vi thit k bit cc sai
lch thc t so vi thit k v nghin cu kin xut ca nh thu v
quyt nh bin php x l.
Nu sai lch nm trong dung sai c php, cn c gii php iu
chnh kch thc cho ph hp vi kt cu sp lm. Nu sai lch qu dung sai
c php, phi yu cu bn t vn thit k cho gii php s l, iu chnh
v ghi nhn im xu cho bn nh thu. Nu sai lch khng th chp nhn
c th quyt nh cho p ph lm li phn lm sai.
Nh thu khng t sa cha sai lch v tim , ng trc kt cu cng
nh cao trnh kt cu. Mi quyt nh phi thng qua gim st tc gi thit
k v t vn m bo cht lng, phi lp h s ghi li sai lch v bin php
s l, thng qua ch nhim d n v ch u t.
Nhng ng tim, ng trc v cao c vch trn nhng ch
tng ng cc b phn thch hp ca cp-pha tin theo di v kim tra
khi lp dng ton b h thng kt cu cp-pha v gio.
Bng sau y gip trong khu kim tra cp-pha v gio:
Yu cu kim tra
1
Hnh dng
v kch thc
Kt cu cp-pha
phng ch ghp
ni
kn kht gia cc

Phng php kim tra

Kt qu kim tra
2
3
Cp-pha lp dng
Bng mt ,
Ph hp vi kt cu ca
o bng thc
thit k
c chiu di thch hp
Bng mt
chu lc
Bng mt
g gh
3mm
Bng mt
m bo kn khng
28

tm ghp
Chi tit chn ngm
v t sn
Chng dnh cp-pha
sch trong lng
cp-pha
Kch thc v cao
trnh y cp-pha
m ca cp-pha g
Kt cu gio
Cy chng gio
cng v n nh

Xc nh kch thc,
s lng bng phng
php thch hp
Bng mt
Bng mt
Bng mt, my o c
v thc
Bng mt
gio lp dng
Bng mt theo thit k
gio
Lc mnh cy chng,
kim tra nm
Bng mt v i chiu
vi thit k gio

chy nc xi mng
m bo kch thc v
v tr cng nh s lng
theo thit k
Ph kn mt tip xc vi
b tng
Sch s
Trong phm vi dung sai
Ti nc trc khi
b tng 1/2 gi
m bo theo thit k
K, m chc chn
y v c ging
chc chn

Khi kim tra, ch yu l cn b k s ca nh thu tin hnh cng i

cng nhn thi cng nhng cn b t vn gim st m bo cht lng ca
Ch u t chng kin v ra yu cu cho gim st kim tra cng tc ca
cng nhn hon thnh.
Kinh nghim cho thy, ngi cng nhn thi cng thng mt s
ch cha c nh ngay, cha ghim inh chc chn, cha nm , cht chc
chn v l do ch phi hp ng b cc khu ca vic lp dng cp-pha .
Cn tinh mt v thng qua vic lc mnh cy chng pht hin nhng ch
cng nhn cha c nh ng mc cn thit yu cu hon chnh vic
c nh cho tht chc chn. Khi cn b k thut ca nh thu kim tra cng
tc do cng nhn thc hin , cn c ngi cng nhn y dng c nh
ba inh, inh, ca , trng, c, km , cl mang theo , nu cn gia c , sa
cha th tin hnh ngay khi pht hin khim khuyt. Khng cho kht , sa
sau ri qun i.
Bng sau y cho dung sai trong cng tc lp t cp-pha ( TCVN
4453-95)
Dung sai trong cng tc lp t cp-pha , gio
Tn sai lch
1. Khong cch gia cc ct chng
cp-pha

Mc cho php, mm

29

25
75

+ Trn mi mt di
+ Trn ton khu
2. Sai lch mt phng cp-pha v cc
ng giao nhau ca chng so vi
chiu thng ng hoc nghing
thit k
+ Trn mi mt di
+ Trn ton b chiu cao kt cu
* Mng
* Tng v cy chng sn ton
khi 5 mt
* Tng v cy chng sn ton
khi > 5 mt
* Ct khung c lin kt bng dm
* Dm v vm
3. Sai lch trc
* Mng
* Tng v ct
* Dm v vm
* Mng kt cu thp

5
20
10
15
10
5
15
8
10
Theo ch nh ca thit k

4. Sai lch trc cp-pha trt, cppha leo v cp-pha di ng so vi

10
trc cng trnh
(iv) Kim tra khi tho d cp-pha:
Tho d cp-pha ch c tin hnh khi b tng cng chu
lc. Khng c to ra cc xung trong qu trnh tho d cp-pha. Cp-pha
thnh bn khng chu lc thng ng c r khi cng ca b tng t
50 daN/cm2 , ngha l trong iu kin bnh thng, s dng xi mng
Pooclng PC 30, nhit ngoi tri trn 25 oC, th sau 48 gi c th d cppha thnh bn ca kt cu.
Cp-pha chu lc thng ng ca kt cu b tng ch c d khi b
tng t cng % so vi tui b tng 28 ngy:
Loi kt cu
Bn, dm , vm c khu
< 2 mt

Thi gian t c
Cng b tng t cng theo TCVN
c so vi R28 ( % )
5592-1991 , ngy.
50
30

Bn, dm , vm c khu
bng 2 ~ 8 mt

70

10

Bn, dm , vm c khu
> 8 mt

90

23

Ht sc ch vi cc loi kt cu hng nh vng v cngxn, sn :

Nhng kt cu ny ch c tho d cp-pha khi c i trng chng lt .
iu 3.6.6 ca TCVN 4453-95 ghi r: i vi cng trnh xy dng trong
khu vc c ng t v i vi cc cng trnh c bit, tr s cng b
tng cn t tho d cp-pha chu lc do thit k qui nh.
iu ny c hiu l thit k qui nh khng c nh hn cc s tr
cho bng trn.
Nu s dng ph gia ng kt nhanh ca b tng , phi c kin ca
chuyn gia mi c d cp-pha. Chuyn gia ny phi chu trch nhim ton
din v cht lng b tng khi s dng ph gia v thi gian tho d cp-pha.
Nu s dng cc bin php vt l thc y s ng cng nhanh ca
xi mng nh ti bo dng bng nc nng phi c ngi chuyn mn
chu trch nhim v phi c mu b tng th nghim bo chng km v c
nn p, cho kt qu tng thch mi c quyt nh d cp-pha sm.
Khi lm nh nhiu tng, phi lu gi cp-pha v gio 2 tng ri
l ti thiu. Nu tc thi cng nhanh , phi gi cp-pha v gio nhiu
hn , tu thuc s tnh ton cho b tng cc tng c d phi sc chu
ti bn trn.
2.4 Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc ct thp:
Cng tc kim tra ct thp trong b tng bao gm cc vic sau y:
* Kim tra cht lng thp vt liu.
* Kim tra sch ca thanh thp.
* Kim tra s gia cng cho thanh thp m bo kch thc nh thit k.
* Kim tra vic to thnh khung ct thp ca kt cu.
* Kim tra s m bo ct thp ng v tr trong xut qu trnh b tng.
* Kim tra cc l chn trong kt cu dnh cho vic lun dy cp hoc cc
chi tit ca vic lp t thit b sau ny v cc chi tit t sn bng thp hay
vt liu khc s chn trong b tng v s lng , v v tr vi chnh xc

31

theo tiu chun. Ch ny lu , khng c cho cc chi tit bng kim loi
nhm hay hp kim c nhm tip xc vi b tng. L do l phn t nhm s
tc ng vo kim xi mng to ra s trng th tch b tng lm cho b tng
b nt vn trong ni ti kt cu.
(i) Kim tra vt liu lm ct thp:
Cn nm vng ngun gc ct thp : ni ch to , nh bn hng, tiu
chun c da vo sn xut thng qua catalogue bn hng. Vi thp
khng r ngun gc, k s t vn m bo cht lng yu cu nh thu a
vo cc phng th nghim c t cch hnh ngh th nghim kim tra cc ch
tiu nh cng chu ko, kt qu th un v un li khng hon ton , th
un v un li.
Hin nay rt nhiu thp trn th trng nc ta do cc hp tc x v t
nhn ch to khng tun theo tiu chun k thut nghim tc nn vic th
nghim l ht sc cn thit.
Thp nhp cnh nu khng c catalogue cng phi th nghim bit
nhng tnh nng c l xem c ph hp vi thit k hay khng.
Thp dng trong b tng l thp chuyn dng trong xy dng. Nu l
thp Vit nam , theo TCVN 1651:1975, c bn nhm thp cn nng l ct
trn trn nhm C I, ct c g nhm C II , C III v C IV. Nu k hiu theo
Nga , l cc nhm tng ng ng vi A I , A II, A III , A IV.
Cng tiu chun ca cc nhm thp cn nng i chiu vi cc
loi thp cn th nghim xc nh cng cho trong bng:
Nhm ct thp thanh

Cng tiu chun R a.c

( KG/cm2)
2.200
3.000
4.000
6.000
5.200

CI
C II
C III
C IV
Dy thp ccbon thp ko ngui

Th ko ct thp theo tiu chun TCVN 197:1985 .

m bo kh nng chu bin dng do ca ct thp , cn th
nghim un ct thp. Th nghim un ct thp theo TCVN 198:1985.
Vi nhng cng trnh quan trng, khi cn thit cn xc nh thnh
phn ca thp suy ra cc tnh nng c hc ca thp. Khi , ngi k s
t vn m bo cht lng cng trnh yu cu ngi cung cp thp s
dng trong cng trnh phi cho bit hm lng cc thnh phn sau y cha
32

trong thp: hm lng ccbon, mnggan, phtpho, silic, sunfur, titan,

vanadium. Bit c hm lng da vo tiu ch ca hp kim bit tnh
cht c l ca thp.
Vi cc cng trnh khung b tng ct thp, vic la chn ct thp
thng chn thp trn cn nng nhm C II , c s hiu CT 5 lm thp chu
lc.
Loi thp ny , trc y gi l thp gai , nay gi l thp g hoc thp
thanh vn. Mt ngoi thanh thp c dp ni nhng g lm tng bm dnh
gia b tng v thp. Trc y thp g lm theo tiu chun ca Lin x
(c), loi CT5, g cng chiu phn bit vi loi 25 C thuc nhm C
III, c g chm u nhau lm g thnh hnh xng c . By gi, cc c s
sn xut thp khng tun theo tiu chun no trong nc ta bt chc thp
ca nc ngoi , khi gia cng ch to thp thng lm mi loi thp g u
c b ngoi hnh xng c nn vic yu cu th nghim thp cng cn thit.
Khi cn kim tra bit b tr ct thp c ng ng knh danh
ngha khng , ta xem bng sau:
ng knh
Din tch mt ct
danh ngha (mm) ngang dang ngha
(mm2)
6
28,3
8
50,3
10
78,3
12
113
16
201
20
314
25
491
32
804
40
1256

Khi lng theo chiu di

Yu cu kg/m
Dung sai %
0,222
0,395
0,617
0,888
1,58
2,47
3,85
6,31
9,86

8
8
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

Ct u cho ta kch thc danh ngha, iu ny c th hgiu l khi

chn tit din trong tnh ton , thp c chn theo din tch chu lc ct 2
v c coi ng knh thanh tng ng vi ct 1. Nhng do b ngoi ng
knh c g nn ng knh thanh ny ch l danh ngha, khng th o ch
lm ri cng vi o ch li ca g m chia bnh qun. Cch lm tt l ch t 1
hay 2 mt ri cn, theo bng ny ta suy c ng knh danh ngha.
Thp vn hay thp c g c 5 nhn mc l RB 300, RB 400, RB 500
v RB 400W v RB 500W.
33

Loi RB 300 , RB 400 , RB 500 kh hn. Cc loi RB 400W v RB

500 W c th hn bng phng php thng thng.
Cc ch tiu c hc ca thp vn nh trong bng :
Mc thp
RB 300
RB 400
RB 400W
RB 500
RB 500W

Gii hn chy Gii hn bn ko dn di

trn ReH N/mm2
Rm , N/mm2
A 5,65 %
300
330
16
400
440
14
500

550

14

Nu phi th thnh phn ho hc ca thp th nhng thnh phn cc

cht trong thp phi tng ng vi:
Mc
thp
RB 300
RB 400
RB 500
RB
400W
RB
500W

Si

Mn

Cdl

0,060
(0,070)

0,060
(0,070)

0,22

0,60

1,60

0,050

0,050

0,012

0,50

(0,24)

(0,65)

(1,70)

(0,055)

(0,055)

(0,013)

(0,52)

(ii) Kim tra sch ca ct thp:

Vi thp si 6, 8, 10 thm than bo v chng g, khi s dng
vo kt cu cn ti cho rng lp than.
Cn ch s bn do du, m lm bn thp, phi lau sch. Nhng
thanh thp c bi du hay m chng g , khi s dng vo kt cu phi lau
sch. Thp g phi chut , nh g cho sch. Nhng ch bm bn, bn phi
lau c sch.
Thp cong, un gp, phi dui thng. Thanh thp b dp, mp qu 2%
ng knh phi loi b, khng a vo kt cu.
(iii) Gia cng theo kch thc thit k ca thanh:
Cn kim tra thy thp ch c ct un theo phng php c hc.

34

Rt hn ch dng nhit un v ct thp. Nhit s lm bin i tnh cht

ca thp.
Hin nay nhiu bn v c trnh by theo cc nh k thut phng
Ty nn khng trin khai ct thp trong bn v nh trc y nn k s ca
nh thu phi trin khai ct thp theo thc t v thng qua t vn m bo
cht lng, trnh ch nhim d n duyt trc khi thi cng.
Khi ct v un ct thp theo l th c 100 thanh thp gia cng s
ly nm thanh bt k kim tra. Tr s sai lch khng c vt qu s
liu cho trong bng di y:
Cc sai lch
1. Sai lch v kch thc theo chiu
di ca ct thp chu lc:
a) Mi mt di
b) Ton b chiu di

Mc cho php ( mm)

5
20

2. Sai lch v v tr im un

20

3. Sai lch v chiu di ct thp trong

kt cu b tng khi ln:
a) Khi chiu di nh hn 10 mt
b) Khi chiu di ln hn 10 mt

+d
+(d+0,2a)

4. Sai lch v gc un ca ct thp

3o

5. Sai lch v kch thc mc un

+a

trong :

d - ng knh ct thp
a - chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp.

Vic hn ct thp bng h quang dng trong cc trng hp:

* Ni di cc thanh thp cn nng c ng knh ln hn 8 mm;
* Hn cc chi tit t sn, cc b phn cu to v lin kt cc mi ni trong
ct thp.
Hn lm tng nhit thanh thp ln qu ln , lm thay i tnh cht
c l ca thp nn bn thit k phi quyt nh ch no c hn, khng nn
lm dng cng tc hn. Hn ch c tin hnh vi vt liu thp m qu
trnh tng nhit khng hay t lm nh hng n cht lng vt liu hn.
Mi hn phi m bo cht lng v y ca ng hn, di
ng hn, chiu cao ng hn. Cn ch phi hn i xng m bo cho
thp thanh khng b bin dng do chnh nhit.
35

Kim tra cht lng ng hn tin hnh nh sau:

* Ly trong 100 mi hn ly ra mt cch bt k 5 mu kim tra kch
thc, cng ly trong 100 mi hn y 3 mu kim tra th ko v 3 mu
kim tra th un.
* Sai lch khng c vt qu s liu cho trong bng:
Tn sai lch

Mc cho php

1. Sai s v kch thc chung ca cc khung hn

phng v cc li hn cng nh theo di ca
cc thanh ring l:
a) Khi ng knh thanh thp khng qu 16mm:
* Theo di ca sn phm.
* Theo chiu rng hoc chiu cao ca sn phm.
* Kch thc ca sn phm theo chiu rng hoc
theo chiu cao khng ln hn 1 mt.

10 mm
5 mm
3 mm

b) Khi ng knh thanh ct thp 18 mm~ 40

mm:
* Theo di ca sn phm.
* Theo chiu rng hoc chiu cao ca sn phm.
* Kch thc ca sn phm theo chiu rng hoc
theo chiu cao khng ln hn 1 mt.

10 mm
10 mm

5 mm

c) Khi ng knh thanh ct thp t 40 mm tr

ln
* Theo di ca sn phm.
* Theo chiu cao ca sn phm

50 mm
20 mm

2. Sai s v khong cch gia cc thanh ngang (

thanh ni) ca cc khung hn, sai s v kch
thc ca li hn v v khong cch gia cc
b phn ca khung khng ging

10 mm

Tn sai lch
3. Sai s v khong cch gia cc thanh chu lc
ring bit ca khung phng hoc khung khng
gian vi ng knh ca thanh l:
36

Mc cho php

0,5 d
1 d

* Nh hn 40 mm
* Bng v ln hn 40 mm
4. Sai s theo mt phng ca cc li hn hoc
cc khung hn phng khi ng knh cc thanh:
* Nh hn 12 mm
* T 12 ~ 24 mm
* T 24 mm ~ 50 mm
* Trn 50 mm

10 mm
15 mm
20 mm
25 mm

5. Sai lch v v tr ch un ca thanh

2d

6. Sai lch tim cc khung ct thp ( o theo tim

x)

15 mm

7. Sai lch vng cc khung ct thp chu lc

so vi thit k

5%

d l ng knh thanh thp.

Vi cc ng hn cng cn kim tra cn thn, vic kim tra ng
hn phi t cc sai lch khng c vt qu s liu cho trong bng sau
y:
Tn v hin tng sai lch

Mc cho php

1. X dch ca ng ni tm ca hai thanh np trn

i vi trc thanh c ni khi c thanh np v
ng hn v mt bn

0,1 d v bn ca
mi hn

2. Sai lch v chiu di ca cc thanh m v thanh

np

0,5 d

3. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn c

khun

0,1 d

4. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn theo

0,5 d

37

hng dc ( tr cc mi hn c thanh np t lch)

5. lch ca trc cc thanh mi hn

3o

6. X dch tim ca cc thanh mi ni

a) Khi hn c khun
b) Khi hn c cc thanh np trn
c) Khi hn i u

0,1 d
0,1 d
0,1 d

7. Sai s v chiu di ca cc mi hn cnh

0,5 d

8. Sai s v chiu rng ca cc mi hn cnh

0,15 d

9. Chiu rng chn mi hn khng bm vo thp gc

khi hn bng phng php hn nhiu lp hoc khi
hn cc thanh ng knh nh hn 40 mm

0,1 d

10. Chiu su vt lm cho tia h quang thp tm v

thp hnh khi hn vi thp trn hoc thp vn
11. S lng rng bt v x ngm vo trong mi hn:
* Trn b mt mi hn trong di khong 2d
* Trong tit din mi hn
Khi d nh hn hoc bng 16 mm
Khi d ln hn 16 mm
12. ng knh trung bnh l rng v x ngm vo
mi hn:
* Trn mt mi hn
* Trong tit din mi hn
Khi d nh hn 16 mm
Khi d ln trn 16 mm
d l ng knh thanh thp.
(iv) Kim tra s to thnh khung ct thp ca kt cu:

