Chm055a PDF

GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ADIPIC ACID
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
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CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 2

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 2
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY ................................................................................ 3
SCOPE OF REPORT ........................................................................................................ 3
INTENDED AUDIENCE .................................................................................................... 3
INFORMATION SOURCES ............................................................................................... 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 4
ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS .............................................................................................. 4
RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS
............................................................................ 4
BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE .............................................................................................. 4

DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 7
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............................. 7
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............... 8
APPLICATION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
NORTH AMERICA ........................................................................................................... 9
EUROPE ......................................................................................................................... 9
ASIA-PACIFIC ................................................................................................................. 9
REST OF THE WORLD .................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 12
DEFINITION ................................................................................................................. 12
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACID ........................................ 12
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SYNTHETIC ADIPIC ACID ............................................ 12
OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE ............................................................................... 12
FIGURE 1 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY OXIDATION OF ........ 12
CYCLOHEXANE
PHENOL HYDROGENATION ..................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 2 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY PHENOL ................... 13
HYDROGENATION
FROM BENZENE VIA CYCLOHEXANOL BY PARTIAL HYDROGENATION AND ............ 14
HYDRATION
FIGURE 3 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID FROM BENZENE ............ 14
VIA CYCLOHEXANOL BY PARTIAL HYDROGENATION AND HYDRATION
INTERMEDIATE APPLICATIONS .................................................................................... 15
END-USER APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................ 16
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ......................................................................................... 16
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ............................................................ 16

SPORTING-GOODS INDUSTRY ................................................................................. 16
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS ......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 4 PATENTS ................................................................................................... 19
TABLE 1 CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR MAKING POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS- ......... 20
AN ADIPIC ACID PROCESS
TABLE 2 CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION BY THE TWO-STEP ............. 22
OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE WITH OXYGEN
TABLE 3 CITED PATENTS FOR PRODUCTION OF ADIPIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES ........ 24
FROM CARBOHYDRATE-CONTAINING MATERIALS
TABLE 4 CITED PATENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR PREPARING ADIPIC .......... 25
ACID
TABLE 5 CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESS .................... 30
TABLE 6 CITED PATENTS FOR ONE STEP AIR OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE TO ......... 32
PRODUCE ADIPIC ACID
TABLE 7 CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CYCLOHEXANE TO ............. 35
ADIPIC ACID
CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR THE ADIPIC ACID MARKET .......................... 38
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID .............................................................................
TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ ..............
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, 2015 AND ..............
2020 (%)
TABLE 9 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR THE ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH .........
2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID MARKET, 2015 ...........
AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION ...........................................................
TABLE 10 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ .......
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, 2015 AND .........
2020 (%)
TABLE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH ..........
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, ..............
2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPIC ACID INTERMEDIATE APPLICATIONS ..........
TABLE 12 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE ...........................
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID INTERMEDIATE .....................
APPLICATIONS, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 13 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE .................
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY ..............................
INTERMEDIATE APPLICATION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPIC ACID END-USER APPLICATIONS ..................
TABLE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, ............
THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER .....................
38
38
38
39
39
41
41
41
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
49
50

TABLE 15 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ........................
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ..........
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS .........
TABLE 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, ......
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER ..................
TABLE 17 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER ....................
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER .......
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATION .......
TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER ...........................
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER ..............
TABLE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER ................
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN ....................
END-USER APPLICATIONS, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATION ........
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER ............................
FIGURE 16 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER ..............
TABLE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER .................
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN .....................
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER ...................
APPLICATIONS
TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER .................
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN .....................
TABLE 23 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN ........................
END-USER APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN ..........
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION ..............................
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 .......
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, 2015 ...........
AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, .......................
THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, ........
2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYURETHANES BY REGION ..........................
53
53
55
55
56
58
58
60
61
61
63
63
66
66
66
69
69
71
71
71
74
74
76
77
77
79
79
80
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, THROUGH ............

2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, ...............
2015 AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 27 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, ..................
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY ....................
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE ADIPATE ESTER BY REGION ............................
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, THROUGH .............
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, 2015 ........
AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 29 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, ..................
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY ....................
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE OTHER-INTERMEDIATES BY REGION ...............
TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, ..................
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY ....................
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 31 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, ........
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY .........
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN VARIOUS ..........................
81
81
83
83
85
85
85
86
87
89
89
89
90
91
93
APPLICATIONS BY REGION
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ............... 93
TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ............ 93
APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 28 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ..................... 93
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 33 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ........................ 95
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN .......... 95
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ......... 97
ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL .............. 97
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATION BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ..................... 98
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015
AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 35 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ........................ 99

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
FIGURE 31 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ........ 100
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................................... 101
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................................ 101
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 32 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................... 102
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
TABLE 37 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ...................... 103
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................................... 105
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................................ 106
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE ................ 109
TABLE 40 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE ............. 110
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING ............... 114
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 42 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING ............. 114
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020 (%)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER ....................... 118
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER .................... 118
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 40 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER ....... 118
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
TABLE 45 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER .......... 120
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN VARIOUS .................... 122
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ......... 122
TABLE 46 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ............................ 122
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 42 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ............... 122
TABLE 47 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ................. 124
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 43 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED ........ 124
IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL ........... 126
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 48 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL ........ 126
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
2020 (%)
IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYURETHANES USED IN ........................ 130
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 47 GLOBAL COSNSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED ...... 133
IN SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ............................... 134
SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(%)
(THOUSAND TONS)

IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE ............ 138
TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE ......... 138
(THOUSAND TONS)
IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING ........... 142
TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING ........ 142
MILLIONS)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015
AND 2020 (%)
IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015
AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER ......... 146
TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER ................ 146
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN VARIOUS ..................... 150
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE .......... 150
TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ....... 150
FIGURE 56 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ............... 151
TABLE 61 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN .................. 153
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 57 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED ......... 153
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL ............ 154
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 62 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL ......... 155
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ................................ 159
TABLE 64 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ............................. 159
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 61 GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED ......... 161
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ................................ 162
TABLE 66 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ............................. 163

2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(%)
(THOUSAND TONS)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE ............ 166
TABLE 68 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE .......... 167
(THOUSAND TONS)
FIGURE 65 GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED ......... 169
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING ............ 170
TABLE 70 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING ......... 171
MILLIONS)
AND 2020 (%)
AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER .................... 175
TABLE 72 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER ................. 175
OTHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)

TABLE 73 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER ...... 177
APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
IN OTHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN VARIOUS .......... 179
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ..................... 179
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 74 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN .................. 179
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 70 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED ......... 180
TABLE 75 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ....... 182
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
FIGURE 71 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES ........ 182
USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
2020 (%)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020 (%)
SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)

(THOUSAND TONS)
USED IN SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES MARKET USED IN ....... 200
FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
TABLE 84 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD ........ 201
AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
IN FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY

REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
USED IN FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS
BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
AND 2020 (%)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020 (%)
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER ......... 209
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION
OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
CHAPTER 6 DRIVERS AND CHALLENGES ................................................................ 214
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY .....................................................
FIGURE 86 FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY CATEGORY (%) ........................................
FIGURE 87 FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY TYPE (%) ...................................................
FIGURE 88 ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR CONSUMPTION BY REGION (%) ...........
FIGURE 89 ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR PRODUCTION BY REGION (%) ............
FIGURE 90 EUROPEAN FOOTWEAR IMPORTS BY COUNTRY (%) ..........................
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ..................................................
FIGURE 91 GLOBAL AUTO PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2010-2014 (%) ..................
FIGURE 92 CHINA AND GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION: 2009-2014 .............
214
214
214
215
216
217
220
220
221
(%)
FIGURE 93 SALES OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: ............... 222
2009-2014 (%)
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MARKET ........................ 223
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION DURING ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION ................................ 225
FIGURE 94 U.S. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION BY SOURCE, 2013 (%) ...................... 226
CHAPTER 7 VENDOR LANDSCAPE AND COMPANY PROFILES .............................. 230
TABLE 90 GLOBAL TOP ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURERS BY MARKET SHARE ............. 230
AND PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2013 (%/KILOTONS)
ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURERS ................................................................................. 231
ALFA AESAR (A JOHNSON MATTHEY COMPANY) ................................................... 231
ASAHI KASEI CORP. ............................................................................................... 232
TABLE 91 ASAHI KASEI'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ........ 233
2014 ($ MILLIONS/%)
FIGURE 95 ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014 (%) .......................... 233
FIGURE 96 ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) .......................... 234
ASCEND PERFORMANCE MATERIALS .................................................................... 235
BASF SE ................................................................................................................ 235
TABLE 92 BASF SE'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH .............. 236
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 97 BASF SE REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ................................... 236
FIGURE 98 BASF SE REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ...................................... 237
BIOAMBER ............................................................................................................
CHINA SHENMA GROUP CO. LTD. .........................................................................
COMMAND CHEMICAL CORP. ................................................................................
FINETECH INDUSTRY LTD. ....................................................................................
GENOMATICA INC. ................................................................................................
HAIHANG INDUSTRY CO. LTD. ...............................................................................
ITOCHU CHEMICAL FRONTIER CORP. ....................................................................
INVISTA .................................................................................................................
LANXESS AG .........................................................................................................
239
239
240
240
240
241
242
242
243
TABLE 93 LANXESS AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ........ 243

2014 ($ MILLIONS/%)
FIGURE 99 LANXESS AG REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............................ 244
FIGURE 100 LANXESS AG REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ............................. 244
PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED .......................................................................... 246
TABLE 94 PETROCHINA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ....... 246
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 101 PETROCHINA REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ............................. 247
FIGURE 102 PETROCHINA REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) .......................... 248
MP BIOMEDICALS ..................................................................................................
RADICI GROUP ......................................................................................................
RENNOVIA INC. .....................................................................................................
SHANDONG HAILI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD. ................................................
THE HONGYE GROUP LTD. ....................................................................................
SHIJIAZHUANG GUYU CHEMICALS CO. LTD. ..........................................................
249
249
250
250
250
251
SOLVAY CHEMICALS ........................................................................................... 252

TABLE 95 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, .............. 252
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS/%)
FIGURE 103 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ................ 252
FIGURE 104 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............. 253
FIGURE 105 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY END-USER MARKET ................ 254
SEGMENT, 2014 (%)
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL COMPANY LTD. ................................................................. 255
TABLE 96 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ......... 255
FIGURE 106 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014 (%) .......... 256
FIGURE 107 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY MARKET SEGMENT, ........... 256
2014 (%)
TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD. .................................................................
TRACTUS COMPANY LTD. ......................................................................................
VERDEZYNE INC. ..................................................................................................
POLYAMIDE MANUFACTURERS ..................................................................................
ARKEMA GROUP ....................................................................................................
257
258
258
259
259
TABLE 97 ARKEMA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH .............. 260

2014 ($ MILLIONS)
DOMO CHEMICALS ................................................................................................ 260
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG ....................................................................................... 261
TABLE 98 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ....... 262
FIGURE 108 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS ....................... 262
SEGMENT, 2014 (%)
FIGURE 109 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ......... 262
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL ............................................................................... 263
TABLE 99 HONEYWELL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ........ 264
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
ROYAL DSM .......................................................................................................... 264
TABLE 100 ROYAL DSM'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ....... 265
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 110 ROYAL DSM'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ......... 265
SAUDI BASIC INDUSTRIES CORP. (SABIC) ............................................................. 266
TABLE 101 SABIC'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ....... 267
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 111 SABIC'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ..................................... 267
ZIG SHENG INDUSTRIAL COMPANY LIMITED ......................................................... 268
POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ........................................................................... 268
COVESTRO (BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE AG) .......................................................... 268
TABLE 102 COVESTRO AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, .................... 270

FIGURE 112 COVESTRO AG'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) .................... 270
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY ................................................................................... 271
TABLE 103 DOW CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ................. 272
FIGURE 113 DOW CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) .................. 272
FIGURE 114 DOW'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ...................................... 272
HUNTSMAN CORP. ................................................................................................ 273
TABLE 104 HUNTSMAN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ....... 274
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 115 HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY DIVISION, 2014 (%) .......................... 274
FIGURE 116 HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ............................ 275
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC. ........................................................................................ 275
TABLE 105 MITSUI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ....... 276
FIGURE 117 MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 ............ 276
(%)
FIGURE 118 MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ......... 277
MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORP. ............................................................................... 278
TABLE 106 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL ......................... 279
PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
MYRIANT CORP. .................................................................................................... 279
SAINT-GOBAIN ...................................................................................................... 279
TABLE 107 SAINT-GOBAIN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, .................... 280
FIGURE 119 SAINT-GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014 .......... 280
(%)
FIGURE 120 SAINT GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ....................... 281
TOSOH CORP. ....................................................................................................... 282
TABLE 108 TOSOH CORP.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ..................... 283
LIST OF TABLES
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............................. 7

TABLE 1 CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR MAKING POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS- ......... 20
AN ADIPIC ACID PROCESS
TABLE 2 CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION BY THE TWO-STEP ............. 22
OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE WITH OXYGEN
TABLE 3 CITED PATENTS FOR PRODUCTION OF ADIPIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES ........ 24
FROM CARBOHYDRATE-CONTAINING MATERIALS
TABLE 4 CITED PATENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR PREPARING ADIPIC .......... 25
ACID
TABLE 5 CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESS .................... 30
TABLE 6 CITED PATENTS FOR ONE STEP AIR OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE TO ......... 32
PRODUCE ADIPIC ACID
TABLE 7 CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CYCLOHEXANE TO ............. 35
ADIPIC ACID
TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ .................. 38
MILLIONS)
TABLE 9 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR THE ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH ............. 39
TABLE 10 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ ........... 41
MILLIONS)
TABLE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH .............. 43
TABLE 12 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE APPLICATION, ......... 45
TABLE 13 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE ..................... 47
TABLE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, ................ 49
TABLE 15 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............................ 53
TABLE 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, ........... 55
TABLE 17 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER ......................... 58
TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, ....... 61
TABLE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER ..................... 63

TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATION, .......... 66
TABLE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER ...................... 69
TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER ..................... 71
TABLE 23 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER ........... 74
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ ....... 77
MILLIONS)
TABLE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, THROUGH .......... 79
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ........ 81
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 27 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, ...................... 83
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ........ 85
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 29 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, ....................... 86
TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, ....................... 89
TABLE 31 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, ............. 90
TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ..................... 93
TABLE 33 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ........... 95
TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ............... 97
ELECTRONICS APPLICATION BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 35 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL ............. 99
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS ........... 101
TABLE 37 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ............................... 103
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER ....... 106
TABLE 39 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ............................... 108
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 40 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE ...................... 110

TABLE 41 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE ........... 112
TABLE 42 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS ........... 114
AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 43 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING ........... 116
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER ............ 118
TABLE 45 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER ................... 120
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 46 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ............... 122
TABLE 47 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ........................... 124
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 48 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ......... 126
ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 49 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL ...... 128
TONS)
TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS ....... 130
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 52 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ..................................... 134
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE .................. 138
TABLE 55 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE ....... 140
TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS ....... 142
TABLE 57 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING ....... 144
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER ........ 146
TABLE 59 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER ............... 148

END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ................ 150
TABLE 61 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ........................... 153
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 62 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND .......... 155
ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 63 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL ....... 157
TONS)
TABLE 64 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS ........ 159
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 66 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ...................................... 163
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 68 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE ................... 167
TABLE 69 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE ........ 169
TABLE 70 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS ........ 171
TABLE 71 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING ........ 173
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 72 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER .......................... 175
TABLE 73 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER ............... 177
TABLE 74 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ........................... 179
MILLIONS)
TABLE 75 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ................ 182
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 76 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL ....... 184
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH

SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($
MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 82 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE ........ 197
SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND
TONS)
TABLE 84 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD AND ......... 201
BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
2020 ($ MILLIONS)
REGION, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 86 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING ....... 205
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH
TABLE 88 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER ............... 209
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)
(THOUSAND TONS)
TABLE 90 GLOBAL TOP ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURERS BY MARKET SHARE ............. 230
AND PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2013 (%/KILOTONS)
TABLE 91 ASAHI KASEI'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ........ 233
($ MILLIONS/%)
TABLE 92 BASF SE'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ($ .......... 236
MILLIONS)
TABLE 93 LANXESS AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ........ 243
($ MILLIONS/%)
TABLE 94 PETROCHINA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ....... 246
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 95 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ....................... 252

THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS/%)
TABLE 96 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, .................. 255
TABLE 97 ARKEMA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ($ .......... 260
MILLIONS)
TABLE 98 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ................ 262
TABLE 99 HONEYWELL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ........ 264
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 100 ROYAL DSM'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ....... 265
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 101 SABIC'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ($ ............ 267
MILLIONS)
TABLE 102 COVESTRO AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ............ 270
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 103 DOW CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ......... 272
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 104 HUNTSMAN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014 ....... 274
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 105 MITSUI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ............... 276
TABLE 106 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ......... 279
TABLE 107 SAINT-GOBAIN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ............ 280
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 108 TOSOH CORP.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ............. 283
2014 ($ MILLIONS)
LIST OF FIGURES
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............... 8
FIGURE 1 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY OXIDATION OF ................. 12
CYCLOHEXANE
FIGURE 2 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY PHENOL ............................ 13
HYDROGENATION
FIGURE 3 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID FROM BENZENE VIA .............. 14
CYCLOHEXANOL BY PARTIAL HYDROGENATION AND HYDRATION
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, 2015 AND 2020 ........ 38
(%)
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID MARKET, 2015 AND ....... 39
2020 (%)
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, 2015 AND ............. 41
2020 (%)
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, 2015 .......... 44
AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID INTERMEDIATE ......................... 46
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE .......... 48
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ......................... 50
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............... 53
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER ...................... 56
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER ............ 58
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER .................. 61
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER ....... 63
FIGURE 16 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER ................... 66
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER ........ 69
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER ........ 71
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN ............... 74

FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, 2015 AND ....... 77
2020 (%)
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, ............. 79
2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, 2015 .......... 81
AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, ......... 83
2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, 2015 ............ 85
AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION,
......... 87
2015 AND 2020 (%)

FIGURE 26 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, ......... 89
2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY .............. 91
REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 28 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ........ 93
APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................... 95
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL .......... 98
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 31 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ................. 100
2020 (%)
FIGURE 32 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ............................ 102
(%)
FIGURE 34 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ............................ 106
(%)
FIGURE 36 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE ......... 110
FIGURE 38 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING ........ 114
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
FIGURE 40 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER ................ 118
FIGURE 42 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ........................ 122
FIGURE 43 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ............. 124
2020 (%)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
FIGURE 47 GLOBAL COSNSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ........... 133
(%)
AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
FIGURE 54 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER ............ 147
FIGURE 56 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ........................ 151
FIGURE 57 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN .............. 153
AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
FIGURE 61 GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN .............. 161
(%)
FIGURE 65 GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN .............. 169
AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
FIGURE 68 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER ............. 175
OTHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
FIGURE 70 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN .............. 180
FIGURE 71 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED ....... 182
2020 (%)
IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)

REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)
IN FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020 (%)
2020 (%)
IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020 (%)
FIGURE 86 FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY CATEGORY (%) ............................................. 214
FIGURE 87 FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY TYPE (%) ........................................................ 214
FIGURE 88 ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR CONSUMPTION BY REGION (%) ................ 215
FIGURE 89 ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR PRODUCTION BY REGION (%) ................. 216
FIGURE 90 EUROPEAN FOOTWEAR IMPORTS BY COUNTRY (%) .............................. 217
FIGURE 91 GLOBAL AUTO PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2010-2014 (%) ...................... 220
FIGURE 92 CHINA AND GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION: 2009-2014 (%) ........... 221
FIGURE 93 SALES OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: .................... 222
2009-2014 (%)
FIGURE 94 U.S. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION BY SOURCE, 2013 (%) .......................... 226
FIGURE 95 ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014 (%) .................................... 233
FIGURE 96 ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ................................... 234
FIGURE 97 BASF SE REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............................................ 236
FIGURE 98 BASF SE REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ............................................... 237
FIGURE 99 LANXESS AG REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ..................................... 244
FIGURE 100 LANXESS AG REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ...................................... 244
FIGURE 101 PETROCHINA REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ...................................... 247
FIGURE 102 PETROCHINA REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ................................... 248
FIGURE 103 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ......................... 252
FIGURE 104 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ...................... 253
FIGURE 105 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY END-USER MARKET SEGMENT, ........ 254
2014 (%)
FIGURE 106 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014 (%) ................... 256
FIGURE 107 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2014 .......... 256
(%)
FIGURE 108 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, .............. 262
2014 (%)
FIGURE 109 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) .................. 262
FIGURE 110 ROYAL DSM'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014 (%) .................. 265
FIGURE 111 SABIC'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) .............................................. 267
FIGURE 112 COVESTRO AG'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............................. 270
FIGURE 113 DOW CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ........................... 272
FIGURE 114 DOW'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ............................................... 272
FIGURE 115 HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY DIVISION, 2014 (%) ................................... 274
FIGURE 116 HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ..................................... 275
FIGURE 117 MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............... 276
FIGURE 118 MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) .................. 277
FIGURE 119 SAINT-GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014 (%) ............ 280
FIGURE 120 SAINT GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014 (%) ................................ 281
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The global market for adipic acid has been growing for the past 10 years at a significant
rate, in pace with development of the wide range of applications in the automotive,
electrical and electronics, sporting-goods, synthetic-leather, shoe-sole, food and
beverages, pharmaceuticals and packaging films and coatings sectors, among others; this
growth is driven for the most part by the Asia-Pacific, North America and Europe regions.
The investigation covered in this report has been conducted to analyze and quantify the
emerging market opportunities for adipic-acid-based products, as well as to highlight the
key current research efforts that are driving adipic acid into new marketable product
applications. In addition, manufacturers involved in the production of adipic acid, along
with their upcoming and anticipated products, are analyzed to demonstrate how these
advances might impact specific market segments.
The intermediate application of adipic acid is divided broadly into four types: polyamide 66;
polyurethanes; adipate esters; and others. The key drivers for the adipic acid market are
growth in the automotive industry, electrical and electronics items and the footwear
industry.
Ascend, Asahi Kasei, BASF, Invista and Radici are some of the key participants bringing
adipic acid into the market.
Asia-Pacific shows the highest growth in the adipic acid end-user applications market,
followed by North America and Europe. The major industries include automotive, electrical
and electronics, and shoe soles.
This report also highlights the supplier landscape with a focus on major companies, with
detailed profiles given.
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of this report is to provide an up-to-date analysis of recent developments and
current trends in the global adipic acid market, along with a survey of global markets for
present and future potential types of adipic acid developed for intermediate and end-user
applications through 2020. The objective of this type of systematic research is to quantify
the projected impact of both internal and external forces that are affecting the global
adipic acid market today and that will affect the industry for the next several years.
Factors involved in driving product demand within this vast untapped market will be
explored in conjunction with trends, potential sales and forecasts for various market
sectors. In addition, manufacturers closely involved in the production of these adipic acids,
as well as their upcoming and anticipated products resulting from further research and
development, will be analyzed to demonstrate how these advances might influence the
various application-market segments.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Rapidly growing emerging economies, which are mainly China and India in terms of both
economy and population, have significantly increased the demand for adipic acid over the
past 10 years. In addition, with more start-up and smaller companies in the Asia-Pacific
region, the production of adipic acid is increasing with the establishment of new
manufacturing facilities.
SCOPE OF REPORT
The scope of this report is broad and covers adipic acid used globally in various types of
applications. The market is broken down in terms of description of the various sorts of
adipic acid, by region, by intermediate applications and by end-user applications. Revenue
forecasts from 2015 to 2020 are given for adipic acid, with its applications and regional
markets.
The report also includes a discussion of the major players in each of the regional markets
for adipic acid. It explains the major market drivers of the global adipic acid industry, the
current trends within the industry, major industry challenges and the regional dynamics of
the global adipic acid market. The report concludes with a special focus on the supplier
landscape. It includes detailed profiles of the major vendors in the adipic acid industry
globally and discusses the market share of the major players by region.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report is intended especially for developers, as well as consumers with a vital interest
in adipic acid and its application. In addition, because of this reports business focus, it will
be useful to sales executives and business managers as an up-to-date guide that includes
challenges, drivers and trends that are expected to be significant factors in the current
and future markets.
The report should also be of interest to those in industries such as adipic acid raw
materials (manufacturers and suppliers), automotive, electrical and electronics, sporting
goods, synthetic leather, footwear, food and beverages, pharmaceutical, and packaging
films and coatings.
INFORMATION SOURCES
The findings and conclusions of this report are based on information gathered from a
variety of primary and secondary sources. Sources of information included industry
association data and interviews conducted with adipic acid companies. In addition, other
secondary sources were consulted for the report, such as the Internet, industry journals
and publications, product literature, white papers and technical journals, and financial
reports from industry suppliers.
With 2014 as a baseline, market projections were developed for 2015 to 2020. These
projections are based on a consensus among the primary contacts, combined with our
understanding of the key market drivers and their impact from historical and analytical
perspectives. The analytical methodologies used to generate the market estimates are
described in detail in the market analyses. All dollar projections presented in this report
are in 2014 constant dollars.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A descriptive study has been done with a trend analysis for the global market for adipic
acid, based on a quantitative and qualitative approach.
BCC Research collects data through a variety of primary and secondary sources including,
but not limited to, interviews with industry vendors, white papers, business journals, public
financial proceedings and historical market data from the Internet. The market data are
assessed and validated considering interrelated market attributes and the impact of global
economic variables.
Next, market volume is obtained using a combination of the bottom-up and top-down
approaches using exclusive market modeling tools to generate BCC Researchs market
data and forecasts. Finally, the market models are investigated and values are derived
considering average unit price from the volume.
ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS
This report has been developed by the market research analysts at Bizimpact Knowledge
Services LLP, a market research and services company. The project has been managed by
Aneesh Kumar, a partner in the company, along with input from various subject-matter
experts. Aneesh Kumar has more than seven years of experience in handling various
custom research projects and has worked with a multinational company on various
research assignments on global markets.
RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS

BCC Research tracks new developments in areas related to the subject of this report.
Other recent BCC Research reports of potential interest to readers include:
CHM027D Petrochemical (Petroleum and Chemical) Catalysts: The U.S.

