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1) Maximum Limits
Now what for story drift limits? What is the maximum permissible value? Well it depends upon the type of drift.
Is it seismic or wind?
For seismic, I will refer to UBC97 code which in section 1630.10.2 talks about drift limits for earthquake.
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Now in simple words, the maximum limit for seismic drift is:
delta M shall not exceed 0.025 x story ht (if building seismic period is less than 0.7)
delta M shall not exceed 0.020 x story ht (if building seismic period is equal or greater than 0.7)
Important to note here is that it talks about SEISMIC drift so SEISMIC building period not the WIND period.
Now delta M = Max inelastic response displacement = 0.7R delta S
where R = from Table 16N
delta S = displacement from static, elastic analysis
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So we can understand that the limit for wind drift is "on the order of l/600 to l/400" for "common usage". This is
common thing, however, in reality this figure can be up or down depending upon the ductility of cladding
material and finishes. However for common usage value of l/400 is thought to be well satisfactory. Here l means
story ht.
The concept of drift limits is same throughout all the governing codes, and the typical limits of story height by
some number is same, but obviously you have to take care of the process of calculating the wind force or seismic
forces. You should not calculate wind force from one code and apply limits of another code.
2) Load Combinations
Once the drift limit has been determined separately for seismic and wind forces, now is the need to check the
actual drift vs the limit. Determination of actual drift depends on the load combination and the period of
recurrence. If not properly calculated, this may dramatically increase or decrease the accepted drift values in
model.
Seismic force E is always already factored so that's the reason its factor is always 1.0 in load combinations of
ACI/ASCE code. The recurrence period for seismic force is 50 years. In seismic drift we do not convert it into
service seismic force. Seismic drift is checked against the direct load case of EQx, EQy etc in ETABS.
For wind drift, we need to convert 50 year wind to service wind force. It has been recommended by ASCE
commentary CC.1.2
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To convert 50 year service wind force to 10 year service wind force it is multiplied by 0.7, as the equation says,
and other gravity loads; D and 0.5L are also added.
So in a nutshell we create following load combinations in ETABS to check our drift:
DRIFTWx1 = D+0.5L+0.7Wx
DRIFTWx2 = D+0.5L0.7Wx
DRIFTWy1 = D+0.5L+0.7Wy
DRIFTWy2 = D+0.5L0.7Wy
For seismic drift, as discussed earlier, we do not need any combination, drift will be checked just on EQx and EQy
load cases only.
3) How to check in ETABS
Now we have obtained both the actual drift and the drift limit, but how can we do this in ETABS easily?
Well, after creating the drift combinations as discussed in step 2, we need to do as below:
For seismic drift goto File>Print Tables>Summary Report
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Scroll down to the end of the page, you will find out a section about drifts, similar to this one:
[http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_M9YkNdPgfE/UALNIizT9PI/AAAAAAAAADU/Zrn8V9wi4Sw/s1600/image012-766507.jpg]
It displays the max drift for each lateral load case for each story. As we want the drift for wind to be on drift load
combinations and not on wind load cases, so we will not compare this wind drift without limits. In this table we
are going to check just the drift values of our ETABS model for individual seismic load cases; EQx and EQy.
As you noticed, this table shows us values in fraction format. For example 1/105 that becomes 0.009523809524.
This 1/105 value is story drift divided by story ht. It means delta S / story ht.
Now this value is delta S. First we need to convert it to delta M by multiplying it with 0.7R. Assume R here is 3.5
so
delta M = 0.7 x 3.5 x 1/105 = 7/300 = 0.023333 which is less than 0.025 so safe ( if T<0.7).
So instead of calculating every time by 0.7R we can check these limits in other way.
If our limit is 0.025 then the limit we get is 0.025/R/0.7. Assume R=3.5. Now the values in ETABS are inverse so
our limit is 0.7x3.5/0.025 = 98.
In ETABS the drift is reported as 1/x where x is some number. Now as long as x (some number) is greater than 98
our limit of 0.025 x story ht is being satisfied. This way you can quickly check and compare seismic drifts.
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Now for the wind drifts, goto Display>Show tables, select Point displacements>Story drifts and then select only
drift combinations for results. Click on and then copy the table to EXCEL.
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To save time you can right click on EXCEL taskbar and select maximum and minimum. Then just select the
column H or I and see the maximum value that should be less than H/400 to H600 limit (0.0025 t0 0.00167). Again
the values reported in ETABS are divided by story ht.
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View comments
Rana Waseem
Wikki! I didnt understand your point.. According to code, the DRIFT calculated using DELTA m
should be less than 0.025 story height...
Reply
Rana Waseem
Dear wiki! Its mentioned in the referenced code that drift should be calculated using delta M and drift
limit using delta M should be less than 0.025...If my understanding to the code is wrong then please
explain to me...we should not use delta s...delta s is the value we get from ETABS. We have to make
it delta M
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Replies
thanvi February 25, 2013 at 3:26 AM
Greetings Mr. Waseem! Your understanding of calculating Delta M and its limit of 0.025 for T <
0.7 is correct and Wiki is wrong. it is evident from the code as well.
Rana Waseem
yes samer kamel, we do use value of delta m while calculating separation gap...
separation gap is [ (delta M1) + (delta M2) ] ^ 1/2
Reply
requirement and it will show a remark of ok and fail and you also have the option to calculate the drift
at the center of mass or the maximum displacement that will normally occur around the perimeter
node.
Reply
Replies
Rana Waseem
1) it depends in ETABS output..you can either select total displacement relative to base and
subtract the displacements for the lower stories to get inter-story drift
2) again refer to step 1...all output options are there in ETABS . you can select whatever you
want to report...
3) like midas gen now in new etabs 2013 there is better option to control and report drifts..
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