38

2,5 mm
3 ch
2 ch
3 ch

1,5 mm
1,0 mm
1,5 mm

Vic to thnh khung ca kt cu gm cc vic buc ct thp thnh

khung v lp dng a khung ng vo v tr c cp-pha hoc bc cppha cho khung ct thp ny.
Vic ni buc cc thanh thp chng ln nhau i vi cc loi ct thp
do thit k qui nh. Khng ni ti nhng ni m kt cu chu lc ln v ch
kt cu un cong. Trong mt tit din kt cu , khng ni qu 25% din tch
tng cng ca ct thp chu lc vi thp trn trn v khng qu 50% vi thp
vn.
Tiu chun TCVN 4453-1995 qui nh on buc chng khng nh
hn 250 mm cho vng chu ko v 200 mm cho vng chu nn.
Tuy vy v ngi thi cng khng phi l ngi thit k kt cu nn qui
nh vng nn hay vng ko c th dn n nhm ln m nn qui nh rng
ri hn v on chng ny. Cc yu cu ca nhiu nc ngoi hay qui nh
on chng ny l 45 d.
Vi thp trn trn, u thanh ni chp phi un mc. Thp thanh vn
khng cn un mc.
Dy thp buc l dy thp mm c ng knh 1 mm. Mt on chp
phi c buc t nht 3 mi, mt mi gia v hai mi hai u chp.
Cn kim tra cc chi tit chn sn trong b tng v cc vt cn chn
trong b tng. Nhng vt ny cn c nh vo khung ct thp hay vo cppha phi thc hin trong qu trnh to thnh khung ct thp ca kt cu ny.
Cn kim tra v v tr v s lng cho chnh xc.
Khi c cha l xuyn qua kt cu b tng nh sn , dm , ct hoc khi
kt cu un, gp khc hay thay i hng cn b tr nhng thanh thp cu
to chng ng sut cc b. iu ny phi c th hin qua bn v ca bn
thit k lp. Nu v l do g m bn thit k cha th hin , k s ca nh
thu cn lp thnh bn v b sung v thng qua k s t vn m bo cht
lng trnh ch nhim d n duyt cho thi cng. y l iu ht sc quan
trng nhng bn thit k t kinh nghim thng khng ch . Mun cng
trnh khng xut hin nhng vt nt nh cc gc l trng m thng xut
hin ng sut cc b phc tp, cn b tr y nhng thanh thp cu to
loi ny. Cn c s ch tho ng khi kim tra n nhng thp ai nhng
on ca kt cu dm v ct cn thp ai dy do phi chu lc tp trung , lc
ct ln, cn treo kt cu khc.
Cn ch n cc ct ai vng kt cu chu xon. Phi un mc
ng qui nh cho ai chu xon.
Sau khi lp thnh khung ct thp a vo cp-pha, cn treo v k
nhng ming k bng b tng ct thp hay bng cc vt k c ch to
39

chuyn dng k bng thp hoc thp bc nha m bo chiu dy ln

bo v. Mt ca tm k hoc vt k phi sao cho khi c x dch, chiu
dy lp b tng bo v c sau ny cng khng b mng i.
Vic kim tra khung ct thp lp dng trc khi ng trong hp cppha hoc trc khi b tng phi lp thnh bin bn nghim thu cng trnh
kn s c lp ph. Khng th lm cng vic ny mt cch qua loa. Phi ht
sc cn thn kim tra cng on ny v lp h s ng qui nh.
S liu khi kim tra phi nh hn s liu cung cp trong bng sau y.
Tn sai lch
1. Sai s khong cch gia cc thanh chu lc t
ring bit
a) Vi kt cu khi ln
b) Vi ct, dm v vm
c) Vi bn , tng , mng di khung
2. Sai s khong cch gia cc hng ct thp khi
b tr nhiu hng theo chiu cao:
a) Cc kt cu c chiu di hn 1 mt v mng t
di cc kt cu v thit b k thut
b) Dm khung v bn c chiu dy ln hn 100
mm
c) Bn c chiu dy n 100 mm v chiu dy lp
bo v 10 mm.
3. Sai s v khong cch gia cc ct thp ai ca
dm, ct, khung , v dn ct thp
4. Sai lch cc b v chiu dy lp bo v
a) Cc kt cu khi ln
b) Mng nm di cc kt cu v thit b k thut
c) Ct , dm v vm
d) Tng v bn chiu dy trn 100 mm
e) Tng v bn chiu dy n 100 mm vi chiu
dy lp bo v l 10 mm.
5. Sai lch v khong cch gia cc thanh phn b
trong mt hng:
a) i vi bn , tng v mng di kt cu
khung
b) i vi nhng kt cu khi ln.
40

Mc cho php, mm
30 mm
10 mm
20 mm

20 mm
5 mm
3 mm

10 mm
20 mm
10 mm
5 mm
5 mm
3 mm

25 mm
40 mm

6. Sai lch v v tr cc ct thp ai so vi chiu

ng hoc chiu ngang ( khng k trng hp khi
ct ai b t nghing so vi thit k)
7. Sai lch v tr tim ca cc thanh t u cc
khung hn ni ti hin trng vi cc khung khc
khi ng knh ca thanh:
* Nh hn 40 mm
* Ln hn hoc bng 40 mm.
8. Sai lch v tr mi hn ca cc thanh theo chiu
di ca cu kin
a) Cc khung v kt cu tng mng
b) Cc kt cu khi ln
9. Sai lch ca v tr cc b phn ct thp trong kt
cu khi ln ( khung, khi , dn ) so vi thit k:
a) Trong mt bng
b) Theo chiu cao

10 mm

5 mm
10 mm

25 mm
50 mm
50 mm
30 mm

(v) Kim tra ct thp m bo ng v tr trong xut qu trnh thi cng:

Trong qu trnh thi cng c nhiu tc ng lm x dch v tr ct thp
c nghim thu trc khi b tng nh i li trn ct thp, dm bp
ct thp vai b cc gi ta, s m b tng khi t chy m vo ct thp,
s va p c hc lm mp cc khung ct thp, v cc ming k, lch cc
ming k.
S thng trc ca cng nhn m bo sa nhng li ny l bt buc.
Khng c th st trc khi b tng s dn n nhng sai hng ng trch
m thiu vng ngi nn chnh. Thiu cng nhn trc cp-pha v cng nhn
trc sa ct thp th cha nn tin hnh b tng.
Kt cu b tng ct thp l kt cu chu lc quan trng m bo chc
nng cng trnh v s bn vng ca kt cu nn s chng kin ca k s t
vn m bo cht lng cng trnh vi cc vic lm ca bn nh thu l ht
sc cn thit.
Cng tc kim tra c th tham kho bng sau y:
Cng tc cn
Phng php
Yu cu ca
Tn sut kim tra
kim tra
kim tra
kim tra
41

2
Theo phiu giao
hng, chng ch,
catalogue,quan
st bng mt.
o kim li
Vt liu ct thp ng knh ct
thp hoc cn
nh ra ng
knh danh ngha
ca ct vn
Th mu theo
TCVN 197-85 ,
TCVN 198- 85
Quan st bn Bng mt thng
ngoi thanh thp
Quan st vic ct, Bng mt thng
un ct thp
Thanh thp
o bng thc
un

3
C catalogue, c
chng ch v
hng giao ng
catalogue.
ng u v kch
thc tit din,
ng ng knh
yu cu

4
Mi ln
hng

nhn

Mi ln
hng

nhn

m bo theo Trc
yu cu thit k
cng

khi

gia

B mt sch,
khng b mp,
bp
m bo qui
trnh k thut
Sai lch phi nh
hn s liu qui
nh
m bo cc
thng s

khi

gia

Trc
cng

Khi gia cng

C 100 thanh ly
5 thanh kim
tra
Thit b hn
Trc khi hn v
nh k 3 thng 1
ln
Bc th hn p Bc th ng qui Trc khi tin
ng
nh
hnh hn
Hn mu th
Bng mt thng Mi hn p ng Khi hn xong v
Cng tc hn ct v thc o
s liu yu cu
nghim thu
thp
Th nghim mu m bo cc ch
tiu
C 100 mi hn
Nu c mu ly 3 mu
khng t phi kim tra cng
kim tra li vi
s mu gp i
Kim tra siu m Phi m bo Khi cp nghi ng
TCVN 1548-85
cht lng
hoc khi cn thit

Thp ch v chi Xc nh v tr,

Trc khi b
tit t sn
kch thc v s t cc yu cu tng
42

lng bng bin trong thit k

php thch hp
Ni buc ct Quan st bng m bo on
thp
mt thng, o chng ni
bng thc
Lp dng ng
k thut.
Lp dng ct Quan st bng Chng loi, v tr
thp
mt thng. o v kch thc
bng thc
ng thit k
Sai lch trong
phm vi qui nh
Con k, vt k Bng mt, o m bo ng
bng thc
qui nh
Chiu dy lp b Kim tra in t Theo ng qui
tng bo v ct theo TCXD 240- nh cho tng
thp
2000 (*)
loi kt cu
Thay i ct thp Theo tnh ton
Khi gp kh
khn cn thay

Trong v sau khi

to khung ct
thp
Qu trnh t hp
ct thp ca kt
cu
v
khi
nghim thu
Qu trnh t hp
ct thp
Qu trnh lp
dng v nghim
thu
Trc khi gia
cng ct thp

Ch thch: (*)
Mt s loi my o t kim tra chiu dy lp bo v b tng v tnh nng:
+ My IZC-3 ; IZC-10H
Nc sn xut : CHLB Nga , ngun 9 Volts , nng 4,5 Kg, ch th ng h ,
o c t 0 ~ 50 mm v ng knh thanh thp t 6 mm n 16 mm.
+ My PROFORMETER 4
Nc sn xut : Thu s , ngun 9 Volts , nng 2 Kg, mn hnh tinh th lng,
hin th s , o c t 0 ~ 300 mm v ng knh thanh thp t 2 mm n
45 mm.
+ My PROFORMETER E0490
Nc sn xut : Php , ngun DC & AC , nng 4 Kg, ch th mn hnh hin
th s, o c t 0 ~ 200 mm v ng knh thanh thp t 4 mm n 40
mm.
2.5 Kim tra qu trnh thi cng b tng:

43

2.5.1 Kim tra cht lng hn hp b tng:

Mt khu kim tra ht sc quan trng vi cng tc b tng l kim tra
vt liu b tng. Khu ny c chuyn ring.
Lu nay chng ta ch c yu cu hn hp b tng v cng cui
cng. Nu ch yu cu nh vy cha v cn nhiu c trng khc c s
dng trong qu trnh thi cng cha c k n y .
Khi la chn hn hp b tng s dng cho cng trnh c 4 phng n
la chn nh sau:
(i) Hn hp theo thit k:
Hn hp c qui nh bng vic m bo cc yu cu v dng phm
cp cng , cc yu cu c bit ca vt liu, hm lng xi mng ti a v
ti thiu, t l nc/ximng t do ti thiu v mt s yu cu khc.
S th nghim v cng gip thit k thnh phn hn hp b tng.
(ii) Hn hp theo n t hng:
Hn hp c qui nh vt liu thnh phn v cc tnh cht ca vt
liu thnh phn ny sn xut c b tng p ng yu cu. S nh liu
trc t l hn hp to thnh mt phn thit yu ca cc yu cu phi p
ng. Th nghim cng khng dng liu nh s p ng cc yu cu.
(iii) Hn hp tiu chun:
Hn hp c chn trong bng tnh sn ca Tiu chun Nh nc. Th
nghim v cng khng dng nh liu s p ng yu cu.
(iv) Hn hp ch nh:
Ngi mua b tng phi ch nh loi kt cu s dng b tng nh l
b tng khi ln, b tng c hay khng coa ct thp, b tng s dng cho kt
cu ng lc trc, ...
Ngi ch nh phi nu r kch c vt liu theo danh nh.
Ngi mua phi qui nh tnh cng tc ca b tng, phuing php thi
cng v phng php hon thin mt b tng.

44

Khi chun b ch to b tng, ngi ch to b tng cn c bit

cc thng s m k s t vn m bo cht lng phi yu cu:
* Cng nn mu theo yu cu.
* st b tng thun li cho cng tc.
* Thi gian bt u ng rn v thi gian kt thc ninh kt.
* Cc yu cu v chng xm thc ca mi trng.
* Cc yu cu v ct liu v thnh phn thch hc, thnh phn ho
cht, hm lng clo, kim ...
* Cc yu cu v xi mng nh : chng loi , Mc, ph gia, thi hn ct
gi, hm lng ti a v ti thiu, mu sc.
* Cc yu cu v nc v t l nc/ximng ti a.
* Cc yu cu v ph gia kch hot hoc gim hot.
* Cc yu cu khc nh h nhit , co ngt, chng thm, . . .
* Cc yu cu v th nghim vt liu, chng ch ca vt liu s dng .
Khi cn thit phi lm th nghim trc quyt nh thnh phn hn
hp b tng.
Trong vng Lai Chu v Sn La , nn s dng b tng cho cc kt cu
c s hiu C 25 tr ln s thch hp cho s chu cc lc chn ng do ng
t.
Nn s dng cc h ph gia khi silic tng cng b tng , tng
tnh do v gim lng nc trong b tng.
Ch trn xong b tng hay b tng thng phm v n cng trng
ngi k s t vn m bo cht lng cn phi:
Quan st bng mt xem mu sc, qunh ca b tng, s b nhn
nh v ct liu.
Yu cu ni cung cp b tng th st trc khi b tng c a
n ni s dng.
c mu kim nh cht lng. C 50 m3 b tng phi ly mt t
mu th. Ghi nhn gn vo mu va c. Nhn cn ghi ngy , gi cung
cp b tng, kt cu cn s dng b tng ly mu ny, ni cung cp, m
cung cp.
2.5.2 Kim tra qu trnh vn chuyn b tng:
Khu ny phi kim tra cc yu t sau y:

45

* Phng tin vn chuyn : Phng tin vn chuyn phi kn , khng lm

chy nc xi mng. Phng tin vn chuyn nn c bnh hi gim chn
ng rung khi di chuyn.
* ng vn chuyn : Khng xa qu 200m nu vn chuyn th cng v
ng nhn v cng khng gy rung, xc. Nu khng c ng nha
phi lt mt ng bng vn g hay thp.
* Nu s dng bm phi theo cc tnh nng ca my bm, trong lu :
st ca b tng bm vn hnh tt, ng knh ti a ca ct liu
ln phi nh hn 1/3 ng knh ch nh nht ca ng dn b tng, nht
ca hn hp b tng chuyn dch trong ng tt.
Vn hnh my bm phi theo catalogue ca my bm. Khi cn ngh
bm qu 10 pht , phi bm theo chu k khong 10 pht mt ln bm cht t
chng ng kt b tng trong ng bm.
V l thuyt c th chuyn b tng bng bng chuyn nhng thc t,
bng chuyn kh chuyn c ly xa v nc xi mng b bm dnh vo tm
bng nhiu nn hn ch s dng. Nu s dng bng chuyn phi kim tra
hn ch gc dc ca bng chuyn khi chuyn ln khng c qu 15o v khi
xung khng qu 10o.
Qu trnh vn chuyn b tng khng c lm cho b tng b phn
tng. Nu trn mt b tng thy nc xi mng ni ln tc l b tng b phn
tng, phi trn li trc khi b tng vo kt cu.
2.5.3 Kim tra qu trnh v m b tng :
Qu trnh b tng v m b tng ht sc quyt nh cht lng ca
b tng nn k s t vn m bo cht lng cn c mt thng trc
chng kin cng vic ca bn nh thu.
Chiu cao ri t do ca b tng khng c qu 1,5 mt trnh hin
tng phn tng. Nu chiu cao ri t do qu 1,50 mt phi cho b tng tr t
qua mng nghing hay ng bt, ng vi voi.
Khi b tng phi c ngi trc phng bt trc, ri ro.
Khi dng cc phng tin gy ng sut cc b ln ln cp-pha hay to
xung lc mnh, bn nh thu phi kim tra tnh ton v k s t vn m bo
cht lng cn kim tra ri trnh cho ch nhim d n duyt.
Qu trnh thi cng phi phng tri ma v chun b phng tin che
chn nu c ma. ang thi cng gp ma khng c thi cng tip m phi
46

i cho cng b tng t n 25 daN/cm2 ( nu thi tit 25oC, khong

24 gi ) mi c thi cng tip v coi ch ngng do ma l khe ngng thi
cng v s l nh s l khe ngng. V l ny m khi b tng , gii phn
cch cc din tch c b tng nn la chn trng vi mch ngng thi
cng. Khi cng thi cng tip, dn sch mt tip gip, nu cn thit
phi c xm , ly h xi mng v sikagrout ( 1 : 1 ) pht ln ch gip mi
khe ngng vi chiu dy khong 5 mm lm vt liu dn gia lp b tng
v b tng mi. Khi m cn ch khng chc m vo ch b tng
v phi quan st cho b tng mi chy lm mn mch ni.
Chiu dy mi lp ch nn t 2/3 chiu su tc ng ca my
m. Khng c t m ln ct thp v khng dng tc ng ca m lm
cho b tng dch chuyn ngang.
Khng nn m mt v tr qu lu m ch cn va cht, ngha l
m n khi trn mt b tng chm xut hin nc xi mng. m qu lu
mt ch s gy phn tng b tng.
Khi b tng khi ln ( tm qui c l kt cu c din tch y >
10 m2, chiu cao kt cu > 0,80 mt ) mi lp nn l khong 30 cm v
ch cho b tng sp ht thi gian ti mi nn tip trnh s xut hin
nhng vt nt do ng sut nhit gy ra.
Mt trn cng ca kt cu b tng va cn c sa sang bng cch
cn phng v xoa bng bn xoa. Nu cn s l c bit bn thit k phi c
ch dn ring. Vi b tng mt ng hay b tng mt sn rng c th dng
bin php gia cng b mt bng cch chn ng li. Bin php ny phi
c lp bin php ring theo ch dn ca chuyn gia.
2.5.4 Bo dng b tng:
Bo dng b tng cn c theo di v c s quan tm ng mc.
Qu trnh gip cho b tng pht trin tt cng l qu trnh bo dng.
Sau khi b tng phi bt u qu trnh bo dng bng cch che kn
b mt b tng bng bao ti , giy xi mng ri 4 gi sau bt u ti m.
Khng che, mt b tng s chu tc ng ca cc tia trong nh sng mt tri
lm hi n cht lng. Che li gip qu trnh bc hi nc chm li khin
cho chu k ti tha ra.
Vic bo dng b tng phi tun theo TCVN 5592-1991. Theo tiu
chun ny th Lai Chu v Sn La nm trong khu vc A , thi gian phi ti

47

nc cho mt b tng thng xuyn m c ban ngy ln ban m l 4 ngy

vo ma kh v 3 ngy vo ma ma.
2.5.5 Cc yu cu v kim tra cht lng b tng:
Cc yu cu kim tra cht lng cng tc b tng c tm tt nh
bng di y:
i tng kim
tra
1
Xi mng

Ct liu

Ph gia v cht
n

Nc

Phng php
Yu cu t
kim tra
2
3
1. V vt liu
Kim tra phiu
Ph hp vi n
giao hng
t hng
Th nghim xc Ph hp vi
nh cc tnh cht TCVN
2682c l theo TCVN 1992
4029~ 4032-85
Xc nh bn Ph hp vi
thnh phn ht v TCVN 1771-86
bn ca ct v , si v
liu theo tiu TCVN 1770-86
chun hin hnh v ct.
Xem phiu giao Ph hp vi n
hng
t hng
Th nghim mu Ph hp vi yu
b tng c ph cu k thut
gia hoc cht n

Tn sut kim tra

4
Mi ln giao
hng
Theo cch kim
tra
ti
hin
trng
Ln giao hng
u tin.
Khi c nghi ng
Khi thay i ct
liu.
Mi ln giao
hng
Khi c nghi ng

Khi khng dng

Th nghim phn Nc khng c nc sinh hot
tch ho hc
cht c hi theo cng cng
TCVN 4506-87
Khi c nghi ng
Khi thay i
ngun nc
2. Thit b thi cng

My trn n
chic
Cc thng s k Khng c s c Trc khi s
khi vn hnh
dng v sau
H thng trm thut
theo nh k
trn

48

Thit b cn ong
xi mng
Thit b cn ong
ct liu
Thit b cn ong
ph gia v cht
n

Cc thng s k
Trc khi
thut
C chnh xc dng v sau
theo qui nh
theo nh k
Cc thng s k
thut
C chnh xc Trc khi
theo qui nh
dng v sau
theo nh k

Thit b v dng Cc thng s k C chnh xc Trc khi s

c cn ong nc thut
theo qui nh
dng v sau
theo nh k
Thit b v dng
c ly mu th Bng cc phng m bo
nghim
tin kim tra chnh xc theo Mi ln s dng
qui nh
Thit b v dng thch hp
c th st
Trang b vn Cc thng s k Khng s c Trc khi s
chuyn v my thut
khi s dng
dng sau theo
m b tng
nh k
3. Hn hp b tng trn trn cng trng
st
Kim tra theo
So vi st qui Ln trn u tin
TCVN 3106nh
v khi thy nghi
1993
ng
ng nht ca So snh t cc nh gi
b tng
mu th ly t ng u ca hn Khi c nghi ng
cc m trn khc hp b tng
nhau
chng thm Th nghim theo So snh vi Theo qui nh
nc
TCVN
3116- chng thm yu ca thit k
1993
cu
Cng nn