Market.
PLS050C Global Markets and Technologies for Bioplastics.
PLS078A Blow-Molded Plastic Packaging: Technologies and Global Markets.
PLS014G Plastics for Barrier Packaging.
BIO066C Synthetic Biology: Global Markets.
BIO100B Agricultural Biotechnology: Emerging Technologies and Global
Markets.
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DISCLAIMER
The information developed in this report is intended to be as reliable as possible at the
time of publication and is of a professional nature. This information does not constitute
managerial, legal or accounting advice, nor should it be considered as a corporate policy
guide, laboratory manual or an endorsement of any product, as much of the information is
speculative in nature. BCC Research and the author assume no responsibility for any loss
or damage that might result from reliance on the reported information or from its use.
Environmental nanotechnologies included in the tables below are shown to be either under
development or in production for the particular application. All figures shown (especially
for 2014 and 2015) include estimated research funding aimed at their development.
Chapter 2
SUMMARY
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 2
SUMMARY
Adipic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid that can be divided into two types: bio-based
and synthetic. Bio-based adipic acid is used only marginally and is produced using glucose.
Most of the adipic acid used is synthetically produced; it is derived mostly from
cyclohexane, although a small portion is also made from phenol and benzene.
Adipic acid is used mostly for the production of polyamide 66, which is used increasingly in
the automotive industry and electrical and electronics items because of its strength,
durability and lightweight nature. Adipic acid is used also as a raw material for producing
polyurethane, which finds its major applications in shoe soles and synthetic leather. Other
applications of adipic acid include adipate ester, food additives and pharmaceuticals.
SUMMARY TABLE
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
End-user Application
Automotive
Electrical and electronics
Shoe soles
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Packaging films and coatings
Food and beverages, and pharmaceuticals
Others
Total
2014
2,067.0
970.5
855.2
814.5
738.1
503.2
148.6
337.5
6,434.6
2015
2,144.7
987.5
881.4
835.3
754.8
512.2
148.9
341.3
6,606.1
CAGR%
2020 2015-2020
2,633.6
4.2
1,128.2
2.7
1,036.6
3.3
977.8
3.2
853.5
2.5
564.3
2.0
162.8
1.8
364.8
1.3
7,721.6
3.2
Source: BCC Research
Adipic acid finds its major applications in the automotive, electrical and electronics,
shoe-sole and sporting-goods industries. Adipic acid is used mainly for the production of
polyamide 66, which is increasingly used in the automotive industry mainly because of its
strength, stiffness and heat-resistance properties. Polyamide 66 is also lightweight, for
which it is replacing heavy metals in vehicles. In 2014, the adipic acid market for the
automotive industry was $2.0 billion, which is expected to increase to $2.1 billion in 2015
at a year-on-year (YOY) growth rate of 3.8%. In addition, the adipic acid market is
expected to grow at a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR; 2015 to 2020) of
4.2%, to reach just over $2.6 billion in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is also used in electrical connectors, cables, underwater cables, printed
circuit boards and others. The adipic acid market for the electrical and electronics industry
is expected to increase from $970.5 million in 2014 to $987.5 million in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 1.8%. In addition, the adipic acid market for this industry is expected to
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach just over $1.1 billion in 2020.
Because of its strength and stability, adipic acid is used increasingly in sporting goods. The
adipic acid market for sporting goods is expected to increase from $814.5 million in 2014
to $835.3 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.6%. In addition, the adipic acid market
for this industry is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach
$977.8 million in 2020.
Adipic acid is also used in the production of polyurethane, which is used mainly in shoe
soles because of its longevity, water resistance and low cost. The adipic acid market for
shoe soles is expected to increase from $855.2 million in 2014 to $881.4 million in 2015 at
a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the adipic acid market for this industry is expected
to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.3%, to reach just over $1.0 billion in 2020.
Other main applications of adipic acid include synthetic leather, foods, beverages,
pharmaceuticals, packaging films and coatings.
SUMMARY FIGURE
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, 2015 AND
2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
End-user Application
Automotive
Shoe soles
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Others
Total
2015 2020
32.5 34.1
14.9 14.6
13.3 13.4
12.6 12.7
11.4 11.1
7.8
7.3
2.3
2.1
5.2
4.7
100.0 100.0
Major players in the global adipic acid market in their respective regions include:
NORTH AMERICA
Ascend Performance Materials.

Bio-Amber.
Command Chemical Corp.
Genomatica.
Honeywell International.
Huntsman Corp.
Invista.
MP Biomedicals.
Myrint Corp.
Rennovia.
The Dow Chemical Company.
Verdezyne.
EUROPE
Alfa Aesar.
Arkema.
BASF.
Covestro
Domo Chemicals.
Evonik Industries AG
Lanxess.
Radici.
Royal DSM.
Saint-Gobain.
Solvay SA.
ASIA-PACIFIC
Asahi Kasei.
China-Shenma.
Finetech Industry.
Haihang Industry.
Itochu Chemical Frontier.
Mitshui Chemials Inc.
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.
Petrochina Company Limited.
Shangdong Haili.
Shangdong Hongye Chemical Group.
ShiJiaZhuang GuYu Chemicals.
Sumitomo Chemical.
TCI (Tokyo Chemical Industry).
Tractus Company.
Zig Sheng Industrial Company Ltd.
REST OF THE WORLD
Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC).
10
Chapter 3
OVERVIEW
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 3
OVERVIEW
DEFINITION
Adipic acid is a white crystalline, mildly toxic compound with carbon isomeric bonds. This
C6 straight-chain dicarboxylic acid is slightly soluble in water and completely soluble in
alcohol and acetone. This acid is used primarily as a precursor for the production of
polyamide. It is also used in the fabrication of some low-temperature synthetic lubricants,
synthetic fibers, coatings, plastics, polyurethane resins and plasticizers, and to give some
imitation food products a pungent flavor.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACID

Adipic acid is found very rarely in nature; hence, a large amount is synthesized by the
chemical industry.
Recently, a few companies have started developing bio-based routes for the production of
adipic acid, which was commercialized in 2014. The major players in this industry are
Rennovia, Verdezyne, BioAmber and Genomatica. The manufacturing processes of
bio-based adipic acid involves either of the following two processes:
Use of genetically modified enzymes for fermentation of glucose to adipic

acid.
Use of air oxidation for converting glucose to glucaric acid, which is followed
by hydro deoxygenation to again convert glucaric acid to adipic acid.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SYNTHETIC ADIPIC ACID

The conventional method for manufacturing adipic acid is from ketone-alcohol (KA) oil by
oxidation, which accounts for most of the global adipic acid. There are two other processes
to produce adipic acid that include the use of phenol and benzene.
OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE
One of the contemporary methods to produce adipic acid is based on oxidation of
cyclohexane. First, the cyclohexane is oxidized at 150C to 160C in the presence of
homogeneous cobalt or manganese catalyst to become a mixture of cyclohexanol and
cyclohexanone known as KA oil. This KA oil is further distilled for improved quality, and
then this is oxidized with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen. Following
these two reaction steps, wet adipic acid crystals are separated from water and nitric acid.
Since nitric acid has some negative effects on the environment, hydrogen peroxide or
molecular oxygen is mostly preferred.
12
FIGURE 1
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE
Emissions from the manufacture of adipic acid consist mostly of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide from the first reaction and oxides of nitrogen from the second reaction. Also,
particulate matter is emitted from product cooling, drying, storage and loading. The waste
gas stream as a result of the oxidation of cyclohexane after removal of most of the
valuable unreacted cyclohexane by one or more scrubbers will still contain CO, CO2 and
organic compounds.
PHENOL HYDROGENATION
Phenol hydrogenation is another method to produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone in
which molten phenol is hydrogenated at 140 o C and 200 kPa to 1800 kPa hydrogen
pressure over a nickel, copper or chromium oxide catalyst. These catalysts yield mostly
cyclohexanol. Cyclohexanone is an intermediate product for manufacturing caprolactam
using a palladium catalyst.
13
FIGURE 2
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID BY PHENOL HYDROGENATION
In the second step, adipic acid is produced by nitric acid oxidation of a

cyclohexanolcyclohexanone mixture. Cyclohexanol, in reaction with nitric acid, forms
adipic acid, nitrogen dioxide, water and heat. Cyclohexanone, in reaction with nitric acid
forms adipic acid, nitrous oxide (NOx), water and heat. The reaction is highly exothermic
for which the ratio of nitric acid to KA mixture is kept at 40:1.
FROM BENZENE VIA CYCLOHEXANOL BY PARTIAL HYDROGENATION AND HYDRATION

Partial hydrogenation of benzene is carried out over a complex ruthenium catalyst under
high pressure, which gives product cyclohexene and by-product cyclohexane and some
unreacted benzene. Cyclohexane is separated by an extractive distillation process and
sold as a by-product. The cyclohexene is then hydrated under some conditions in the
presence of a slurry catalyst that consists mainly of zeolites, which gives cyclohexanol.
14
FIGURE 3
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ADIPIC ACID FROM BENZENE VIA CYCLOHEXANOL
BY PARTIAL HYDROGENATION AND HYDRATION
Process cyclohexane is oxidized by air to form cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone in the

presence of cobalt naphthenate catalyst at a temperature of 145 o C to 150 o C. The
cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone mixture is oxidized to adipic acid in the presence of nitric
acid using ammonium metavanadate and copper scrap at 60oC to 80oC. The adipic acid
formed is crystallized, centrifuged and finally dried with hot air.
INTERMEDIATE APPLICATIONS
The major portion of adipic acid is used for the production of polyamide. A significant
amount is also used for polyurethane and others.
Polyamide 66 is semicrystalline, and it is used commonly in fiber applications such as
carpeting, clothing and tire cord. It is also used as an engineering material in bearings and
gears because of its good abrasion resistance and self-lubricating properties.
Polyurethane is a polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate links.
It is used in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including: nonflexible,
high-resilience foam seating; rigid foam insulation panels; microcellular foam seals and
15
gaskets; durable elastomeric wheels and tires in roller coaster, escalator and skateboard
wheels; automotive suspension bushings; electrical potting compounds; high-performance
adhesives; surface coatings and surface sealants; synthetic-fiber carpet underlay; and
hard-plastic parts for electronic instruments.
END-USER APPLICATIONS
The major end-user application markets where intermediates such as polyamide 66 and
polyurethane, extracted or manufactured from adipic acids, are used include the
automotive industry, electrical and electronics, sporting goods, shoe soles, food additives,
pharmaceuticals, packaging films and coatings, as well as others that include toothbrush
bristles, surgical sutures and strings for acoustic and classical musical instruments (e.g.,
guitars, sitars, violins, violas and cellos). The materials are also used in manufacturing a
large variety of threads, ropes, filaments, nets, tire cords, hosiery and knitted garments.
They can also be used in gun frames.
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Polyamide 66 can be both molded and extruded; it has good mechanical properties and is
tear and wear resistant. The material is less costly than traditional materials, with high
strength and rigid material. Polyamide is also heat absorbent, and it swells in watery
environments. In an automobile, it is used mostly in air-intake manifolds, engine covers,
radiator end tanks, mirror brackets, roof racks, power-steering reservoirs, air springs,
emissions canisters, light housings, fans, fan shrouds, shifter bases and so forth.
Polyurethane is an elastomer material that is tough, flexible and resistant to weather,
ozone, radiation, oil, gasoline and most solvents. It is used mostly in flexible foam seating,
foam insulation panels, elastomeric wheels and tires, automotive suspension bushings,
cushions, electrical potting compounds and hard-plastic parts.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

In electrical and electronics equipment, polyamide 66 can be used in connectors, relays,
switches, plugs, housings, cables, buttons and knobs, input/output ports, insulators, face
plates, transformers, terminal blocks and coil bobbins.
SPORTING-GOODS INDUSTRY
Polyamide 66 can be used in certain sports goods, which include lacrosse heads, blade
holders, tennis balls and so forth because of its toughness, stiffness, color durability and
heat resistance.
16
PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS

Polyamide 66 is often used in the packaging films and coatings industry, including food
packaging, oven bags, pan liners, sausage casings, vacuum films, injection molding and so
forth.
17
Chapter 4
PATENTS
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 4
PATENTS
Adipic acid is an inorganic carboxylated acid. It is a white crystalline powder, used mainly
for the production of polyamide and other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and
polyurethane. Adipic acid is very rarely found in nature; hence, a large amount is
synthesized by the chemical industry. Recently, a few companies have started developing
bio-based routes for the production of adipic acid.
The formulation, manufacture and application of adipic acid involve a variety of separate
substances, such as cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, hydrogen peroxide or molecular
oxygen and nitric acid
A survey of existing patents and patent applications reveals a definite upward trend of
interest by corporations to secure their intellectual property relative to the application of
adipic acid. Keywords that relate to adipic acid and to potential chemical components
were entered to get a sense of how active this area is.
Although there is invariably some overlap, as adipic acids might be used in a number of
applications and sectors, the overall growth trend is evident and quite clear. This trend will
continue to strengthen, perhaps exponentially, as new discoveries are made almost daily
and new nanofabrication techniques are developed. This translates to the emergence of
new application niches within existing domains such as solvent plasticizers and monomers.
An escalating trend relative to adipic acid patent applicants is that they are becoming
increasingly broad and inclusive, covering wide swaths of potential applications areas. This
is an attempt on behalf of corporations to ensure that their future products will be covered
under umbrella patents, in the hope of securing stable and lucrative market shares.
Bio-based adipic acids show great promise, although their benefits are still being
developed in laboratories globally. An initial and significant hurdle involves the
conveyance and scaling-up of these bio-based adipic acids from the laboratory bench to
the factory floor. A critical impediment that is currently restraining many potential adipic
acids-in-waiting from entering mainstream application markets and full-blown commercial
enterprise is the lack of robust, efficient and high-volume manufacturing capabilities.
Concurrent with this is a need for the incorporation of relatively cheap materials and the
development of fabrication processes that are cost effective and manageable in their
complexity.
To know about the patent trend relative to adipic acid, the reader must know a few things
about adipic acid, its properties, manufacturing process and applications.
Adipic acid (IUPAC systematic name: hexanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.

It is in a white crystalline powder form. Because of its long aliphatic chain, it
is hardly soluble in water but fully soluble in alcohol and acetone.
Adipic acid is a chemical transition used in the production of polyamide 66
resins and polyamide 66 fibers or of polyol and polyurethane.
19
Almost all the commercial adipic acid is produced from cyclohexane through
two-step oxidation processes.
Most adipic acids react with 1,6-hexane diamine to form polyamide 66, more
often recognized by its product name Polyamide 66. Polyamide 66 is used
mainly to produce fiber and resins.
Adipic acid is used in industrial plasticizers and lubricant components. It is
used in production of polyester polyols for polyurethane systems. Food-grade
adipic acid is used as a gelling aid, an acidulant and a leavening and
buffering agent.
Polyamide 66 fibers are used in apparel, especially ladies hosiery, sleepwear
and underwear, carpets and home furnishings. Other polyamide 66 fiber
uses include tire cord, fishing line and brush bristles and in tough fabrics for
parachutes, backpacks, luggage and business cases.
TABLE 1
CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR MAKING POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS- AN ADIPIC

ACID PROCESS
Cited Patent
US8778658
Filing
Date
13-Jul-12
US8728798 *
26-Sep-11 20-May-14
Verdezyne Inc.
US8343752
26-Sep-11 1-Jan-13
Verdezyne Inc.
US8241879 *
26-Sep-11 14-Aug-12
Verdezyne Inc.
WO2012094425A2 * 4-Jan-12
Publication
Date
Applicant
15-Jul-14
Verdezyne Inc.
12-Jul-12
Verdezyne Inc.
US20120077237 *
26-Sep-11 29-Mar-12
Verdezyne Inc.
US20120021474 *
26-Sep-11 26-Jan-12
Verdezyne Inc.
Title
Biological methods
for preparing adipic
acid
Biological methods
acid
Biological methods
acid
Biological methods
acid
Biological methods
acid
Biological methods
acid
Biological methods
acid
20
US8084345
30-Aug-10 27-Dec-11
US7785998 *
21-Feb-08 31-Aug-10
EP1953237A1 *
1-Feb-07
6-Aug-08
US7405063
14-Jan-05
29-Jul-08
US7270947
13-Jan-04
18-Sep-07
WO2004065644A2 * 14-Jan-04
5-Aug-04
US6596520 *
6-Jul-00
22-Jul-03
US6569670
US6498271
4-Jan-01
10-Jan-02
27-May-03
24-Dec-02
US6458899
20-Mar-01 1-Oct-02
US6288275
9-Jul-99
11-Sep-01
WO2001051605A1 * 5-Jan-01
19-Jul-01
US6245538
12-Jun-01
30-Jun-99
Micron Technology Methods of forming

Inc.
dispersions of
nanoparticles, and
methods of forming
flash memory cells
Micron Technology Methods of forming
Inc.
dispersions of
nanoparticles, and
methods of forming
flash memory cells
Ecover N.V.
A method for the
production of short
chained glycolipids
CognisCorp.
Biooxidation
capabilities of
Candida sp
CognisCorp.
Method for
controlling
biooxidation
reactions
Kevin W. Anderson Method for
controlling
biooxidation
reactions
BASF
Immobilizing lipase
Aktiengesellschaft by adsorption from a
crude solution onto
nonpolar polyolefin
particles
Cognis Corp.
Fermentation process
General Electric Co. Tricarboxylic acids,
method, and
branched
polycarbonates
prepared therefrom
General Electric Co. Tricarboxylic acids,
method, and
branched
polycarbonates
prepared therefrom
Henkel Corp.
Separation and
purification of
carboxylic acids from
fermentation broths
Cognis Corp.
Improved
fermentation process
Henkel Corp.
Process for
recovering carboxylic
acids from a
fermentation broth
21
WO2001032903A1 * 4-Nov-99
10-May-01
Cognis Corp.
WO2001004337A1 * 6-Jul-00
18-Jan-01
Cognis Corp.
Process for
recovering carboxylic
acids from a
fermentation broth
Separation and
purification of
fermentation broths
* Cited by examiner.
Source: Google patents/ USPTO/ EPO
TABLE 2
CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION BY THE TWO-STEP OXIDATION OF
CYCLOHEXANE WITH OXYGEN
Publication
Cited Patent Filing Date
Date
Applicant
EP1492754A2 * 28-Mar-03 5-Jan-05
Rhodia
Polyamide
Intermediates
US6433220
30-Jun-99 13-Aug-02
RPC Inc.
US6433221
30-Jun-99
13-Aug-02
RPC Inc.
US6417128
19-Apr-00
9-Jul-02
RPC Inc.
US6359173
12-Dec-97
19-Mar-02
RPC Inc.
US6340420
30-Jun-99
22-Jan-02
RPC Inc.
US6337051
16-Jun-97
8-Jan-02
RPC Inc.
US6326455
5-Apr-01
4-Dec-01
RPC Inc.
Title
Method for making carboxylic
acids
Methods of extracting
catalyst from a reaction
mixture in the oxidation of
cyclohexane to adipic acid
Methods of separating
catalyst in solution from a
reaction mixture produced by
oxidation of cyclohexane to
adipic acid
Methods and replacing water
and cyclohexanone with
acetic acid in aqueous
solutions of catalyst
Methods and devices for
oxidizing a hydrocarbon to
form an acid
Methods of treating the
oxidation mixture of
hydrocarbons to respective
dibasic acids
Device for detecting
formation of a second liquid
phase
Methods for treating cobalt
catalyst in oxidation mixtures
resulting from oxidation of
hydrocarbons to dibasic acids
22
US6294689
19-Sep-00
25-Sep-01
RPC Inc.
US6288270
6-Mar-97
11-Sep-01
RPC Inc.
US6288274
19-Feb-99
11-Sep-01
RPC Inc.
US6232495
4-Feb-99
15-May-01
RPC Inc.
US6218573
30-Jun-99
17-Apr-01
RPC Inc.
US6183698
12-May-98
6-Feb-01
RPC Inc.
US6177053
27-Jan-99
23-Jan-01
RPC Inc.
US6156868 *
13-May-99
5-Dec-00
RPC Inc.
US6143927 *
12-Mar-99
7-Nov-00
RPC Inc.
US6129875 *
4-Feb-99
10-Oct-00
RPC Inc.
US6103933 *
21-May-97
15-Aug-00
RPC Inc.
US6039902*
18-Sep-97
21-Mar-00
RPC Inc.
Methods for removing

catalyst after oxidation of
hydrocarbons
Methods for controlling the
reaction rate of a
hydrocarbon to an acid by
making phase-related
adjustments
controlling the reaction rate
and/or reactivity of
hydrocarbon to an
intermediate oxidation
product by adjusting the
oxidant consumption rate
Methods of recovering
catalyst in solution in the
adipic acid
Devices for controlling the
reaction rate of a
hydrocarbon to an
product by pressure drop
adjustments
Devices for removing acetic
acid from cyclohexane in the
production of adipic acid
Methods for preparing
polymers from dibasic acids
hydrocarbons
Process of separating
catalyst from oxidation
mixtures
oxidation rate of a
hydrocarbon by adjusting the
ratio of the hydrocarbon to a
rate-modulator
Methods of recycling catalyst
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controlling hydrocarbon
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CITED PATENTS FOR PRODUCTION OF ADIPIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES FROM
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TABLE 4
CITED PATENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR PREPARING ADIPIC ACID
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Jon E. Ness
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genetically modified Candida
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Cognis Corp. Regulatory region of the
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Cognis Corp. Production of a highly active,
soluble form of the cytochrome
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Cognis Corp. Cytochrome P450
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Nucleic acids encoding

modified cytochrome p450
enzymes and methods of use
thereof
Biooxidation capabilities of
Candida sp
Promoter motifs in Candida
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Lettuce cultivar 50-0401021-B
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Fragmentation-based methods
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E. I. DuPont de Genes involved in
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Cognis Corp. Method of increasing
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Cognis Corp. Isolation of carboxylic acids
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E.I. DuPont de Transformed yeast strains and
Nemours and their use for the production of
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Invitrogen
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Cognis Corp. Use of CYP52A2A promoter to
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Cognis Corp. Isolation of carboxylic acids
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cyclododecanone degradation
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Brian W.
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method and apparatus using
complementary
pattern-mapped convolutional
codes
E. I. DuPont de Genes involved in
Nemours and cyclododecanone degradation
Co.
pathway
Kevin W.
Fermentation process
Anderson; J.
Douglas
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The Regents Synthetic molecules that
of the
specifically react with target
University of sequences
California
Cognis Corp. Cytochrome b5 gene and
protein of Candida tropicalis
and methods relating thereto
Alcatel
Switched power converter
utilizing a piezoelectric
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Nemours and production of adipic acid and
Co.
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E. I. DuPont de Oxidation of a cyclohexanone
Nemours and derivative using a
Co.
Brevibacterium cyclohexanone
monooxygenase
The Regents Synthetic molecules that
of The
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California
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Brzostowicz
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Cambridge
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Technical
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sites with unique specificity in
recombinational cloning
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monooxygenase and NADPH
cytochrome P450
oxidoreductase genes and
proteins related to the omega
hydroxylase complex of
Candida tropicalis and
methods relating thereto
Henkel Corp. Separation and purification of
fermentation broths
National
Application of -amylase gene
Science
promoter and signal sequence
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in the production of
R.O.C.
recombinant proteins in
transgenic plants and
transgenic plant seeds
Invitrogen
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nucleic acids having
recombination sites
Invitrogen
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sites
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carboxylic acids from a
fermentation broth
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sites
Henkel Corp. Process for recovering
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fermentation broth
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sites
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esteridication interrupted with
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TABLE 5
CITED PATENTS FOR ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Filing Publication
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Date
Date
Applicant
WO2012174451A1 15-Jun-12 20-Dec-12
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Technologies
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30-Jun-99 13-Aug-02
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19-Apr-00 9-Jul-02
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12-Dec-97 19-Mar-02
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30-Jun-99 22-Jan-02
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16-Jun-97 8-Jan-02
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4-Dec-01
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Use of hydrolases to
increase monomer
content in waste stream
BASF
Method for producing
Aktiengesel-lschaft tetracarboxylic acids
Degussa AG
Work-up of residues in
the preparation of
carboxylic acids
Daikin Industries
Process for producing
Ltd.
fluoroalkylcarboxylic
acid
RPC Inc.
mixture in the oxidation
of cyclohexane to adipic
acid
RPC Inc.
catalyst in solution from
a reaction mixture
produced by oxidation
acid
RPC Inc.
Methods and replacing
water and
cyclohexanone with
RPC Inc.
oxidizing a hydrocarbon
to form an acid
RPC Inc.
hydrocarbons to
respective dibasic acids
RPC Inc.
formation of a second
liquid phase
RPC Inc.
Methods for treating
cobalt catalyst in
oxidation mixtures
resulting from oxidation
of hydrocarbons to
dibasic acids
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
15-May-01
10-Oct-00