Th mu theo
TCVN
31181993
Cng ko khi Th theo TCVN
un
3119-1993

So snh vi
chng thm yu
cu
So
snh
vi
cng ko qui

49

Theo qui nh
ca k thut
Khi cn thit
Khi hp ng

nh
yu cu.
4. B tng ch trn sn ( b tng thng phm )
Hn hp b tng Xem phiu giao Cht lng theo Mi ln giao
hng
n t hng
hng
1
2
3
4
Kim tra st So vi st qui
Ln giao hng
st
theo TCVN
nh
u tin sau
3106-1993
theo tn sut th
ng nht ca Bng
mt So snh vi trng Mi ln giao
b tng
thng
thi thng thng hng
Cng nn
Th mu theo
Theo yu cu k
TCVN
3118- So vi yu cu
thut
1993
Cng ko khi Th mu theo
Khi cn thit
un
TCVN
3119- So vi yu cu
Theo hp ng
1993
5. Qu trnh trn , to hnh v bo dng b tng
T l pha trn vt
m bo t l
liu
Bng trang b ti trn
Ln trn u tin
T l N/X
hin trng
ng t l N/X sau theo nh
yu cu
k
m bo
chnh xc qui
Qui trnh trn
o lng vt liu nh
Mi ln vn
Thi gian trn
m bo thi chuyn
gian trn
Vn chuyn hn nh gi st Khng b phn
hp
v ng nht
tng
Mi ln vn
m bo st
chuyn
b tng
Bng mt thng ng k thut
Mi ln b
tng
m b tng
Bng mt thng m cht
Mi ln m
Thi gian m
thi gian
Bo dng b Bng mt thng Theo
TCVN Mi kt cu
tng
5592-1991
Tho d cp-pha thi gian lu Ph hp vi k Mi kt cu
gi
thut
Pht hin khuyt Bng mt thng Nu gii php Mi kt cu
tt
sa cha
6. B tng cng
B mt b tng
Bng mt thng Khng c khuyt Mi kt cu
50

 ng nht
1
Cng nn

tt
Theo 20TCN 17- Xc nh Mi kt cu
89
ng nht thc t
2
3
Sng bt ny v So vi yu cu
siu m
Khoan ly mu

Kch thc hnh

hc

Cng thc t

Phng tin o
thch hp

m bo trong
dung sai

4
Khi c nghi ng
Khi th mu
khng t
S lng mu
khng theo
qui nh
Khi c nghi ng

2.5.5 Lp h s
H s cn c a vo nh gi cht lng v lm c s cho nghim
thu cng tc b tng ct thp :
1. Nghim thu cht lng cng tc ct thp t vo kt cu.
2. Cht lng b tng qua th mu v quan st trc tip ti hin
trng. Km cc chng ch v ngun gc vt liu v chng ch cht lng vt
liu ghi r kt cu s dng vt liu y.
3. Kch thc , hnh dng, v tr kt cu. Cc chi tit t sn v l ch.
4. Khe ln, khe nhit.
5. Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu.
6. Bn v cc thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cho tng kt cu.
7. H s, cng vn, vn bn tho thun hay ngh thay i.
8. Cc kt qu th nghim vt liu, cng , kt qu cc th nghim
thc hin trong c ghi r cc kt lun.
9. Cc bin bn lp vi cng tc cn nghim thu trung gian.
10. Cc bin bn nghim thu cc cng tc lm giai on trc nh
nghim thu tim trc mng , bin bn dn tim, trc , cao trnh , nghim thu
nn, mng.
11. S nht k thi cng.
Bng dung sai vi cng tc b tng:
Sai lch

Dung sai ( mm)

51

1. lch ca cc mt phng v cc ng ct
nhau ca cc mt phng so vi ng thng
ng hoc so vi nghing thit k:
a) Trn 1m chiu cao kt cu;
b) Trn ton b chiu cao kt cu
* Mng
* Tng trong cp-pha c nh v ct lin
vi sn
* Kt cu khung ct
* Cc kt cu thi cng bng cp-pha trt hoc
cp-pha leo
2. lch ca mt b tng so vi mt phng
ngang
a) Tnh cho 1 m mt phng v bt c phng no
b) Trn ton b mt phng cng trnh

5
20
15
10
1/500 chiu cao cng
trnh nh phi < 100mm
5
20

3. Sai lch ca mt phng b tng trn cng so vi

thit k khi kim tra bng thc di 2 mt khi p
st mt b tng

4. Sai lch theo chiu di hoc nhp ca cc kt

cu

20

5. Sai lch tit din ngang ca cc b phn kt cu

6. Sai lch v tr v cao ca cc chi tit lm gi

ta cho kt cu thp hoc kt cu b tng ct thp
lp ghp

2.6 Kim tra cht lng cng tc b tng ct thp ng lc trc:

2.6.1 Nhng vic khng thuc v cng tc ng lc trc cn c kim tra
ng thi vi cc cng tc ng lc trc nh sau:
* B tng s dng cho kt cu ng lc trc phi c hm lng Cl - hoc
SO4- - khng c vt qu gi tr 0,1 % so vi khi lng xi mng.

52

* Khi thi cng b tng, phi ly s lng mu th cht lng b tng

nhiu hn so vi thi cng b tng bnh thng v cn mt s mu s dng
cho kim tra phc v cng tc ng lc trc.
* bn vng v n nh ca cppha phi c k thm cc tc ng do
cng tc ng lc trc gy ra.
* Nu cn thit khe ngng thi cng th yu cu nh thu thuyt minh s
tnh ton c k n s lm vic ca kt cu ng lc trc. Mi tnh ton v
thuyt minh cn c t vn m bo cht lng thng qua trnh ch
nhim d n duyt.
* Nu mun tho d cppha sm hn cc qui nh trong TCVN 4453-95
phi c lun c bng vn bn v thng qua t vn m bo cht lng trnh
ch nhim d n duyt.
2.6.2 Kim tra vt liu s dng trong cng tc ng lc trc:
* Cc vt liu s dng cho cng tc ng lc trc phi l nhng vt liu,
dng c chuyn dng, c nhn hiu ph hp vi thit k v c catalogue
chnh thc.
* Ct thp s dng lm kt cu ng lc trc ph hp vi TCVN 6284-1:
1997 , TCVN 6284-2 : 1997, TCVN 6284-3 : 1997, TCVN 6284-4 : 1997 v
TCVN 6284-5 : 1997.
Thp s dng lm ng lc trc phi c catalogue trong c thuyt
minh v:
- Thnh phn ho hc. Khi phn tch mu c li thp ny, lng lu hunh
v phtpho khng vt qu 0,04%.
- c tnh hnh hc nh ng knh, nu khng r, phi o kim din tch
mt ct ngang so snh vi tiu chun.
- Tnh cht c hc phi m bo cc ch tiu v :
Lc ln nht
Lc chy
dn di tng i ng vi lc ln nht
do
phc hi ng nhit.
S tr cc ch tiu ghi r trong TCVN 6284: 1997.

53

Vi ct thp ng lc trc c v bc dng trong cng ngh cng sau

khng bm dnh, ct c t trong ng mm, c lp bi trn gim ma st
ng thi l lp chng g.
Lp v bc phi p ng c cc yu cu :
m bo tnh nng c hc trong khong nhit t -20oC n 70oC.
C bn khng h hng khi chuyn ch.
Khng gy n mn b tng v thp v cc vt liu chn khc.
C kh nng chng thm tt.
C th dng lp bi trn v chng g bng m chng g hoc
hc n chng g.
Neo ng lc trc v b ni ct thp ng lc trc:
Cn i chiu vi thit k kim tra xem nhng neo v b phn ni
ny c ph hp khng. Cn ph hp v tnh nng k thut v chng loi vi
nhng iu ghi trong thit k. Lc ph hoi ca neo v cc b phn ni phi
c ghi ln hn lc ph hoi ca b ct thp ng lc trc. Khi khng th
kim c loi p ng yu cu ny th kh nng chu lc ca nhng b ny
ng vi gii hn chy phi m bo khng b hn 95% lc ph hoi ca b
ct thp ng lc trc.
Vi ng to l t ct thp ng lc trc dng trong kt cu b tng
ct thp cng sau phi l ng c bn khng b h hi trong khi thi cng,
kn v khng c phn ng vi thp, vi b tng v cc vt liu chn khc.
ng dng cho ct thp n c bm va phi c ng knh ln hn
ng knh ct thp t nht l 6 mm. Vi nhng ng cha b ct thp phi c
tit din ngang ln hn tit din ngang ca b thp l 2 ln.
Va bm nhi vo ng cha thp ng lc trc cn kim tra
m bo:
Trong va khng cha hm lng ion Cl - v cc cht khc c th gy
h hi cho b tng v ct thp. Cn kim tra m bo:
Ti a hm lng Cl - l 0,1 % khi lng xi mng.
Ti a hm lng SO4 l 0,1 % so vi khi lng xi mng.
Cn tin hnh cc th nghim kim tra :
Cng nn tiu chun ca va khng thp hn 30 MPa v cng
ko un tiu chun khng thp hn 4 MPa.
tch nc sau 2 gi khng ln hn 0,02 v sau 24 gi th ht ht.
54

 co ngt khng qu 0,003.

nht khng qu 25 giy.
2.6.3 Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng ng lc trc.
(i) Cn b t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin v kim tra vt liu s
dng thi cng ng lc trc. Phi c c tt c cc h s v vt liu v
nh thu phi giao nhng ti liu ny cho ch u t lm lu tr.
Nh thu cn lp bin php chng g v bo qun vt liu s dng lm
ng lc trc thng qua cn b t vn m bo cht lng v trnh ch
nhim d n duyt.
(ii) Vic ct cc thanh hay b thp ng lc trc , nht thit phi mi bng
my mi c tc cao. Khng dng cch ct bng nhit h quang in. Nu
p u thanh thp th ch c p bng phng php c hc.
(iii) Khi thp thng v thp ng lc trc giao nhau, thp thng cn
nhng ch cho thp ng lc trc bng cch di chuyn cht t thp thng.
(iv) sai lch ca lp bo h ct thp ng lc trc ti a l 5 mm.
(v) Thit b ko cng ng lc trc cn kim tra nh k v c kim
chun.
(vi) Trc khi ko chnh thc, cn ko th 3 b hoc 3 thanh chnh l cc
d liu thi cng ng lc trc. Phng ca lc ko phi trng vi ng tm
ng cha cp ng lc trc trong trng hp ng thng v trng phng tip
tuyn nu ng cha cp ng lc trc l cong.
(vii) Sai s cho php khi kim tra gia gi tr ng lc trc thc t vi gi tr
qui nh l 5%. Ct thp b t hay b tut khng c qu 3% tng s si
cho mt tit din kt cu.
(viii) tt neo khng c vt qu d liu thit k cho php.
(ix) Qu trnh thi cng phi tun th cc ch dn ca thit k. Phi ch
quan st ton khu vc thi cng kt cu v cc chi tit cn thit. Khi pht hin
thy iu g khc l phi c gii php s l kp thi.
2.6.4 Nhng c im khi kim tra cng ngh ng lc trc:

55

(1) Cng ngh cng trc:

* Cn quan st c n tng rng h m b cng m bo n nh trong
qu trnh cng. Phi thng xuyn quan st kim tra bin dng, dch
chuyn ca nhng b ny. Khng c c dch chuyn b cng.
* Kim tra sch ca thp, khng cho cht bn lm ngn tr bm dnh
gia b tng v ct thp.
* Thng b tr cng nhng si i xng ng thi vi nhau. Cn m bo
ng lc trong nhng si ny l ng u, khng gy m men lch tm cho
kt cu.
* Cng b tng khi bt u truyn ng lc trc t nht phi t 75%
cng tiu chun ca b tng theo thit k v khng nh hn 25MPa.
* Khi th ct thp ng lc trc phi theo ch dn ca thit k. Nu thit k
cha qui nh th c th:
+ Vi kt cu m ng lc trc gy nn dc trc th tt c cc ct thp
cn c th ng thi.
+ Vi kt cu ng lc trc tc ng lch tm th ct vng chu nn
t hn c bung th trc ri mi n cc ct thp ng lc trc vng
chu nn nhiu hn.
+ V l do no y m khng thc hin c hai iu trn th nghin
cu th ct thp theo tng cp thanh i xng xen k sao cho khng gy
ni lc bt li cho kt cu, m bo cho kt cu c an ton.
(2) Cng ngh cng sau:
* Cn kim tra tht k m bo kch thc v v tr ca ng t ct thp
ng lc trc ch sn. ng ng phi thng, phi u. Bn neo chn sn
hai u phi vung gc vi trc ca ng ng. Cn kim tra li trc khi thi
cng cng.
* Cn kim tra vic b tr cc gi ng, m bo vic c chc chn
ng c nh v ng v tr v khng b x dch trong xut qu trnh thi
cng kt cu. Khong cch gia cc gi nh v khng ln qu 1 mt vi ng
trn , 0,80 mt vi ng gn sng v 0,50 mt vi ng cao su.

56

* Khong cch b tr cc l bm va khng nn qu 30 mt vi ng c

gn sng v 12 mt vi cc loi ng khc. Phi b tr cc l thot hi v
thot nc ti cc nh cao v cc v tr u , cui ng.
* Khi ng c t sn ct thp , phi bo v trnh tia la in lm tn hi n
ct thp bn trong ng.
* Ch c ko cng ng lc khi cng b tng t theo yu cu ca
thit k. Nu thit k khng yu cu th cng ny phi t 75% cng
tiu chun ca kt cu khi lm vic v khng thp hn 25 MPa.
* Trnh t ko cng phi theo hng dn ca thit k. Nu thit k khng c
ch dn th phi tnh ton, cn nhc trn c s s ko cng khng gy nguy
him do pht sinh nhng lc ngoi mun. Cn ch n cc tn hao ng
lc trc do bin dng ca kt cu ng vi trnh t cng c xut.
* Vic b tr u ko cng ct thp ng lc trc phi ph hp vi thit k.
Nu thit k khng c ch dn th nh thu cn theo nhng ch dn sau y:
+ Nu ng t ct thp l ng kim loi gn sng chn sn th vi ct
thp c dng cong hoc dng thng c chiu di trn 30 mt, th phi b tr
ko cng c hai u. Khi chiu di nh hn 30 mt th ch cn b tr cng
ti mt u.
+ Nu ng khng phi l loi gn sng th vi ct thp dng cong hay
thng c chiu di trn 24 mt cn ko cng hai u. Nu ngn hn 24 mt
th ch cn ko ti mt u.
+ Nu trong kt cu c nhiu b ct thp ng lc trc c ko cng
1 u, nn b tr u cng ca cc thanh khc nhau o u ko ti cc u
ca kt cu.
+ di ct thp ngoi neo sau khi ct cn tha khng ngn hn 30
mm. Phi bo v u neo nh ch dn v hnh v trong thit k. Khi cn l
u neo ra khng kh, phi c bin php bo v chng g v chng va chm
c hc.
* Khi cng thp phi kp thi bm va vo ng cha thp ng lc . Thi
gian k t khi t thp trong ng n khi bm lp va xong khng c qu
21 ngy. Nu phi gi lu hn phi c bin php chng g hu hiu cho ct
thp, cho neo v cc ph kin ng lc trc khc thi cng trn kt cu.
57

* Va dng bm c kim tra v c chng ch t cc yu cu v cht

lng mong mun. Khi thi tit lnh , nhit -5oC th khng c thi cng
bm nhi va.
gi.

+ Th nghim v s ph hp ca va phi tin hnh trc khi bm 24

+ Th nghim kim tra nht phi lm 3 ln trong mi ca bm.
+ Th nghim tch nc phi lm mi ca mt ln.

* Qu trnh cng ng lc trc v bm nhi va, ngi t vn m bo cht

lng phi chng kin y . Cn lu nhng c im thi cng cn p
ng nh sau y:
+ Trc khi bm va, dng ng phi sch v m.
+ Bm va theo qui trnh t ng bm di thp ln cao.
+ Khi gp cc ng ng v ng xin th im bm va l im di
thp nht ca ng ng.
+ Cn theo di m bo p lc bm khng qu 1,5 MPa. Vn tc bm
duy tr mc 6 m/1 pht. Cc l thot kh cn m hi bn trong ng thot
c ht ra ngoi, m bo va lp y.
+ Phi bm lin tc cho n khi va thot ra cc l b tr cao nht
cng nh cc l u v cui trn ng ng. Sau nt cc l thot kh v
duy tr p lc bm 0,5 MPa trong 2 pht mi bt l bm.
* Va phi c lp y ng . Nu nghi ng va khng y hoc c du hiu
khng u ng , phi pht cho va ra ht, bm nc thi ra sch , bm kh
ui ht nc v lm li t u qu trnh bm.
* Vic lp h s phi tin hnh ngay trong qu trnh thi cng v theo tng
bc. Yu cu ca h s l y d liu k thut.
(3) Cng ngh khng bm dnh:
Cng ngh khng bm dnh ch yu l cng ngh cng sau nn cn
tun th cc qui nh ca cng ngh cng sau. Tuy vy cn nhn mnh:
* Phi kim tra ct thp ng lc m bo cho hnh thc bn ngoi p ng
tnh nguyn vn ca thanh hoc b thp. Nu v bc b h hng phi c bin
php khc phc. Nu v rch nhiu, khng cho s dng.

58

* Khi t ct thp khng bm dnh phi s dng cc con k bng thp t

lin kt cht ch vi ct thp ng lc nh v cao ca ct thp ti cc v
tr theo thit k. Khong cch gia cc con k khng xa qu 1 mt hoc 60
ln ng knh b hay thanh thp.
* Neo v cc ph kin u, ph kin cui cn c bo v chng g , chng
xm thc ca hi nc.
o

Kt cu b tng ct thp l xng chu lc chnh. Cn c thi cng

v kim tra ht sc cht ch v tun th nghim ngt cc qui trnh khi kim
tra. Kim tra trc v trong khi thi cng l bin php nng cao cht lng
hu hiu.
Chc cc bn thnh cng./.

ni dung
1.Phn m u

trang 2

2. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc b tng ct thp

2.1 Mt s quan nim mi v b tng ct thp
2.2 Nhng tiu chun lin quan
2.3 Gim st v nghim thu cppha
2.4 Gim st v nghim thu ct thp
2.5 Kim tra qu trnh thicng b tng
2.6 Kim tra cng tc thi cng b tng ng lc trc
59

12
12
26
26
32
44
53

nh km :
TCVN 6284: 1997 Thp ct b tng d ng lc.

60

B xy dng
Chng trnh bi dng k s
t vn gim st xy dng

Bi ging
Mn Hc

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu

cng tc b tng ct thp
Ngi son :
PGs L KIu
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

H ni, 1-2002
gim st thi cng v nghim thu
1

cc cng tc b tng ct thp

trong cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip
Ngi son bi ging v trnh by:

PGs L Kiu

Ch nhim B mn
Cng ngh Xy dng
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

I. Phn m u
iu 15 trong Chng Ch Kinh t ca bn Hin php nc
Cng Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam ghi r:
" Nh nc pht trin nn kinh t hng ho nhiu thnh phn theo c
ch th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc, theo nh hng x hi
ch ngha. "
D tho Bo co chnh tr ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng
ng CSVN kho VIII trnh i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX c
mt mc : " Tip tc to lp ng b cc yu t ca kinh t th
trng; tng cng vai tr qun l ca Nh nc". Trong mc ny
ghi r: " Thc y s hnh thnh , pht trin v tng bc hon thin
cc loi th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha. . . "
Trong tc phm " Kinh t hc - phn tch kinh t vi m " tc gi
Rodrigue Tremblay, gio s kinh t - ti chnh quc t, trng i hc
Montral , Canada , vit : " Quy lut c bn v ph bin ca kinh t (
th trng ) ch r l cc c nhn v cc t chc x hi b tin ca ra
mong t mt li ch hoc mc tiu nh trc vi chi ph t nht.
iu ny c ngha l khi phi chn mt vt, mt ca ci, mt k thut
sn xut, hay l trong cc vt c cng mc ch s dng, ngi ta s
chn la th no r nht". Ni mt cch ton hc th mi ngi hot
ng trong kinh t th trng u l nhng ngi gii bi ton
mini/Max. Bi ton ny pht biu nh sau: mi ngi u mun b
ra chi ph t nht ( mini ) thu v li ch cho mnh nhiu nht ( Max ).
Ngi mua mun b tin ra t nht em v hng ho cho mnh c
nhiu li ch nht, s dng thun li nht , cht lng cao nht. Ngi
bn li mun cho sn phm hng ho c bn vi chi ph ch to ,
chi ph lu thng t nht nhng li thu v li nhun cao nht
2

(Introduction l'analyse des problmes conomiques de toute

socit, Rodrigue Tramblay, Les ditions HRWLTEE - Montral ).
S mua bn c, hay ni cch khc th li gii ca bi ton
mini/Max chn l vic cn nhc trn c s dung ho li ch ca hai
bn mua v bn. Ci cu ni gia ngi mua v ngi bn chnh l
tiu chun cht l-ng ca hng ho. Trong cc hp ng thng
mi , dch v, th tiu chun hng ho, dch v c coi l iu kin
hp ng ht sc quan trng.
Trong xy dng c bn cng vy , tiu chun cht lng sn
phm l c s cho nhng hp ng t vn v thit k , thi cng xy
lp, mua bn thit b. Nhng khng phi nh u t no cng am
tng v qu trnh sn xut xy dng c bn. C quan t vn c
Nh nc giao cho nhim v gip cho ch u t trong vic kim
nh , gim st thi cng v nghim thu cht lng cng trnh.
Cng ngh gim st vic m bo cht lng cng trnh trc
y vai tr K thut A thc hin nhng khi mc phc tp ca
cng trnh ngy mt ln, nu phi t chc b my k thut A p
ng nhim v th s rt cng knh m tn km nn cn thit phi
chuyn nghip ho lc lng ny.
Nhim v ny ngy nay c giao cho cc k s c quan t vn v
thit k hoc nhng b phn chuyn trch ca cc Tng Cng ty Xy
dng.
thun li cho vic gim st cht lng v nghim thu cng
trnh, chng ta phi coi vic m bo cht lng l tng th trong
ton b khu thc hin d n.
Cc d n u t c xy dng s dng vn ngn sch Nh
nc trc khi u thu xy lp phi c c quan c thm quyn
ph duyt thit k k thut v tng d ton. Quy ch qun l u t
v xy dng ban hnh theo Ngh nh s 52/1999/N-CP ngy 8-71999 quy nh c th v vic thm nh thit k k thut v tng d
ton. C quan thm nh thit k k thut v tng d ton c th thu
chuyn gia hoc t chc t vn chuyn ngnh cng tham gia thm
nh, nhng n v thit k khng c thm nh nhng thit k l
sn phm ca cng ty mnh lp ra.
Ni dung thm nh c ghi r trong quyt nh s 17
/2000/Q-BXD ngy 02-8-2000 ca B trng B Xy dng ( iu 10
).
3

V vn ph hp ca thit k k thut vi Quy chun xy

dng Vit nam v tiu chun k thut c p dng, lu vi nhng
cng trnh xy dng ti Lai Chu v Sn La nm trong khu vc c a
chn Imax = 8 (MSK-64) . Theo quan h gia cc thang cp ng t
th khu vc Lai Chu v Sn La l vng c ng t theo thang
JMA t 5 n 6 v theo thang MM l vng c cp ng t trong
thang 8.
Hin nay cha c Tiu chun Vit nam v khng chn nhng
khi thit k c php vn dng trong s cc tiu chun hin hnh
ca cc nc tin tin v c B Xy dng chp thun.
Khi thit k cng trnh, nu thy cn thit chng ta c th pht
biu bng vn bn v yu cu c s tho thun ca B Xy dng.
Chng ti xin nu mt s kinh nghim trong cu to cc chi tit
nh ca loi nh ging nh ta hay lm sau khi s kt nhng trn
ng t ln nh ti Osaka ( 17 thng Ging nm 1995; 7,2
Richter ):
(i) Nh khung b tng ct thp chu lc khng chn tt hn nh tng
gch chu lc.
(ii) Nh khung b tng ct thp, ti nt khung nn b tr thp ai
trong nt khung , ai phn b theo chiu ct khung, vic trnh c
nt nt khung tt. Khong cch ai 50 mm , ai 8.

(iii) Gia tng chn v khung cn b tr nhng thanh thp ru cm t

trong ct khung cu vi tng m khong cch gia cc ru
khng ln qu 5 hng gch. Ni gia hai ct ru hai u tng l
thanh thp chy theo chiu di tng. ng knh thp ru 8 .
Mch cha ru thp phi xy bng va xi mng khng c vi v
#100. Nn t ru thp ny khi t ct thp ct, p vo mt cp4

pha, sau khi r cp-pha s cy cho thp ny bung ra cm vo cc

lp tng xy chn.. Nu qun c th khoan l su 100 mm vo ct
khung ri nht thp vo sau nhng nh lp l chn bng va c xi
mng trng n ( sikagrout ).
(iv) Vi nhng nh tng gch chu lc phi xy bng va c xi mng
v cht lng va khng nh hn #25. Cn m bo cu gia
nhng hng gch. Khng xy qu ba hng dc mi n mt hng
ngang v nn xy theo kiu ch cng.
(v) Trong mt bc tng nn c t nht hai hng ging ti cao trnh
bu ca s, cao trnh lanh t ca. Ging bng b tng ct thp #200
c 2 ct dc 8 v ai ni 2 thanh ct dc ny. Ct thp t gia
ging.
Nhiu cng trnh h hng do xut hin lc ct ln trong dm v
ct khung. Nhng ph hoi loi ny thng xy ra ti phn ct st
ngay mc trn sn. L do l cc chi tit quanh nt khung cha
cng. Vi ct , ta thy cha c cu to chng vi lc ct vng
gn chn ct. Cn thit k li p quanh chn ct. Nhng thanh thp
dc m qua gi ct ca dm , nn un mc 135o.
khng chn tt, nn dng ct thp vn ( thp gai, thp g) v
Kob cho thy nhiu nh m kt cu dng thp trn thng b ph
hng.
Trn y l mt s khuyn ngh khng lm tng chi ph xy
dng l bao nhng m bo chng khng chn n 5,5 Richter tt
hn nu khng ch cc cu to gin n ny.
Cc b t vn gim st c th ngh S Xy dng cho php
cu to thm chi tit nh trn v bn thit k a vo trong bn v
thi hnh nhng khuyn ngh ny, nu bn thit k cha a vo
bn v, khi thm nh c th ngh b sung.
Cng vic ca cn b t vn gim st m bo cht lng ca
mt n v xy dng c th c khi qut nh sau:
1. Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung :
T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng
qua hp ng kinh t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht
lng cng trnh. Nhim v ca gim st thi cng ca ch u t :
5

(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh

ca thit k cng trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc
tiu chun k thut , cc cam kt v cht lng theo hp ng giao
nhn thu. Nu cc c quan t vn v thit k lm tt khu h s
mi thu th cc iu kin k thut trong b h s mi thu l c s
gim st k thut.
(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cc b t vn gim st
phi kim tra vt t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt
liu khng ng tnh nng s dng , phi a khi phm vi cng
trng m khng c php lu gi trn cng trng . Nhng thit
b khng ph hp vi cng ngh v cha qua kim nh khng c
a vo s dng hay lp t. Khi thy cn thit , c th yu cu ly
mu kim tra li cht lng vt liu , cu kin v ch phm xy
dng .
(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn
cng tc thi cng xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m
bo cht lng , k hoch cht lng ca nh thu nhm m bo
vic thi cng xy lp theo ng h s thit k c duyt.
Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an
ton lao ng m nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng
hon thnh , cht lng cng tc t c v tin thc hin cc
cng tc . Lp bo co tnh hnh cht lng v tin phc v giao
ban thng k ca ch u t . Phi hp cc bn thi cng v cc
bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng .
Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp . Lp bin bn nghim
thu theo bng biu qui nh .
Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c
nhng du hiu cht lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut
nh trong tiu ch cht lng ca b h s mi thu hoc nhng
tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi d kin nh ln qu qui nh , trc
khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn nh gi tng th v s c xut
ca n v thit k v ca cc c quan chuyn mn c php .
(4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim
st ca ch u t phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v
ti liu v qun l cht lng . Lp danh mc h s , ti liu hon
thnh cng trnh xy dng. Khi kim tra thy cng trnh hon thnh
m bo cht lng , ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k v tiu
chun v nghim thu cng trnh , ch u t t chc tng nghim
6

thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin bn tng nghim thu l c s php l

lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng v l c s
quyt ton cng trnh.
2. Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc
xy lp, lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton :
(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng tr-ng : Gim st bo
m cht lng trong cng tc xy lp v lp t trang b tin nghi
v an ton cho cng trnh nm trong nhim v chung ca gim st
bo m cht lng cng trnh l nhim v ca bn ch u t.
Di s ch o trc tip ca ch nhim d n i din cho ch u
t c cc cn b gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh . Nhng
ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v Thit k k hp ng vi
ch u t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v ny. Thng thng
ch c ngi chu trch nhim m bo cht lng xy lp ni chung
, cn khi cn n chuyn mn no th Cng ty t vn iu ng
ngi c chuyn mn theo ngnh hp n tham gia h tr cho
ngi chu trch nhim chung .

S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng

Ch u t
Nh thu chnh
Thu ph
Hoc Nh my

Ch huy
Cng trng
Gim st cht lng v
Phng ban k thut
ca nh thu
7

*Ch nhim d n
*T vn m bo
cht lng
*Cc t vn
chuyn mn
*Kim sot khi
lng

i
thi cng

i
thi cng

*******

i
thi cng

(ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d

n m ngi xut chnh l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc
khi bt u tin hnh cc cng tc xy lp cn lp tng tin .
Tng tin ch cn vch ra nhng vic thuc bn thi cng no vo
thi im no m mc chi tit c th tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin
cho bit vo thi gian no cng tc no phi bt u cc
thnh vin tham gia xy dng ton b cng trnh bit v phi hp .
T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp v cung ng lp
ra bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc ch n
s phi hp ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn .
(iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m
bo cht l-ng. Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn
m bo cht lng cn thng qua bin php xy dng tng th
ca cng trnh nh phng php o t ni chung , phng php
xy dng phn thn ni chung , gii php chung v vn chuyn
theo phng ng , gii php an ton lao ng chung , cc yu cu
phi hp v iu kin phi hp chung . Nu n v thi cng thc
hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t vn s gip Ch nhim
d n tham gia xt duyt chnh sch m bo cht lng ca Nh
thu v duyt s tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi
cng cp i .
(iv) Ch tr kim tra cht l-ng , xem xt cc cng vic xy
lp lm tng ngy . Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh
thu cn thng bo t vn m bo cht lng kim tra vic
chun b . Qu trnh thi cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn m
bo cht lng . Khi thi cng xong cn tin hnh nghim thu cht
lng v s lng cng tc xy lp hon thnh.
3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng :
8

Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay

mt ch u t chp nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp
thc hin trn cng trng m kim tra cht lng l mt bin php
gip cho s khng nh chp nhn hay t chi .
Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l :
ngi c tin b ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm ,
c sn phm p ng yu cu ca mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng
tc xy dng kh khn , phc tp nn ch u t phi thu t vn
m bo cht lng.
C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s
p ng cc Yu cu cht l-ng ghi trong b H s mi thu .
Hin nay chng ta vit cc yu cu cht lng trong b H s mi
thu cn chung chung v cc c quan t vn cha quen vi cch
lm mi ny ca kinh t th trng .
Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng
trng l :
3.1. Ng-i cung ng hng ho l ng-i phi chu trch nhim
v cht l-ng sn phm tr-c ht .
y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u
t v nh thu . T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo
cng trnh phi c cc ch tiu cht lng p ng vi yu cu ca
cng tc. Trc khi a vt t , thit b vo to nn sn phm xy
dng nh thu phi a mu v cc ch tiu cho Ch nhim d n
duyt v mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi lu tr ti ni lm vic ca
Ch u t cng trng. Ch tiu k thut (tnh nng ) cn c
in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng ca nh cung ng v
thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng . Khi dng
bn sao th i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du ng
xc nhn mu v c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn
bn. Mi s thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cn c Ch u t
duyt li trn c s xem xt ca t vn bo m cht lng nghin
cu xut ng . Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu trch
nhim trc php lut v s tng thch ca hng ho m mnh
cung cp vi cc ch tiu yu cu v phi chu trch nhim trc
php lut v cht lng v s ph hp ca sn phm ny.

Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim

duy nht gip Ch nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh
thu cung ng l ph hp vi cc ch tiu cht lng ca cng trnh .
Cn b t vn gim st bo m cht lng c Ch u t u
nhim cho nhim v m bo cht lng cng trnh v thay mt
Ch u t trong vic xut chp nhn ny .
3.2. Kim tra ca t- vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c
n gin c ngay ti hin tr-ng :
Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh
th ng vi n c mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng.
Nh thu tin hnh thc hin mt cng tc th yu cu gii trnh
ng thi l dng phng php no bit c ch tiu cht lng
t bao nhiu v dng dng c hay phng tin g cho bit ch tiu
y . Bin php thi cng cng nh bin php kim tra cht lng y
c t vn trnh Ch nhim d n duyt trc khi thi cng . Qu
trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim tra cht lng ca sn
phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng phi c cc dng
c kim tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d : ngi cung cp
b tng thng phm phi chu trch nhim kim tra cng chu
nn mu khi mu t 7 ngy tui . Nu kt qu bnh thng th nh
thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy . Nu kt qu ca 7 ngy c nghi
vn th nh thu phi th cng nn 14 ngy v 28 ngy
xc nh cht lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28 c kt qu
gy ra nghi vn th t vn kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b
sung khng nh cht lng cui cng. Khi thi cng cc nhi,
nht thit ti ni lm vic phi c t trng k bit dung trng ca
bentonite , phi c phu March v ng h bm giy kim tra
nht ca dung dch khoan , phi c ng nghim o tc phn
tch nc ca dung dch . . .
Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu
trnh thi cng v qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh
qua hiu bit ca mnh thng qua quan st bng mt vi sn phm
lm ra . Khi no qui trnh bt buc hay c nghi ng th t vn yu
cu nh thu thu phng th nghim kim tra v phng th nghim
c ngha v bo s liu t c qua kim tra cho t vn t vn
kt lun vic t hay khng t yu cu cht lng. trnh tranh
chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m ch nn chng kin s
kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt nh chp nhn
10

hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi ng , t

vn s ch nh ngi kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu
ny .
3.3. Kim tra bng dng c ti ch :
Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi
thng xuyn kim tra cht lng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra
sau mi cng on hay gia cng on khi thy cn thit . Nhng
ln kim tra ny cn c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht
lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi cng khng c s bo trc v yu
cu t vn m bo cht lng chng kin , ngi t vn c quyn
t chi vic thanh ton khi lng hon thnh ny . Kim tra kch
thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh thc tm , thc
cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao , thng ng
thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v .
Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s
b cng b tng . Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze
, ng nghim , t trng k , cn tiu ly , l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn
c trang b . Ni chung trn cng trng phi c y cc dng
c kim tra cc vic thng thng .
Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim
chun theo ng nh k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin
tin trnh nhng sai s v nghi ng xy ra qua qu trnh nh
gi cht lng.
Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t
vn bo m cht lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca
nh thu . Khi no nghi ng kt qu kim tra th nh thu c quyn
yu cu nh thu thu n v kim tra khc . Khi tht cn thit , t
vn bo m cht lng c quyn ch nh n v kim tra v nh
thu phi p ng yu cu ny .
3.4. Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim :
Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s
ch tiu nh gi cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo
qui nh ca tiu chun k thut v khi ti cng trng c s khng
nht tr v s nh gi ch tiu cht lng m bn thn nh thu tin
hnh .
11

Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn

m bo rng n v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin
hnh th cc ch tiu c th c ch nh. Cn khi nghi ng hay
cn m bo tin cy cn thit th t vn m bo cht lng
dnh quyn ch nh n v th nghim .
Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu
cu ny phi c Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn
m bo cht lng kim tra v ngh thng qua bng vn bn .
n v th nghim phi m bo tnh b mt ca cc s liu th
nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht
lng sn phm lm ra phi l ch nhim d n qua tham mu ca
t vn m bo cht lng .
Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh
hp php ca cng c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai
lch do dng c th nghim cha c kim chun , yu cu mi
cng c th nghim s dng phi nm trong phm vi cho php ca
vn bn xc nhn kim chun .
n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc
ch tiu c yu cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t
yu cu hay c ph hp vi cht lng sn phm yu cu phi do
t vn m bo cht lng pht biu v ghi thnh vn bn trong t
nghim thu khi lng v cht lng hon thnh.
3.5. Kt lun v lp h s cht l-ng
(i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun
tng cng tc , tng kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc
hin l c cht lng ph hp vi yu cu hay cha ph hp vi yu
cu .
nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn
phm cho tng kt cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn
bn xc nhn tng chi tit , tng vt liu cu thnh sn phm v h
s kim tra cht lng cc qu trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc vn bn
xc nhn cht lng vt liu , cht lng thi cng ghi rt chung
chung . Cn lu rng mi bn xc nhn phi c a ch kt cu s
dng , khng th ghi cht lng m bo chung chung.
Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng
khi tra cu thun tin.

12

(ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn

cht lng kt cu l nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp
nhng d kin c bn xy ra trong tng ngy nh thi tit , din bin
cng tc tng v tr, nhn xt qua s chng kin cng tc v tnh
hnh cht lng cng trnh.
kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi
h chng kin vic thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu
trnh thi cng v kin gii quyt ca t vn m bo cht lng v
kin ca gim st ca nh thu . . .
(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh
c lp theo ng qui nh.
Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton
khi lng hon thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu ,
bn giao cng trnh cho s dng.
II . Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng trnh b tng v b
tng ct thp.
2.1 Mt s quan nim mi v b tng ct thp :
B tng v va l loi v t liu xy dng c s dng rng ri
tr n th gii. B tng kh kinh t , l nguy n liu c la ch n
ng n lm cu, lm nh v nh cao tng, lm sn bay, lm
ch xe, lm hm.
tng.

Di y, chng ti trnh by nhng quan im hin i v b

B tng l v t liu hn hp ch yu bao gm ct liu lm

khung xng, xi m ng v nc thng qua t l nc/xim ng to
thnh xi m ng. By gi khi xem xt v cht lng b tng, ngi
ta khng n thun ch ni v cng ch u nn c a b tng. Vn
l bn hay tui th c a b tng m cng ch u nn c a
b tng ch l mt ch ti u m bo tui th y.
Trc y , theo suy ngh c, ngi ta dng ch tiu cng
chu nn ca b tng c trng cho b tng nn gi mc (
mark) b tng. Thc ra ni ln tnh cht ca b tng cn nhiu ch
tiu khc nh cng chu nn khi un, cng chu ct ca b
13

tng, tnh chc c v nhiu ch tiu khc. By gi ngi ta gi phm

cp ca b tng ( grade). Phm cp ca b tng c qui c ly ch
tiu cng chu nn mu hnh tr lm i din. Gia mu hnh tr
nh ra phm cp ca b tng v mu lp phng 150x150x150 mm
nh ra "mc" b tng trc y c s liu chnh lch nhau cng
vi loi b tng. H s chuyn i khi s dng mu khc nhau nh
bng sau:

Hnh dng v kch thc mu

(mm)

H s tnh i

Mu lp phng
0.91
1,00
1,05
1,10

100x100x100
150x150x150
200x200x200
300x300x300
Mu tr
71,4x143 v 100x200
150x300
200x400

1,16
1,20
1,24

Ngun : TCVN 4453-1995

14

Trong trng hp chung nht c th nh ngha c tui th

c a b tng l kh n ng c a v t liu duy tr c tnh cht c,
l trong cc iu kin tha mn s an ton s dng trong sut i
phc v c a kt cu, trong c vn nc thm qua b tng.
Tc ng c a ha cht n thun b n ngoi vo b tng
quan h m t thit vi cc tc ng c , l , ha-l cho n n vn
bn c a b tng l vn v cng phc tp.
T l nc/xim ng l nhn t quyt nh trong vic m bo
tui th c a b tng.Tng lng nc dng trong b tng cng vi
hm lng xi m ng v b t kh l cc nhn t to n n l rng l
iu s quyt nh cng ch u nn c a b tng. rng
c a b tng quan h vi hm lng nc/xim ng.

Quan h ny c th hin qua biu :

rng %
40
30
20
10
0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6
0,7
0,8
T l: Nc/xim ng

Xem th, chng ta c th ni: b tng thc cht l loi vt liu rng,
c c trng bi kch thc c a l rng v cch ni gia nhng
l ny theo dng no, bi s khng li n tc trong vi cu trc nh cc
li n kt thnh cc ht, bi s kt tinh t nhi n c a cc hydrate.
15

Nhng l rng ny lm cho thm nc c a b tng t ng dn

n s trng n, s nt n v iu cng lm cho ct thp b g.
Tui th c a b tng ch u nh hng c a lng thm nc v
kh qua kt cu b tng, c a tnh thm c a h xim ng, v c th
c a ngay c ct liu na.
Cc dng l rng c a b

tng c th khi qut qua hnh v :

Rng v t liu khng thm

Rng nhiu, tnh thm thp

Rng nhiu, v t liu thm

Rng t, tnh thm cao
Kt cu s dng b tng c cng cao : l cng ngh cn
thit phi nghi n cu v thc nghim c th s dng rng ri trong
nhng n m ti. B tng composit trin v ng ph bin c th phi
sau n m 2010 nhng b tng dng cht kt dnh xim ng c s
hiu C40, C45 s c s dng sm hn. i loan s a s dng
i tr loi b tng ny trong hai ba n m ti.
Chng ta u bit, b tng composit dng cht kt dnh l
nha h pxy. H
pxy khng phi nhanh chng sn xut
c mt lng to ln thay th xi m ng. B n cnh s pht trin
dn pxy, trong hai chc n m ti, trong xy dng vn phi ly cht
kt dnh xi m ng l ch o.