catalyst after oxidation
of hydrocarbons
Methods for controlling
the reaction rate of a
hydrocarbon to an acid
by making
phase-related
adjustments
controlling the reaction
rate and/or reactivity of
hydrocarbon to an
oxidant consumption
rate
cobalt catalyst in
oxidation mixtures
of hydrocarbons to
dibasic acids
catalyst in solution in
the oxidation of
cyclohexane to adipic
acid
Devices for controlling
hydrocarbon to an
product by pressure
drop adjustments
Devices for removing
acetic acid from
cyclohexane in the
polymers from dibasic
acids
catalyst after oxidation
of hydrocarbons
mixtures
31
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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25-Jul-97
RPC Inc.
14-Mar-00

the oxidation rate of a
hydrocarbon by
adjusting the ratio of the
hydrocarbon to a
rate-modulator
Methods of recycling
catalyst in oxidations of
hydrocarbons
oxidations to respective
acids by adjusting the
solvent to hydrocarbon
ratio
TABLE 6
CITED PATENTS FOR ONE STEP AIR OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANE TO PRODUCE
ADIPIC ACID
Cited Patent
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Filing
Date
4-Jun-12
Publication
Date
Applicant
15-Jul-14
Celexion LLC.
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Celexion LLC.
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Celexion LLC.
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Celexion LLC.
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Celexion LLC.
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Celexion LLC.
Title
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pentanes from
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pentanes from
6-aminocaproic acid from
32
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13-Aug-02
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13-Aug-02
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9-Jul-02
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30-Jun-99
22-Jan-02
US6337051
16-Jun-97
8-Jan-02
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5-Apr-01
4-Dec-01
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19-Sep-00 25-Sep-01
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6-Mar-97
11-Sep-01
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Bala
Spray process for
Subramaniam; selective oxidation
Daryle H. Busch;
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RPC Inc.
mixture in the oxidation
acid
RPC Inc.
catalyst in solution from
a reaction mixture
produced by oxidation of
cyclohexane to adipic
acid
RPC Inc.
Methods and replacing
water and
cyclohexanone with
RPC Inc.
oxidizing a hydrocarbon
to form an acid
RPC Inc.
hydrocarbons to
respective dibasic acids
RPC Inc.
formation of a second
liquid phase
RPC Inc.
cobalt catalyst in
oxidation mixtures
of hydrocarbons to
dibasic acids
RPC Inc.
hydrocarbons
RPC Inc.
hydrocarbon to an acid
by making phase-related
adjustments
RPC Inc.
controlling the reaction
rate and/or reactivity of
hydrocarbon to an
oxidant consumption
rate
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Florida
Chemintel
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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10-Oct-00
RPC Inc.
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University of
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
14-Mar-00
Catalytic oxidation of
hydrocarbons
Process for preparation
of adipic acid
cobalt catalyst in
oxidation mixtures
of hydrocarbons to
dibasic acids
catalyst in solution in the
oxidation of cyclohexane
to adipic acid
Devices for controlling
hydrocarbon to an
product by pressure drop
adjustments
Devices for removing
acetic acid from
cyclohexane in the
polymers from dibasic
acids
hydrocarbons
mixtures
Catalytic oxidation of
hydrocarbons
the oxidation rate of a
hydrocarbon by adjusting
the ratio of the
hydrocarbon to a
rate-modulator
Methods of recycling
catalyst in oxidations of
hydrocarbons
ratio
34
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Sharon M.
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ratio
making intermediate
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controlling conversions
and temperatures in an
atomized liquid
TABLE 7
CITED PATENTS OF PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CYCLOHEXANE TO ADIPIC ACID
Publication
Cited Patent Filing Date
Date
Applicant
Title
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25-Oct-99 02-Sep-03
Degussa AG Process for preparing cyclic
alcohols
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Council of
Process for the preparation of
Scientific
adipic acid
and
Industrial
Research
US6433220
30-Jun-99 13-Aug-02
RPC Inc.
Methods of extracting catalyst
from a reaction mixture in the
adipic acid
US6433221
30-Jun-99 13-Aug-02
RPC Inc.
Methods of separating catalyst
in solution from a reaction
mixture produced by oxidation
of cyclohexane to adipic acid
US6417128
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RPC Inc.
Methods and replacing water
and cyclohexanone with acetic
acid in aqueous solutions of
catalyst
US6359173
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RPC Inc.
oxidizing a hydrocarbon to form
an acid
US6340420
30-Jun-99 22-Jan-02
RPC Inc.
hydrocarbons to respective
dibasic acids
US6337051
16-Jun-97 08-Jan-02
RPC Inc.
Device for detecting formation of
a second liquid phase
35
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04-Dec-01
RPC Inc.
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11-Sep-01
RPC Inc.
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15-May-01
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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RPC Inc.
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14-Mar-00
RPC Inc.

reaction rate of a hydrocarbon to
an acid by making phase-related
adjustments
Process for preparation of adipic
acid
Methods of recovering catalyst
in solution in the oxidation of
cyclohexane to adipic acid
Process of separating catalyst
from oxidation mixtures
oxidation rate of a hydrocarbon
by adjusting the ratio of the
hydrocarbon to a rate-modulator
oxidations to respective acids by
adjusting the solvent to
hydrocarbon ratio
36
Chapter 5
GLOBAL FORECAST FOR THE ADIPIC
ACID MARKET
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 5
GLOBAL FORECAST FOR THE ADIPIC ACID MARKET
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID

The global adipic acid market has been growing at a rate of 3.2%, driven by the various
application activities in the automotive, electrical and electronics, sporting-goods and
shoe-sole industries because of the materials strong, durable and lightweight properties.
In 2014, Asia-Pacific dominated the market with over 35%, followed by North America and
Europe. BCC Researchs projections for the global adipic acid market are shown in the
following table.
TABLE 8
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Types
Synthetic
Bio-based
Total
2014
6,428.2
6.4
6,434.6
CAGR%
2015
2020 20152020
6,599.5 7,706.2
3.1
6.6
15.4
18.5
6,606.1 7,721.6
3.2

FIGURE 4
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
38
LEGEND
(%)
Types
Synthetic
Bio-based
Total
2015 2020
99.9 99.8
0.1
0.2
100.0 100.0

The global market for bio-based adipic acid is expected to increase from $6.4 million in
2014 to $6.6 million in 2015 at a year-on-year (YOY) growth rate of 3.1%. Further, the
market is expected to grow at a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) (2015 to
2020) of 18.5%, to reach $15.4 million in 2020. The bio-based adipic acid is expected to be
used in all the end-user application markets such as the automotive industry, electrical
and electronics, shoe soles, synthetic leather, sporting items and others for which
currently synthetic adipic acid is used. Bio-based adipic acid was commercialized in 2014
and is used in the automotive industry, electrical and electronics items, sporting goods,
shoe soles, synthetic leather, packaging films and coatings, and food additives. The major
raw material used for manufacturing bio-based adipic acid is sugarcane, which is used
largely in the food and beverages industry. Increased use of sugarcane in the food and
beverages industry is restricting it from being used for production of bio-based adipic acid,
because of which the market is expected to grow at a slow rate.
The global market for synthetic-based adipic acid is expected to increase from $6.4 billion
in 2014 to nearly $6.6 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.7%. In addition, the market
is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $7.7 billion in
2020. Synthetic-based adipic acid is used mostly in the production of intermediate
products such as polyamide 66, polyurethane and adipate ester. The increasing
consumption of these intermediate products in manufacturing of automotive parts,
electrical and electronic items, shoe soles; sporting items and other end-user applications
is driving the value market.
TABLE 9
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR THE ADIPIC ACID BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Types
Synthetic
Bio-based
Total
2014
3,303.4
2.5
3,305.9
2015
3,392.2
2.5
3,394.7
CAGR%
2020
20152020
3,965.9
3.2
7.0
22.9
3,972.9
3.2
39
FIGURE 5
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID MARKET, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Types
Synthetic
Bio-based
Total
2015 2020
99.9 99.8
0.1
0.2
100.0 100.0

Global consumption for bio-based adipic acid is expected to remain marginally flat at
2,500 tons through 2015. Further, bio-based adipic acid consumption is expected to grow
at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 22.9%, to reach 7,000 tons in 2020.
Bio-based adipic acids are used for manufacturing polyamide 66, polyurethane and
adipate ester, which can be used in a variety of end-user markets that include the
automotive industry, electrical and electronics, sporting goods, shoe soles, synthetic
40
leather, packaging films and coatings, and food additives, especially in Europe and North
America; these markets are highly regulated and will be driven by environmentally friendly
technologies that will be increasing the global market for bio-based adipic acid.
Adipic acid consumption for synthetic type is expected to increase from 3.3 million tons in
2014 to nearly 3.4 million tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.7%. In addition,
synthetic-based adipic acid consumption is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 3.2%, to reach almost 4.0 million tons in 2020 because of increased demand in
the automotive, electrical and electronics items and shoe-sole industries.
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION

In 2014, Asia-Pacific, Europe and North America account for a combined 89.5% market
share of the global adipic acid market in terms of value. Asia-Pacific had the highest
market share at 37.7%, followed by North America with 26.0% and Europe with 25.8%.
TABLE 10
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
1,673.4
1,658.7
2,426.0
345.9
330.6
6,434.6
2015
1,714.4
1,698.4
2,500.4
353.2
339.7
6,606.1
CAGR%
2020
20152020
1,982.9
3.0
1,950.7
2.8
2,987.1
3.6
402.3
2.6
398.6
3.2
7,721.6
3.2
41
FIGURE 6
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.0 25.7
25.7 25.3
37.9 38.6
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.2
100.0 100.0
The adipic acid market for North America is expected to increase from $1.6 billion in 2014
to $1.7 billion in 2015 at YOY growth rate of 2.5%. This market is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach nearly $2.0 billion in 2020.
42
This increase will be mostly because of increased use of polyamide 66 in the automotive
industry, electrical and electronics items, and sporting goods. North America is the leading
producer of sporting goods. Increased use of polyamide 66 in sporting items will be a
major driver for this market.
The adipic acid market for Europe is expected to increase from $1.6 billion in 2014 to $1.7
billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.4%. Further, the adipic acid market for this region
is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.8% to reach nearly $2.0 billion
in 2020. The increase will be because of increased use of polyurethane in shoe soles,
electrical and electronics and the automotive industry.
The adipic acid market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from $2.4 billion in 2014 to
$2.5 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the adipic acid market for
this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.6%, to reach
nearly $3.0 billion in 2020.
In Asia-Pacific, the market is expected to be driven by growth in the automotive and
footwear industries in China and India. China is manufacturing mainly car parts,
accessories and components for vehicles and electric motors. Chinas accession to the
World Trade Organization also helped the country to facilitate the development of
automobile parts and accessories market.
India is one of the largest footwear producers and produces approximately 3 billion pairs
every year. In China, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces manufacture the largest
number of footwear.
The adipic acid market for South America is expected to increase from $345.9 million in
2014 to $353.2 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.1%. In addition, the adipic acid
market for this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.6%, to
reach $402.3 million in 2020. This will be mostly because of increased use of polyurethane
in the footwear market in Brazil.
The adipic acid market for the rest of the world (ROW) is expected to increase from $330.6
million in 2014 to $339.7 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.8%. In addition, the
adipic acid market for this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 3.2%, to reach $398.6 million in 2020. This growth will mostly be driven by the
increased uses in polyamide 66 in the Middle East and Africa.
TABLE 11
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2014
2015
880.7
902.2
721.0
738.7
1,348.1 1,388.9
182.1
186.0
CAGR%
2020
20152020
1,043.7
3.0
848.0
2.8
1,659.5
3.6
211.9
2.6
43
ROW
Total
174.0
178.9
3,305.9 3,394.7
209.8
3,972.9
3.2
3.2
FIGURE 7
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.6 26.3
21.8 21.3
40.8 41.8
5.5
5.3
5.3
5.3
100.0 100.0

44
Aadipic acid consumption for North America is expected to increase from 880,700 tons in
2014 to 902,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.4%. Consumption is expected to
grow in this region at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach just over 1 million
tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 used in the sportswear industry is increasing the market for
adipic acid in North America.
Adipic acid consumption for Europe is expected to increase from 721,000 tons in 2014 to
738,700 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.5%. In addition, adipic acid consumption
for synthetic types is expected to grow in this region at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
2.8%, to reach 848,000 tons in 2020. Europe is using an increased amount of
polyurethane in shoe soles, the automotive industry and the electrical and electronics
industry.
Adipic acid consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from 1.3 million tons in
2014 to nearly 1.4 million tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. Further, adipic acid
consumption for synthetic types is expected to grow in this region at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.6%, to reach nearly 1.7 million tons in 2020. This is because of
intensive usage of adipic acid in the manufacture of automotive parts and shoe soles.
Adipic acid consumption for South America is expected to increase from 182,100 tons in
2014 to 186,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.1%. Consumption in this region is
again is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.6%, to reach 211,900
tons in 2020. Use of polyurethane in the footwear industry is driving the market for adipic
acid in South America.
Adipic acid consumption for ROW is expected to increase from 174,000 tons in 2014 to
178,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.8%. In addition, adipic acid consumption
for synthetic types is expected to grow in this region at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
3.2%, to reach 209,800 tons in 2020. The adipic acid market is expected to grow in this
region at a CAGR of 3.2% over the next five years because of increasing demand of
polyamide 66 for the end-user market.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPIC ACID INTERMEDIATE APPLICATIONS

Adipic acid is used mostly for the production of polyamide 66. In 2014, 54.0% of the global
adipic acid was used for manufacturing polyamide 66, in terms of value, followed by
polyurethane and adipate esters, which were 21.0% and 14.0%, respectively.
TABLE 12
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE APPLICATION, THROUGH
2020
($ MILLIONS)
Intermediate
Application
Polyamide 66
Polyurethanes
2015
3,596.2
1,389.6
CAGR%
2020
20152020
4,379.1
4.0
1,624.3
3.2
45
2014
3,475.5
1,351.3
Adipate esters (plasticizer)

Others
Total
900.5
707.3
6,434.6
906.9
713.4
6,606.1
954.6
763.6
7,721.6
1.0
1.4
3.2

FIGURE 8
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID INTERMEDIATE APPLICATIONS, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Intermediate Application
Polyamide 66
Polyurethanes
Others
Total
2015 2020
54.5 56.7
21.0 21.0
13.7 12.4
10.8
9.9
100.0 100.0
46
The adipic acid market for polyamide 66 is expected to increase from nearly $3.5 billion in
2014 to nearly $3.6 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.5%. In addition, this market is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach nearly $4.4 billion
in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used as a replacement for heavyweight metals in the automotive industry.
It is also used in the electrical and electronics industry in tapes, cables and so forth, and in
sporting items such as basketball nets and fishing nets. Most of adipic acid manufactured
globally is used for the production of polyamide 66.
The adipic acid market for polyurethanes is expected to increase from $1.3 billion in 2014
to nearly $1.4 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.8%. In addition, this market is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach $1.6 billion in 2020.
The global polyurethane market is increasing because of a rise in the demand for footwear
and synthetic leather. The material is injected directly into the close mold of shoe soles,
and acts as an adhesive. Polyurethane is the second-largest application for adipic acid.
In 2014, the adipic acid market for adipate esters (plasticizers) was $900.5 million; this is
expected to increase to $906.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.7%. This market
is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach $954.6 million in
2020.
Plasticizers are used mainly as plastic additives for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). They are also
used as a solvent in paints and coatings. The increasing end-user market for PVC in paints
and coatings is driving the market for plasticizers.
The adipic acid market for other intermediate applications is expected to increase from
$707.3 million in 2014 to $713.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.9%. Further, this
market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach $763.6
million in 2020.
Other industry markets comprise synthetic lubricants and food additives. The diversified
end-user market for the automotive industry, electrical and electronics, and foods and
beverages such as lozenges, jelly and soft drinks will drive the market for this category.
TABLE 13
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE APPLICATION,
THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Polyamide 66
Polyurethanes
CAGR%
2014
2015
2020 20152020
1,787.2 1,849.9 2,255.4
4.0
691.8
711.6
833.1
3.2
462.4
465.8
490.5
1.0
47
Others
Total
364.5
367.4
393.9
3,305.9 3,394.7 3,972.9
1.4
3.2

FIGURE 9
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY INTERMEDIATE
APPLICATION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Polyamide 66
Polyurethanes
Others
Total
2015 2020
54.5 56.8
21.0 21.0
13.7 12.3
10.8
9.9
100.0 100.0
48
Adipic acid consumption for polyamide 66 is expected to increase from 1.7 million tons in
2014 to 1.8 million tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.5%. Consumption in this market
is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach nearly
2.3 million tons in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used mainly in the automotive industry in engine covers, radiator end
tanks, mirror brackets, air springs, emissions canisters, light housings, fans, fan shrouds,
shifter bases and so forth. In the electrical and electronic industry, it is used in connectors,
relays, switches, plugs, housings, cables, buttons and knobs, insulators, terminal blocks
and so forth. The material is also used in certain sports items such as lacrosse heads,
blade holders, tennis balls and so forth. Polyamide 66 is also used in the food and
packaging industry for food packaging, oven bags, pan liners, sausage casings and so
forth. Since all these industries are growing, this is also driving the market for polyamide
66
Consumption of adipic acid for polyurethanes is expected to increase from 691,800 tons in
2014 to 711,600 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.9%. In addition, adipic acid
consumption for synthetic types is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
3.2%, to reach 833,100 tons in 2020.
Polyurethane is used in automobile interiors, leather bags, sofas, luggage and so forth.
The growing market for these applications is driving the polyurethane markets.
Adipic acid consumption for adipate esters (plasticizer) is expected to increase from
462,400 tons in 2014 to 465,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.7%. In addition,
adipic acid consumption for synthetic types is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 490,500 tons in 2020.
Plasticizers are used mainly as a plastic additive in PVC. PVC has a broad end-user market.
The global PVC market is expected to increase at a CAGR of 5% in the next five years,
which will in turn drive the market for adipate esters.
Adipic acid consumption for other intermediate applications is expected to increase from
adipic acid consumption for synthetic types is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach 393,900 tons in 2020.
Adipic acid has been approved for safe consumption by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration since 1987; it is used to provide a tart taste, gel-like shape and fizzy flavors
for food and beverages. The increasing use of adipic acid in the food and beverages
industry is driving its market.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPIC ACID END-USER APPLICATIONS

In 2014, the automotive industry accounted for 32.1% of the global adipic acid market by
value, because of replacement of heavyweight metals with polyamide 66 in vehicles.
Other major end-user applications include electrical and electronics, shoe soles and
sporting items.
49
TABLE 14
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
End-User Application
Automotive
Shoe soles
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Food and beverages, and
pharmaceuticals
Others
Total
2014
2,067.0
970.5
855.2
814.5
738.1
503.2
148.6
2015
2,144.7
987.5
881.4
835.3
754.8
512.2
148.9
337.5
6,434.6
341.3
6,606.1
CAGR%
2020
20152020
2,633.6
4.2
1,128.2
2.7
1,036.6
3.3
977.8
3.2
853.5
2.5
564.3
2.0
162.8
1.8
364.8
7,721.6
1.3
3.2

FIGURE 10
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
50
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Shoe soles
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Others
Total
2015 2020
32.5 34.1
14.9 14.6
13.3 13.4
12.6 12.7
11.4 11.1
7.8
7.3
2.3
2.1
5.2
4.7
100.0 100.0
The adipic acid market for automotive applications is expected to increase from $2.0
billion in 2014 to $2.1 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.8%. In addition, the adipic
acid market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 4.2%, to reach $2.6 billion in 2020. Polyamide 66 replaces mostly metals in the
automotive industry; this reduces production cost by approximately 30% and also reduces
weight by approximately 50%. The material also has a good balance of strength, stiffness,
heat resistance and lubricity. Increase in the automotive sales across regions is driving the
market for adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for the electrical and electronics industry is expected to increase
from $970.5 million in 2014 to $987.5 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.8%. In
addition, the adipic acid market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach $1.1 billion in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used in electrical connectors, cables and many other applications.
Polyurethane is also used in the electrical and electronic sectors to encapsulate, to seal
pressure-sensitive microelectronic components and in underwater cables and printed
circuit boards. The rising demand for these components in the electrical and electronics
industry is driving the market for adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from $814.5
adipic acid market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 3.2%, to reach $977.8 million in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used increasingly in a number of sporting items because of its strength,
stability and resistance; this is, in turn, enlarging the market for adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for synthetic leather is expected to increase from $738.1 million in
2014 to $754.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.3%. In addition, the adipic acid
market for this application is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.5%,
to reach $853.5 million in 2020.
51
Polyurethanes used in synthetic fiber are widely used in leather bags, garment fabrics and
various other applications. The increasing use of these goods is driving the market for
adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for shoe soles is expected to increase from $855.2 million in 2014
to $881.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the adipic acid market
for this application is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of 3.3%, to reach
$1.0 billion in 2020.
Polyurethane is used in the mid soles and upper soles of sports shoes, trekking shoes and
boots because of its longevity, water resistance and low-cost properties. More usage of
polyurethane is in turn driving the market for adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for food and beverages and pharmaceutical applications is
expected to increase from $148.6 million in 2014 to $148.9 million in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 0.2%. In addition, the adipic acid market for these applications is expected
to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach $162.8 million in 2020.
Adipic acid is used in the food and beverages and pharmaceutical industries. In the
pharmaceutical industry, it is incorporated into tablets to obtain pH-independent release
for both weakly basic and weakly acidic drugs.
The adipic acid market for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
$503.2 million in 2014 to $512.2 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.8%. In addition,
the adipic acid market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.0%, to reach $564.3 million in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used in flexible packaging films because of its mechanical strength,
transparency, thermoform ability and ability to act as a barrier. Polyurethane is also used
in coatings as a solvent for resistance to abrasion. The growth in the packaging films and
coatings market is increasing the market for adipic acid.
The adipic acid market for other end-user applications is expected to increase from $337.5
adipic acid market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 1.3%, to reach $364.8 million in 2020.
The adipic acid other end-user application market includes bristles, ropes, ribbons,
womens stockings and furniture. The increasing use of all these products is driving the
other-industry market for adipic acid.
52
TABLE 15
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, THROUGH
2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Automotive
Shoe soles
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Others
Total
2014
1,071.6
503.6
433.7
412.1
376.7
258.5
76.0
173.7
3,305.9
2015
1,112.2
512.6
446.8
422.6
385.3
263.1
76.1
176.0
3,394.7
CAGR%
2020 20152020
1,367.4
4.2
586.2
2.7
526.4
3.3
495.1
3.2
436.2
2.5
290.2
2.0
83.5
1.9
187.9
1.3
3,972.9
3.2

FIGURE 11
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER APPLICATION, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
53
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
32.7 34.4
15.1 14.8
12.4 12.5
11.4 11.0
13.2 13.2
2.2
2.1
7.8
7.3
5.2
4.7
100.0 100.0
Adipic acid consumption for automotive applications is expected to increase from 1.0
million tons in 2014 to 1.1 million tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.8%. In addition,
adipic acid consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 4.2%, to reach nearly 1.4 million tons in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used as a replacement for many heavyweight metal parts in the
automotive industry. Growth in the automotive industry is driving the market for adipic
acid for the forecasted period.
Adipic acid consumption for electrical and electronics applications is expected to increase
from 503,600 tons in 2014 to 512,600 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.8%. In
addition, adipic acid consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach 586,200 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is used in
cables, insulators and connectors, which is driving the market for adipic acid for the
forecasted period.
Adipic acid consumption for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach 495,100 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is used in various
sporting items, which is in turn driving the market for adipic acid.
Adipic acid consumption for synthetic leather is expected to increase from 376,700 tons in
2014 to 385,300 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.3%. In addition, the adipic acid
consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 2.5%, to reach 436,200 tons in 2020. Polyurethane used in synthetic leather is used in
various consumer goods including bags and sofas. The growth in the synthetic-leather
market is increasing the market for adipic acid.
Adipic acid consumption for shoe soles is expected to increase from 433,700 tons in 2014
to 446,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. In addition, adipic acid consumption
54
for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.3%, to
reach 526,400 tons in 2020.
A significant amount of polyurethane resin is used as adhesive in shoe soles. The growing
footwear market is driving the market for adipic acid for the forecasted period.
Adipic acid consumption for food and beverages and pharmaceutical applications is
expected to increase from 76,000 tons in 2014 to 76,100 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth
rate of 0.1%. In addition, adipic acid consumption for these applications is expected to
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.9%, to reach 83,500 tons in 2020.
Adipic acid is used as food additives in various foods and beverages. The growing food and
beverages market is increasing the global adipic acid market for the next five years.
Adipic acid consumption for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 2.0%, to reach 290,200 tons in 2020. Both polyamide 66 and
polyurethane are used in the films and coatings industry for their strength, rigidity and
abrasion-resistance properties.
Adipic acid consumption for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach 187,900 tons in 2020.
Polyamide 66 is used in toothbrush bristles, ribbons and ropes for drying clothes and other
uses. Growth in these industries is driving the market for adipic acid for the forecasted
period.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS

In 2014, the automotive industry dominated global polyamide 66 end-user applications,
with a 43.0% share in terms of value, followed by sporting goods and electrical and
electronic items, which had a share of 16.0% and 14.0%, respectively.
TABLE 16
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, THROUGH
2020
($ MILLIONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Shoe soles
2014
1,494.3
555.9
486.6
347.7
2015
1,561.4
573.4
496.5
358.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
1,988.4
5.0
691.6
3.8
580.4
3.2
423.2
3.4
55
Synthetic leather
Others
Total
347.6
139.1
104.3
3,475.5
357.7
142.6
106.0
3,596.2
417.1
162.5
115.9
4,379.1
3.1
2.6
1.8
4.0
FIGURE 12
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
56
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Shoe soles
Synthetic leather
Others
Total
2015 2020
43.5 45.4
15.9 15.8
13.8 13.3
10.0
9.7
9.9
9.5
4.0
3.7
2.9
2.6
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 market for automotive applications is expected to increase from nearly
$1.5 billion in 2014 to $1.6 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 4.5%. In addition, the
polyamide 66 market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 5.0%, to reach nearly $2.0 billion in 2020. Polyamide 66 is replacing
heavyweight metals in cars and other vehicles. It is also cost efficient. Hence, the use of
polyamide 66 is increasing in the automotive industry during the forecasted period.
The polyamide 66 market for electrical and electronics applications is expected to increase
addition, the polyamide 66 market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach $580.4 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is hard and
stiff. Also it has electrical properties such as flammability and tracking resistance, for
which it is increasingly used in the electrical and electronics industry.
The polyamide 66 market for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
the polyamide 66 market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $691.6 million in 2020. Use of polyamide 66 in the
sporting-goods industry is increasing, as the material is semicrystalline and tough with
good thermal and chemical resistance properties.
The polyamide 66 market for synthetic leather is expected to increase from $347.6 million
in 2014 to $357.7 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.9%. In addition, the polyamide
66 market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
3.1%, to reach $417.1 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 fibers are required to produce
synthetic leather. Because of its superfine quality, polyamide 66 is expected to be used
increasingly in producing synthetic leather for the forecasted period.
The polyamide 66 market for shoe soles is expected to increase from $347.7 million in
2014 to $358.6 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the polyamide 66
market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
3.4%, to reach $423.2 billion in 2020. Polyamide 66 is used in shoe soles to give them
57
improved resistance to bending fatigue, keeping them lightweight. So the use of

polyamide 66 in the shoe-sole industry is expected to grow for the next five years.
The polyamide 66 market for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 2.6%, to reach $162.5 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is increasingly used
in packaging films and coatings for its unique properties such as strength, rigidity and
abrasion resistance.
The polyamide 66 market for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach $115.9 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is lightweight,
strong and durable, for which it is widely used in brushes and as ropes in tents.
TABLE 17
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2014
774.7
281.2
252.5
177.4
176.3
71.5
53.6
1,787.2
2015
809.8
290.1
257.8
182.6
181.8
73.2
54.6
1,849.9
CAGR%
2020
20152020
1,032.5
5.0
350.2
3.8
301.5
3.2
213.0
3.1
214.9
3.4
83.6
2.7
59.7
1.8
2,255.4
4.0
58
FIGURE 13
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
43.7 45.9
13.9 13.4
15.7 15.5
9.9
9.4
9.8
9.5
4.0
3.7
3.0
2.6
100.0 100.0
59
Polyamide 66 consumption for automotive applications is expected to increase from

polyamide 66 consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 5.0%, to reach 1.0 million tons in 2020. The usage of polyamide 66 is
increasing in the automotive industry for engine covers, air springs and so forth, mainly
because it is lightweight.
Polyamide 66 consumption for electrical and electronics applications is expected to
increase from 252,500 tons in 2014 to 257,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.1%.
In addition, polyamide 66 consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach 301,500 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is
rigid and thermal resistant. So its usage in the electrical and electronics industry is
expected to increase widely for the forecasted period.
Polyamide 66 consumption for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach 350,200 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is used in sporting
items as it is strong and rigid; because of this, its usage is expected to increase during the
forecasted period. The material is used mostly in basketball nets, fishing, rackets, sporting
jerseys and so forth.
Polyamide 66 consumption for synthetic leather is expected to increase from 177,400 tons
in 2014 to 182,600 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.9%. In addition, polyamide 66
of 3.1%, to reach 213,000 tons in 2020. Synthetic leather is produced from polyamide 66
fiber through spinning. Usage is increasing more because of the materials superfine
nature.
Polyamide 66 consumption for shoe soles is expected to increase from 176,300 tons in
2014 to 181,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, polyamide 66
of 3.4%, to reach 214,900 tons in 2020. Ski boots and sports-shoe soles are made of
polyamide 66 because of its strength, rigidity and hardness. This is driving the market for
polyamide 66 in the footwear industry during the forecasted period.
Polyamide 66 consumption for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach 83,600 tons in 2020. The packaging and coatings
industry uses an increasing amount of polyamide 66 as it can be used in producing flexible
packaging films, because of its strength and transparency.
Polyamide 66 consumption for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 59,700 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66, being hard and
strong, is used widely for producing ropes and bristles used as cleaners. Hence, it is
expected to be used increasingly in other end-user industries for the next five years.
60
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATION

In 2014, the shoe-sole industry dominated 30.1% of the polyurethane market in terms of
value, followed by synthetic leather and packaging films and coatings with approximately
20.0% and 15.0%, respectively.
TABLE 18
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, THROUGH
2020
($ MILLIONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
CAGR%
2014
2015
2020 20152020
189.2
195.5
231.5
3.4
162.3
166.8
200.7
3.8
81.1
83.3
100.5
3.8
270.3
276.4
311.8
2.4
405.3
419.9
505.8
3.8
202.7
206.7
229.4
2.1
40.4
41.0
44.6
1.7
1,351.3 1,389.6 1,624.3
3.2

FIGURE 14
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
61
LEGEND
(%)
Shoe soles
Synthetic leather
Automotive
Sporting goods
Others
Total
2015 2020
30.1 31.1
19.9 19.2
14.9 14.1
14.1 14.3
12.0 12.4
6.0
6.2
3.0
2.7
100.0 100.0

The polyurethane market for automotive applications is expected to increase from $189.2
polyurethane market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 3.4%, to reach $231.5 million in 2020. Polyurethane is used in the automotive
industry in flexible foam seating, foam insulation panels, elastomeric wheels and tires,
automotive suspension bushings, cushions, electrical potting compounds and hard-plastic
parts. Polyurethane has insulation properties that provide protection against the heat and
noise of the engine. Also, it is very strong and lightweight, which reduces car weight and
results in more fuel efficiency.
The polyurethane market for electrical and electronics applications is expected to increase
addition, the polyurethane market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $200.7 million in 2020. Usage of polyurethane is
expected to increase in the next five years, as it can protect electrical and electronics
components from moisture, vibration and thermal and physical shock. The material has
superior adhesion compared with other substrates, and it offers flexibility, elasticity and
abrasion resistance.
The polyurethane market for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
the polyurethane market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $100.5 million in 2020. Polyurethane is used increasingly
in swimsuits and racing suits because of its high elasticity. The energy released by the
athlete is stored and reused by the material, resulting in better blood circulation and
reduced muscle vibration. It is expected to be used increasingly in sporting goods during
the forecasted period.
The polyurethane market for synthetic leather is expected to increase from $270.3 million
in 2014 to $276.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.3%. In addition, the
polyurethane market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 2.4%, to reach $311.8 million in 2020. Polyurethane is the most important
polymer required to produce synthetic leather. The material is strong and tear resistant
and its usage is expected to grow in the next five years.
62
The polyurethane market for shoe soles is expected to increase from $405.3 million in
2014 to $419.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.6%. In addition, the polyurethane
3.8%, to reach $505.8 million in 2020. Polyurethane is used in footwear soling to provide
better abrasion, chemical resistance and higher viscosity, and the material is expected to
be used increasingly during the forecasted period.
The polyurethane market for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach $229.4 million in 2020. Polyurethane packaging films are
tear, abrasion, flex-crack, water and heat resistant. The material is also biocompatible and
nonallergic. Polyurethane coatings on metals are corrosion and abrasion resistant. The
material also gives a high-gloss finish. Because of all these properties, the polyurethane
market is expected to grow in the next five years.
The polyurethane market for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $44.6 million in 2020. Polyurethane carpet cushion is
durable and provides a comfortable under-foot feeling. It also protects the carpet face.
Such applications are expected to drive the polyurethane market.
TABLE 19
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Shoe soles
Synthetic leather
Automotive
Sporting goods
Others
Total
2014 2015
205.6 213.0
137.9 141.1
104.1 106.2
98.1 101.5
84.2
86.5
41.1
42.1
20.8
21.2
691.8 711.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
257.0
3.8
159.5
2.5
118.0
2.1
120.3
3.5
104.4
3.8
50.9
3.9
23.0
1.6
833.1
3.2
63
FIGURE 15
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES IN END-USER
APPLICATIONS, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Shoe soles
Synthetic leather
Automotive
Sporting goods
Others
Total
2015 2020
29.9 30.9
19.8 19.1
14.9 14.2
14.3 14.4
12.2 12.5
5.9
6.1
3.0
2.8
100.0 100.0
64
Polyurethane consumption for automotive applications is expected to increase from

polyurethane consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach 120,300 tons in 2020. Polyurethanes are strong, rigid and
lightweight; for these reasons, they are increasingly used in the automotive industry.
Polyurethane consumption for electrical and electronics applications is expected to
increase from 84,200 tons in 2014 to 86,500 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.7%. In
addition, polyurethane consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach 104,400 tons in 2020. Polyurethane gives
resistance to thermal and physical shock. These properties mean that the polyurethane
market is expected to increase during the forecasted period.
Polyurethane consumption for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 3.9%, to reach 50,900 tons in 2020. Because of its high flexibility,
polyurethane is expected to be used widely in swim- and racing suits.
Polyurethane consumption for synthetic leather is expected to increase from 137,900 tons
in 2014 to 141,100 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.3%. In addition, polyurethane
of 2.5%, to reach 159,500 tons in 2020. Because of the materials strength and wear and
tear resistance properties, polyurethane usage is expected to increase in the synthetic
leather industry for the forecasted period.
Polyurethane consumption for shoe soles is expected to increase from 205,600 tons in
2014 to 213,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.6%. In addition, polyurethane
of 3.8%, to reach 257,000 tons in 2020. Use of polyurethane in shoe soles makes them
hard, rigid and abrasion resistant; because of this, the use of polyurethane is expected to
increase in the next five years.
Polyurethane consumption for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach 118,000 tons in 2020. In packaging films, polyurethane
gives a glossy finish. Also it is abrasion resistant. These properties are driving the
polyurethane market in the packaging films and coatings industry.
Polyurethane consumption for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
20,800 tons in 2014 to 21.200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.9%. In addition,
(2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach 23,000 tons in 2020. Polyurethane is increasingly used as
a protective wood finish, which is driving its market in the next five years.
65
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATION

In 2014, electrical and electronics items accounted for over 20.0% of the global adipate
ester market in terms of value, followed by automotive applications and sporting goods,
with approximately 19.0% and 15.0%, respectively.
TABLE 20
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATION, THROUGH
2020
($ MILLIONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2014
180.1
171.2
135.1
126.1
99.0
81.0
108.0
900.5
2015
181.6
172.8
135.9
127.3
99.4
81.4
108.5
906.9
CAGR%
2020 20152020
197.4
1.7
182.6
1.1
141.0
0.7
134.6
1.1
102.5
0.6
84.2
0.7
112.3
0.7
954.6
1.0
66
FIGURE 16
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATION, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
19.9 20.7
19.1 19.1
15.0 14.8
14.0 14.1
11.0 10.7
9.0
8.8
12.0 11.8
100.0 100.0
67
The adipate ester market for automotive applications is expected to increase from $171.2
adipate ester market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach $182.6 million in 2020. Adipate esters are used mainly in PVC.
In vehicles, PVC is used in cable insulation, grommets, door panels, dashboards, seating
and other areas. The growing automotive market is driving the market for adipate esters.
The adipate ester market for electrical and electronics applications is expected to increase
addition, the adipate ester market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $197.4 million in 2020. In the electrical and
electronics industry, PVC is used in insulation tapes and cables. Growth in the electrical
and electronics industry is driving the adipate ester market.
The adipate ester market for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
the adipate ester market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $141.0 million in 2020. PVC is used in sports equipment
such as gloves, sparring pads, rugby-post guards, flippers, diving masks, ski slalom poles,
landing pads, ping-pong balls and so forth. The growth in the sporting-goods industry is in
turn driving the market for PVC.
The adipate ester market for synthetic leather is expected to increase from $99.0 million
in 2014 to $99.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.4%. In addition, the adipate
ester market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 0.6%, to reach $102.5 million in 2020. Plasticizers are used in synthetic leather in bags
and jackets. Increased use of synthetic leather is driving this market for adipate ester
during the forecast period.
The adipate ester market for shoe soles is expected to increase from $81.0 million in 2014
to $81.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.5%. In addition, the adipate ester
0.7%, to reach $84.2 million in 2020. Some plasticizer is injected in shoes, sandals,
slippers and boots. Although this occurs in very small amounts, the growing footwear
industry will drive the market for adipate esters.
The adipate ester market for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach $134.6 million in 2020. PVC can be shaped by heating.
Extrusion, injection and blow molding are some of the fabrication methods used for
packaging, which includes films for food wraps, blister packs for tablets, clear bottles for
cordial and vegetable oils, clamshell casing to protect electronic goods and so forth.
Growth in the packaging films and coatings market is thus driving the adipate ester
market.
The adipate ester market for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $112.3 million in 2020. PVC is used widely in brushes
68
because of its low weight and cost and its ability to be formed into different shapes.
Growth in the other-industry market is driving the market for PVC, which in turn is
increasing the adipate ester market.
TABLE 21
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
93.5 94.3 102.5
1.7
88.7 89.6
94.6
1.1
68.3 68.8
71.4
0.7
64.8 65.4
69.2
1.1
50.5 50.7
52.3
0.6
41.0 41.1
42.6
0.7
55.6 55.9
57.9
0.7
462.4 465.8 490.5
1.0

FIGURE 17
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS IN END-USER APPLICATIONS, 2015 AND
2020
(%)
69
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
20.2 20.9
19.2 19.3
14.9 14.5
14.0 14.1
10.9 10.7
8.8
8.7
12.0 11.8
100.0 100.0
Adipate ester consumption for automotive applications is expected to increase from

adipate ester consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 94,600 tons in 2020. Because of the wide use of PVC in
the automotive industry, the adipate ester market is increasing during the forecasted
period.
Adipate ester consumption for electrical and electronics applications is expected to
addition, adipate ester consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach 102,500 tons in 2020. PVC is widely used
in cables in the electrical and electronics sector; this is driving the market for adipate
esters.
Adipate ester consumption for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 71,400 tons in 2020. PVC is also used in sporting
equipment in balls, pads and other things; this is driving the adipate ester market for the
next five years.
Adipate ester consumption for synthetic leather is expected to increase from 50,500 tons
in 2014 to 50,700 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.4%. In addition, adipate ester
of 0.6%, to reach 52,300 tons in 2020. Plasticizers are used in leather bags and jackets in
a small quantity. The synthetic-leather market is thus driving the adipate ester market.
Adipate ester consumption for shoe soles is expected to increase from 41,000 tons in 2014
to 41,100 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.2%. In addition, adipate ester
of 0.7%, to reach 42,600 tons in 2020. PVC granules are injected in boots and slippers.
Although adipate esters are used in a relatively small quantity in the footwear industry,
that industry is driving the adipate ester market.
70
Adipate ester consumption for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 69,200 tons in 2020. PVC coating is tear resistant and
has tensile strength; reflecting this, the packaging paints and coatings market is driving
the adipate ester market.
Adipate esters consumption for other end-user applications is expected to increase from
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 57,900 tons in 2020. PVC is widely used in brushes and
carpets, which is driving the adipate ester market.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER

APPLICATIONS
The other-intermediates market includes food additives and synthetic lubricants. In 2014,
the other-intermediates market, in terms of value, was dominated by the automotive
industry, which accounted for approximately 30.0%, followed by the food and beverages
and pharmaceutical industry category and the electrical and electronics industry with
TABLE 22
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2014
212.3
148.6
141.5
42.4
35.3
21.2
21.2
84.8
707.3
2015
215.0
148.9
142.6
42.7
35.6
21.3
21.5
85.8
713.4
CAGR%
2020 20152020
231.1
1.5
162.8
1.8
149.7
1.0
44.7
0.9
37.8
1.2
22.1
0.7
23.4
1.7
92.0
1.4
763.6
1.4
71
FIGURE 18
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
30.1 30.0
20.9 21.0
20.0 20.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
12.0 12.0
100.0 100.0
72
The other-intermediates market for automotive applications is expected to increase from

the other-intermediates market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.5%, to reach $231.1 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are
used in engines in the automotive industry. Growth in this industry is expected to drive the
market for other intermediates.
The other-intermediates market for electrical and electronics applications is expected to
increase from $141.5 million in 2014 to $142.6 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of
0.8%. In addition, the other-intermediates market for these applications is expected to
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach $149.7 million in 2020.
Synthetic lubricants are used in electrical connectors. Growth in the electrical and
electronics industry is driving the market for other intermediates.
The other-intermediates market for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase
addition, the other-intermediates market for these applications is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.9%, to reach $44.7 million in 2020. Synthetic
lubricants are required mainly for gun lubrication for shooting, which will drive the market
for other intermediates.
The other-intermediates market for synthetic leather is expected to increase from $21.2
other-intermediates market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $22.1 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricant can be used as
an aid in synthetic-leather production, which will be in small quantity. Nevertheless, the
synthetic-leather market will drive the market for synthetic lubricants.
The other-intermediates market for shoe soles is expected to increase from $21.2 million
other-intermediates market for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $23.4 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricant can be used in
small amounts as solvent in shoe soles for abrasion resistance.
The other-intermediates market for the food and beverages and pharmaceutical category
is expected to increase from $148.6 million in 2014 to $148.9 million in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 0.2%. In addition, the other-intermediates market for these applications is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach $162.8 million in
2020. Adipic acid is used in jelly, lozenges and soft drinks as food additives. The market
for these food and beverages applications will drive the market for the other-intermediate
industry.
The other-intermediates market for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase
lubricants can be used in high-temperature applications, such as metal chloride coating.
This is expected to increase the market for other-intermediate applications.
73
The other-intermediates market for other end-user applications is expected to increase

lubricants are used in the production of thin kerf saw blades and finger joint knives.
TABLE 23
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER APPLICATIONS,
THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2014 2015
110.1 111.3
76.0
76.1
73.4
74.0
21.5
21.6
18.1
18.3
10.9
10.9
10.8
10.9
43.7
44.3
364.5 367.4
CAGR%
2020
20152020
120.0
1.5
83.5
1.9
77.8
1.0
22.6
0.9
19.4
1.2
11.4
0.9
11.9
1.8
47.3
1.3
393.9
1.4
74
FIGURE 19
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN END-USER
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Automotive
Sporting goods
Synthetic leather
Shoe soles
Others
Total
2015 2020
30.2 30.0
20.7 21.0
20.1 20.0
5.9
6.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
12.1 12.0
100.0 100.0
75
Other-intermediates consumption for automotive applications is expected to increase from

other-intermediates consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.5%, to reach 120,000 tons in 2020. Use of other intermediates
in engines in the automotive industry is expected to drive this market.
Other-intermediates consumption for electrical and electronics applications is expected to
addition, other-intermediates consumption for these applications is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 77,800 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants
used in connectors are expected to drive this market.
Other-intermediates consumption for sporting-goods applications is expected to increase
from 21,500 tons in 2014 to 21,600 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.5%. In addition,
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.9%, to reach 22,600 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in
guns will drive this market.
Other-intermediates consumption for synthetic leather is expected to have a marginal
increment, remaining at 10,900 tons through 2015. In addition, other-intermediates
of 0.9%, to reach 11,400 tons in 2020. Synthetic leather is used in small amounts in
leathers, which will drive this market.
Other-intermediates consumption for shoe soles is expected to increase from 10,800 tons
in 2014 to 10,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.9%. In addition,
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 11,900 tons in 2020. In shoe soles, a small amount
of synthetic leather is used. The footwear industry will drive this market.
Other-intermediates consumption for the food and beverages and pharmaceutical
category is expected to increase from 76,000 tons in 2014 to 76,100 tons in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 0.1%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption for these applications is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.9%, to reach 83,500 tons in
2020. Adipic acid used in food additives will drive the market for other-intermediate
applications.
Other-intermediates consumption for packaging films and coatings is expected to increase
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 19,400 tons in 2020. Use of synthetic leather in the
coatings market will drive the other-intermediates market.
Other-intermediates consumption for other end-user applications is expected to increase
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach 47,300 tons in 2020. Synthetic leather used in
blades and knives will increase the market for other-intermediate applications.
76
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION

In 2014, the polyamide 66 market (in terms of value) was dominated mostly by
Asia-Pacific, with a share of 38.5%, followed by North America and Europe with 25.9% and
25.5%, respectively.
TABLE 24
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
899.1
885.8
1,338.0
186.7
165.9
3,475.5
2015
927.5
913.3
1,390.8
192.5
172.1
3,596.2
CAGR%
2020 20152020
1,113.2
3.7
1,091.2
3.6
1,731.5
4.5
230.7
3.7
212.5
4.3
4,379.1
4.0
FIGURE 20
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
77
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.8 25.4
25.4 24.9
38.6 39.5
5.4
5.3
4.8
4.9
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 market for North America is expected to increase from $899.1 million in
market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.7%, to
reach $1.1 billion in 2020. Polyamide 66 consumption in North America is expected to
increase because of the growing automotive, electrical and electronics and sporting-goods
industries. The North American sporting-goods industry will also be driven by several
football leagues taking place, as polyamide 66 is highly used in football nets.
The polyamide 66 market for Europe is expected to increase from $885.8 million in 2014
to $913.3 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the polyamide 66
reach nearly $1.1 billion in 2020. In Europe, polyamide 66 consumption will increase
because of increased demand from the automotive, electrical and electronics and
packaging films and coatings industries.
The polyamide 66 market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from $1.3 billion in 2014
to nearly $1.4 billion in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.9%. In addition, the polyamide 66
market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of 4.5%, to
reach $1.7 billion in 2020. Asia-Pacific will experience the highest growth in the polyamide
66 industry because of high demand from all the end-user industries, including the
automotive industry, electrical and electronics, shoe soles, packaging films and coatings
and so forth. The growth will be driven mainly by China and India.
The polyamide 66 market for South America is expected to increase from $186.7 million in
market in this region for these applications is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 3.7%, to reach $230.7 million in 2020. South America will also experience
growth in the polyamide 66 industry because of high use of the material in the automotive
and electrical and electronics industries.
The polyamide 66 market for ROW is expected to increase from $165.9 million in 2014 to
$172.1 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.7%. In addition, the polyamide 66 market
in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.3%, to reach
$212.5 million in 2020. In ROW, growing end-user application industries such as the
78
automotive industry, electrical and electronics, sporting goods and packaging films and
coatings will drive the polyamide 66 market, mainly from the Middle East and Africa
regions.
TABLE 25
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
473.2
385.0
743.4
98.3
87.3
1,787.2
CAGR%
2015
2020 20152020
488.0
585.9
3.7
397.2
474.4
3.6
772.6
961.8
4.5
101.4
121.4
3.7
90.7
111.9
4.3
1,849.9 2,255.4
4.0
FIGURE 21
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
79
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.4 26.0
21.5 21.0
41.7 42.6
5.5
5.4
4.9
5.0
100.0 100.0
Polyamide 66 consumption for North America is expected to increase from 473,200 tons in
consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.7%,
to reach 585,900 tons in 2020. The polyamide 66 market in North America will be driven
mainly by the automotive, electrical and electronics and sporting-goods industries.
Polyamide 66 consumption for Europe is expected to increase from 385,000 tons in 2014
to 397,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.2%. In addition, polyamide 66
to reach 474,400 tons in 2020. In Europe, the polyamide 66 market will be driven mostly
by the automotive, electrical and electronics and packaging films and coatings industries.
Polyamide 66 consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from 743,400 tons in
to reach 961,800 tons in 2020. Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing market, and the
polyamide 66 industry for this region will be driven by all the end-user application markets,
including the automotive industry, where heavyweight metals are replaced by polyamide
66, in the electrical and electronics industry for insulators, connectors and cables, in the
sporting-goods industry, mainly to produce nets, and in the packaging films and coatings
industry for flexible films.
Polyamide 66 consumption for South America is expected to increase from 98,300 tons in
to reach 121,400 tons in 2020. The automotive and electrical and electronics industries
will mostly drive the polyamide 66 market in South America for the forecasted period.
Polyamide 66 consumption for ROW is expected to increase from 87,300 tons in 2014 to
90,700 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.9%. In addition, polyamide 66 consumption
111,900 tons in 2020. ROWs growth in the automotive and electrical and electronics
markets will be driven by the Middle East and Africa. This will, in turn, lead to growth the
polyamide 66 market.
80
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYURETHANES BY REGION