16

Trc y gn chc n m khi t vn ch to b tng c

mc cao hn mc xi m ng l rt kh kh n. Ngi ta phi nghi n
cu cch ch to b tng dng cp phi gin on nng cao
mc b tng bng ho c cao hn mc xi m ng cht t. Nhng qui
trnh cng ngh to c b tng mc cao theo cp phi gin
on khng d dng n n kt qu mi nm trong phng th nghim.
Nhng n m gn y, do pht minh ra khi silic m cng ngh
b tng c nhiu thay i r rt.
Chng ta nh c li mt s khi nim v b tng lm c s cho
kin thc v s pht trin cng ngh b tng c cng cao.
B tng l hn hp t cc thnh phn: ct liu (loi th v loi
m n) dng to khung ct ch u lc, xi m ng v nc ha hp vi
nhau bin thnh xi m ng. Cc ha cht ngoi lai tc ng vo
b tng li n quan n cc hot ng ha l, v t l v c c h c.
Cho n n bn c a b tng l vn ht sc phc tp. Trc
y ngi ta ngh v b tng, thng coi tr ng vn cng .
Thi hin i nhn b tng l bn c a b tng trong kt cu.
Nu nhn nh th, trong bn c vn cng , c vn b
tng phi ch u c mi trng phi l, c vn tc ng c a cc
tc nhn phc tp trong qu trnh ch u lc c a kt cu. bn
c a kt cu b tng rt ph thuc t l nc tr n xi m ng.
Thng thng lng nc cn thit cho th y ha xi m ng,
ngha l lng nc cn bin xi m ng thnh xi m ng rt t so
vi lng nc cho vo trong b tng to ra b tng c th
, m c thnh n n kt cu. Nu st hnh cn l 50mm cho
b tng thng thng ta vn thy th lng nc d tha t 5 n
6 ln so vi y u cu th y ha thnh xi m ng. Nc d tha
trong b tng khi bc hi to n n cc l rng lm cho b tng b
xp vi nhng l xp rt nh, c khi bng m t thng chng ta khng
thy c.
Chng ta thy r l tnh cht c a b tng ph thuc vo t l
N/X.
T l N/X nh th tnh cht b tng tt, t l ny ln th cht lng
b tng km. nh lu t ny g i l nh lu t Abrams.
T nh lu t ny, nhiu ngi ngh hay l lm b tng kh i,
c th s thu c loi b tng cht lng tt hn.
Mt s tnh c ta thy trong qu trnh ch to silicon v
ferrosilicon ta thu c khi silic :

17

2SiO2 + C Si + SiO2 + CO2

Khi silic l loi v t liu ht sc m n, ht khi silic c ng
knh ~ 0,15 Micon ( 0,00015 mm). Mt gam khi silic c din tch b
m t khong 20 m2 to n n hot tnh cao. Ht khng kt tinh, cha
85-98% Dioxyt Silic( SiO2).
Ht khi silic tc ng nh loi si u puzlan, bin i hydroxyt calxi
c ch tn li thnh cc gel hydrat silic-calxi c ch. Hiu qu c a tc
ng ny l gim tnh thm nc, bm dnh t ng gia cc ht ct
liu v ct thp, cho cng tt hn v t ng bn c a b tng.
T l nc/xim ng cao lm gim cng b tng r rt.
Biu sau y cho thy quan h gia cng b tng v t l
nc/xim ng:

100
80
60
40
30
20
10

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,1

1,2

1,3

a : Cng ch u nn
b: Cng ch u un
Bng sau y so snh gia ht khi silic , tro bay v xi m ng.

18

Xim ng
T
kg/m3

tr ng

Tn tht
chy
%

do

Khi silic

1200 - 1400

200 - 300

< 0,5

2 - 4

0,2 - 0,5

B m t ri ng
m2/g

20

Tro bay
900
1000
3 - 12
0,2 - 0,6

Kt qu c a vic s dng h ph gia c khi silic ci thin cht

lng b tng rt nhiu:
Ly R28 c a b tng quan st th:
B tng khng dng ph gia khi silic , sau 28 ngy t 50
MPa
B tng c 8% khi silic v 0,8% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy
t 54 MPa
B tng c 16% khi silic v 1,6% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy
t 100 MPa
Mi M ga Pascan tng ng xp x 10 kG/cm2.
iu kin lm nhng th nghim ny l dng xi m ng PC40
Trc y ba n m trong ngnh xy dng nc ta s dng b
tng mc 300 lm c c b tng c s n kh kh kh n.
Hai ba n m gn y vic s dng b tng mc 400, 500 trong
vic lm nh cao tng kh ph bin. Ch yu s nng cht
lng c a b tng l nh ph gia khi silic.
S chuyn d ch cht lng v trong mi trng mao dn khng bo ha
c n u trong nh lu t Washburn :
r.
v = . cos
4.d.
19

Trong :

r - bn knh l mao dn
- sc c ng m t ngoi
- gc tip xc
d- chiu su xm nh p
- nht c a d ch th

H s thm k, qua tit din A, cho qua lng cht lng Q , cht lng y
c nht v di gradient p lc dP/dZ rng buc vi nhau qua
nh lu t Darcy, nh lu t ny c th c trnh by li theo
dng sau y :
A
dP
Q = -k . .

dZ
Tnh phc tp c a s d ch chuyn cht lng qua v t liu rng lm
cho n khng tun th mt cch n gin nh lu t Darcy. Thc ra
s d ch chuyn cht lng qua v t th rng c coi l mt hin
tng khuych tn theo nh lu t Fick:
dC
j = - D .
dL
Trong

j - dng d ch chuyn

dC/ dL -gradient nng

D - h s khuych tn
T nhng tng va n u tr n, li ct c a cht lng b
tng theo quan im cng , tnh chng thm, v nhng tnh
cht u vit khc rt ph thuc vo t l nc/xim ng.
Cng gim c nc c th gim c trong b tng cht
lng cng tng.Gim c lng nc trong b tng, mi ch
tiu cht lng u tng, trong c tnh cht chng thm. Ch
: gim nc nhng vn phi m bo tnh cng tc ca b
tng.

20

Trc y , n m 1968, ti Vit tr, B Xy dng c t chc Hi

ngh ton quc v B tng kh nhng khng thnh cng v ch
gim 10 lt nc trong 1 m3 b tng m mun b tng m
ch c chy mt gn hai tr m m rung cc loi. Khi b tng
khng ch c c th m i tnh cht u b nh hng gim theo.
Kt qu cht lng b tng c a t thao di n b tng kh
ti Vit tr 1968 khng t y u cu nh thng thng. iu ny dn
n kt lu n l khng th gim nc bng phng php c h c
thng thng m hng nghi n cu l phi tm cht liu g ci
thin hon ton tnh cht c a b tng.
Rt tnh c khi ch to silicon v ferrosilicon trong l t h
quang in thy bc ra loi khi trng dy c m c quan bo v
mi trng yu cu thu hi, khng cho lan to ra kh quyn thu
c cht khi silic theo phn ng:
2 SiO2 + C

Si + SiO2 + CO2

Sn phm khi silic ra i di nhiu tn khc nhau: Fluor Silic

, Bi Silic (Silica dust), Silic nh mn ( Microsilica) , Silic khi (
Fume Silica ) , Silic bay (Volatised Silica ), Silic l h quang ( ArcFurnace Silica ), Silic nung t ( Pyrogenic Silica ), khi Silic
ngng t ( Condensed Silica Fume).
Khi silic -c cho vo b tng nh- mt ph gia lm thay
i nhng tnh cht c bn ca b tng. Nh c ch tc ng
kiu vt l m khi silic khng gy nhng phn ng tiu cc n
cht l-ng b tng.
Ta th lm php so snh thnh phn thch hc trong xi mng
Pooclng ph thng, x l cao, v tro bay , ta thy:

CaO

Ximng
Pooclng
ph thng

Khi silic

Tro bay

54 - 66

30 - 46

0,1 - 0,6

2-7

21

SiO2

18 - 24

30 - 40

85 - 98

40 - 55

Al2O3

2-7

10 - 20

0,2 - 0,6

20 - 30

Fe2O3

0-6

4,0

0,3 - 1,0

5 - 10

MgO

0,1 - 4,0

2 - 16

0,3 - 3,5

1-4

SO3

1-4

3,0

0,4 - 2,0

Na2O

0,2 - 1,5

3,0

0,8 - 1,8

1-2

K2O

0,2 - 1,5

3,0

1,5 - 3,5

1-5

Theo bng ny ch yu thnh phn ca khi silic l oxyt silic

m oxit silic ny dng tr nn khng c tc ng ho lm thay i
tnh cht ca xi mng m ch c tc ng vt l lm cho xi mng pht
huy ht tc dng ca mnh.
Tip tc lm php so snh gia xi mng, khi silic v tro bay
th:
Dung trng ( kg/m3 ) ta thy :
Xi mng : 1200 - 1400
Khi silic: 200 - 300
Tro bay:
900 - 1000
Mt mt do chy (%) :
Xi mng:
< 0,5
Khi silic :
2-4
Tro bay:
3 - 12
Din tch ring ( m2 / g ):
Xi mng:
Khi silic:
Tro bay:

0,2 - 0,5
20
0,2 - 0,6

22

Khi silic cc k mn, ht khi silic v nh hnh, kch thc xp

x 0,15 Micromet ( 0, 00015 mm ).
Khi dng khi silic cho vo b tng qu trnh thu ho tng ln
nhiu, lng nc s dng gim c nn cht lng b tng c
ci thin r rng. Thng thng, vic s dng khi silic kt hp vi
vic s dng cht gim nc.
Nu dng khi silic s gim c l rng trong b tng. Nu
khng dng ph gia c khi silic thng l rng chim khong 21,8%
tng th tch. Nu dng 10% khi silic so vi trng lng xi mng s
dng th l rng gim cn 12,5%. Nu dng n 20% th l rng ch
cn 3,1%.
Th tch l rng (%)
21,8
20

18
12,5

10
6,2
0
silic

10

15

20% khi

Ly R28 ca b tng quan st th:

Gi th b tng c phm cp C50 :
B tng khng dng ph gia khi silic sau 28 ngy t 50 MPa
B tng c 8% khi silic v 0,8% cht gim nc, sau 28 ngy
t 54 MPa
B tng c 16% khi silic v 1,6% cht gim nc , sau 28
ngy t 100 MPa.
Mi MPa ( MgaPatscan) tng ng xp x 10 KG/cm2.
iu kin lm nhng th nghim ny l dng xi mng PC 40.
23

Trc y nm su nm, khi hi c th ch to c b tng c

mc cao hn mc xi mng khng th cu tr li rt d dt. Khi c
th dng phng php cp phi gin on s l nhng kt qu
mi mang ngha trong phng th nghim.
Cng trc y vi nm, chng ta s dng b tng mc 300
l t. Gn y vic s dng b tng mc 400,500 trong vic lm nh
cao tng kh ph bin. Ch yu s nng cao cht lng b tng l
nh ph gia khi silic.
Vic s dng b tng c phm cp cao khng ch mang li li
ch v cng . B tng phm cp cao s chc c v nh th s
bo v b tng trong nhng mi trng xm thc s ci thin r rt.
Cc tc ng xm thc vo b tng phi qua hi nc m
hoc mi trng nc. Cc tc ng ho hc thng xy ra di hai
dng:
+ S ho tan cht thnh phn ca b tng do tc ng ca dung dch
nc n mn.
+ S trng n gy ra do s kt tinh ca cht thnh phn mi gy ra
h hng kt cu.
hn ch tc ng n mn, ph hng b tng iu rt cn
thit l ngn khng cho nc thm qua b tng. Bin php che ph
ct thp bng cch s dng thp c gia cng chng cc tc ng ho
cht b mt tho ng bng nhng vt liu mi c trnh by trong
chuyn khc.

- Cc tc ng n mn b tng kh d
Ngun gc

Qu trnh

Phn ng

24

Tc ng

Axit

Ho tan

Mui xunphat
Bn ngoi

T bn ngoi

Trng n
Bn trong

Phn ng
kim
trong

ng bng
nc

Ccbnat ho
Clo
ngoi

Trng n

Bn

Trng n

Bn trong

Thay i pH
n mn do Fe

- Cc tc ng ca kh quyn :
+ Ccbon dioxyt ( CO2)
khi ln trn 600 mg/m3
+ Sulfure dioxyt ( SO2) khi t 0,1 - 4 mg/m3
+ Nitrogen oxyt (NOx)
khi t 0,1 - 1 mg/m3
- Cc tc ng do ccbonat ho:
Ca ( OH )2 + CO2 Ca CO3 + H2O
pH ~ 13

pH ~ 7

25

Bn

Cc tc ng ny ph thuc :
+ m tng i ca mi trng
+ S tp t ccbon dioxyt
+ Cht lng ca b tng ca kt cu.
Thi gian ccbonat ho tnh theo nm theo ti liu ca Tin s
Theodor A. Burge, vin chc Nghin cu v Pht trin ca Tp on
SIKA, Thu s, th thi gian ny ph thuc chiu dy lp bo h ca
kt cu b tng ct thp v t l nc/ximng. Kt qu nghin cu
ca Tin s Burge th s liu nh bng sau:
Thi gian ccbnat ho ( nm)
Lp bo h ( mm)
Tl
N/X
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70

10

15

20

25

30

19
6
3
1,8
1,5
1,2

75
25
12
7
6
5

100+
50
27
16
13
11

100+
99
49
29
23
19

100+
100+
76
45
36
30

100+
100+
100+
65
52
43

- Tc ng n mn ct thp:
Mi vt liu b gim cp theo thi gian : gch b mn, g b mc,
cht do b gin, thp b n mn, cc ch chn mi ni b bong , l,
ngi ri, chim chc i li lm v ngi, sn bong v bin mu ...
B tng v m tt c th tn ti vi th k. Mt bnh rt
ph bin l s n mn ct thp trong b tng.
iu ny c th do nhng tc nhn ht sc nghip v k thut.
l:

26

+ Khng nm vng qu trnh tc ng cng nh c ch n mn

ca ct thp trong b tng.
+ Thiu ch dn cn thn v cc bin php phng, trnh khuyt
tt.
Mi trng d b hin tng n mn ct thp l:
* Cng trnh bin v ven bin
* Cng trnh sn xut s dng ct c hm lng mui ng k.
* ng v mt ng s l chng ng bng dng mui
* Nh sn xut c tch t hm lng axit trong khng kh mc cn
thit cho tc ng n mn nh trong cc phn xng accuy, cc
phng th nghim ho .
* Nh sn xut c tch t hm lng cht kch hot clo- nguy him
theo quan im mi trng n mn.
S n gin v s n mn thp:
(V)

O2/H2O

+1 in th
oxy ho kh n mn
0H+/H2

Th ng

-1-

n mn

Min tr
0

14

i vi cc vng ven bin nc ta, nu i chiu vi tiu chun

c rt nhiu nc trn th gii p dng l BS 5328 Phn 1: 1991 l
khu vc c iu kin phi l l mi trng khc nghit v rt khc
nghit. Cc tiu chun Vit nam v b tng cha cp n nhng
vn n mn cho kt cu b tng cho vng ven bin nc ta.
Theo BS 5328: Phn 1 : 1991 th ti mi trng khc nghit v
rt khc nghit, vi cc kt cu trn kh phi c cht lng b
27

tng: t l nc/ximng ti a l 0,55, hm lng xi mng ti thiu l

325 kg/m3 v phm cp b tng ti thiu l C 40. Nu mi trng
kh, t thng xuyn th t l nc/ximng ti a l 0,45 v lng xi
mng ti thiu l 350 kg/m3 v phm cp b tng ti thiu l C50.
2.2 Nhng tiu chun lin quan khi gim st v nghim thu kt
cu b tng ct thp:
Khi gim st cng tc b tng ct thp, ngoi ti liu ny nn
su tm cc tiu chun hin hnh sau y:
TCVN 5574-91 :
Tiu chun thit k b tng ct thp
TCVN 2737-95 :
Tiu chun thit k - Ti trng v tc ng.
TCVN 4033-85 :
Xi mng Pooclng puzolan.
TCVN 4316-86 :
Xi mng Pooclng x l cao.
TCVN 2682-1992 :
Xi mng Pooclng.
TCVN 1770-86 :
Ct xy dng - Yu cu k thut.
TCVN 1771-86 :
dm,si, si dm dng trong xy dngYu cu k thut.
TCVN 4506-87 :
Nc cho b tng v va - Yu cu k
thut.
TCVN 5592-1991 :
B tng nng - Yu cu bo dng m t
nhin.
TCVN 3105-1993 :
B tng nng - Ly mu, ch to v bo
dng mu th.
TCVN 3106-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php th st.
TCVN 3118-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php xc nh cng
nn.
TCVN 3119-1993 :
B tng nng - Phng php xc nh cng
ko khi un.
TCVN 5718-1993 :
Mi bng v sn b tng ct thp trong cng
trnh xy dng - Yu cu chng thm nc.
TCVN 6258-1997 :
Thp ct b tng- Thp thanh vn.
TCVN 6287-1997 :
Thp thanh ct b tng - Th un v un li
khng hon ton.
TCXD 224 : 1998 :
Thp dng trong b tng ct thp - Phng
php th un v un li .

28

2.3 Gim st v nghim thu cng tc cp-pha :

(i) Yu cu ca cng tc :
Yu cu ca cng tc cp-pha v gio l phi c thit k
v thi cng sao cho ng v tr ca kt cu, ng kch thc hnh
hc ca kt cu, m bo cng , n nh , d dng lp v d
tho d, ng thi khng cn tr n cc cng tc lp t ct thp
v , m b tng.
Trc khi bn nh thu tin hnh lp dng cp-pha, k s t
vn m bo cht lng cn yu cu nh thu trnh thit k cp-pha
vi chng loi vt liu s dng, phi cp bin php dn to v
cao ca kt cu, cn c thuyt minh tnh ton kim tra bn ,
n nh ca gio, cp-pha. Trong thit k cn vch chi tit
trnh t dng lp cng nh trnh t tho d.
Vi nhng cp-pha s dng cho mng, cn kim tra cc
trng hp ti trng tc ng khc nhau : khi cha b tng , khi
b tng.
Cp-pha phi c ghp kn kht sao cho qu trnh v m
b tng , nc xi mng khng b chy mt ra ngoi kt cu v bo
v cb tng khi mi . Trc khi lp ct thp ln cp-pha cn
kim tra knca cc khe cp-pha . Nu cn h cht t , cn nht
k bng giy ngm nc hoc bng dm g cho tht kn.
Cp-pha v gio cn gia cng , lp dng ng v tr trong
thit k, hnh dng theo thit k , kch thc m bo trong phm vi
dung sai. Kim tra s ng v tr phi cn c vo h mc o c
nm ngoi cng trnh m dn ti v tr cng trnh. Nu dng bin
php dn xut t chnh cng trnh phi chng minh c s m
bo chnh xc v tr m khng mc sai lu k.
Khuyn khch vic s dng cp-pha tiu chun ho bng kim
loi. Khi s dng cp-pha tiu chun ho cn kim tra theo
catalogue ca nh ch to.
Qu trnh kim tra cng tc cp-pha gm cc bc sau:
* Kim tra thit k cp-pha
* Kim tra vt liu lm cp pha
* Kim tra gia cng chi tit cc tm cp-pha thnh phn to nn kt
cu
29