In 2014, the polyurethanes market was driven mostly, in terms of value, by Asia-Pacific,
with approximately a 36.1% market share, followed by Europe and North America, with
TABLE 26
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
2015
363.8
373.6
369.3
378.9
488.1
503.7
61.8
63.0
68.3
70.4
1,351.3 1,389.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
434.0
3.0
434.8
2.8
602.6
3.7
70.1
2.2
82.8
3.3
1,624.3
3.2
FIGURE 22
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
81
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.9 26.7
27.3 26.8
36.2 37.1
4.5
4.3
5.1
5.1
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes market for North America is expected to increase from $363.8 million
polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 3.0%, to reach $434.0 million in 2020. Polyurethane is used mostly in shoe soles,
synthetic leather and packaging films and coatings. Athlete shoes, sand shoes and gym
boots are driving the market for polyurethane in North America.
The polyurethanes market for Europe is expected to increase from $369.3 million in 2014
to $378.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.6%. In addition, the polyurethanes
reach $434.8 billion in 2020. Polyurethane used mainly in the synthetic-leather industry is
expected to drive this market in the European countries.
The polyurethanes market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from $488.1 million in
2014 to $503.7 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.2%. In addition, the
polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020)
of 3.7%, to reach $602.6 million in 2020. Mostly polyurethane is used in the footwear
industry in Asia-Pacific; mainly China is driving that market.
The polyurethanes market for South America is expected to increase from $61.8 million in
2014 to $63.0 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.9%. In addition, the polyurethanes
market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of 2.2%, to
reach $70.1 million in 2020. The South America market for polyurethane will also be
driven by the automotive and shoe-sole sectors.
The polyurethanes market for ROW is expected to increase from $68.3 million in 2014 to
$70.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. In addition, the polyurethanes market
in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of 3.3%, to reach $82.8
million in 2020. ROW will expected to be a fast-growing market for polyurethane because
of the high use of polyurethane in the footwear and synthetic-leather industries.
82
TABLE 27
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014
2015 2020 20152020
191.4 196.7 228.5
3.0
160.5 164.8 189.0
2.8
271.3 279.9 334.9
3.7
32.6
33.2
37.0
2.2
36.0
37.0
43.7
3.4
691.8 711.6 833.1
3.2
FIGURE 23
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020
(%)
83
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
27.6 27.4
23.2 22.7
39.3 40.3
4.7
4.4
5.2
5.2
100.0 100.0
Polyurethane consumption for North America is expected to increase from 191,400 tons in
to reach 228,500 tons in 2020. Athlete footwear in North America is a major driver for
polyurethane in North America.
Polyurethane consumption for Europe is expected to increase from 160,500 tons in 2014
to 164,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.7%. In addition, polyurethane
to reach 189,000 tons in 2020. Polyurethane used in different end-user applications,
mainly in the synthetic-leather industry, is expected to drive this market during the
forecasted period.
Polyurethane consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from 271,300 tons in
to reach 334,900 tons in 2020. China and India each have a large footwear industry in
which polyurethane is mostly used. This is expected to drive the market in the next five
years.
Polyurethane consumption for South America is expected to increase from 32,600 tons in
to reach 37,000 tons in 2020. Mainly the automotive and shoe-sole sectors will be driving
the polyurethane market in South America.
Polyurethane consumption for ROW is expected to increase from 36,000 tons in 2014 to
37,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.8%. In addition, polyurethane consumption
43,700 tons in 2020. The Middle East and Africa regions will be consuming more
polyurethane because of its uses in the shoe-sole and synthetic-leather industries.
84
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE ADIPATE ESTER BY REGION

In 2014, the global adipate ester market was dominated by Asia-Pacific, with a market
share (in terms of value) of 36.7%, followed by North America and Europe with 26.2% and
TABLE 28
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
236.0
230.5
330.9
49.7
53.4
900.5
2015
237.5
231.9
333.9
49.8
53.8
906.9
CAGR%
2020 20152020
248.6
0.9
241.8
0.8
356.7
1.3
50.9
0.4
56.6
1.0
954.6
1.0
FIGURE 24
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
85
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.2 26.0
25.6 25.3
36.8 37.5
5.5
5.3
5.9
5.9
100.0 100.0
The adipate ester market for North America is expected to increase from $236.0 million in
2014 to $237.5 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.6%. In addition, the adipate ester
reach $248.6 million in 2020. Adipate esters are used mainly in PVC. PVC is used
extensively in North America in the automotive and electrical and electronic industries,
which will drive its market in the region.
The adipate ester market for Europe is expected to increase from $230.5 million in 2014 to
$231.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.6%. In addition, the adipate ester market
$241.8 million in 2020. PVC used in the electrical and electronics industry, mainly in
insulation tapes, is mostly driving this market in Europe.
The adipate ester market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from $330.9 million in
reach $356.7 million in 2020. PVC used in the automotive, electrical and electronics and
packaging films and coatings industries will be driving the adipate ester market in
Asia-Pacific.
The adipate ester market for South America is expected to increase from $49.7 million in
reach $50.9 million in 2020. In South America, PVC is used mainly in the automotive and
electrical and electronics industries, which are expected to drive the market for adipate
esters in this region.
The adipate ester market for ROW is expected to increase from $53.4 million in 2014 to
$53.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.7%. In addition, the adipate ester market in
this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of 1.0%, to reach $56.6
million in 2020. In ROW also, the growth in the automotive and electrical and electronics
industries will drive the market for PVC; this, in turn, will result in growth in the adipate
ester market in this region.
86
TABLE 29
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
124.2
100.2
183.9
26.1
28.0
462.4
2015
125.0
100.8
185.5
26.2
28.3
465.8
CAGR%
2020 20152020
130.8
0.9
105.0
0.8
198.2
1.3
26.8
0.5
29.7
1.0
490.5
1.0
FIGURE 25
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS BY REGION, 2015 AND
2020
(%)
87
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
26.8 26.7
21.6 21.4
39.9 40.3
5.6
5.5
6.1
6.1
100.0 100.0
Adipate ester consumption for North America is expected to increase from 124,200 tons in
2014 to 125,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.6%. In addition, adipate ester
to reach 130,800 tons in 2020. PVC used in the end-user applications, mainly in the
automotive industry, will drive the adipate ester market in North America.
Adipate ester consumption for Europe is expected to increase from 100,200 tons in 2014
to 100,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.6%. In addition, adipate ester
to reach 105,000 tons in 2020. PVC used in the electrical and electronics industry in
Europe will primarily drive the adipate ester market in this region.
Adipate ester consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from 183,900 tons in
to reach 198,200 tons in 2020. Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region in most of the
end-user application industries. PVC used mainly in the electrical and electronics and
packaging films and coatings industries will drive the adipate ester market in this region.
Adipate ester consumption for South America is expected to increase from 26,100 tons in
to reach 26,800 tons in 2020. Both the automotive and electrical and electronics industries
in South America will contribute to the growth in the PVC market; this, in turn, will drive
the adipate ester market in this region.
Adipate ester consumption for ROW is expected to increase from 28,000 tons in 2014 to
28,300 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.1%. In addition, adipate ester consumption
29,700 tons in 2020. In ROW, the packaging films and coatings and electrical and
electronics industries are expected to use PVC; this will drive the market for adipate esters
in this region during the forecasted period.
88
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE OTHER-INTERMEDIATES BY REGION

The other-intermediates market for 2014 was dominated, in terms of value, by Asia-Pacific,
with a global market share of approximately 38.0%, followed by North America and Europe
with 24.7% and 24.5%, respectively.
TABLE 30
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
174.5 175.8 187.1
1.3
173.1 174.3 182.9
1.0
269.0 272.0 296.3
1.7
47.7
47.9
50.6
1.1
43.0
43.4
46.7
1.5
707.3 713.4 763.6
1.4
FIGURE 26
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
89
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
24.6 24.5
24.4 24.0
38.2 38.8
6.7
6.6
6.1
6.1
100.0 100.0
The other-intermediates market for North America is expected to increase from $174.5
other-intermediates market in the region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 1.3%, to reach $187.1 million in 2020. Adipic acid used in foods and beverages as
additives is mostly driving the other-intermediates market in North America. Synthetic
lubricants used in engines are also a factor for this market to grow.
The other-intermediates market for Europe is expected to increase from $173.1 million in
2020) of 1.0%, to reach $182.9 million in 2020. In Europe, adipic acid as food additives
and as synthetic lubricants used in machines is driving the market for the
other-intermediates market.
The other-intermediates market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from $269.0
other-intermediates market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
1.7%, to reach $296.3 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific consumes adipic acid as additives in
foods and beverages and as synthetic lubricants in machinery, which is driving the
other-intermediates market.
The other-intermediates market for South America is expected to increase from $47.7
2020) of 1.1%, to reach $50.6 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in the automotive
industry and food additives are driving this market in this region.
The other-intermediates market for ROW is expected to increase from $43.0 million in
2020) of 1.5%, to reach $46.7 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in the automotive
and electrical and electronics industries and food additives are driving the market in this
region for the other-intermediates market.
90
TABLE 31
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
91.9 92.5 98.5
1.3
75.3 75.9 79.6
1.0
149.5 150.9 164.6
1.8
25.1 25.2 26.7
1.2
22.7 22.9 24.5
1.4
364.5 367.4 393.9
1.4
FIGURE 27
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES BY REGION, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
91
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.2 25.0
20.7 20.2
41.0 41.8
6.9
6.8
6.2
6.2
100.0 100.0
Other-intermediates consumption for North America is expected to increase from 91,900

tons in 2014 to 92,500 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.7%. In addition,
other-intermediates consumption in the region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach 98,500 tons in 2020. Because of growth in the food and
beverages and automotive industries, the other-intermediates market in the region is
growing.
Other-intermediates consumption for Europe is expected to increase from 75,300 tons in
2014 to 75,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.8%. Further, other-intermediates
consumption in the region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%,
to reach 79,600 tons in 2020. The food and beverages industry and synthetic lubricants
used in the electrical and electronics industry are driving this market in Europe.
Other-intermediates consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from 149,500
tons in 2014 to 150,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.9%. In addition,
(2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 164,600 tons in 2020. In Asia-Pacific, adipic acid used
mainly in the food and beverages industry and synthetic lubricants used in the automotive
and electrical and electronics industries will lead to growth in the other-intermediates
market.
Other-intermediates consumption for South America is expected to increase from 25,100
tons in 2014 to 25,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.4%. Further,
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 26,700 tons in 2020. South America uses adipic acid as
synthetic lubricants in machinery and as food additives.
Other-intermediates consumption for ROW is expected to increase from 22,700 tons in
2014 to 22,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.9%. In addition, other-intermediates
consumption in the region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.4%,
to reach 24,500 tons in 2020. In ROW, adipic acid used in foods and beverages and
synthetic lubricants used in engines are driving the market.
92
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN VARIOUS

GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY

REGION
In 2014, Asia-Pacific dominated approximately 45.0% of the market for polyamide 66, in
terms of value, used in the automotive industry followed by Europe and North America,
with approximately 23.0% and 22.0%, respectively.
TABLE 32
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY
REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
2015
328.7
341.8
343.7
357.4
672.4
706.0
89.7
93.4
59.8
62.8
1,494.3 1,561.4
CAGR%
2020 20152020
426.9
4.5
446.1
4.5
915.0
5.3
118.1
4.8
82.3
5.6
1,988.4
5.0
93
FIGURE 28
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.9 21.5
22.9 22.4
45.2 46.1
6.0
5.9
4.0
4.1
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the automotive market for North America is expected to
4.0%. Further, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
94
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.5%, to reach $426.9 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is

increasingly used in North America in replacing metals and thermosets in car parts, as the
material has the ability to withstand heat and chemicals.
The polyamide 66 used in the automotive market for Europe is expected to increase from
the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 4.5%, to reach $446.1 million in 2020. Europe is increasingly using polyamide 66
in car parts because of its versatility, mold ability and resistance to high temperatures and
harsh chemicals.
The polyamide 66 used in the automotive market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase
from $672.4 million in 2014 to $706.0 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 5.0%.
Further, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 5.3%, to reach $915.0 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific is the biggest
manufacturer of automotive parts and is widely using polyamide 66 to replace metals.
The polyamide 66 used in the automotive market for South America is expected to
increase from $89.7 million in 2014 to $93.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 4.1%.
The polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 4.8%, to reach $118.1 million in 2020. South America is also increasingly using
polyamide 66 in the automotive industry.
The polyamide 66 used in the automotive market for ROW is expected to increase from
2020) of 5.6%, to reach $82.3 million in 2020. ROW is using polyamide 66 in the
automotive industry, mainly for under-the-hood parts to make them lightweight.
TABLE 33
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
173.0
149.4
373.6
47.2
31.5
774.7
CAGR%
2015 2020 20152020
179.9
224.7
4.5
155.4
194.0
4.5
392.2
508.3
5.3
49.2
62.2
4.8
33.1
43.3
5.5
809.8 1,032.5
5.0
95
FIGURE 29
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.2 21.8
19.2 18.8
48.4 49.2
6.1
6.0
4.1
4.2
100.0 100.0

The polyamide 66 used in automotive consumption for North America is expected to
increase from 173,000 tons in 2014 to 179,900 thousand tons in 2015 at a YOY growth
rate of 4.0%. Further, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.5%, to reach 224,700 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is
widely being used in the automotive industry; this is increasing because of the materials
heat- and chemical-resistant properties.
96
The polyamide 66 used in automotive consumption for Europe is expected to increase

addition, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 4.5%, to reach 194,000 tons in 2020. Europe is making use of polyamide
66 in the automotive industry because of the materials resistance properties and strength.
The polyamide 66 used in automotive consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 5.3%, to reach 508,300 tons in 2020. Asia-Pacific is the biggest
manufacturer of automotive parts and is heavily using polyamide 66 as a replacement for
heavyweight metals.
The polyamide 66 used in automotive consumption for South America is expected to
addition, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to reach 62,200 tons,
growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.8%; this will be mainly because of
increased polyamide 66 usage in cars.
The polyamide 66 used in automotive consumption for ROW is expected to increase from
polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 5.5%, to reach 43,300 tons in 2020 because of the increased use of polyamide 66,
mainly in under-the-hood parts.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

The global market for polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics industry is
dominated by Asia-Pacific, which approximately accounted for 44.0% of its market (in
value terms) in 2014, followed by Europe and North America, with approximately 22.0%
and 21.0%, respectively.
TABLE 34
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
APPLICATION BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2014
2015
102.2 104.3
107.0 108.7
214.1 218.7
29.2
29.8
CAGR%
2020 20152020
121.3
3.1
125.0
2.8
259.2
3.5
34.1
2.7
97
ROW
Total
34.1
486.6
35.0
496.5
40.8
580.4
3.1
3.2
FIGURE 30
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.0 20.9
21.9 21.5
44.1 44.7
6.0
5.9
7.0
7.0
100.0 100.0

98
The polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics market for North America is
expected to increase from $102.2 million in 2014 to $104.3 million in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 2.1%. Further, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow
at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $121.3 million in 2020. North
America widely uses polyamide 66 in electrical and electronics components, because the
material produces a strong durable casing.
The polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics market for Europe is expected to
1.6%. In addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.8%, to reach $125.0 million in 2020. Europe is
expected to increase polyamide 66 usages for electrical and electronics items, as the
material is strong, tough, abrasion resistant and resistant to chemicals even at high
temperatures.
The polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics market for Asia-Pacific is expected
to increase from $214.1 million in 2014 to $218.7 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of
2.1%. This market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to
reach $259.2 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific uses the largest amount of polyamide 66 in
electrical and electronics items for connectors, relays, switches, plugs, housings, cables,
buttons, knobs, inputoutput ports, insulators, face plates, transformers, terminal blocks,
coil bobbins and so forth.
The polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics market for South America is
expected to increase from $29.2 million in 2014 to $29.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth
rate of 2.1%. In addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach $34.1 million in 2020 because of
extensive use in cables, insulators, connectors, switches and so forth.
The polyamide 66 used in the electrical and electronics market for ROW is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $40.8 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is widely used in
electrical and electronics items, mainly in the Middle East and Africa.
TABLE 35
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2014
2015
53.8
54.9
46.5
47.3
118.9 121.5
15.4
15.7
CAGR%
2020 20152020
63.8
3.1
54.3
2.8
144.0
3.5
17.9
2.7
99
ROW
Total
17.9
252.5
18.4
257.8
21.5
301.5
3.2
3.2
FIGURE 31
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.3 21.2
18.3 18.0
47.2 47.8
6.1
5.9
7.1
7.1
100.0 100.0
100
The polyamide 66 used in electrical and electronics consumption for North America is
expected to increase from in 53,800 tons in 2014 to 54,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth
rate of 2.0%. In addition, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach 63,800 tons in 2020 because of increased
use of polyamide 66 in electrical and electronics components.
The polyamide 66 used in electrical and electronics consumption for Europe is expected to
Further, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.8%, to reach 54,300 tons in 2020, as the material is strong and rigid
and possesses electrical-insulation properties.
The polyamide 66 used in electrical and electronics consumption for Asia-Pacific is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach 144,000 tons in 2020. Asia-Pacific uses
the most polyamide 66 in electrical and electronics items.
The polyamide 66 used in electrical and electronics consumption for South America is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach 17,900 tons in 2020 because of versatile
use of the material in electrical and electronics components.
The polyamide 66 used in electrical and electronics consumption for ROW is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach 21,500 tons in 2020 because of large consumption of
polyamide 66 in electrical and electronics components.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS

BY REGION
The global market for polyamide 66 used in sporting goods is dominated by North America,
followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. In 2014, North America accounted for approximately
37.0% of the market (in value terms), followed by Europe and North America, with
approximately 30.0% and 24.0%, respectively.
TABLE 36
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS
BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
205.7 211.9 255.0
3.8
166.8 171.8 204.1
3.5
101
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
133.4
27.8
22.2
555.9
138.1
28.6
23.0
573.4
169.6
33.9
29.0
691.6
4.2
3.5
4.7
3.8
FIGURE 32
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2015 2020
36.9 36.9
30.0 29.5
24.1 24.5
5.0
4.9
102
ROW
Total
4.0
4.2
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the sporting-goods market for North America is expected to
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $255.0 million in 2020. North America
uses the most polyamide 66 for sports equipment, which include football nets, basketball
nets, fishing nets and so forth.
The polyamide 66 used in the sporting-goods market for Europe is expected to increase
from $166.8 million in 2014 to $171.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. This is
2020 because of increased consumption of polyamide 66 in sporting goods for its strength,
toughness, stiffness, heat resistance and durability.
The polyamide 66 used in the sporting-goods market for Asia-Pacific is expected to
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.2%, to reach $169.6 million in 2020. Use of polyamide
66 in sporting goods in Asia-Pacific is increasing mostly in the production of jerseys and
fishing jackets.
The polyamide 66 used in the sporting-goods market for South America is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach $33.9 million in 2020. South America is producing large
amounts of polyamide-66-based sporting equipment.
The polyamide 66 used in the sporting-goods market for ROW is expected to increase from
the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015t o
2020) of 4.7%, to reach $29.0 million in 2020. In ROW, polyamide-66-based sporting
equipment is increasingly used for nets.
TABLE 37
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
108.3 111.5 134.2
3.8
72.5 74.7 88.7
3.5
103
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
74.1 76.7 94.2

14.6 15.1 17.8
11.7 12.1 15.3
281.2 290.1 350.2
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.8
FIGURE 33
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(%)
104
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
38.5 38.3
25.7 25.3
26.4 26.9
5.2
5.1
4.2
4.4
100.0 100.0

The polyamide 66 used in sporting-goods consumption for North America is expected to
increase from 108,300 in 2014 to 111,500 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. In
(2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach 134,200 tons in 2020. North America is expected to
consume most polyamide 66 to manufacture sporting equipment.
The polyamide 66 used in sporting-goods consumption for Europe is expected to increase
from 72,500 tons in 2014 to 74,700 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. Further,
2020) of 3.5%, to reach 88,700 tons in 2020. In Europe, the manufacture of
polyamide-66-based sporting goods is increasing because of its strength and durability.
The polyamide 66 used in sporting-goods consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 4.2%, to reach 94,200 tons in 2020. Asia-Pacific is widely using
polyamide 66 to produce various sporting equipment.
The polyamide 66 used in sporting-goods consumption for South America is expected to
increase from 14,600 tons in 2014 to 15,100 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate 3.4%.
(2015 to 2020) of 3.3%, to reach 17,800 tons in 2020. South America is increasingly using
polyamide 66 in sporting goods.
The polyamide 66 used in sporting-goods consumption for ROW is expected to increase
2020) of 4.8%, to reach 15,300 tons in 2020. ROW is using polyamide 66 in the
manufacture of jerseys and other sporting items.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER

The global market for polyamide 66 used by the synthetic-leather industry is dominated by
Asia-Pacific, which accounted for approximately 33.0% of the market (in value terms) used
in 2014. Europe and North America accounted for 28.0% each.
105
TABLE 38
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
97.3 100.0
97.3 100.0
114.7 118.4
17.4
17.7
20.9
21.6
347.6 357.7
CAGR%
2020 20152020
115.4
2.9
115.9
3.0
140.6
3.5
19.3
1.7
25.9
3.7
417.1
3.1
FIGURE 34
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(%)
106
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.0 27.7
28.0 27.8
33.1 33.7
4.9
4.6
6.0
6.2
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the synthetic-leather market for North America is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.9%, to reach $115.4 million in 2020, as polyamide 66 is increasingly
used in synthetic leather for its superfine nature.
The polyamide 66 used in the synthetic-leather market for Europe is expected to increase
addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach $115.9 million in 2020. In Europe, polyamide 66 is widely
used in producing synthetic-leather jackets and bags.
The polyamide 66 used in the synthetic-leather market for Asia-Pacific is expected to
3.2%. Further, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach $140.6 million in 2020. Synthetic-leather bags and
gloves are manufactured with extensive use of polyamide 66.
The polyamide 66 used in the synthetic-leather market for South America is expected to
In addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $19.3 million in 2020. In South America, superfine
polyamide 66 is used in manufacturing synthetic leather.
The polyamide 66 used in the synthetic-leather market for ROW is expected to increase
addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to reach $25.9 million,
growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.7%, because of increased use of
polyamide 66 in various synthetic-leather applications.
107
TABLE 39
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
51.2
52.6
42.3
43.5
63.7
65.8
9.2
9.3
11.0
11.4
177.4 182.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
60.7
2.9
50.4
3.0
78.1
3.5
10.2
1.9
13.6
3.6
213.0
3.1

FIGURE 35
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN
(%)
108
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.8 28.5
23.8 23.7
36.1 36.6
5.1
4.8
6.2
6.4
100.0 100.0

The polyamide 66 used in synthetic-leather consumption for North America is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.9%, to reach 60,700 tons in 2020. North America is expected to use
polyamide 66 for synthetic-leather bags and jackets.
The polyamide 66 used in synthetic-leather consumption for Europe is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach 50,400 tons in 2020 because of increased use of
polyamide 66 in various synthetic-leather applications.
The polyamide 66 used in synthetic-leather consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach 78,100 tons in 2020. Increased polyamide 66 use in
synthetic-leather gloves and jackets is driving the market in this region.
The polyamide 66 used in synthetic-leather consumption for South America is expected to
polyamide 66 in synthetic-leather applications for its superfine nature.
The polyamide 66 used in synthetic-leather consumption for ROW is expected to increase
from 11,000 tons in 2014 to 11,400 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.6%; this
consumption is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.6%, to reach
13,600 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is used widely in this region in synthetic-leather goods.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY

REGION
In 2014, the global market for polyamide 66 used in the footwear industry was dominated
by Asia-Pacific, which accounted for approximately 34.0% of the market (in value terms),
followed by Europe and North America, with approximately 32.0% and 30.0%, respectively.
109
TABLE 40
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
104.3
111.2
118.2
7.0
7.0
347.7
2015
107.4
114.5
122.3
7.2
7.2
358.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
125.7
3.2
133.4
3.1
147.4
3.8
8.3
2.9
8.4
3.1
423.2
3.4
FIGURE 36
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS
BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
110
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
29.9 29.7
31.9 31.5
34.2 34.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the shoe-sole market for North America is expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach $125.7 million in 2020 because of wide usage of
polyamide 66 in shoe soles, used mainly in sporting goods.
The polyamide 66 used in the shoe-sole market for Europe is expected to increase from
the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(20152020) of 3.1%, to reach $133.4 million in 2020. In Europe, polyamide 66 is largely
used for shoe soles, as it is strong and rigid.
The polyamide 66 used in the shoe-sole market for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $147.4 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific has the largest
footwear industry globally and uses polyamide 66 increasingly because it is wear and tear
resistant.
The polyamide 66 used in the shoe-sole market for South America is expected to increase
from $7.0 million in 2014 to $7.2 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.9%. In addition,
2020) of 2.9%, to reach $8.3 million in 2020. In this region, polyamide 66 is used widely in
the footwear industry.
The polyamide 66 used in the shoe-sole market for ROW is expected to increase from $7.0
polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to reach $8.4 million, growing at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1% because of high use of polyamide 66 in shoe soles,
both for sports- and normal wear.
111
TABLE 41
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014
2015 2020 20152020
54.9
56.5
66.2
3.2
48.3
49.8
58.0
3.1
65.7
67.9
81.9
3.8
3.7
3.8
4.4
3.0
3.7
3.8
4.4
3.0
176.3 181.8 214.9
3.4