* Kim tra vic lp dng khun hp cp-pha

* Kim tra s chng
Khi kim tra cp-pha phi m bo cho cp-pha c cng
chu lc , c n nh khi chu lc.
(ii) Kim tra thit k cp-pha :
Kim tra thit k cp-pha cn c vo cc yu cu nu trong
mc (i) trn. Ti trng tc ng ln cp pha bao gm ti trng thng
ng v ti trng ngang.
Ti trng thng ng tc ng ln cp-pha gm ti trng bn
thn cp-pha, gio, thng khong 600 kg/m3 n 490 kg/m3
g, cn nu bng thp theo thit k tiu chun th cn c theo
catalogue ca nh sn xut , ti trng do khi b tng ti c
vo trong cp-pha , khong 2500 kg/m3 b tng, ti trng do trng
lng ct thp tc ng ln cp pha khong 100 kg thp trong 1 m3
b tng v ti trng do ngi v my mc, dng c thi cng tc
ng ln cp-pha, gio, khong 250 daN/m2 cn nu dng xe
ci tin th thm 350 daN/m2 sn v ti trng do m rung tc ng
ly bng 200 daN/m2.
Ti trng ngang ly 50% ti trng gi cho a phng. Ap
lc ngang do b tng mi tc ng ln thnh ng cp-pha c
th tnh n gin theo p = H m l khi lng th tch b tng
ti m , thng ly bng 2500 kg/m3. Nu tnh chnh xc ,
phi k n cc tc ng ca s ng cng xi mng theo thi gian
v thi tit c phn nh qua cc cng thc :
P = ( 0,27v + 0,78 ) k1.k2
m H l chiu cao lp (m) , v l tc b tng tnh theo chiu
cao nng b tng trong kt cu (m/h), k1 l h s tnh n nh
hng ca linh ng ca b tng , ly t 0,8 n 1,2 , st
cng ln th k1 ly ln , k2 l h s k n nh hng ca nhit ,
ly t 8,85 n 1,15 , nu nhit ngoi tri cng cao , k2 ly cng
nh. Cng thc ny ghi r trong ph lc A ca TCVN 4453-95.
Ti trng ng tc ng ln cp-pha phi k n lc xung do
phng php b tng. Nu b tng bng bm, lc xung ly
bng 400 daN/m2 v nu b tng bng benne khi dng cn cu
a b tng ln , ly t 200 daN/m2 n 600 daN/m2 tu benne to
hay b. Benne b ly lc xung nh, benne to ly lc xung ln.
30

H s tin cy ( vt ti) khi tnh cp-pha l 1,1 vi ti trng

tnh v 1,3 vi cc ti trng ng.
Cn kim tra vng ca cc b phn cp-pha.
B mt cp pha l ra ngoi vng phi nh hn 1/400 nhp. Nu
kt cu b che, vng c th nh hn 1/250. vng n hi
hoc ln ca cy chng cp-pha phi nh hn 1/1000 nhp.
Cn dng my o c kim tra cao y kt cu nhp trn 4
mt kt cu c vng thi cng c m bo :
vng f = 3L / 1000 m L l chiu rng ca nhp , tnh
bng mt.
(iii) Kim tra trong qu trnh lp cp-pha v khi lp xong:
Cn kim tra phng php dn trc to v cao xc
nh cc ng tm , ng trc ca cc kt cu. Phn mng c (
bi ging trc ), cn kim tra , i chiu bn v hon cng ca kt
cu mng , ri m ng tm v trc cng nh cao ca kt cu ,
so snh vi thit k bit cc sai lch thc t so vi thit k v
nghin cu kin xut ca nh thu v quyt nh bin php x
l.
Nu sai lch nm trong dung sai c php, cn c gii php
iu chnh kch thc cho ph hp vi kt cu sp lm. Nu sai lch
qu dung sai c php, phi yu cu bn t vn thit k cho gii
php s l, iu chnh v ghi nhn im xu cho bn nh thu. Nu
sai lch khng th chp nhn c th quyt nh cho p ph lm
li phn lm sai.
Nh thu khng t sa cha sai lch v tim , ng trc kt
cu cng nh cao trnh kt cu. Mi quyt nh phi thng qua gim
st tc gi thit k v t vn m bo cht lng, phi lp h s ghi
li sai lch v bin php s l, thng qua ch nhim d n v ch
u t.
Nhng ng tim, ng trc v cao c vch trn nhng
ch tng ng cc b phn thch hp ca cp-pha tin theo di
v kim tra khi lp dng ton b h thng kt cu cp-pha v
gio.
Bng sau y gip trong khu kim tra cp-pha v gio:
Yu cu kim tra

Phng php kim

tra
31

Kt qu kim tra

2
3
Cp-pha lp dng
Hnh dng
Bng mt ,
Ph hp vi kt cu
v kch thc
o bng thc
ca thit k
c chiu di thch hp
Kt cu cp-pha
Bng mt
chu lc
phng ch ghp
Bng mt
g gh
ni
3mm
kn kht gia cc
Bng mt
m bo kn
tm ghp
khng chy nc xi
mng
Chi tit chn ngm
Xc nh kch thc,
m bo kch thc
v t sn
s lng bng
v v tr cng nh s
phng php thch
lng theo thit k
hp
Chng dnh cp-pha
Bng mt
Ph kn mt tip xc
vi b tng
sch trong lng
Bng mt
Sch s
cp-pha
Kch thc v cao
Bng mt, my o
Trong phm vi dung
trnh y cp-pha
c v thc
sai
m ca cp-pha
Bng mt
Ti nc trc khi
g
b tng 1/2 gi
gio lp dng
Kt cu gio
Bng mt theo thit
m bo theo thit
k gio
k
Cy chng gio Lc mnh cy chng, K, m chc chn
kim tra nm
cng v n nh
Bng mt v i
y v c ging
chiu vi thit k
chc chn
gio
Khi kim tra, ch yu l cn b k s ca nh thu tin hnh
cng i cng nhn thi cng nhng cn b t vn gim st m bo
cht lng ca Ch u t chng kin v ra yu cu cho gim st
kim tra cng tc ca cng nhn hon thnh.
Kinh nghim cho thy, ngi cng nhn thi cng thng mt
s ch cha c nh ngay, cha ghim inh chc chn, cha nm ,
cht chc chn v l do ch phi hp ng b cc khu ca vic lp
32

dng cp-pha . Cn tinh mt v thng qua vic lc mnh cy chng

pht hin nhng ch cng nhn cha c nh ng mc cn
thit yu cu hon chnh vic c nh cho tht chc chn. Khi cn
b k thut ca nh thu kim tra cng tc do cng nhn thc hin ,
cn c ngi cng nhn y dng c nh ba inh, inh, ca ,
trng, c, km , cl mang theo , nu cn gia c , sa cha th tin
hnh ngay khi pht hin khim khuyt. Khng cho kht , sa sau
ri qun i.
Bng sau y cho dung sai trong cng tc lp t cp-pha (
TCVN 4453-95)
Dung sai trong cng tc lp t cp-pha , gio
Tn sai lch
1. Khong cch gia cc ct
chng
cp-pha
+ Trn mi mt di
+ Trn ton khu
2. Sai lch mt phng cp-pha v
cc ng giao nhau ca chng
so vi chiu thng ng hoc
nghing thit k
+ Trn mi mt di
+ Trn ton b chiu cao kt cu
* Mng
* Tng v cy chng sn ton
khi 5 mt
*
Tng v cy chng sn
ton khi > 5 mt
* Ct khung c lin kt bng
dm
* Dm v vm

Mc cho php, mm
25
75

5
20
10
15
10
5
15
8
10
Theo ch nh ca thit k

3. Sai lch trc

* Mng
* Tng v ct
* Dm v vm
* Mng kt cu thp
33

10

4. Sai lch trc cp-pha trt,

cp-pha leo v cp-pha di ng
so vi trc cng trnh
(iv) Kim tra khi tho d cp-pha:
Tho d cp-pha ch c tin hnh khi b tng cng
chu lc. Khng c to ra cc xung trong qu trnh tho d cppha. Cp-pha thnh bn khng chu lc thng ng c r khi
cng ca b tng t 50 daN/cm2 , ngha l trong iu kin bnh
thng, s dng xi mng Pooclng PC 30, nhit ngoi tri trn
25oC, th sau 48 gi c th d cp-pha thnh bn ca kt cu.
Cp-pha chu lc thng ng ca kt cu b tng ch c d
khi b tng t cng % so vi tui b tng 28 ngy:
Loi kt cu
Bn, dm , vm c
khu < 2 mt
Bn, dm , vm c
khu bng 2 ~ 8
mt
Bn, dm , vm c
khu > 8 mt

Thi gian t c
Cng b tng t cng theo TCVN
c so vi R28 ( % ) 5592-1991 , ngy.
50

70

10

90

23

Ht sc ch vi cc loi kt cu hng nh vng v cngxn, sn

:
Nhng kt cu ny ch c tho d cp-pha khi c i trng
chng lt .
iu 3.6.6 ca TCVN 4453-95 ghi r: i vi cng trnh xy dng
trong khu vc c ng t v i vi cc cng trnh c bit, tr s
cng b tng cn t tho d cp-pha chu lc do thit k qui
nh.
iu ny c hiu l thit k qui nh khng c nh hn cc
s tr cho bng trn.

34

Nu s dng ph gia ng kt nhanh ca b tng , phi c

kin ca chuyn gia mi c d cp-pha. Chuyn gia ny phi chu
trch nhim ton din v cht lng b tng khi s dng ph gia v
thi gian tho d cp-pha.
Nu s dng cc bin php vt l thc y s ng cng
nhanh ca xi mng nh ti bo dng bng nc nng phi c
ngi chuyn mn chu trch nhim v phi c mu b tng th
nghim bo chng km v c nn p, cho kt qu tng thch mi
c quyt nh d cp-pha sm.
Khi lm nh nhiu tng, phi lu gi cp-pha v gio 2
tng ri l ti thiu. Nu tc thi cng nhanh , phi gi cp-pha v
gio nhiu hn , tu thuc s tnh ton cho b tng cc tng c
d phi sc chu ti bn trn.
2.4 Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc ct thp:
y:

Cng tc kim tra ct thp trong b tng bao gm cc vic sau

* Kim tra cht lng thp vt liu.

* Kim tra sch ca thanh thp.
* Kim tra s gia cng cho thanh thp m bo kch thc nh thit
k.
* Kim tra vic to thnh khung ct thp ca kt cu.
* Kim tra s m bo ct thp ng v tr trong xut qu trnh b
tng.
* Kim tra cc l chn trong kt cu dnh cho vic lun dy cp hoc
cc chi tit ca vic lp t thit b sau ny v cc chi tit t sn
bng thp hay vt liu khc s chn trong b tng v s lng , v v
tr vi chnh xc
theo tiu chun. Ch ny lu , khng c cho cc chi tit bng kim
loi nhm hay hp kim c nhm tip xc vi b tng. L do l phn t
nhm s tc ng vo kim xi mng to ra s trng th tch b tng
lm cho b tng b nt vn trong ni ti kt cu.
(i) Kim tra vt liu lm ct thp:

35

Cn nm vng ngun gc ct thp : ni ch to , nh bn hng,

tiu chun c da vo sn xut thng qua catalogue bn hng.
Vi thp khng r ngun gc, k s t vn m bo cht lng yu
cu nh thu a vo cc phng th nghim c t cch hnh ngh th
nghim kim tra cc ch tiu nh cng chu ko, kt qu th un
v un li khng hon ton , th un v un li.
Hin nay rt nhiu thp trn th trng nc ta do cc hp tc
x v t nhn ch to khng tun theo tiu chun k thut nghim
tc nn vic th nghim l ht sc cn thit.
Thp nhp cnh nu khng c catalogue cng phi th nghim
bit nhng tnh nng c l xem c ph hp vi thit k hay khng.
Thp dng trong b tng l thp chuyn dng trong xy dng.
Nu l thp Vit nam , theo TCVN 1651:1975, c bn nhm thp cn
nng l ct trn trn nhm C I, ct c g nhm C II , C III v C IV.
Nu k hiu theo Nga , l cc nhm tng ng ng vi A I , A II,
A III , A IV.
Cng tiu chun ca cc nhm thp cn nng i chiu
vi cc loi thp cn th nghim xc nh cng cho trong
bng:
Nhm ct thp thanh

Cng tiu chun R

( KG/cm2)
2.200
3.000
4.000
6.000
5.200

CI
C II
C III
C IV
Dy thp ccbon thp ko ngui

a.c

Th ko ct thp theo tiu chun TCVN 197:1985 .

m bo kh nng chu bin dng do ca ct thp , cn th
nghim un ct thp. Th nghim un ct thp theo TCVN 198:1985.
Vi nhng cng trnh quan trng, khi cn thit cn xc nh
thnh phn ca thp suy ra cc tnh nng c hc ca thp. Khi ,
ngi k s t vn m bo cht lng cng trnh yu cu ngi cung
cp thp s dng trong cng trnh phi cho bit hm lng cc
thnh phn sau y cha trong thp: hm lng ccbon, mnggan,
phtpho, silic, sunfur, titan, vanadium. Bit c hm lng da vo
tiu ch ca hp kim bit tnh cht c l ca thp.
36

Vi cc cng trnh khung b tng ct thp, vic la chn ct

thp thng chn thp trn cn nng nhm C II , c s hiu CT 5 lm
thp chu lc.
Loi thp ny , trc y gi l thp gai , nay gi l thp g
hoc thp thanh vn. Mt ngoi thanh thp c dp ni nhng g lm
tng bm dnh gia b tng v thp. Trc y thp g lm theo
tiu chun ca Lin x (c), loi CT5, g cng chiu phn
bit vi loi 25 C thuc nhm C III, c g chm u nhau lm g
thnh hnh xng c . By gi, cc c s sn xut thp khng tun
theo tiu chun no trong nc ta bt chc thp ca nc ngoi ,
khi gia cng ch to thp thng lm mi loi thp g u c b
ngoi hnh xng c nn vic yu cu th nghim thp cng cn
thit.
Khi cn kim tra bit b tr ct thp c ng ng knh
danh ngha khng , ta xem bng sau:
ng knh
danh ngha
(mm)
6
8
10
12
16
20
25
32
40

Din tch mt
ct ngang dang
ngha
(mm2)
28,3
50,3
78,3
113
201
314
491
804
1256

Khi lng theo chiu di

Yu cu kg/m
Dung sai %
0,222
0,395
0,617
0,888
1,58
2,47
3,85
6,31
9,86

8
8
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

Ct u cho ta kch thc danh ngha, iu ny c th hgiu l

khi chn tit din trong tnh ton , thp c chn theo din tch chu
lc ct 2 v c coi ng knh thanh tng ng vi ct 1. Nhng
do b ngoi ng knh c g nn ng knh thanh ny ch l danh
ngha, khng th o ch lm ri cng vi o ch li ca g m chia
bnh qun. Cch lm tt l cht 1 hay 2 mt ri cn, theo bng ny ta
suy c ng knh danh ngha.
37

Thp vn hay thp c g c 5 nhn mc l RB 300, RB 400,

RB 500 v RB 400W v RB 500W.
Loi RB 300 , RB 400 , RB 500 kh hn. Cc loi RB 400W v
RB 500 W c th hn bng phng php thng thng.
Cc ch tiu c hc ca thp vn nh trong bng :
Mc thp
RB 300
RB 400
RB 400W
RB 500
RB 500W

Gii hn chy Gii hn bn dn di

A 5,65 %
trn ReH N/mm2 ko Rm , N/mm2
300
330
16
400
440
14
500

550

14

Nu phi th thnh phn ho hc ca thp th nhng thnh

phn cc cht trong thp phi tng ng vi:
Mc
thp
RB
300
RB
400
RB
500
RB
400W
RB
500W

Si

Mn

0,22

0,60

1,60

(0,24)

(0,65)

(1,70)

0,060 0,060
(0,070) (0,070)

0,050

0,050

Cdl

0,012

0,50

(0,055) (0,055) (0,013)

(0,52)

(ii) Kim tra sch ca ct thp:

Vi thp si 6, 8, 10 thm than bo v chng g, khi s
dng vo kt cu cn ti cho rng lp than.
Cn ch s bn do du, m lm bn thp, phi lau sch.
Nhng thanh thp c bi du hay m chng g , khi s dng vo

38

kt cu phi lau sch. Thp g phi chut , nh g cho sch. Nhng

ch bm bn, bn phi lau c sch.
Thp cong, un gp, phi dui thng. Thanh thp b dp, mp
qu 2% ng knh phi loi b, khng a vo kt cu.
(iii) Gia cng theo kch th-c thit k ca thanh:
Cn kim tra thy thp ch c ct un theo phng php
c hc.
Rt hn ch dng nhit un v ct thp. Nhit s lm bin i
tnh cht ca thp.
Hin nay nhiu bn v c trnh by theo cc nh k thut
phng Ty nn khng trin khai ct thp trong bn v nh trc y
nn k s ca nh thu phi trin khai ct thp theo thc t v thng
qua t vn m bo cht lng, trnh ch nhim d n duyt trc khi
thi cng.
Khi ct v un ct thp theo l th c 100 thanh thp gia
cng s ly nm thanh bt k kim tra. Tr s sai lch khng c
vt qu s liu cho trong bng di y:
Cc sai lch
1. Sai lch v kch thc theo
chiu di ca ct thp chu lc:
a) Mi mt di
b) Ton b chiu di
2. Sai lch v v tr im un

Mc cho php ( mm)

5
20
20

3. Sai lch v chiu di ct thp

trong kt cu b tng khi ln:
a) Khi chiu di nh hn 10 mt
b) Khi chiu di ln hn 10 mt
4. Sai lch v gc un ca ct
thp
5. Sai lch v kch thc mc un
trong : d - ng knh ct thp
39

+d
+(d+0,2a)
3o
+a

a - chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp.

Vic hn ct thp bng h quang dng trong cc trng hp:
* Ni di cc thanh thp cn nng c ng knh ln hn 8 mm;
* Hn cc chi tit t sn, cc b phn cu to v lin kt cc mi ni
trong ct thp.
Hn lm tng nhit thanh thp ln qu ln , lm thay i tnh
cht c l ca thp nn bn thit k phi quyt nh ch no c
hn, khng nn lm dng cng tc hn. Hn ch c tin hnh vi
vt liu thp m qu trnh tng nhit khng hay t lm nh hng n
cht lng vt liu hn.
Mi hn phi m bo cht lng v y ca ng hn,
di ng hn, chiu cao ng hn. Cn ch phi hn i xng
m bo cho thp thanh khng b bin dng do chnh nhit.
Kim tra cht lng ng hn tin hnh nh sau:
* Ly trong 100 mi hn ly ra mt cch bt k 5 mu kim tra
kch thc, cng ly trong 100 mi hn y 3 mu kim tra th ko
v 3 mu kim tra th un.
* Sai lch khng c vt qu s liu cho trong bng:
Tn sai lch

Mc cho php

1. Sai s v kch thc chung ca cc khung

hn phng v cc li hn cng nh theo
di ca cc thanh ring l:
a) Khi ng knh thanh thp khng qu
16mm:
* Theo di ca sn phm.
* Theo chiu rng hoc chiu cao ca sn
phm.
* Kch thc ca sn phm theo chiu rng
hoc theo chiu cao khng ln hn 1 mt.
b) Khi ng knh thanh ct thp 18 mm~ 40
mm:
* Theo di ca sn phm.
40

10 mm
5 mm
3 mm

10 mm
10 mm

* Theo chiu rng hoc chiu cao ca sn

phm.
* Kch thc ca sn phm theo chiu rng
hoc theo chiu cao khng ln hn 1 mt.
c) Khi ng knh thanh ct thp t 40 mm
tr ln
* Theo di ca sn phm.
* Theo chiu cao ca sn phm

5 mm

50 mm
20 mm

2. Sai s v khong cch gia cc thanh

ngang ( thanh ni) ca cc khung hn, sai
s v kch thc ca li hn v v khong
cch gia cc b phn ca khung khng
ging

10 mm

Tn sai lch
3. Sai s v khong cch gia cc thanh
chu lc ring bit ca khung phng hoc
khung khng gian vi ng knh ca thanh
l:

Mc cho php

* Nh hn 40 mm
* Bng v ln hn 40 mm
4. Sai s theo mt phng ca cc li hn
hoc cc khung hn phng khi ng knh
cc thanh:
* Nh hn 12 mm
* T 12 ~ 24 mm
* T 24 mm ~ 50 mm
* Trn 50 mm

0,5 d
1 d

10 mm
15 mm
20 mm
25 mm
2d

5. Sai lch v v tr ch un ca thanh

6. Sai lch tim cc khung ct thp ( o theo
tim x)

41

15 mm
5%

7. Sai lch vng cc khung ct thp chu

lc so vi thit k
d l ng knh thanh thp.
Vi cc ng hn cng cn kim tra cn thn, vic kim tra
ng hn phi t cc sai lch khng c vt qu s liu cho
trong bng sau y:
Tn v hin tng sai lch

Mc cho php

1. X dch ca ng ni tm ca hai thanh np

trn i vi trc thanh c ni khi c thanh
np v ng hn v mt bn

0,1 d v bn ca
mi hn

2. Sai lch v chiu di ca cc thanh m v

thanh np

0,5 d

3. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn c

khun

0,1 d

4. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn

theo hng dc ( tr cc mi hn c thanh np
t lch)

0,5 d

5. lch ca trc cc thanh mi hn

6. X dch tim ca cc thanh mi ni
a) Khi hn c khun
b) Khi hn c cc thanh np trn
c) Khi hn i u
7. Sai s v chiu di ca cc mi hn cnh
8. Sai s v chiu rng ca cc mi hn cnh
9. Chiu rng chn mi hn khng bm vo
42

3o
0,1 d
0,1 d
0,1 d
0,5 d
0,15 d
0,1 d

thp gc khi hn bng phng php hn nhiu

lp hoc khi hn cc thanh ng knh nh hn
40 mm
10. Chiu su vt lm cho tia h quang thp
tm v thp hnh khi hn vi thp trn hoc
thp vn
11. S lng rng bt v x ngm vo trong mi
hn:
* Trn b mt mi hn trong di khong 2d
* Trong tit din mi hn
Khi d nh hn hoc bng 16 mm
Khi d ln hn 16 mm
12. ng knh trung bnh l rng v x ngm
vo mi hn:
* Trn mt mi hn
* Trong tit din mi hn
Khi d nh hn 16 mm
Khi d ln trn 16 mm

2,5 mm
3 ch
2 ch
3 ch

1,5 mm
1,0 mm
1,5 mm

d l ng knh thanh thp.

(iv) Kim tra s to thnh khung ct thp ca kt cu:
Vic to thnh khung ca kt cu gm cc vic buc ct thp
thnh khung v lp dng a khung ng vo v tr c cp-pha
hoc bc cp-pha cho khung ct thp ny.
Vic ni buc cc thanh thp chng ln nhau i vi cc loi
ct thp do thit k qui nh. Khng ni ti nhng ni m kt cu chu
lc ln v ch kt cu un cong. Trong mt tit din kt cu , khng
ni qu 25% din tch tng cng ca ct thp chu lc vi thp trn
trn v khng qu 50% vi thp vn.
Tiu chun TCVN 4453-1995 qui nh on buc chng khng
nh hn 250 mm cho vng chu ko v 200 mm cho vng chu nn.
43

Tuy vy v ngi thi cng khng phi l ngi thit k kt cu

nn qui nh vng nn hay vng ko c th dn n nhm ln m
nn qui nh rng ri hn v on chng ny. Cc yu cu ca nhiu
nc ngoi hay qui nh on chng ny l 45 d.
Vi thp trn trn, u thanh ni chp phi un mc. Thp
thanh vn khng cn un mc.
Dy thp buc l dy thp mm c ng knh 1 mm. Mt on
chp phi c buc t nht 3 mi, mt mi gia v hai mi hai u
chp.
Cn kim tra cc chi tit chn sn trong b tng v cc vt cn
chn trong b tng. Nhng vt ny cn c nh vo khung ct thp
hay vo cp-pha phi thc hin trong qu trnh to thnh khung ct
thp ca kt cu ny. Cn kim tra v v tr v s lng cho chnh
xc.
Khi c cha l xuyn qua kt cu b tng nh sn , dm , ct
hoc khi kt cu un, gp khc hay thay i hng cn b tr nhng
thanh thp cu to chng ng sut cc b. iu ny phi c th
hin qua bn v ca bn thit k lp. Nu v l do g m bn thit k
cha th hin , k s ca nh thu cn lp thnh bn v b sung v
thng qua k s t vn m bo cht lng trnh ch nhim d n
duyt cho thi cng. y l iu ht sc quan trng nhng bn thit k
t kinh nghim thng khng ch . Mun cng trnh khng xut hin
nhng vt nt nh cc gc l trng m thng xut hin ng sut
cc b phc tp, cn b tr y nhng thanh thp cu to loi ny.
Cn c s ch tho ng khi kim tra n nhng thp ai nhng
on ca kt cu dm v ct cn thp ai dy do phi chu lc tp
trung , lc ct ln, cn treo kt cu khc.
Cn ch n cc ct ai vng kt cu chu xon. Phi un
mc ng qui nh cho ai chu xon.
Sau khi lp thnh khung ct thp a vo cp-pha, cn treo
v k nhng ming k bng b tng ct thp hay bng cc vt k
c ch to chuyn dng k bng thp hoc thp bc nha
m bo chiu dy ln bo v. Mt ca tm k hoc vt k phi
sao cho khi c x dch, chiu dy lp b tng bo v c sau
ny cng khng b mng i.
Vic kim tra khung ct thp lp dng trc khi ng trong hp
cp-pha hoc trc khi b tng phi lp thnh bin bn nghim
44

thu cng trnh kn s c lp ph. Khng th lm cng vic ny mt

cch qua loa. Phi ht sc cn thn kim tra cng on ny v lp
h s ng qui nh.
S liu khi kim tra phi nh hn s liu cung cp trong bng
sau y.
Tn sai lch
1. Sai s khong cch gia cc thanh chu
lc t ring bit
a) Vi kt cu khi ln
b) Vi ct, dm v vm
c) Vi bn , tng , mng di khung
2. Sai s khong cch gia cc hng ct thp
khi b tr nhiu hng theo chiu cao:
a) Cc kt cu c chiu di hn 1 mt v
mng t di cc kt cu v thit b k thut
b) Dm khung v bn c chiu dy ln hn
100 mm
c) Bn c chiu dy n 100 mm v chiu
dy lp bo v 10 mm.
3. Sai s v khong cch gia cc ct thp
ai ca dm, ct, khung , v dn ct thp
4. Sai lch cc b v chiu dy lp bo v
a) Cc kt cu khi ln
b) Mng nm di cc kt cu v thit b k
thut
c) Ct , dm v vm
d) Tng v bn chiu dy trn 100 mm
e) Tng v bn chiu dy n 100 mm vi
chiu dy lp bo v l 10 mm.
5. Sai lch v khong cch gia cc thanh
phn b trong mt hng:
a) i vi bn , tng v mng di kt cu
khung
b) i vi nhng kt cu khi ln.
45

Mc cho php, mm
30 mm
10 mm
20 mm

20 mm
5 mm
3 mm

10 mm
20 mm
10 mm
5 mm
5 mm
3 mm

25 mm
40 mm

6. Sai lch v v tr cc ct thp ai so vi

chiu ng hoc chiu ngang ( khng k
trng hp khi ct ai b t nghing so vi
thit k)
7. Sai lch v tr tim ca cc thanh t u
cc khung hn ni ti hin trng vi cc
khung khc khi ng knh ca thanh:
* Nh hn 40 mm
* Ln hn hoc bng 40 mm.
8. Sai lch v tr mi hn ca cc thanh theo
chiu di ca cu kin
a) Cc khung v kt cu tng mng
b) Cc kt cu khi ln
9. Sai lch ca v tr cc b phn ct thp
trong kt cu khi ln ( khung, khi , dn ) so
vi thit k:
a) Trong mt bng
b) Theo chiu cao

10 mm

5 mm
10 mm

25 mm
50 mm
50 mm
30 mm

(v) Kim tra ct thp m bo ng v tr trong xut qu trnh thi

cng:
Trong qu trnh thi cng c nhiu tc ng lm x dch v tr ct
thp c nghim thu trc khi b tng nh i li trn ct thp,
dm bp ct thp vai b cc gi ta, s m b tng khi t chy
m vo ct thp, s va p c hc lm mp cc khung ct thp, v
cc ming k, lch cc ming k.
S thng trc ca cng nhn m bo sa nhng li ny l
bt buc. Khng c th st trc khi b tng s dn n nhng sai
hng ng trch m thiu vng ngi nn chnh. Thiu cng nhn
trc cp-pha v cng nhn trc sa ct thp th cha nn tin hnh
b tng.

46

Kt cu b tng ct thp l kt cu chu lc quan trng m

bo chc nng cng trnh v s bn vng ca kt cu nn s chng
kin ca k s t vn m bo cht lng cng trnh vi cc vic lm
ca bn nh thu l ht sc cn thit.
Cng tc kim tra c th tham kho bng sau y:
Cng tc cn
Phng php
Yu cu ca
Tn sut kim
kim tra
kim tra
kim tra
tra
1
2
3
4
Theo
phiu C catalogue,
giao
hng, c chng ch v Mi ln nhn
chng
ch, hng giao ng hng
catalogue,quan catalogue.
st bng mt.
Vt liu ct o kim li ng u v
thp
ng knh ct kch thc tit
ng Mi ln nhn
thp hoc cn din,

nh
ra ng knh yu hng
ng
knh cu
danh ngha ca
ct vn
Th mu theo m bo theo Trc khi gia
TCVN 197-85 , yu cu thit k cng
TCVN 198- 85
Quan st bn Bng
mt B mt sch, Trc khi gia
ngoi
thanh thng
khng b mp, cng
thp
bp
Quan st vic Bng
mt m bo qui Khi gia cng
ct, un ct thng
trnh k thut
thp
Thanh thp o bng thc
Sai lch phi
C 100 thanh
un
nh hn s liu ly 5 thanh
qui nh
kim tra
Thit b hn
m bo cc
Trc khi hn
thng s
v nh k 3
thng 1 ln
Bc th hn Bc th ng Trc khi tin
p ng
qui nh
hnh hn
Hn mu th

47

Cng tc hn
ct thp

Bng
mt
thng
v
thc o
Th
nghim
mu

Mi hn p
ng s liu yu
cu
m bo cc
ch tiu
Nu c mu
khng t phi
kim tra li vi
s mu gp i
Kim tra siu Phi m bo
m
TCVN cht lng
1548-85

Thp ch v chi Xc nh v tr,

tit t sn
kch thc v
s lng bng
bin php thch
hp
Ni buc ct Quan st bng
thp
mt thng, o
bng thc
Lp dng ct Quan st bng
thp
mt thng. o
bng thc

Con k, vt
k
Chiu dy lp
b tng bo v
ct thp
Thay i ct
thp

Bng mt, o
bng thc
Kim tra in t
theo
TCXD
240-2000 (*)
Theo tnh ton

Khi hn xong
v nghim thu
C 100 mi hn
ly 3 mu
kim tra cng

Khi cp nghi
ng hoc khi
cn thit

Trc khi b
t cc yu tng
cu trong thit
k
m bo on Trong v sau
chng ni
khi to khung
ct thp
Lp dng ng
Qu trnh t
k thut.
Chng loi, v hp ct thp
tr v kch thc ca kt cu v
khi nghim thu
ng thit k
Sai lch trong
phm vi qui
nh
m bo ng Qu trnh t
qui nh
hp ct thp
Theo ng qui Qu trnh lp
nh cho tng dng
v
loi kt cu
nghim thu
Khi gp kh Trc khi gia
khn cn thay
cng ct thp

Ch thch: (*)

48

Mt s loi my o t kim tra chiu dy lp bo v b tng v

tnh nng:
+ My IZC-3 ; IZC-10H
Nc sn xut : CHLB Nga , ngun 9 Volts , nng 4,5 Kg, ch th
ng h , o c t 0 ~ 50 mm v ng knh thanh thp t 6 mm
n 16 mm.
+ My PROFORMETER 4
Nc sn xut : Thu s , ngun 9 Volts , nng 2 Kg, mn hnh tinh
th lng, hin th s , o c t 0 ~ 300 mm v ng knh thanh
thp t 2 mm n 45 mm.
+ My PROFORMETER E0490
Nc sn xut : Php , ngun DC & AC , nng 4 Kg, ch th mn hnh
hin th s, o c t 0 ~ 200 mm v ng knh thanh thp t 4
mm n 40 mm.
2.5 Kim tra qu trnh thi cng b tng:
2.5.1 Kim tra cht l-ng hn hp b tng:
Mt khu kim tra ht sc quan trng vi cng tc b tng l
kim tra vt liu b tng. Khu ny c chuyn ring.
Lu nay chng ta ch c yu cu hn hp b tng v cng
cui cng. Nu ch yu cu nh vy cha v cn nhiu c trng
khc c s dng trong qu trnh thi cng cha c k n y .
Khi la chn hn hp b tng s dng cho cng trnh c 4
phng n la chn nh sau:
(i) Hn hp theo thit k:
Hn hp c qui nh bng vic m bo cc yu cu v dng
phm cp cng , cc yu cu c bit ca vt liu, hm lng xi
mng ti a v ti thiu, t l nc/ximng t do ti thiu v mt s
yu cu khc.
49

tng.

S th nghim v cng gip thit k thnh phn hn hp b

(ii) Hn hp theo n t hng:

Hn hp c qui nh vt liu thnh phn v cc tnh cht
ca vt liu thnh phn ny sn xut c b tng p ng yu
cu. S nh liu trc t l hn hp to thnh mt phn thit yu ca
cc yu cu phi p ng. Th nghim cng khng dng liu
nh s p ng cc yu cu.
(iii) Hn hp tiu chun:
Hn hp c chn trong bng tnh sn ca Tiu chun Nh
nc. Th nghim v cng khng dng nh liu s p ng
yu cu.
(iv) Hn hp ch nh:
Ngi mua b tng phi ch nh loi kt cu s dng b tng
nh l b tng khi ln, b tng c hay khng coa ct thp, b tng
s dng cho kt cu ng lc trc, ...
Ngi ch nh phi nu r kch c vt liu theo danh nh.
Ngi mua phi qui nh tnh cng tc ca b tng, phuing
php thi cng v phng php hon thin mt b tng.
Khi chun b ch to b tng, ngi ch to b tng cn
c bit cc thng s m k s t vn m bo cht lng phi yu
cu:
* Cng nn mu theo yu cu.
* st b tng thun li cho cng tc.
* Thi gian bt u ng rn v thi gian kt thc ninh kt.
* Cc yu cu v chng xm thc ca mi trng.
* Cc yu cu v ct liu v thnh phn thch hc, thnh phn
ho cht, hm lng clo, kim ...
* Cc yu cu v xi mng nh : chng loi , Mc, ph gia, thi
hn ct gi, hm lng ti a v ti thiu, mu sc.
* Cc yu cu v nc v t l nc/ximng ti a.
* Cc yu cu v ph gia kch hot hoc gim hot.
50

* Cc yu cu khc nh h nhit , co ngt, chng thm, . . .

* Cc yu cu v th nghim vt liu, chng ch ca vt liu s
dng .
Khi cn thit phi lm th nghim trc quyt nh thnh
phn hn hp b tng.
Trong vng Lai Chu v Sn La , nn s dng b tng cho cc
kt cu c s hiu C 25 tr ln s thch hp cho s chu cc lc chn
ng do ng t.
Nn s dng cc h ph gia khi silic tng cng b tng
, tng tnh do v gim lng nc trong b tng.
Ch trn xong b tng hay b tng thng phm v n cng
trng ngi k s t vn m bo cht lng cn phi:
Quan st bng mt xem mu sc, qunh ca b tng, s b
nhn nh v ct liu.
Yu cu ni cung cp b tng th st trc khi b tng c
a n ni s dng.
c mu kim nh cht lng. C 50 m3 b tng phi ly
mt t mu th. Ghi nhn gn vo mu va c. Nhn cn ghi
ngy , gi cung cp b tng, kt cu cn s dng b tng ly mu
ny, ni cung cp, m cung cp.
2.5.2 Kim tra qu trnh vn chuyn b tng:
Khu ny phi kim tra cc yu t sau y:
* Phng tin vn chuyn : Phng tin vn chuyn phi kn , khng
lm chy nc xi mng. Phng tin vn chuyn nn c bnh hi
gim chn ng rung khi di chuyn.
* ng vn chuyn : Khng xa qu 200m nu vn chuyn th cng
v ng nhn v cng khng gy rung, xc. Nu khng c
ng nha phi lt mt ng bng vn g hay thp.
* Nu s dng bm phi theo cc tnh nng ca my bm, trong
lu : st ca b tng bm vn hnh tt, ng knh ti a
51

ca ct liu ln phi nh hn 1/3 ng knh ch nh nht ca ng

dn b tng, nht ca hn hp b tng chuyn dch trong ng
tt.
Vn hnh my bm phi theo catalogue ca my bm. Khi cn
ngh bm qu 10 pht , phi bm theo chu k khong 10 pht mt ln
bm cht t chng ng kt b tng trong ng bm.
V l thuyt c th chuyn b tng bng bng chuyn nhng
thc t, bng chuyn kh chuyn c ly xa v nc xi mng b bm
dnh vo tm bng nhiu nn hn ch s dng. Nu s dng bng
chuyn phi kim tra hn ch gc dc ca bng chuyn khi
chuyn ln khng c qu 15o v khi xung khng qu 10o.
Qu trnh vn chuyn b tng khng c lm cho b tng b
phn tng. Nu trn mt b tng thy nc xi mng ni ln tc l b
tng b phn tng, phi trn li trc khi b tng vo kt cu.
2.5.3 Kim tra qu trnh v m b tng :
Qu trnh b tng v m b tng ht sc quyt nh cht
lng ca b tng nn k s t vn m bo cht lng cn c mt
thng trc chng kin cng vic ca bn nh thu.
Chiu cao ri t do ca b tng khng c qu 1,5 mt
trnh hin tng phn tng. Nu chiu cao ri t do qu 1,50 mt
phi cho b tng trt qua mng nghing hay ng bt, ng vi voi.
Khi b tng phi c ngi trc phng bt trc, ri ro.
Khi dng cc phng tin gy ng sut cc b ln ln cp-pha
hay to xung lc mnh, bn nh thu phi kim tra tnh ton v k s
t vn m bo cht lng cn kim tra ri trnh cho ch nhim d n
duyt.
Qu trnh thi cng phi phng tri ma v chun b phng
tin che chn nu c ma. ang thi cng gp ma khng c thi
cng tip m phi i cho cng b tng t n 25 daN/cm2 (
nu thi tit 25oC, khong 24 gi ) mi c thi cng tip v coi ch
ngng do ma l khe ngng thi cng v s l nh s l khe ngng. V
l ny m khi b tng , gii phn cch cc din tch c b
tng nn la chn trng vi mch ngng thi cng. Khi cng
thi cng tip, dn sch mt tip gip, nu cn thit phi c xm , ly
52

h xi mng v sikagrout ( 1 : 1 ) pht ln ch gip mi khe ngng vi

chiu dy khong 5 mm lm vt liu dn gia lp b tng v b
tng mi. Khi m cn ch khng chc m vo ch b tng
v phi quan st cho b tng mi chy lm mn mch ni.
Chiu dy mi lp ch nn t 2/3 chiu su tc ng ca
my m. Khng c t m ln ct thp v khng dng tc ng
ca m lm cho b tng dch chuyn ngang.
Khng nn m mt v tr qu lu m ch cn va cht, ngha
l m n khi trn mt b tng chm xut hin nc xi mng. m
qu lu mt ch s gy phn tng b tng.
Khi b tng khi ln ( tm qui c l kt cu c din tch
y > 10 m2, chiu cao kt cu > 0,80 mt ) mi lp nn l
khong 30 cm v ch cho b tng sp ht thi gian ti mi nn
tip trnh s xut hin nhng vt nt do ng sut nhit gy ra.
Mt trn cng ca kt cu b tng va cn c sa sang
bng cch cn phng v xoa bng bn xoa. Nu cn s l c bit
bn thit k phi c ch dn ring. Vi b tng mt ng hay b tng
mt sn rng c th dng bin php gia cng b mt bng cch
chn ng li. Bin php ny phi c lp bin php ring theo ch
dn ca chuyn gia.
2.5.4 Bo d-ng b tng:
Bo dng b tng cn c theo di v c s quan tm
ng mc. Qu trnh gip cho b tng pht trin tt cng l qu
trnh bo dng.
Sau khi b tng phi bt u qu trnh bo dng bng cch
che kn b mt b tng bng bao ti , giy xi mng ri 4 gi sau bt
u ti m. Khng che, mt b tng s chu tc ng ca cc tia
trong nh sng mt tri lm hi n cht lng. Che li gip qu trnh
bc hi nc chm li khin cho chu k ti tha ra.
Vic bo dng b tng phi tun theo TCVN 5592-1991. Theo
tiu chun ny th Lai Chu v Sn La nm trong khu vc A , thi
gian phi ti nc cho mt b tng thng xuyn m c ban ngy
ln ban m l 4 ngy vo ma kh v 3 ngy vo ma ma.
53

2.5.5 Cc yu cu v kim tra cht l-ng b tng:

Cc yu cu kim tra cht lng cng tc b tng c tm tt
nh bng di y:
i tng kim
tra
1

Phng php
Yu cu t
kim tra
2
3
1. V vt liu
Kim tra phiu
Ph hp vi
Xi mng
giao hng
n t hng
Th nghim xc Ph hp vi
nh cc tnh TCVN
2682cht c l theo 1992
TCVN
4029~
4032-85
Xc nh Ph hp vi
bn thnh phn TCVN 1771-86
Ct liu
ht v bn v , si v
ca ct liu TCVN 1770-86
theo tiu chun v ct.
hin hnh
Xem phiu giao Ph hp vi
hng
n t hng
Ph gia v cht Th
nghim Ph hp vi
n
mu b tng c yu cu k
ph gia hoc thut
cht n
Nc