FIGURE 37
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
112
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
31.1 30.8
27.4 27.0
37.3 38.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.0
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in shoe-sole consumption for North America is expected to

(2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach 66,200 tons in 2020. In North America, polyamide 66 is
used a great deal in the production of shoe soles.
The polyamide 66 used in shoe-sole consumption for Europe is expected to increase from
2020) of 3.1%, to reach 58,000 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is both strong and fashionable,
which is increasing its use in the footwear industry in Europe.
The polyamide 66 used in shoe-sole consumption for Asia-Pacific is expected to increase
2020) of 3.8%, to reach 81,900 tons in 2020 because of extensive usage of polyamide 66
in the footwear industry. Asia-Pacific has the largest footwear industry globally, which is
driving the market for polyamide 66.
The polyamide 66 used in shoe-sole consumption for South America is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach 4,400 tons in 2020. Increased usage of polyamide 66 in
the footwear industry is driving the market in this region.
The polyamide 66 used in shoe-sole consumption for ROW is expected to increase from
3,700 in 2014 to 3,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.7%. In addition, polyamide
66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
3.0%, to reach 4,400 tons in 2020. Polyamide 66 is extensively used in the footwear
industry in this region because of the materials wear and tear resistance properties.
113
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND

COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
The global market for polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings industry is
dominated by Asia-Pacific, which accounted for approximately 35.0% of the market (in
value terms) in 2014. North America and Europe accounted for 25.0% each.
TABLE 42
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
34.8
34.8
48.7
8.3
12.5
139.1
2015
35.6
35.6
50.1
8.4
12.9
142.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
40.1
2.4
39.7
2.2
58.4
3.1
9.0
1.4
15.3
3.5
162.5
2.6
FIGURE 38
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS
(%)
114
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 24.7
25.0 24.4
35.1 36.0
5.9
5.5
9.0
9.4
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings market for North America is
rate of 2.3%. Further, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.4%, to reach $40.1 million in 2020. In North America,
polyamide 66 is widely used in the packaging of meat and cheese.
The polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings market for Europe is expected
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach $39.7 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is
increasingly used in packaging perishable food items in Europe.
The polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings market for Asia-Pacific is
rate of 2.9%. In addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to reach
$58.4 million, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%. In Asia-Pacific,
polyamide 66 is used extensively in the packaging-film industry, mainly because of its
flexibility.
The polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings market for South America is
expected to increase from $8.3 million in 2014 to $8.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate
of 1.2%. In addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach $9.0 million in 2020. In this region,
polyamide 66 is used extensively in the packaging industry.
The polyamide 66 used in the packaging films and coatings market for ROW is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.5%, to reach $15.3 million in 2020 because of increasing use of
polyamide 66 in the food-packaging industry.
115
TABLE 43
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
18.3
18.7
15.1
15.5
27.1
27.8
4.4
4.4
6.6
6.8
71.5
73.2
CAGR%
2020 20152020
21.1
2.4
17.3
2.2
32.4
3.1
4.7
1.3
8.1
3.6
83.6
2.7
FIGURE 39
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN PACKAGING FILMS
AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
116
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.5 25.2
21.2 20.7
38.0 38.8
6.0
5.6
9.3
9.7
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in packaging films and coatings consumption for North America is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.4%, to reach 21,100 tons in 2020, as use of polyamide
66 is increasing in the packaging-films industry.
The polyamide 66 used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Europe is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach 17,300 tons in 2020 because of increased
usage of polyamide 66 in the food-packaging industry.
The polyamide 66 used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Asia-Pacific is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach 32,400 tons in 2020. In this region,
polyamide 66 is used largely in the packaging of much perishable food.
The polyamide 66 used in packaging films and coatings consumption for South America is
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 4,400 tons through 2015. Further,
2020) of 1.3%, to reach 4,700 tons in 2020. In this region, use of polyamide 66 is
increasing in the packaging industry.
The polyamide 66 used in packaging films and coatings consumption for ROW is expected
to increase from 6,600 tons in 2014 to 6,800 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. In
(2015 to 2020) of 3.6%, to reach 8,100 tons in 2020 because of increased usage of
polyamide 66 for food packaging in ROW.
117
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS

BY REGION
In 2014, the global market for polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications was
dominated by Asia-Pacific, which accounted for approximately 35.0% of the market (in
value terms), followed by North America and Europe, with approximately 25.0% and
TABLE 44
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
26.1
26.5
25.0
25.3
36.5
37.2
7.3
7.4
9.4
9.6
104.3 106.0
CAGR%
2020 20152020
28.8
1.7
27.0
1.3
41.3
2.1
8.0
1.6
10.8
2.4
115.9
1.8

FIGURE 40
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020
(%)
118
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 24.8
23.9 23.3
35.0 35.7
7.0
6.9
9.1
9.3
100.0 100.0
The polyamide 66 used in the other end-user applications market for North America is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $28.8 million in 2020. Polyamide 66 is
increasingly used in bristles, stockings, ropes and other applications in North America.
The polyamide 66 used in the other end-user applications market for Europe is expected
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach $27.0 million in 2020. In this region,
polyamide 66 has many uses, which include stockings, ribbons, ropes and other
applications.
The polyamide 66 used in the other end-user applications market for Asia-Pacific is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach $41.3 million in 2020 because of wide use
of polyamide 66 in hairbrushes, bristles and different types of ropes.
The polyamide 66 used in the other end-user applications market for South America is
of 1.4%. The market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 1.6%, to reach $8.0 million in 2020, mainly because of extensive use of polyamide 66 in
womens stockings, toothbrushes and other applications.
The polyamide 66 used in the other end-user applications market for ROW is expected to
increase from $9.4 million in 2014 to $9.6 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.1%. In
addition, the polyamide 66 market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.4%, to reach $10.8 million in 2020. In this region, polyamide 66 is
widely used to make bristles for different types of brushes, ropes and other products for
daily use.
119
TABLE 45
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
13.7 13.9
10.9 11.0
20.3 20.7
3.8
3.9
4.9
5.1
53.6 54.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
15.2
1.8
11.7
1.2
22.9
2.0
4.2
1.5
5.7
2.2
59.7
1.8
FIGURE 41
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN OTHER END-USER
(%)
120
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015
25.5
20.1
38.0
7.1
9.3
100.0
2020
25.5
19.6
38.4
7.0
9.5
100.0
The polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications consumption for North America is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 15,200 tons in 2020. In this region, the
material is used to make different daily-use products, including ropes, brushes, etc.
The polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications consumption for Europe is expected
to increase from 10,900 tons in 2014 to 11,000 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.9%.
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 11,700 tons in 2020. It can be used in ropes for different
uses such as brushes and ribbons.
The polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications consumption for Asia-Pacific is
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.0%, to reach 22,900 tons in 2020, because of the
materials wide applications in different daily-use applications such as ropes, ribbons,
stockings and so forth.
The polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications consumption for South America is
expected to increase from 3,800 tons in 2014 to 3,900 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate
of 2.6%. Further, polyamide 66 consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.5%, to reach 4,200 tons in 2020, as polyamide 66 is
used extensively to manufacture bristles for daily use.
The polyamide 66 used in other end-user applications consumption for ROW is expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach 5,700 tons in 2020 because of extensive use of
polyamide 66 in stockings, ribbons, brushes and other daily uses.
121
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN VARIOUS

GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

BY REGION
In 2014, the market for global polyurethanes used in the automotive industry was
dominated by Asia-Pacific. This accounted for approximately 45.0% of the market (in value
terms), followed by Europe and North America, with 23.0% and 22.0%, respectively.
TABLE 46
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
2015
41.6
42.8
43.5
44.8
85.1
88.3
11.4
11.7
7.6
7.9
189.2 195.5
CAGR%
2020 20152020
49.6
3.0
51.4
2.8
107.4
4.0
13.4
2.8
9.7
4.2
231.5
3.4
122
FIGURE 42
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.9 21.4
22.9 22.2
45.2 46.4
6.0
5.8
4.0
4.2
100.0 100.0

The polyurethanes used in the automotive market for North America are expected to
Further, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach $49.6 million in 2020. In North America, polyurethane is
used widely in seats and armrests for more comfort, which is driving this market.
123
The polyurethanes used in the automotive market for Europe are expected to increase
from $43.5 million in 2014 to $44.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.0%. The
market in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of
2.8%, to reach $51.4 million in 2020 because of the extensive use of polyurethane in car
applications to make it fuel efficient.
The polyurethanes used in the automotive market for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach $107.4 million in 2020. Polyurethane can be used in
armrests, headrests and other body parts of the car, for which the material is increasingly
used.
The polyurethanes used in the automotive market for South America are expected to
In addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.8%, to reach $13.4 million in 2020, as usage of polyurethane in
car parts can protect them from heat and reduce the noise of the engine.
The polyurethanes used in the automotive market for ROW are expected to increase from
$7.6 million in 2014 to $7.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.9%. In addition, the
polyurethanes market in this region is expected to reach $9.7 million, growing at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.2%, in 2020 because of the insulation properties, light
weight and comfortable finish of the material.
TABLE 47
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
21.9
22.5
18.9
19.5
47.3
49.1
6.0
6.2
4.0
4.2
98.1 101.5
CAGR%
2020 20152020
26.1
3.0
22.3
2.7
59.7
4.0
7.1
2.7
5.1
4.0
120.3
3.5
124
FIGURE 43
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.2 21.7
19.2 18.5
48.4 49.7
6.1
5.9
4.1
4.2
100.0 100.0

The polyurethanes used in automotive consumption for North America are expected to
addition, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 3.0%, to reach 26,100 tons in 2020. In North America, polyurethane is
increasingly used in automotive parts.
125
The polyurethanes used in automotive consumption for Europe are expected to increase
polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 2.7%, to reach 22,300 tons in 2020. In this region, polyurethane is used largely in
a number of major car parts.
The polyurethanes used in automotive consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach 59,700 tons in 2020. This is because of the increased use
of polyurethane in automotive parts.
The polyurethanes used in automotive consumption for South America are expected to
Further, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach 7,100 tons in 2020, as the material is used for the
conservation of energy and fuel.
The polyurethanes used in automotive consumption for ROW are expected to increase
from 4,000 tons in 2014 to 4,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 5.0%. Polyurethane
consumption in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 4.0%, to reach 5,100 tons in 2020. Polyurethane can also provide improved
environmental performance in automotive parts.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND

The global market for polyurethanes used by the electrical and electronics industry was
dominated by Asia-Pacific in 2014, which accounted for approximately 44.0% of the
market (in value terms), followed by Europe and North America, with approximately 22.0%
and 21.0%, respectively.
TABLE 48
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
34.1 35.0
42.5
4.0
35.7 36.6
42.6
3.1
71.4 73.5
90.0
4.1
9.7
9.9
11.4
2.9
11.4 11.8
14.2
3.8
162.3 166.8 200.7
3.8
126
FIGURE 44
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.0 21.2
21.9 21.2
44.1 44.8
5.9
5.7
7.1
7.1
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in the electrical and electronics market for North America are
rate of 2.6%. Further, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach $42.5 million in 2020, as polyurethane is
127
widely used in printed circuit boards, underwater cables, sensitive microelectronic

components and other applications.
The polyurethanes used in the electrical and electronics market for Europe are expected
2.5%. In addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $42.6 million in 2020 because of high
usage of polyurethane to meet diverse physical, thermal and electrical properties.
The polyurethanes used in the electrical and electronics market for Asia-Pacific are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.1%, to reach $90.0 million in 2020. In Asia-Pacific,
polyurethane is largely used to encapsulate, seal and insulate electrical components.
The polyurethanes used in the electrical and electronics market for South America are
of 2.1%. In addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to reach $11.4
million, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.9% because of extensive use of
polyurethane in a variety of electrical and electronic items.
The polyurethanes used in the electrical and electronics market for ROW is expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach $14.2 million in 2020 because of the materials
tough, high-insulation and thermal-impact-resistant properties.
TABLE 49
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
17.9
18.4
15.5
15.9
39.7
40.8
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.2
84.2
86.5
CAGR%
2020 20152020
22.4
4.0
18.5
3.1
50.0
4.2
6.0
2.9
7.5
3.9
104.4
3.8
128
FIGURE 45
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.3 21.5
18.4 17.7
47.1 47.9
6.0
5.7
7.2
7.2
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in electrical and electronics consumption for North America are
rate of 2.8%. In addition, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach 22,400 tons in 2020. In North America,
129
polyurethane is extensively used in a variety of electrical and electronic appliances, which

is expected to drive the materials market.
The polyurethanes used in electrical and electronics consumption for Europe are expected
(2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach 18,500 tons in 2020, as the material is used widely
because of its toughness and thermal resistance power.
The polyurethanes used in electrical and electronics consumption for Asia-Pacific are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.2%, to reach 50,000 tons in 2020. In this region,
polyurethane is used very extensively for encapsulating, sealing and other purposes.
The polyurethanes used in electrical and electronics consumption for South America are
of 2.0%. Further, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.9%, to reach 6,000 tons million in 2020. In South
America, polyurethane is used widely in a variety of electrical and electronics items.
The polyurethanes used in electrical and electronics consumption for ROW are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.9%, to reach 7,500 tons in 2020, as the material can offer protection
by providing very good dielectric and adhesive properties.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE POLYURETHANES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS

In terms of value, North America was dominating the global market for polyurethane used
in sporting goods, with a share of 37.0% in 2014, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific with
TABLE 50
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2014
30.0
24.3
19.5
4.1
CAGR%
2015
2020 20152020
30.8
37.2
3.8
24.9
29.9
3.7
20.1
24.5
4.0
4.2
4.9
3.1
130
ROW
Total
3.2
81.1
3.3
83.3
4.0
100.5
3.9
3.8
FIGURE 46
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
37.0 36.9
29.9 29.8
24.1 24.4
5.0
4.9
4.0
4.0
100.0 100.0
131
The polyurethanes used in the sporting-goods market for North America are expected to
This market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8%, to reach
$37.2 million in 2020. In North America, polyurethane is used widely in bats, cameras,
canoes and other sporting goods.
The polyurethanes used in the sporting-goods market for Europe are expected to increase
from $24.3 million in 2014 to $24.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.5%. Further,
the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 3.7%, to reach $29.9 million in 2020. Polyurethane is hard, tough and strong and
can be used in a wide range of sporting goods.
The polyurethanes used in the sporting-goods market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach $24.5 million in 2020, as polyurethane resins can
enable the goods to maintain their strength when exposed to moisture or when
submerged.
The polyurethanes used in the sporting-goods market for South America are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $4.9 million in 2020, as polyurethane is increasingly used
in baseballs and softballs.
The polyurethanes used in the sporting-goods market for ROW is expected to increase
from $3.2 million in 2014 to $3.3 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.1%. Further, the
of 3.9%, to reach $4.0 million in 2020. Polyurethane has properties such as abrasion
resistance, good tensile strength and ability to withstand submersion. It is used in
impact-resistant padding, football helmets and also, for example, for protective coverings
on small wooden boat keels.
TABLE 51
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
15.8
16.2
19.6
3.9
10.6
10.8
13.0
3.8
10.8
11.2
13.6
4.0
2.2
2.2
2.6
3.4
1.7
1.7
2.1
4.3
41.1
42.1
50.9
3.9
132
FIGURE 47
GLOBAL COSNSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
38.5 38.6
25.7 25.5
26.6 26.7
5.2
5.1
4.0
4.1
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in sporting-goods consumption for North America are expected to
133
(2015 to 2020) of 3.9%, to reach 19,600 tons in 2020. In this region, polyurethane resins
are used largely in different types of balls.
The polyurethanes used in sporting-goods consumption for Europe are expected to
addition, in 2020, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to reach 13,000
tons, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.8% because of the increased usage
of polyurethane in sporting items.
The polyurethanes used in sporting-goods consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 4.0%, to reach 14,600 tons in 2020. Polyurethane is strong and can be
used in a variety of sporting items.
The polyurethanes used in sporting-goods consumption for South America are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at 2,200 tons through 2015. In addition,
2020) of 3.4%, to reach 2,600 tons in 2020 because of the materials semiflexible,
good-tensile-strength and elongation properties.
The polyurethanes used in sporting-goods consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 1,700 tons through 2015. Further, polyurethane
to reach 2,100 in 2020. Polyurethane can be used in bats, balls, cameras and other
sporting items.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER

Synthetic leather is one of the major uses of polyurethane. In 2014, Asia-Pacific dominated
the global polyurethane market for synthetic leather, with approximately 33.0% of the
market (in value terms).
TABLE 52
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
2014
2015
75.7 77.3
75.7 77.2
89.2 91.5
13.5 13.7
CAGR%
2020 20152020
86.2
2.2
85.7
2.1
105.6
2.9
14.8
1.6
134
ROW
Total
16.2 16.7
270.3 276.4
19.5
311.8
3.1
2.4
FIGURE 48
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.0 27.6
27.9 27.5
33.1 33.9
5.0
4.7
6.0
6.3
100.0 100.0
135
The polyurethanes used in the synthetic-leather market for North America are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach $86.2 million in 2020, as polyurethane coating is
used in increasing amount of synthetic leather.
The polyurethanes used in the synthetic-leather market for Europe are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach $85.7 million in 2020. In Europe, the market is
rising primarily because of increased usage of polyurethane resin in applications such as
luggage, bags and other synthetic-leather items.
The polyurethanes used in the synthetic-leather market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
Further, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.9%, to reach $105.6 million in 2020 because of the materials bulk use
in synthetic-leather items.
The polyurethanes used in the synthetic-leather market for South America are expected to
The polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 1.6%, to reach $14.8 million in 2020. In South America, polyurethane is widely
used in synthetic-leather bags and luggage, which are expected to drive the materials
market.
The polyurethanes used in the synthetic-leather market for ROW are expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $19.5 million in 2020. Polyurethane can be used to
manufacture synthetic leather by both wet and dry processes.
TABLE 53
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
39.8
32.9
49.6
7.1
8.5
137.9
2015
40.7
33.6
50.8
7.2
8.8
141.1
CAGR%
2020 20152020
45.4
2.2
37.3
2.1
58.7
2.9
7.8
1.6
10.3
3.2
159.5
2.5
136
FIGURE 49
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.8 28.5
23.8 23.4
36.1 36.7
5.1
4.9
6.2
6.5
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in synthetic-leather consumption for North America are expected
In addition, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to reach 45,400 tons in
137
2010, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, as polyurethane is used as a

coating in synthetic-leather items.
The polyurethanes used in synthetic-leather consumption for Europe are expected to
polyurethane resin in synthetic-leather items.
The polyurethanes used in synthetic-leather consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.9%, to reach 58,700 tons in 2020. Polyurethane is used largely in
synthetic-leather bags, chairs, sofas and other applications that are expected to drive the
market.
The polyurethanes used in synthetic-leather consumption for South America are expected
to increase from 7,100 tons in 2014 to 7,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.4%. In
(2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach 7,800 tons in 2020, as the material is used widely in
synthetic leather.
The polyurethanes used in synthetic-leather consumption for ROW are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 3.2%, to reach 10,300 tons in 2020. In ROW, polyurethane is used in a
wide range of synthetic-leather applications.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY

REGION
Polyurethane is widely used in shoe soles. In 2014, Asia-Pacific dominated the
polyurethanes market for shoe soles with approximately 34.0% of the market (in value
terms), followed by Europe and North America, with approximately 32.0% and 30.0%,
respectively.
TABLE 54
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
CAGR%
2014
2015 2020 20152020
121.6 125.9 151.0
3.7
129.7 134.0 158.4
3.4
137.8 143.3 176.9
4.3
8.1
8.3
9.3
2.3
138
ROW
Total
8.1
405.3
8.4
419.9
10.2
505.8
4.0
3.8

FIGURE 50
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
30.0 29.9
31.9 31.3
34.1 35.0
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
100.0 100.0
139
The polyurethanes used in the shoe-sole market for North America are expected to
3.5%. In addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a
one of the major markets for polyurethane is the footwear industry, in which the material
is increasingly used.
The polyurethanes used in the shoe-sole market for Europe are expected to increase from
$129.7 million in 2014 to $134.0 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.3%. Further, the
of 3.4%, to reach $158.4 million in 2020, as polyurethane is widely used as an adhesive in
shoe soles.
The polyurethanes used in the shoe-sole market for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 4.3%, to reach $176.9 million in 2020. Polyurethane is extensively used
in both sports shoes and normal wear, which will be driving its market in this region for the
forecast period.
The polyurethanes used in the shoe-sole market for South America are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.3%, to reach $9.3 million in 2020. In South America, polyurethane is
used widely in the footwear industry.
The polyurethanes used in the shoe-sole market for ROW are expected to increase from
$8.1 million in 2014 to $8.4 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 3.7%. The
of 4.0%, to reach $10.2 million in 2020. Polyurethane is strong and it possesses properties
of wear, tear and abrasion resistance, for which it is increasingly used in ROW.
TABLE 55
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
64.0 66.3
56.4 58.3
76.6 79.6
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.4
205.6 213.0
CAGR%
2020 20152020
79.5
3.7
68.9
3.4
98.3
4.3
4.9
2.2
5.4
4.2
257.0
3.8
140
FIGURE 51
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
31.1 30.9
27.4 26.8
37.3 38.3
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.1
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in shoe-sole consumption for North America are expected to
141

(2015 to 2020) of 3.7%, to reach 79,500 tons in 2020. In North America, polyurethane is
used widely in the footwear industry.
The polyurethanes used in shoe-sole consumption for Europe are expected to increase
2020) of 3.4%, to reach 68,900 tons in 2020. Polyurethane is strong and gives resistance
from wearing and tearing.
The polyurethanes used in shoe-sole consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to reach 98,300 tons in 2020,
growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 4.3%. In this region, polyurethane is used
extensively in all types of shoes, mainly as an adhesive to fix the upper sole with the mid
or lower sole.
The polyurethanes used in shoe-sole consumption for South America are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach 4,900 tons in 2020. In South America, polyurethane is
used increasingly in the footwear industry.
The polyurethanes used in shoe-sole consumption for ROW are expected to increase from
4,300 tons in 2014 to 4,400 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 2.3%. Further,
2020) of 4.2%, to reach 5,400 tons in 2020. The extensive use of polyurethane in the
shoe-sole industry reflects one of the major applications of the material in this region.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND

In terms of value, Asia-Pacific dominated the global market for polyurethane used in
packaging films and coatings, with a share of approximately 35.0%. In 2014, North
America and Europe each had a global market share of 25.0%.
TABLE 56
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
50.7
51.6
56.7
1.9
50.7
51.6
56.4
1.8
70.9
72.5
82.0
2.5
12.2
12.4
13.4
1.6
142
ROW
Total
18.2
202.7
18.6
206.7
20.9
229.4
2.4
2.1

FIGURE 52
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 24.7
25.0 24.6
35.0 35.8
6.0
5.8
9.0
9.1
100.0 100.0
143
The polyurethanes used in the packaging films and coatings market for North America are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.9%, to reach $56.7 million in 2020. Polyurethane is
used in packaging films because of its flexibility, high tensile strength and abrasion
resistance properties; as a result, its market is expected to increase.
The polyurethanes used in the packaging films and coatings market for Europe are
rate of 1.8%. In 2020, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to reach $56.4
million, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, as polyurethane packaging is
widely used in medical devices, fabric laminations and so forth.
The polyurethanes used in the packaging films and coatings market for Asia-Pacific are
rate of 2.3%. In addition, the polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.5%, to reach $82.0 million in 2020. Polyurethane films
provide abrasion resistance, flex-crack resistance and water resistance, for which the
material is increasingly used.
The polyurethanes used in the packaging films and coatings market for South America are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach $13.4 million in 2020. Polyurethane is
heat resistant and chemical resistant and possesses low-temperature flexibility, and it is
used widely in this region.
The polyurethanes used in the packaging films and coatings market for ROW are expected
2.2%. The polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 2.4%, to reach $20.9 million in 2020. Polyurethane coatings on metals
enable the production of thin films with a high-gloss finish, which makes them corrosion
and abrasion resistant.
TABLE 57
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
26.7 27.2
22.0 22.4
39.4 40.3
6.4
6.5
9.6
9.8
104.1 106.2
CAGR%
2020 20152020
29.8
1.8
24.5
1.8
45.6
2.5
7.1
1.8
11.0
2.3
118.0
2.1

144
FIGURE 53
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN PACKAGING
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.6 25.3
21.1 20.8
38.0 38.6
6.1
6.0
9.2
9.3
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in packaging films and coatings consumption for North America
are expected to increase from 26,700 tons in 2014 to 27,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth
145

five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 29,800 tons in 2020. In North America,
polyurethane is used in a wide variety of items for packaging.
The polyurethanes used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Europe are
rate of 1.8%. Further, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 24,500 tons in 2020, as polyurethane is
increasingly used in the packaging industry.
The polyurethanes used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Asia-Pacific are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.5%, to reach 45,600 tons in 2020, as polyurethane is
used as coatings for corrosion resistance. The material is also used in fabric, threads and
ropes to add strength.
The polyurethanes used in packaging films and coatings consumption for South America
rate of 1.6%. Further, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 7,100 tons in 2020. The polyurethanes
market in this region for packaging films and coatings is growing.
The polyurethanes used in packaging films and coatings consumption for ROW are
of 2.1%. In addition, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.3%, to reach 11,000 tons in 2020. In ROW,
polyurethane is extensively used for its tear-, chemical- and water-resistance properties.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS

BY REGION
In 2014, Asia-Pacific dominated the market for polyurethane used in the other end-user
application market and accounted for approximately 35.0% of the market in value terms.
This was followed by North America and Europe, with approximately 25.0% and 24.0%,
respectively.
TABLE 58
GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
2014
10.1
9.7
14.2
CAGR%
2015 2020 20152020
10.2
10.8
1.1
9.8
10.4
1.2
14.5
16.2
2.2
146
South America
ROW
Total
2.8
3.6
40.4
2.8
3.7
41.0
2.9
4.3
44.6
0.7
3.1
1.7
FIGURE 54
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
24.9 24.2
23.9 23.3
35.4 36.4
6.8
6.5
9.0
9.6
100.0 100.0
147
The polyurethanes used in the other end-user applications market for North America are
polyurethane is used increasingly in cushioned carpets for a comfortable underfoot feeling.
The polyurethanes used in the other end-user applications market for Europe are expected
to increase from $9.7 million in 2014 to $9.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.0%.
The polyurethanes market in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach $10.4 million in 2020. Polyurethane is widely used in
Europe to make womens stockings and cushioned carpets, which are expected to drive
the market.
The polyurethanes used in the other end-user applications market for Asia-Pacific are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.2%, to reach $16.2 million in 2020. Increasing use of
polyurethane in carpet in Asia-Pacific is expected to drive the materials market during the
forecast period.
The polyurethanes used in the other end-user applications market for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $2.8 million through 2015. The
polyurethanes market in this region is expected to grow again at a five-year CAGR (2015
to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $2.9 million in 2020. Polyurethane cushioned carpets are
driving the market in this region during the forecast period.
The polyurethanes used in the other end-user applications market for ROW are expected
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 3.1%, to reach $4.3 million in 2020. Polyurethane cushioned
carpets and stockings are increasingly used in ROW.
TABLE 59
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
5.3
5.4 5.7
1.1
4.2
4.3 4.5
0.9
7.9
8.1 9.0
2.1
1.5
1.5 1.5
0.0
148
ROW
Total
1.9
20.8
1.9 2.3
21.2 23.0
3.9
1.6
FIGURE 55
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER END-USER
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
2015 2020
25.5 24.8
20.3 19.6
38.1 39.1
7.1
6.5
9.0 10.0
149
Total
100.0 100.0
The polyurethanes used in other end-user applications consumption for North America are
of 1.9%. Polyurethane consumption in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 5,700 tons in 2020. In North America, use of
polyurethane in cushioned carpets is increasing, which is driving the market.
The polyurethanes used in other end-user applications consumption for Europe are
of 2.4%. In 2020, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to reach 4,500 tons,
growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.9%. Polyurethane stockings are widely
used in this region, which is one of the factors that will be driving the market.
The polyurethanes used in other end-user applications consumption for Asia-Pacific are
of 2.5%. Further, polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach 9,000 tons in 2020. Extensive use of both
polyurethane carpets and stockings is driving the market in this region.
The polyurethanes used in other end-user applications consumption for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 1,500 tons through 2015.
Polyurethane consumption in this region is expected to remain the same at 1,500 tons
through 2020.
The polyurethanes used in other end-user applications consumption for ROW are expected
to have a marginal increment, remaining at 1,900 tons through 2015. In addition,
2020) of 3.9%, to reach 2,300 tons in 2020. Both the stocking and the carpet industries
are driving the market for polyurethane in ROW.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN VARIOUS

GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

BY REGION
In 2014, adipate esters used in the automotive industry were dominated mostly by
Asia-Pacific, which accounted for 45.0% of the market (in value terms), followed by Europe
and North America, with 23.0% and 22.0%, respectively.
TABLE 60
150
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY

($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
37.7 38.0 39.9
1.0
39.4 39.7 41.7
1.0
77.0 77.8 82.6
1.2
10.3 10.4 10.9
0.9
6.8
6.9
7.5
1.7
171.2 172.8 182.6
1.1

FIGURE 56
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
151
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.0 21.9
23.0 22.8
45.0 45.2
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.1
100.0 100.0

The adipate esters used in the automotive market for North America are expected to
The adipate ester market in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach $39.9 million in 2020. An increasing amount of PVC used
in the automotive industry in dashboards, panel seating and armrests is driving the
market for adipate esters in the automotive industry in North America.
The adipate esters used in the automotive market for Europe are expected to increase
addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach $41.7 million in 2020. In Europe, PVC used in cable
insulation and grommets is driving its market for the forecasted period.
The adipate esters used in the automotive market for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
from $77.0 million in 2014 to $77.8 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.0%. Further,
the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 1.2%, to reach $82.6 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific is the largest manufacturer of
automotive parts. Increasing use of PVC is driving the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in the automotive market for South America are expected to
In 2020, the adipate ester market is expected to reach $10.9 million, growing at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.9%. In South America, increasing use of PVC in
automotive parts will drive the market for the next five years.
The adipate esters used in the automotive market for ROW are expected to increase from
$6.8 million in 2014 to $6.9 million in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 1.5%. In addition, the
adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 1.7%, to reach $7.5 million in 2020. PVC reduces noise for vehicles occupants, makes
vehicles affordable and reduces consumption of fossil fuel, which is driving its market in
this region.
152
TABLE 61
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
19.8 20.0
17.1 17.3
42.8 43.2
5.4 5.5
3.6 3.6
88.7 89.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
21.0
1.0
18.1
0.9
45.9
1.2
5.7
0.7
3.9
1.6
94.6
1.1

FIGURE 57
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
153
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.3 22.2
19.3 19.1
48.3 48.6
6.1
6.0
4.0
4.1
100.0 100.0

The adipate esters used in automotive consumption for North America are expected to
Further, adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 21,000 tons in 2020, as PVC is increasingly used in the
automotive industry.
The adipate esters used in automotive consumption for Europe are expected to increase
adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 0.9%, to reach 18,100 tons in 2020. This is because of the increasing use of PVC
in different automotive parts.
The adipate esters used in automotive consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
addition, adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 45,900 tons in 2020. PVC used in the huge automotive
industry in Asia-Pacific is driving the market.
The adipate esters used in automotive consumption for South America are expected to
Adipate ester consumption in this region is further expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 5,700 tons in 2020, as PVC is used because of its
performance-quality properties.
The adipate esters used in automotive consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 3,600 tons through 2015. In 2020, adipate ester
consumption in this region is expected to reach 3,900 tons, growing at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.6%. Use of PVC in the automotive industry in ROW is driving the
market.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND

The global market for adipate esters used in electrical and electronics items is dominated
by Asia-Pacific, followed by Europe and North America. In terms of value, Asia-Pacific had
154
approximately 44% of the global market in 2014, followed by Europe with 22.0% and
North America with 21.0%.
TABLE 62
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
37.8
39.6
79.3
10.8
12.6
180.1
2015
38.1
39.9
80.1
10.8
12.7
181.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
41.3
1.6
42.6
1.3
89.0
2.1
11.2
0.7
13.3
0.9
197.4
1.7
FIGURE 58
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
(%)
155
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.0 20.9
22.0 21.6
44.1 45.1
5.9
5.7
7.0
6.7
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the electrical and electronics market for North America are
rate of 0.8%. Further, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach $41.3 million in 2020, as PVC is widely
used in several electrical and electronics appliances.
The adipate esters used in the electrical and electronics market for Europe are expected
0.8%. In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach $42.6 million in 2020. In Europe, PVC is widely
used to insulate electric wiring, which is driving the market.
The adipate esters used in the electrical and electronics market for Asia-Pacific are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to reach
$89.0 million, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%. Electrical and
electronics items are a big industry in the Asia-Pacific region. Increasing use of PVC in this
industry is driving the materials market.
The adipate esters used in the electrical and electronics market for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $10.8 million through 2015. Further,
2020) of 0.7%, to reach $11.2 million in 2020. Adipate esters are used in PVC, which is
used in electrical and electronic items. This is driving the adipate ester market in this
region.
The adipate esters used in the electrical and electronics market for ROW are expected to
The adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 0.9%, to reach $13.3 million in 2020. The electronic and electronics industry is
extensively using PVC, which is driving its market in ROW for the forecasted period.
156
TABLE 63
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
19.9
17.2
44.1
5.7
6.6
93.5
2015
20.1
17.3
44.5
5.7
6.7
94.3
CAGR%
2020 20152020
21.7
1.5
18.5
1.4
49.4
2.1
5.9
0.7
7.0
0.9
102.5
1.7

FIGURE 59
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(%)
157
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.3 21.2
18.3 18.0
47.3 48.2
6.0
5.8
7.1
6.8
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in electrical and electronics consumption for North America are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.5%, to reach 21,700 tons in 2020. Extensive usage of
PVC in the electrical and electronics industry in North America is expected to drive the
market.
The adipate esters used in electrical and electronics consumption for Europe are expected
(2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach 18,500 tons in 2020, as PVC is used extensively in
insulating wires.
The adipate esters used in electrical and electronics consumption for Asia-Pacific are
rate of 0.9%. Adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach 49,400 tons in 2020, as PVC is used extensively by
the electrical and electronics industry.
The adipate esters used in electrical and electronics consumption for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 5,700 tons through 2015. In addition,
2020) of 0.7%, to reach 5,900 tons in 2020. This is because of growing the PVC market in
the electrical and electronics industry in this region.
The adipate esters used in electrical and electronics consumption for ROW is expected to
increase from 6,600 tons in 2014 to 6,700 thousand tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of
1.5%. Further, adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.9%, to reach 7,000 tons in 2020. As the PVC market is growing
for the electrical and electronics sector, it is also driving the adipate ester market in this
region.
158
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS

The global market for adipate esters used in the sporting-goods industry is dominated by
North America, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. In 2014, North America accounted for
37.0% of the market (in terms of value), followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific, with
approximately 30.0% and approximately 24.0%, respectively.
TABLE 64
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
50.0 50.3
40.5 40.7
32.4 32.7
6.8
6.8
5.4
5.4
135.1 135.9
CAGR%
2020 20152020
52.3
0.8
41.9
0.6
34.5
1.1
6.8
0.0
5.5
0.4
141.0
0.7

FIGURE 60
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS APPLICATIONS BY REGION,
2015 AND 2020
(%)
159
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
37.0 37.1
29.9 29.7
24.1 24.5
5.0
4.8
4.0
3.9
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the sporting-goods market for North America are expected to
Further, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.8%, to reach $52.3 million in 2020. Plasticizers are used mostly in the
production of PVC. Sports such as football, rugby and golf are using PVC, which is driving
the North America market.
The adipate esters used in the sporting-goods market for Europe are expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach $41.9 million in 2020. PVC is increasingly used in sporting
items because of its versatility. It is easy to use and be converted into any form.
The adipate esters used in the sporting-goods market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to reach $34.5 million in
2020, growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.1%. PVC is water and chemical
resistant, for which it can be used in different types of sports; this is driving the materials
market in this region.
The adipate esters used in the sporting-goods market for South America are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at $6.8 million through 2015. Further, the adipate
ester market in this region is expected to remain the same at $6.8 million through 2020.
The adipate esters used in the sporting-goods market for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at $5.4 million through 2015. In addition, the adipate ester
reach $5.5 million in 2020. PVC is found in tennis nets, balls and gloves. All these are
expected to slightly drive the materials market in this region.
160
TABLE 65
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
26.3
17.6
18.0
3.6
2.8
68.3
CAGR%
2015 2020 20152020
26.5 27.5
0.7
17.7 18.2
0.6
18.2 19.2
1.1
3.6 3.6
0.0
2.8 2.9
0.7
68.8 71.4
0.7
FIGURE 61
GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(%)
161
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
38.5 38.5
25.7 25.5
26.5 26.9
5.2
5.0
4.1
4.1
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in sporting-goods consumption for North America are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 27,500 tons in 2020. In North America, extensive usage
of PVC in sporting goods is driving this market.
The adipate esters used in sporting-goods consumption for Europe are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach 18,200 tons in 2020, as PVC is extensively used in
football, rugby and other sports items.
The adipate esters used in sporting-goods consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 19,200 tons in 2020. Increasing use of PVC in sporting
items is expected to drive the market in this region during the forecast period.
The adipate esters used in sporting-goods consumption for South America are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at 3,600 tons through 2015. Adipate ester
consumption in this region is expected to remain the same at 3,600 tons through 2020.
The adipate esters used in sporting consumption for ROW are expected to have a marginal
increment, remaining at 2,800 tons through 2015. Adipate ester consumption in this
region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 2,900
tons in 2020. Increasing use of PVC in balls, gloves and tennis nets are driving this market.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER

In 2014, the global market for adipate esters for the synthetic-leather industry was
dominated by Asia-Pacific, with approximately 33.0% of the market (in value terms),
followed by North America and Europe with approximately 28.0% each.
162
TABLE 66
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
27.7 27.8
27.7 27.8
32.7 32.9
5.0
5.0
5.9
5.9
99.0 99.4
CAGR%
2020 20152020
28.5
0.5
28.6
0.6
34.4
0.9
5.0
0.0
6.0
0.3
102.5
0.6
FIGURE 62
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(%)
163
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.0 27.8
28.0 27.9
33.1 33.5
5.0
4.9
5.9
5.9
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the synthetic-leather market for North America are expected to
Further, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.5%, to reach $28.5 million in 2020. Plasticizers are used in leather
bags, which is driving this market.
The adipate esters used in the synthetic-leather market for Europe are expected to
In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to reach $28.6 million,
growing at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.6%. This is mainly because of usage of
plasticizers in synthetic-leather items.
The adipate esters used in the synthetic-leather market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
The adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 0.9%, to reach $34.4 million in 2020. Plasticizers used in leather jackets and
seats are expected to drive the market in this region for the forecasted period.
The adipate esters used in the synthetic-leather market for South America is expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at $5.0 million through 2015. The adipate ester
market in this region is expected to remain the same at $5.0 million through 2020.
The adipate esters used in the synthetic-leather market for ROW are expected to have a
reach $6.0 million in 2020. The marginal rise is because of a slight growth in the use of
plasticizers in synthetic leather in this region.
164
TABLE 67
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
14.6 14.6
12.0 12.1
18.2 18.3
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.1
50.5 50.7
CAGR%
2020 20152020
15.0
0.5
12.4
0.5
19.1
0.9
2.6
0.0
3.2
0.6
52.3
0.6
FIGURE 63
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN
(%)
165
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.8 28.7
23.9 23.7
36.1 36.5
5.1
5.0
6.1
6.1
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in synthetic-leather consumption for North America are expected
to have a marginal increment, remaining at 14,600 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate
ester consumption in this region is expected to reach 15,000 tons, growing at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.5%. This is mainly because of a slight growth in the use of
plasticizers in synthetic leather in this region.
The adipate esters used in synthetic-leather consumption for Europe are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 0.5%, to reach 12,400 tons in 2020. Plasticizers used in synthetic-leather
bags and jackets are slightly driving the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in synthetic-leather consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
Adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 0.9%, to reach 19,100 tons in 2020.
Although the amount of plasticizers used in synthetic-leather goods is relatively small, this
is still expected to drive the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in synthetic-leather consumption for South America are expected
to have a marginal increment, remaining at 2,600 tons through 2015. Adipate ester
consumption in this region is expected to remain the same at 2,600 tons through 2020.
The adipate esters used in synthetic-leather consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 3,100 tons through 2015. Further, adipate ester
to reach 3,200 tons in 2020 because of the small quantity of plasticizers used in
synthetic-leather bags, jackets and gloves.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY

REGION
Asia-Pacific accounted for 34.1% of the global market (in terms of value) for adipate esters
used in the shoe-sole industry in 2014, followed by Europe and North America, with
166
TABLE 68
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
2015
24.3
24.4
25.9
26.0
27.6
27.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
81.0
81.4
CAGR%
2020 20152020
25.1
0.6
26.7
0.5
29.2
1.0
1.6
0.0
1.6
0.0
84.2
0.7
FIGURE 64
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
167
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
30.0 29.8
31.8 31.7
34.2 34.7
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.9
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the shoe-sole market for North America are expected to
In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach $25.1 million in 2020. PVC is used in shoe soles to make
them more cost effective. This is expected to slightly drive the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in the shoe-sole market for Europe are expected to increase from
2020) of 0.5%, to reach $26.7 million in 2020. PVC is also used in shoes to improve shock
absorbance; this material is expected to drive the market in this region for the forecasted
period.
The adipate esters used in the shoe-sole market for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
(2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach $29.2 million in 2020. Asia-Pacific has a large industry for
footwear. PVC is used mainly in the soles and uppers to provide a synthetic alternative to
traditional formal shoes. This material is expected to drive the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in the shoe-sole market for South America are expected to have a
market in this region is expected to remain the same at $1.6 million through 2020.
The adipate esters used in the shoe-sole market for ROW are expected to have a marginal
increment, remaining at $1.6 million through 2015. In addition, the adipate ester market in
this region is expected to remain the same at $1.6 million through 2020.
168
TABLE 69
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
12.8
11.3
15.3
0.8
0.8
41.0
12.8
11.3
15.4
0.8
0.8
41.1
CAGR%
20152020
13.2
0.6
11.6
0.5
16.2
1.0
0.8
0.0
0.8
0.0
42.6
0.7
2020
FIGURE 65
GLOBAL COSNUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
169
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
31.1 31.0
27.5 27.2
37.6 38.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in shoe-sole consumption for North America are expected to have
a marginal increment of 12,800 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate ester consumption
13,200 tons in 2020. In North America, the market is expected to increase slightly because
of a slight growth in usage of PVC in shoe soles.
The adipate esters used in shoe-sole consumption for Europe are expected to have a
marginal increment of 11,300 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate ester consumption in
this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.5%, to reach
11,600 tons in 2020, as PVC is used in footwear in a small quantity to make it shock
absorbent.
The adipate esters used in shoe-sole consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to increase
2020) of 1.0%, to reach 16,200 tons in 2020. PVC gives a different look to that of
traditional formal shoes; this is expected to drive the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in shoe-sole consumption for South America are expected to have
a marginal increment, remaining at 800 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate ester
consumption is expected to remain the same at 800 tons through 2020.
The adipate esters used in shoe-sole consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 800 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate ester
consumption is expected to remain the same at 800 tons through 2020.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
The global market for adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings industry is
dominated by Asia-Pacific. In 2014, Asia-Pacific accounted for 35.0% of the market (in
value terms), followed by North America and Europe, with 25.0% each.
170
TABLE 70
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
31.5 31.8
31.5 31.8
44.1 44.6
7.6
7.6
11.4 11.5
126.1 127.3
CAGR%
2020 20152020
33.6
1.1
33.8
1.2
47.3
1.2
7.7
0.3
12.2
1.2
134.6
1.1
FIGURE 66
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
171
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 25.0
25.0 25.1
35.0 35.1
6.0
5.7
9.0
9.1
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings market for North America are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach $33.6 million in 2020, because of the
increase in usage of PVC which, among other properties, does not affect the taste of the
food after packaging.
The adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings market for Europe are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, the adipate ester market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach $33.8 million in 2020. PVC is light and tough, for which it
is expected to be extensively used in this region.
The adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings market for Asia-Pacific are
rate of 1.1%. In addition, the adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach $47.3 million in 2020, as using PVC is
cost efficient and requires less fuel to manufacture and transport compared with metals or
glass.
The adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings market for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $7.6 million through 2015. In
(2015 to 2020) of 0.3%, to reach $7.7 million in 2020. In South America, PVC is used
increasingly in the packaging industry, mainly for food packaging.
The adipate esters used in the packaging films and coatings market for ROW are expected
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach $12.2 million in 2020. PVC is used increasingly for
the packaging of meat, fish, cheese, vegetables and toiletries, which is driving this market.
172
TABLE 71
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
16.6 16.7
13.7 13.8
24.5 24.8
4.0
4.0
6.0
6.1
64.8 65.4
CAGR%
2020 20152020
17.7
1.2
14.7
1.3
26.3
1.2
4.1
0.5
6.4
1.0
69.2
1.1
FIGURE 67
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN PACKAGING FILMS
AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
173
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.5 25.6
21.1 21.2
38.0 38.1
6.1
5.9
9.3
9.2
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in packaging films and coatings consumption for North America
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 17,700 in 2020. PVC used in food
packaging is driving the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Europe are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach 14,700 tons in 2020, resulting from an
increasing use of PVC because of its flexibility, light weight and cost efficiency.
The adipate esters used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Asia-Pacific are
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 26,300 tons in 2020. PVC is tough and
safer than other metal and glass packaging, which is driving the market in this region.
The adipate esters used in packaging films and coatings consumption for South America
are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 4,000 through 2015. In addition,
adipate ester consumption is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.5%,
to reach 4,100 tons in 2020 because of extensive use of PVC in the packaging industry.
The adipate esters used in packaging films and coatings consumption for ROW are
of 1.7%. In addition, adipate ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 6,400 tons in 2020 because of an
increase in the usage of PVC, which is transparent and is a modern-day packaging method
to preserve foods.
174
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER APPLICATIONS BY

REGION
The global market for adipate esters used in other applications is dominated by
Asia-Pacific, followed by North America and Europe. In 2014, Asia-Pacific accounted for
35.0% of the market (in value terms), followed by North America and Europe, with a 25.0%
and 24.0% share each.
TABLE 72
GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER APPLICATIONS BY
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
27.0 27.1 27.9
0.6
25.9 26.0 26.5
0.4
37.8 38.0 39.7
0.9
7.6
7.6
7.7
0.3
9.7
9.8 10.5
1.4
108.0 108.5 112.3
0.7

FIGURE 68
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015
AND 2020
(%)
175
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 24.8
24.0 23.6
35.0 35.4
7.0
6.9
9.0
9.3
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in the other-applications market for North America are expected
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach $27.9 million in 2020. PVC is widely used in
brushes and in carpeting, which are driving this market.
The adipate esters used in the other-applications market for Europe are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 0.4%, to reach $26.5 million in 2020. PVC is flexible and is used in a
wide range of brushes. It is also used in furniture such as chairs and tables.
The adipate esters used in the other-applications market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 0.9%, to reach $39.7 million in 2020. PVC is used in brushes, as it is
lightweight. PVC carpets are durable, skid resistant and smooth. These applications are
driving the materials market in this region for the forecasted period.
The adipate esters used in the other-applications market for South America are expected
to have a marginal increment, remaining at $7.6 million through 2015. In addition, the
adipate ester market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 0.3%, to reach $7.7 million in 2020, because of the growth of production of PVC carpet
flooring, which has perfect polish and is easy to install.
The adipate esters used in the other-applications market for ROW are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach $10.5 million in 2020. PVC usage for brushes, furniture
and carpets is expected to increase in this region during the forecasted period.
176
TABLE 73
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER APPLICATIONS BY
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
14.2 14.3
11.3 11.3
21.0 21.1
4.0
4.0
5.1
5.2
55.6 55.9
CAGR%
2020 20152020
14.7
0.6
11.5
0.4
22.1
0.9
4.1
0.5
5.5
1.1
57.9
0.7
FIGURE 69
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR ADIPATE ESTERS USED IN OTHER
(%)
177
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.6 25.4
20.2 19.9
37.7 38.2
7.2
7.1
9.3
9.5
100.0 100.0
The adipate esters used in other-applications consumption for North America are expected
to increase from 14,200 in 2014 to 14,300 tons in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.7%. In
(2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach 14,700 tons in 2020. PVC is used in furniture and carpets.
It is also used in a variety of brushes. All these applications are driving the market in this
region for the forecasted period.
The adipate esters used in other-applications consumption for Europe are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at 11,300 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate
ester consumption is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.4%, to
reach 11,500 in 2020, as PVC used in furniture is fashionable as well as durable.
The adipate esters used in other-applications consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
increase from 21,000 in 2014 to 21,100 in 2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.5%. In addition,
2020) of 0.9%, to reach 22,100 tons in 2020. PVC is used in carpets and furniture. It is also
used in a variety of brushes. All these applications are driving the market in this region for
the forecasted period.
The adipate esters used in other-applications consumption for South America are expected
to have a marginal increment, remaining at 4,000 tons through 2015. In addition, adipate
ester consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (20152020) of
0.5%, to reach 4,100 tons in 2020. PVC is driving this market for adipate ester through its
diversified applications.
The adipate esters used in other-applications consumption for ROW are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 5,500 tons in 2020. Adipate ester used in PVC is
expected to drive the market in this region for other end-user industries, as PVC is
commonly used in furniture and carpets.
178
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN VARIOUS

GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE

In 2014, the other intermediates used in the automotive industry were dominated by
Asia-Pacific, with a market share (in value terms) of approximately 45.0%, followed by
Europe and North America, with approximately 23.0% and 22.0%, respectively.
TABLE 74
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
46.7
48.8
95.6
12.7
8.5
212.3
2015
47.2
49.3
97.1
12.8
8.6
215.0
CAGR%
2020 20152020
50.1
1.2
52.1
1.1
106.2
1.8
13.5
1.1
9.2
1.4
231.1
1.5
179
FIGURE 70
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.0 21.7
22.9 22.5
45.1 46.0
6.0
5.8
4.0
4.0
100.0 100.0