Tn sut kim
tra
4
Mi ln giao
hng
Theo cch kim
tra
ti
hin
trng
Ln giao hng
u tin.
Khi c nghi ng
Khi thay i ct
liu.
Mi ln giao
hng
Khi c nghi ng

Khi khng dng

Th
nghim Nc khng c nc sinh hot
phn tch ho cht c hi cng cng
hc
theo
TCVN Khi c nghi ng
4506-87
Khi thay i
ngun nc
2. Thit b thi cng

My trn n
chic
54

H thng trm Cc thng s Khng c s c Trc khi

trn
k thut
khi vn hnh
dng v sau
theo nh k
Thit b cn
ong xi mng
Cc thng s
Trc khi
C chnh dng v sau
Thit b cn k thut
xc theo qui theo nh k
ong ct liu
Cc thng s nh
Thit b cn k thut
ong
C chnh Trc khi
ph gia v cht
xc theo qui dng v sau
n
nh
theo nh k

Thit b v dng Cc thng s C chnh Trc khi s

c cn ong k thut
xc theo qui dng v sau
nc
nh
theo nh k
Thit b v dng
c ly mu th
nghim
Thit b v dng
c th st

Bng
cc m bo
phng
tin chnh xc theo Mi ln s dng
kim tra thch qui nh
hp

Trang b vn Cc thng s Khng s c Trc khi s

chuyn v my k thut
khi s dng
dng sau
m b tng
theo nh k
3. Hn hp b tng trn trn cng trng
st
Kim tra theo
So vi st
Ln trn u
TCVN 3106qui nh
tin v khi thy
1993
nghi ng
ng nht So snh t cc nh gi
ca b tng
mu th ly t ng u ca Khi c nghi ng
cc m trn hn hp b
khc nhau
tng
chng thm Th
nghim So snh vi Theo qui nh
nc
theo
TCVN chng thm yu ca thit k
3116-1993
cu
55

Cng nn Th mu theo
TCVN
31181993
Cng ko Th theo TCVN
khi un
3119-1993
Hn
tng

hp
1

So snh vi Theo qui nh

chng thm yu ca k thut
cu
So snh vi Khi cn thit
cng ko Khi hp ng
qui nh
yu cu.
4. B tng ch trn sn ( b tng thng phm )
b Xem phiu giao Cht lng theo Mi ln giao
hng
n t hng
hng
2
Kim tra st
theo TCVN
3106-1993

3
So vi st
qui nh

4
Ln giao hng
st
u tin sau
theo tn sut
th
ng nht Bng
mt So snh vi Mi ln giao
ca b tng
thng
trng thi thng hng
thng
Cng nn
Th mu theo
Theo yu cu
TCVN
3118- So vi yu cu k thut
1993
Cng ko Th mu theo
Khi cn thit
khi un
TCVN
3119- So vi yu cu Theo hp ng
1993
5. Qu trnh trn , to hnh v bo dng b tng
T l pha trn
m bo t l
vt liu
Bng trang b trn
Ln trn u
T l N/X
ti hin trng
ng t l N/X tin sau theo
yu cu
nh k
m bo
chnh xc qui
Mi ln vn
Qui trnh trn
o lng vt nh
liu
m bo thi chuyn
Thi gian trn
gian trn
Vn
chuyn nh gi st Khng b phn
hn hp
v ng tng
Mi ln vn
nht
m bo st chuyn
b tng
Bng
mt ng k thut
Mi ln b
56

thng
m b tng
Bng
mt m cht
thng
Thi gian m
thi gian
Bo dng b Bng
mt Theo
TCVN
tng
thng
5592-1991
Tho d cp- thi gian lu Ph hp vi k
pha
gi
thut
Pht
hin Bng
mt Nu gii php
khuyt tt
thng
sa cha
6. B tng cng
B mt b tng Bng
mt Khng
c
thng
khuyt tt
ng nht
Theo
20TCN Xc nh
17-89
ng nht thc
t
1
Cng nn

Mi kt cu
Mi kt cu
Mi kt cu
Mi kt cu
Mi kt cu

2
3
Sng bt ny So vi yu cu
v siu m
Khoan ly mu

Kch thc hnh

hc

tng
Mi ln m

4
Khi c nghi ng
Khi th mu
khng t
S lng mu
Cng thc khng theo
qui nh
t

Phng tin o
thch hp

m bo trong
dung sai

Khi c nghi ng

2.5.5 Lp h s
H s cn c a vo nh gi cht lng v lm c s cho
nghim thu cng tc b tng ct thp :
1. Nghim thu cht lng cng tc ct thp t vo kt cu.
2. Cht lng b tng qua th mu v quan st trc tip ti hin
trng. Km cc chng ch v ngun gc vt liu v chng ch cht
lng vt liu ghi r kt cu s dng vt liu y.
3. Kch thc , hnh dng, v tr kt cu. Cc chi tit t sn v
l ch.
57

4. Khe ln, khe nhit.

5. Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu.
6. Bn v cc thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cho tng kt cu.
7. H s, cng vn, vn bn tho thun hay ngh thay i.
8. Cc kt qu th nghim vt liu, cng , kt qu cc th
nghim thc hin trong c ghi r cc kt lun.
9. Cc bin bn lp vi cng tc cn nghim thu trung gian.
10. Cc bin bn nghim thu cc cng tc lm giai on
trc nh nghim thu tim trc mng , bin bn dn tim, trc , cao
trnh , nghim thu nn, mng.
11. S nht k thi cng.
Bng dung sai vi cng tc b tng:
Sai lch
Dung sai ( mm)
1. lch ca cc mt phng v cc ng
ct nhau ca cc mt phng so vi ng
thng ng hoc so vi nghing thit k:
5
a) Trn 1m chiu cao kt cu;
b) Trn ton b chiu cao kt cu
20
* Mng
15
* Tng trong cp-pha c nh v ct
lin vi sn
10
* Kt cu khung ct
* Cc kt cu thi cng bng cp-pha trt
1/500 chiu cao cng
hoc cp-pha leo
trnh nh phi <
100mm
2. lch ca mt b tng so vi mt phng
ngang
a) Tnh cho 1 m mt phng v bt c phng
5
no
20
b) Trn ton b mt phng cng trnh
3. Sai lch ca mt phng b tng trn cng
so vi thit k khi kim tra bng thc di 2
mt khi p st mt b tng

4. Sai lch theo chiu di hoc nhp ca cc

20

58

kt cu
5. Sai lch tit din ngang ca cc b phn
kt cu

6. Sai lch v tr v cao ca cc chi tit lm

gi ta cho kt cu thp hoc kt cu b tng
ct thp lp ghp

2.6 Kim tra cht l-ng cng tc b tng ct thp ng lc tr-c:

2.6.1 Nhng vic khng thuc v cng tc ng lc tr-c cn -c
kim tra ng thi vi cc cng tc ng lc tr-c nh- sau:
* B tng s dng cho kt cu ng lc trc phi c hm lng Cl hoc SO4- - khng c vt qu gi tr 0,1 % so vi khi lng xi
mng.
* Khi thi cng b tng, phi ly s lng mu th cht lng b
tng nhiu hn so vi thi cng b tng bnh thng v cn mt s mu
s dng cho kim tra phc v cng tc ng lc trc.
* bn vng v n nh ca cppha phi c k thm cc tc
ng do cng tc ng lc trc gy ra.
* Nu cn thit khe ngng thi cng th yu cu nh thu thuyt
minh s tnh ton c k n s lm vic ca kt cu ng lc trc.
Mi tnh ton v thuyt minh cn c t vn m bo cht lng
thng qua trnh ch nhim d n duyt.
* Nu mun tho d cppha sm hn cc qui nh trong TCVN 445395 phi c lun c bng vn bn v thng qua t vn m bo cht
lng trnh ch nhim d n duyt.
2.6.2 Kim tra vt liu s dng trong cng tc ng lc tr-c:

59

* Cc vt liu s dng cho cng tc ng lc trc phi l nhng vt

liu, dng c chuyn dng, c nhn hiu ph hp vi thit k v c
catalogue chnh thc.
* Ct thp s dng lm kt cu ng lc trc ph hp vi TCVN
6284-1: 1997 , TCVN 6284-2 : 1997, TCVN 6284-3 : 1997, TCVN
6284-4 : 1997 v TCVN 6284-5 : 1997.
Thp s dng lm ng lc trc phi c catalogue trong c
thuyt minh v:
- Thnh phn ho hc. Khi phn tch mu c li thp ny, lng lu
hunh v phtpho khng vt qu 0,04%.
- c tnh hnh hc nh ng knh, nu khng r, phi o kim din
tch mt ct ngang so snh vi tiu chun.
- Tnh cht c hc phi m bo cc ch tiu v :
Lc ln nht
Lc chy
dn di tng i ng vi lc ln nht
do
phc hi ng nhit.
S tr cc ch tiu ghi r trong TCVN 6284: 1997.
Vi ct thp ng lc trc c v bc dng trong cng ngh
cng sau khng bm dnh, ct c t trong ng mm, c lp bi
trn gim ma st ng thi l lp chng g.
Lp v bc phi p ng c cc yu cu :
m bo tnh nng c hc trong khong nhit t -20oC n
70oC.
C bn khng h hng khi chuyn ch.
Khng gy n mn b tng v thp v cc vt liu chn khc.
C kh nng chng thm tt.
C th dng lp bi trn v chng g bng m chng g
hoc hc n chng g.
Neo ng lc trc v b ni ct thp ng lc trc:
Cn i chiu vi thit k kim tra xem nhng neo v b
phn ni ny c ph hp khng. Cn ph hp v tnh nng k thut
v chng loi vi nhng iu ghi trong thit k. Lc ph hoi ca neo
v cc b phn ni phi c ghi ln hn lc ph hoi ca b ct
60

thp ng lc trc. Khi khng th kim c loi p ng yu cu ny

th kh nng chu lc ca nhng b ny ng vi gii hn chy phi
m bo khng b hn 95% lc ph hoi ca b ct thp ng lc
trc.
Vi ng to l t ct thp ng lc trc dng trong kt cu b
tng ct thp cng sau phi l ng c bn khng b h hi trong
khi thi cng, kn v khng c phn ng vi thp, vi b tng v cc
vt liu chn khc.
ng dng cho ct thp n c bm va phi c ng knh ln
hn ng knh ct thp t nht l 6 mm. Vi nhng ng cha b ct
thp phi c tit din ngang ln hn tit din ngang ca b thp l 2
ln.
Va bm nhi vo ng cha thp ng lc trc cn kim
tra m bo:
Trong va khng cha hm lng ion Cl - v cc cht khc c
th gy h hi cho b tng v ct thp. Cn kim tra m bo:
Ti a hm lng Cl - l 0,1 % khi lng xi mng.
Ti a hm lng SO4 l 0,1 % so vi khi lng xi mng.
Cn tin hnh cc th nghim kim tra :
Cng nn tiu chun ca va khng thp hn 30 MPa v
cng ko un tiu chun khng thp hn 4 MPa.
tch nc sau 2 gi khng ln hn 0,02 v sau 24 gi th ht
ht.
co ngt khng qu 0,003.
nht khng qu 25 giy.
2.6.3 Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng ng lc tr-c.
(i) Cn b t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin v kim tra vt
liu s dng thi cng ng lc trc. Phi c c tt c cc h s
v vt liu v nh thu phi giao nhng ti liu ny cho ch u t
lm lu tr.

61

Nh thu cn lp bin php chng g v bo qun vt liu s

dng lm ng lc trc thng qua cn b t vn m bo cht lng
v trnh ch nhim d n duyt.
(ii) Vic ct cc thanh hay b thp ng lc trc , nht thit phi mi
bng my mi c tc cao. Khng dng cch ct bng nhit h
quang in. Nu p u thanh thp th ch c p bng phng
php c hc.
(iii) Khi thp thng v thp ng lc trc giao nhau, thp thng cn
nhng ch cho thp ng lc trc bng cch di chuyn cht t thp
thng.
(iv) sai lch ca lp bo h ct thp ng lc trc ti a l 5 mm.
(v) Thit b ko cng ng lc trc cn kim tra nh k v c
kim chun.
(vi) Trc khi ko chnh thc, cn ko th 3 b hoc 3 thanh chnh
l cc d liu thi cng ng lc trc. Phng ca lc ko phi trng
vi ng tm ng cha cp ng lc trc trong trng hp ng
thng v trng phng tip tuyn nu ng cha cp ng lc trc l
cong.
(vii) Sai s cho php khi kim tra gia gi tr ng lc trc thc t vi
gi tr qui nh l 5%. Ct thp b t hay b tut khng c qu 3%
tng s si cho mt tit din kt cu.
(viii) tt neo khng c vt qu d liu thit k cho php.
(ix) Qu trnh thi cng phi tun th cc ch dn ca thit k. Phi ch
quan st ton khu vc thi cng kt cu v cc chi tit cn thit. Khi
pht hin thy iu g khc l phi c gii php s l kp thi.
2.6.4 Nhng c im khi kim tra cng ngh ng lc tr-c:
(1) Cng ngh cng trc:

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* Cn quan st c n tng rng h m b cng m bo n nh

trong qu trnh cng. Phi thng xuyn quan st kim tra bin
dng, dch chuyn ca nhng b ny. Khng c c dch chuyn b
cng.
* Kim tra sch ca thp, khng cho cht bn lm ngn tr
bm dnh gia b tng v ct thp.
* Thng b tr cng nhng si i xng ng thi vi nhau. Cn m
bo ng lc trong nhng si ny l ng u, khng gy m men
lch tm cho kt cu.
* Cng b tng khi bt u truyn ng lc trc t nht phi t
75% cng tiu chun ca b tng theo thit k v khng nh hn
25MPa.
* Khi th ct thp ng lc trc phi theo ch dn ca thit k. Nu
thit k cha qui nh th c th:
+ Vi kt cu m ng lc trc gy nn dc trc th tt c cc
ct thp cn c th ng thi.
+ Vi kt cu ng lc trc tc ng lch tm th ct vng
chu nn t hn c bung th trc ri mi n cc ct thp ng lc
trc vng chu nn nhiu hn.
+ V l do no y m khng thc hin c hai iu trn th
nghin cu th ct thp theo tng cp thanh i xng xen k sao
cho khng gy ni lc bt li cho kt cu, m bo cho kt cu c
an ton.
(2) Cng ngh cng sau:
* Cn kim tra tht k m bo kch thc v v tr ca ng t ct
thp ng lc trc ch sn. ng ng phi thng, phi u. Bn neo
chn sn hai u phi vung gc vi trc ca ng ng. Cn kim
tra li trc khi thi cng cng.
* Cn kim tra vic b tr cc gi ng, m bo vic c chc
chn ng c nh v ng v tr v khng b x dch trong xut
qu trnh thi cng kt cu. Khong cch gia cc gi nh v khng

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ln qu 1 mt vi ng trn , 0,80 mt vi ng gn sng v 0,50 mt

vi ng cao su.
* Khong cch b tr cc l bm va khng nn qu 30 mt vi
ng c gn sng v 12 mt vi cc loi ng khc. Phi b tr cc l
thot hi v thot nc ti cc nh cao v cc v tr u , cui ng.
* Khi ng c t sn ct thp , phi bo v trnh tia la in lm tn
hi n ct thp bn trong ng.
* Ch c ko cng ng lc khi cng b tng t theo yu
cu ca thit k. Nu thit k khng yu cu th cng ny phi
t 75% cng tiu chun ca kt cu khi lm vic v khng thp
hn 25 MPa.
* Trnh t ko cng phi theo hng dn ca thit k. Nu thit k
khng c ch dn th phi tnh ton, cn nhc trn c s s ko cng
khng gy nguy him do pht sinh nhng lc ngoi mun. Cn ch
n cc tn hao ng lc trc do bin dng ca kt cu ng vi
trnh t cng c xut.
* Vic b tr u ko cng ct thp ng lc trc phi ph hp vi
thit k. Nu thit k khng c ch dn th nh thu cn theo nhng
ch dn sau y:
+ Nu ng t ct thp l ng kim loi gn sng chn sn th
vi ct thp c dng cong hoc dng thng c chiu di trn 30 mt,
th phi b tr ko cng c hai u. Khi chiu di nh hn 30 mt th
ch cn b tr cng ti mt u.
+ Nu ng khng phi l loi gn sng th vi ct thp dng
cong hay thng c chiu di trn 24 mt cn ko cng hai u. Nu
ngn hn 24 mt th ch cn ko ti mt u.
+ Nu trong kt cu c nhiu b ct thp ng lc trc c
ko cng 1 u, nn b tr u cng ca cc thanh khc nhau o
u ko ti cc u ca kt cu.

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+ di ct thp ngoi neo sau khi ct cn tha khng ngn

hn 30 mm. Phi bo v u neo nh ch dn v hnh v trong thit
k. Khi cn l u neo ra khng kh, phi c bin php bo v
chng g v chng va chm c hc.
* Khi cng thp phi kp thi bm va vo ng cha thp ng lc .
Thi gian k t khi t thp trong ng n khi bm lp va xong
khng c qu 21 ngy. Nu phi gi lu hn phi c bin php
chng g hu hiu cho ct thp, cho neo v cc ph kin ng lc
trc khc thi cng trn kt cu.
* Va dng bm c kim tra v c chng ch t cc yu cu
v cht lng mong mun. Khi thi tit lnh , nhit -5oC th khng
c thi cng bm nhi va.
+ Th nghim v s ph hp ca va phi tin hnh trc khi
bm 24 gi.
+ Th nghim kim tra nht phi lm 3 ln trong mi ca bm.
+ Th nghim tch nc phi lm mi ca mt ln.
* Qu trnh cng ng lc trc v bm nhi va, ngi t vn m
bo cht lng phi chng kin y . Cn lu nhng c im thi
cng cn p ng nh sau y:
+ Trc khi bm va, dng ng phi sch v m.
+ Bm va theo qui trnh t ng bm di thp ln cao.
+ Khi gp cc ng ng v ng xin th im bm va l im
di thp nht ca ng ng.
+ Cn theo di m bo p lc bm khng qu 1,5 MPa. Vn
tc bm duy tr mc 6 m/1 pht. Cc l thot kh cn m hi bn
trong ng thot c ht ra ngoi, m bo va lp y.
+ Phi bm lin tc cho n khi va thot ra cc l b tr cao
nht cng nh cc l u v cui trn ng ng. Sau nt cc l
thot kh v duy tr p lc bm 0,5 MPa trong 2 pht mi bt l bm.
* Va phi c lp y ng . Nu nghi ng va khng y hoc c
du hiu khng u ng , phi pht cho va ra ht, bm nc thi ra
sch , bm kh ui ht nc v lm li t u qu trnh bm.

65

* Vic lp h s phi tin hnh ngay trong qu trnh thi cng v theo
tng bc. Yu cu ca h s l y d liu k thut.
(3) Cng ngh khng bm dnh:
Cng ngh khng bm dnh ch yu l cng ngh cng sau
nn cn tun th cc qui nh ca cng ngh cng sau. Tuy vy cn
nhn mnh:
* Phi kim tra ct thp ng lc m bo cho hnh thc bn ngoi p
ng tnh nguyn vn ca thanh hoc b thp. Nu v bc b h hng
phi c bin php khc phc. Nu v rch nhiu, khng cho s dng.
* Khi t ct thp khng bm dnh phi s dng cc con k bng thp
t lin kt cht ch vi ct thp ng lc nh v cao ca ct
thp ti cc v tr theo thit k. Khong cch gia cc con k khng
xa qu 1 mt hoc 60 ln ng knh b hay thanh thp.
* Neo v cc ph kin u, ph kin cui cn c bo v chng g ,
chng xm thc ca hi nc.
o

Kt cu b tng ct thp l xng chu lc chnh. Cn c thi

cng v kim tra ht sc cht ch v tun th nghim ngt cc qui
trnh khi kim tra. Kim tra trc v trong khi thi cng l bin php
nng cao cht lng hu hiu.
Chc cc bn thnh cng./.

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ni dung
1.Phn m u

trang 2

2. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc b tng ct thp

12
2.1 Mt s quan nim mi v b tng ct thp
2.2 Nhng tiu chun lin quan
26
2.3 Gim st v nghim thu cppha
26
2.4 Gim st v nghim thu ct thp
32
2.5 Kim tra qu trnh thicng b tng
2.6 Kim tra cng tc thi cng b tng ng lc trc
nh km :
TCVN 6284: 1997 Thp ct b tng d ng lc.

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