The other intermediates used in the automotive market for North America are expected to
In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a
lubricants used in automotive engines will drive this market.
180
The other intermediates used in the automotive market for Europe are expected to
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach $52.1 million in 2020 because of
synthetic lubricants, used mostly under the hood.
The other intermediates used in the automotive market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
lubricants are widely used. They extend the operating-temperature range of lubricants.
The other intermediates used in the automotive market for South America are expected to
lubricants used in car engines are mostly driving this market.
The other intermediates used in the automotive market for ROW are expected to increase
the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach $9.2 million in 2020 because of extensive use of
synthetic lubricants.
181
TABLE 75
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
24.6 24.8
21.2 21.4
53.1 53.9
6.7
6.7
4.5
4.5
110.1 111.3
CAGR%
2020 20152020
26.4
1.3
22.7
1.2
59.0
1.8
7.1
1.2
4.8
1.3
120.0
1.5

FIGURE 71
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
182
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
22.3 22.0
19.2 18.9
48.5 49.2
6.0
5.9
4.0
4.0
100.0 100.0

The other intermediates used in automotive consumption for North America are expected
In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach 26,400 tons in 2020. This will be driven
by the synthetic lubricants used in engines, accompanied by growth in the automotive
industry.
The other intermediates used in automotive consumption for Europe are expected to
addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 22,700 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants give
superior protection to and performance of engines, which will drive the market in this
region.
The other intermediates used in automotive consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 59,000 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used
increasingly, as they can withstand a much broader range of temperatures.
The other intermediates used in automotive consumption for South America are expected
other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 7,100 tons in 2020. Synthetic leather used under the
hood is expected to drive the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in automotive consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 4,500 tons through 2015. In addition,
other-intermediates consumption is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020)
of 1.3%, to reach 4,800 tons in 2020. In ROW, an increased use of synthetic lubricants
coupled with growth in the automotive market will drive this market.
183
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND

In 2014, other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics industry were
dominated by Asia-Pacific, with a market share (in value terms) of approximately 44.0%,
followed by Europe and North America, with approximately 22.0% and 21.0%, respectively.
TABLE 76
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014
29.7
31.1
62.3
8.5
9.9
141.5
2015
29.9
31.3
62.9
8.5
10.0
142.6
CAGR%
2020 20152020
31.3
0.9
32.4
0.7
66.8
1.2
8.5
0.0
10.7
1.4
149.7
1.0
184
FIGURE 72
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.0 20.9
21.9 21.6
44.1 44.7
6.0
5.7
7.0
7.1
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics market for North America
are expected to increase from $29.7 million in 2014 to $29.9 million in 2015 at a YOY
185
growth rate of 0.7%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected
Synthetic lubricants are used as corrosion inhibitors in some electrical and electronics
items, which is expected to drive the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics market for Europe are
rate of 0.6%. In addition, the other-intermediates market is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $32.4 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are
environmentally friendly, for which they are used increasingly in electrical and electronic
items in this region.
The other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics market for Asia-Pacific are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, the other-intermediates market is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach $66.8 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used
widely in plugs, connectors, terminals and fittings. They are also used in spark plugs.
The other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics market for South America
are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $8.5 million through 2015. In
addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to remain the same at
$8.5 million through 2020.
The other intermediates used in the electrical and electronics market for ROW are
rate of 1.0%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow
at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach $10.7 million in 2020. Synthetic
lubricants provide protection against rust and fretting wear of contacts, for which they are
used increasingly in this region.
TABLE 77
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL AND
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
15.6 15.7 16.5
1.0
13.5 13.6 14.1
0.7
34.6 34.9 37.1
1.2
4.5 4.5 4.5
0.0
5.2 5.3 5.6
1.1
73.4 74.0 77.8
1.0
186
FIGURE 73
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
21.2 21.2
18.4 18.1
47.1 47.7
6.1
5.8
7.2
7.2
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in electrical and electronics consumption for North America
187
rate of 0.6%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to

grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 16,500 tons in 2020 because of
the increasing use of synthetic lubricants to protect electrical and electronics items from
rust and corrosion.
The intermediates used in electrical and electronics consumption for Europe are expected
In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
are used to protect many electrical and electronics appliances from corrosion.
The intermediates used in electrical and electronics consumption for Asia-Pacific are
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 37,100 tons in 2020. Growth in
usage in plugs and connectors will drive the market in this region.
The intermediates used in electrical and electronics consumption for South America are
other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to remain the same at 4,500
tons through 2020.
The adipate intermediates used in electrical and electronics consumption for ROW are
of 1.9%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.1%, to reach 5,600 tons in 2020. The increasing use of synthetic
lubricants in electrical and electronics items is driving the market in this region.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS

The global market for other intermediates used in the sporting-goods industry is
dominated by North America, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. In 2014, North America
accounted for 37.0% of the market (in value terms), followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific
with 30.0% and approximately 24.0%, respectively.
TABLE 78
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
15.7 15.8 16.4
0.7
12.7 12.8 13.5
1.1
10.2 10.3 11.0
1.3
2.1 2.1 2.1
0.0
188
ROW
Total
1.7 1.7 1.7

42.4 42.7 44.7
0.0
0.9
FIGURE 74
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(%)
189
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
37.0 36.7
30.0 30.2
24.1 24.6
4.9
4.7
4.0
3.8
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used the sporting-goods market for North America are expected
0.6%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach $16.4 million in 2020 because of the use
of synthetic lubricants in guns to ensure that they operate properly.
The other intermediates used in the sporting-goods market for Europe are expected to
lubricants are used in guns to ensure that they operate properly.
The other intermediates used in the sporting-goods market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach $11.0 million in 2020. Usage of synthetic
lubricants in guns and bike racing will be driving the market in the Asia-Pacific region.
The other intermediates used in the sporting-goods market for South America are
The other intermediates used in the sporting-goods market for ROW are expected to have
a marginal increment, remaining at $1.7 million through 2015. In addition, the
other-intermediates market in this region is expected to remain the same at $1.7 million
through 2020.
190
TABLE 79
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SPORTING-GOODS
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
8.3 8.3 8.6
0.7
5.5 5.6 5.9
1.0
5.7 5.7 6.1
1.4
1.1 1.1 1.1
0.0
0.9 0.9 0.9
0.0
21.5 21.6 22.6
0.9
FIGURE 75
(%)
191
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
38.4 38.0
25.9 26.1
26.4 27.0
5.1
4.9
4.2
4.0
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in sporting-goods consumption for North America are
(2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 8,600 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used mostly
in guns, which will drive the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in sporting-goods consumption for Europe are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 5,900 tons in 2020 because of wide usage of
synthetic lubricants in guns and racing bikes.
The other intermediates used in sporting-goods consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected
(2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach 6,100 tons in 2020. In the Asia-Pacific region, guns and
racing bikes will be driving the market.
The other intermediates used in sporting-goods consumption for South America are
tons through 2020.
The other intermediates used in sporting-goods consumption for ROW are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at 900 tons through 2015. In addition,
other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to remain the same at 900
tons through 2020.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER

In terms of value, other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather industry were
dominated by Asia-Pacific with a share of approximately 33.0% in 2014, followed by North
America and Europe, each with a share of 27.7%.
192
TABLE 80
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SYNTHETIC-LEATHER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
5.9 5.9 6.0
0.3
5.9 5.9 6.0
0.3
7.0 7.1 7.7
1.6
1.1 1.1 1.1
0.0
1.3 1.3 1.3
0.0
21.2 21.3 22.1
0.7
FIGURE 76
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN
(%)
193
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
27.7 27.1
27.7 27.1
33.3 34.9
5.2
5.0
6.1
5.9
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather market for North America are
addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.3%, to reach $6.0 million in 2020 because of a small increase in
usage of synthetic lubricants during the production of synthetic leather.
The other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather market for Europe are expected to
have a marginal increment, remaining at $5.9 million through 2015. In addition, the
other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to
2020) of 0.3%, to reach $6.0 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used in small
quantity during synthetic-leather production.
The other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather market for Asia-Pacific are expected
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach $7.7 million in 2020. The increase is
because of synthetic-lubricant usage as a process aid for synthetic-leather production.
The other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather market for South America are
The other intermediates used in the synthetic-leather market for ROW are expected to
other-intermediates market is expected to remain the same at $1.3 million through 2020.
194
TABLE 81
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
3.1 3.1 3.2
0.6
2.6 2.6 2.6
0.0
3.9 3.9 4.3
2.0
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.0
0.7 0.7 0.7
0.0
10.9 10.9 11.4
0.9
FIGURE 77
(%)
195
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
28.4 28.1
23.9 22.8
35.8 37.7
5.5
5.3
6.4
6.1
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in synthetic-leather consumption for North America are
(2015 to 2020) of 0.6%, to reach 3,200 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricant is required during
synthetic-leather production.
The other intermediates used in synthetic-leather consumption for Europe are expected to
tons through 2020. Synthetic lubricant is used in a small quantity in synthetic leather.
The other intermediates used in synthetic-leather consumption for Asia-Pacific are
expected to have a marginal increment of 3,900 tons through 2015. In addition,
(2015 to 2020) of 2.0%, to reach 4,300 tons in 2020 because of synthetic lubricants usage
in the production of synthetic leather for bags, jackets and so forth.
The other intermediates used in synthetic-leather consumption for South America are
expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 600 tons through 2015. In addition,
tons through 2020.
The other intermediates used in synthetic-leather consumption for ROW are expected to
tons through 2020.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE

In 2014, other intermediates used in the shoe-sole industry were dominated by Asia-Pacific,
with a market share (in value terms) of 34.0%, followed by Europe and North America with
196
TABLE 82
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
6.4 6.5 7.1
1.8
6.8 6.9 7.5
1.7
7.2 7.3 7.9
1.6
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.0
0.4 0.4 0.5
4.6
21.2 21.5 23.4
1.7
FIGURE 78
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
197
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
30.2 30.3
32.1 32.1
33.9 33.8
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.1
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the shoe-sole market for North America are expected to
in the rubber material in shoe soles.
The other intermediates used in the shoe-sole market for Europe are expected to increase
the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR
(2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach $7.5 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used mostly in
the rubber material in shoe soles are expected to drive the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in the shoe-sole market for Asia-Pacific are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.6%, to reach $7.9 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants can make
shoe soles abrasion resistant, for which they are increasingly being used.
The other intermediates used in the shoe-sole market for South America are expected to
other-intermediates market in this region is expected to remain same at $0.4 million
through 2020.
The other intermediates used in the shoe-sole market for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at $0.4 million through 2015. In addition, the
other-intermediates market is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) 4.6%,
to reach $0.5 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in the rubber material in shoe
soles will be driving this market in this region.
198
TABLE 83
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
3.4 3.4 3.7
1.7
3.0 3.0 3.3
1.9
4.0 4.1 4.4
1.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.0
0.2 0.2 0.3
8.4
10.8 10.9 11.9
1.8
FIGURE 79
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN SHOE-SOLE
(%)
199
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
31.2 31.1
27.5 27.7
37.7 37.0
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.5
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in shoe-sole consumption for North America are expected to
(2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach 3,700 tons in 2020. Use of synthetic lubricants in rubber
will be driving the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in shoe-sole consumption for Europe are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 3,000 tons through 2015. In addition,
(2015 to 2020) of 1.9%, to reach 3,300 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used to
make shoes abrasion resistant.
The other intermediates used in shoe-sole consumption for Asia-Pacific are expected to
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.4%, to reach 4,400 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants are used
in the rubber material in shoes.
The other intermediates used in shoe-sole consumption for South America are expected to
other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to remain same at 200 tons
through 2020.
The other intermediates used in shoe-sole consumption for ROW are expected to have a
marginal increment, remaining at 200 tons through 2015. In addition, other-intermediates
consumption in this region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) 8.4%,
to reach 3000 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in rubber will drive this market
within the footwear industry in this region.
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES MARKET USED IN FOOD AND
BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION
In 2014, other intermediates used in the food and beverages and pharmaceuticals
industries were dominated by Asia-Pacific, with a market share (in value terms) of 30.0%,
followed by North America and Europe with 27.0% and approximately 26.0%, respectively.
200
TABLE 84
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD AND BEVERAGES
AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2014 2015
40.1 40.2
38.6 38.6
44.6 44.7
14.9 14.9
10.4 10.5
148.6 148.9
CAGR%
2020 20152020
44.0
1.8
40.0
0.7
51.0
2.7
16.2
1.7
11.6
2.0
162.8
1.8
FIGURE 80
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD AND
BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
201
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
27.0 27.0
25.9 24.6
30.0 31.3
10.0 10.0
7.1
7.1
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the food and beverages and pharmaceuticals market for
North America are expected to increase from $40.1 million in 2014 to $40.2 million in
2015 at a YOY growth rate of 0.2%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this
region is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach $44.0
million in 2020. Adipic acid is used in food and drinks as additives, which will drive this
market.
Europe are expected to have a marginal increment of $38.6 million through 2015. In
CAGR (2015 to 2020) 0.7%, to reach $40.0 million in 2020. Adipic acid is widely used in
bottled drinks, jam and lozenges.
Asia-Pacific are expected to increase from $44.6 million in 2014 to $44.7 million in 2015 at
a YOY growth rate of 0.2%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is
2020. Adipic acid used in jam to give it a gel-like texture, and in beverages it is used to get
fizzy flavors.
South America are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $14.9 million
through 2015. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) 1.7%, to reach $16.2 million in 2020. Adipic acid
is used widely in foods and beverages for texture and flavor.
ROW are expected to increase from $10.4 million in 2014 to $10.5 million in 2015 at a YOY
to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.0%, to reach $11.6 million in 2020. Adipic
acid is used in food and beverages for flavor and texture.
202
TABLE 85
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD AND
BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
21.1 21.2 23.2
1.8
16.8 16.8 17.4
0.7
24.8 24.8 28.3
2.7
7.8 7.8 8.5
1.7
5.5 5.5 6.1
2.1
76.0 76.1 83.5
1.9
FIGURE 81
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN FOOD AND
BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
203
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
27.9 27.8
22.1 20.8
32.6 33.9
10.2 10.2
7.2
7.3
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in food and beverages and pharmaceuticals consumption for
North America are expected to increase from 21,100 tons in 2014 to 21,200 tons in 2015
at a YOY growth rate of 0.5%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region
is expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 23,200 tons in
2020. Increasing use of adipic acid in food and beverages will be driving the market in this
region.
Europe are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 16,800 tons through
2015. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 0.7%, to reach 17,400 tons in 2020. Adipic acid is used
widely as additives in food and beverages for flavor and texture.
Asia-Pacific are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 24,800 tons through
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.7%, to reach 28,300 tons in 2020. Adipic acid used in
food and beverages for texture and color will be driving this market.
South America are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 7,800 tons
through 2015. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.7%, to reach 8,500 tons in 2020. Adipic acid
is used widely for texture and flavor in different food and beverages.
ROW are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 5.5 thousand tons through
2015. In addition, other-intermediates consumption is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 2.1%, to reach 6,100 tons in 2020. Adipic acid is used in a variety
of foods, including dairy products, pickles, jelly, throat lozenges and so forth.
204
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
Asia-Pacific accounted for 35.1% (in value terms) of other intermediates used in the
packaging films and coatings industry in 2014, followed by North America and Europe,
with a share of 25.0% each.
TABLE 86
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
8.8 8.9 9.5
1.3
8.8 8.9 9.5
1.3
12.4 12.5 13.3
1.2
2.1 2.1 2.2
0.9
3.2 3.2 3.3
0.6
35.3 35.6 37.8
1.2
FIGURE 82
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS AND COATINGS
(%)
205
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.0 25.1
25.0 25.1
35.1 35.3
5.9
5.8
9.0
8.7
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the packaging films and coatings market for North
America are expected to increase from $8.8 million in 2014 to $8.9 million in 2015 at a
YOY growth rate of 1.1%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is
2020. Synthetic lubricants can be used for superior sealing, mainly for food products.
The other intermediates used in the packaging films and coatings market for Europe are
of 1.1%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.3%, to reach $9.5 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants
used in packaging will be driving the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in the packaging films and coatings market for Asia-Pacific
growth rate of 0.8%. In addition, the other-intermediates market is expected to grow at a
lubricants are used in packaging for food items and other products.
The other intermediates used in the packaging films and coatings market for South
America are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at $2.1 million through
2015. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) 0.9%, to reach $2.2 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants
are used in plastic packaging.
The other intermediates used in the packaging films and coatings market for ROW are
in packaging to obtain better sealing.
206
TABLE 87
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING FILMS
AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
4.6 4.7 5.0
1.2
3.8 3.9 4.1
1.0
6.9 6.9 7.4
1.4
1.1 1.1 1.2
1.8
1.7 1.7 1.7
0.0
18.1 18.3 19.4
1.2
FIGURE 83
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN PACKAGING
FILMS AND COATINGS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
207
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.7 25.8
21.3 21.1
37.7 38.1
6.0
6.2
9.3
8.8
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in packaging films and coatings consumption for North
America are expected to increase from 4,600 tons in 2014 to 4,700 tons in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 2.2%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.2%, to reach 5,000 tons in 2020.
Synthetic lubricants are used in packaging, which will be driving the market in this region.
The other intermediates used in packaging films and coatings consumption for Europe are
of 2.6%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is expected to grow at
a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 4,100 tons in 2020. Synthetic lubricants
are used for plastic packaging.
The other intermediates used in food packaging films and coatings consumption for
Asia-Pacific are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 6,900 tons through
are used in packaging to obtain better sealing.
The other intermediates used in food packaging films and coatings consumption for South
America are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 1,100 tons through
2015. In addition, other-intermediates consumption is expected to grow at a five-year
CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 1,200 tons in 2020. Using synthetic lubricants for
packaging food can provide better protection.
The other intermediates used in food packaging films and coatings consumption for ROW
are expected to have a marginal increment, remaining at 1,700 tons through 2015. In
addition, other-intermediates consumption is expected to remain the same at 1,700
through 2020. Synthetic lubricants used in the packaging industry will drive the market in
this region for the forecasted period.
208
GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER END-USER

Asia-Pacific accounted for approximately 35.0% of the global other-intermediates market
(in value terms) used in other end-user applications in 2014, followed by North America
and Europe, with approximately 25.0% and 24.0%, respectively.
TABLE 88
GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER END-USER
($ MILLIONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
21.2 21.4 22.7
1.2
20.4 20.6 21.9
1.2
29.7 30.1 32.4
1.5
5.9
6.0
6.6
1.9
7.6
7.7
8.4
1.8
84.8 85.8 92.0
1.4
FIGURE 84
GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER END-USER APPLICATIONS
(%)
209
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
24.9 24.7
24.0 23.8
35.1 35.2
7.0
7.2
9.0
9.1
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in the other end-user applications market for North America
Synthetic lubricants are used mostly in ropes to make them wear and tear resistant.
The other intermediates used in the other end-user applications market for Europe are
lubricants are used extensively in ropes in marine, mining and construction environments.
The other intermediates used in the other end-user applications market for Asia-Pacific are
lubricants are used to make ropes stronger.
The other intermediates used in the other end-user applications market for South America
are expected to increase from $5.9 million in 2014 to $6.0 million in 2015 at a YOY growth
at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.9%, to reach $6.6 million in 2020. Use of synthetic
lubricants in ropes will drive this market.
The other intermediates used in the other end-user applications market for ROW is
of 1.3%. In addition, the other-intermediates market in this region is expected to grow at a
five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach $8.4 million in 2020. Synthetic lubricants
are used in ropes to make them stronger for diversified usages.
210
TABLE 89
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER END-USER
(THOUSAND TONS)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
CAGR%
2014 2015 2020 20152020
11.2 11.3 11.9
1.0
8.9 9.0 9.5
1.1
16.5 16.7 18.0
1.5
3.1 3.2 3.5
1.8
4.0 4.1 4.4
1.4
43.7 44.3 47.3
1.3
FIGURE 85
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN OTHER
END-USER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020
(%)
211
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
South America
ROW
Total
2015 2020
25.5 25.2
20.3 20.1
37.7 38.0
7.2
7.4
9.3
9.3
100.0 100.0
The other intermediates used in other end-user applications consumption for North
America are expected to increase from 11,200 tons in 2014 to 11,300 tons in 2015 at a
YOY growth rate of 0.9%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.0%, to reach 11,900 tons in
2020. Synthetic lubricants used in ropes are driving this market.
The other intermediates used in other end-user applications consumption for Europe are
used in ropes can strengthen them, making them wear and tear resistant.
The other intermediates used in other end-user applications consumption for Asia-Pacific
grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.5%, to reach 18,000 tons in 2020. Synthetic
lubricants used in ropes are widely used in marine and mining environments.
The other intermediates used in other end-user applications consumption for South
America are expected to increase from 3,100 tons in 2014 to 3,200 tons in 2015 at a YOY
growth rate of 3.2%. In addition, other-intermediates consumption in this region is
expected to grow at a five-year CAGR (2015 to 2020) of 1.8%, to reach 3,500 tons in 2020.
Synthetic lubricants can make ropes more powerful.
The other intermediates used in other end-user applications consumption for ROW are
used in ropes improve their strength, enabling them to be used for different purposes.
212
Chapter 6
DRIVERS AND CHALLENGES
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 6
DRIVERS AND CHALLENGES
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

The global footwear industry has been growing steadily over the past five years. Changing
trends, rising disposable income, increasing demand for innovative designs and rising
retail shopping culture are the driving factors of the industry. An increasing focus on
innovative promotional strategies coupled with celebrity branding will lead to the growth
of the industry through 2020.
FIGURE 86
FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY CATEGORY
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Category Percent
Women
50
Men
35
Children
15
Total
100
The global footwear industry was estimated at $189 billion in 2014 and is expected to
reach $210 billion in 2020. This industry is segmented into three major categories:
womens footwear, mens footwear, and childrens footwear. The womens footwear
industry constitutes 50% of the market, followed by mens footwear and childrens
footwear with 35% and 15%, respectively.
214
FIGURE 87
FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY BY TYPE
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Category Percent
Non-athlete
60
Athlete
40
Total
100
The global footwear market can be segmented into two categories: athlete and
non-athlete footwear. In 2014, athlete footwear accounted for 40% of the global market,
while the remaining 60% was for non-athlete footwear. Athlete footwear includes sports,
athlete and active lifestyle products for men, women and children. These include hiking
boots, sneakers and other sports boots. Non-athlete footwear includes casual dress
footwear, which also includes house slippers and various types of work shoes and boots.
Industrial footwear, which accounts for 2% of the total non-athlete footwear industry, was
worth $2.4 billion in 2014 and is estimated to grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 8.3% in the next five years. This market consists of safety footwear used for
workers in various industries including construction, mining, chemical and manufacturing.
The market is expected to grow in the future because of the increasing need to take
precautions and to avoid worker accidents at the work place. The application of strict
government regulations regarding wearing safety footwear during work hours, particularly
in Europe and North America, will also drive the market for industrial footwear.
215
FIGURE 88
ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR CONSUMPTION BY REGION
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Asia-Pacific
Europe
South America
Africa
Total
Percent
15
52
17
9
7
100
Source: World Footwear Yearbook 2014/BCC Research

In terms of consumption, the Asia-Pacific region constitutes the largest share with 51%,
followed by Europe with 17%. North America has a market share of 15%, South America
9% and Africa 7%.
FIGURE 89
ANNUAL GLOBAL FOOTWEAR PRODUCTION BY REGION
(%)
216
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Asia-Pacific
South America
Europe
Africa
Total
Percent
2
87
5
4
2
100
Source: World Footwear Yearbook 2014

In terms of production, 87% of the market is concentrated in Asia-Pacific. South America
and Europe comprise 5% and 4% of the market, respectively. North America and Africa
have the lowest market share, with 2% each.
The U.S. has the highest share of 89% of the North American market. Canadas share of
that market is 7%, followed by Mexico with 4%. The U.S. market for footwear is expected
to grow at a CAGR of 6.3% through 2020. The U.S. is the largest importer of footwear
globally, and 98.5% of the shoes consumed in the country are imported. According to the
2014 shoe-statistics reports published by the American Apparel and Footwear Association,
in 2013, every American (including every man, woman and child) spent on average $234
on footwear, which was an increase of 2.2% compared with 2012. There was a growth in
production of U.S.-made footwear, increasing by 8.5% in 2013 compared with 2012.
In the European Union (E.U.), the consumption of footwear in 2013 was 2.2 billion pairs by
volume, which reflects a CAGR of -0.4% between 2009 and 2013. Germany, the U.K.,
France, Italy and Spain account for 70% of the total E.U. footwear consumption. Womens
footwear accounted for 51% of the market; mens footwear and childrens footwear
accounted for 32% and 17% of the market, respectively. In 2013, the total E.U. production
of footwear was $17.9 billion by value. In 2013, there were 11,500 companies and 166,000
employees in the E.U. involved in the footwear industry. Leather footwear, which is a
major segment of the non-athlete segment, accounted for 70% of the total E.U. production.
Italy was responsible for more than half of the total E.U. footwear production. This is
because Italy is famous for its highly fashionable and innovative footwear as well as for its
artisanship. Spain accounted for 12% of the total E.U. footwear production, followed by
Portugal and Romania with 11% and 5%, respectively. Changes in consumption pattern
and developments in distribution encourage the growth of the sports footwear market in
Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia
The E.U. footwear production industries focus on providing better quality, design and
comfort and on other innovations. An example of the last factor is the introduction of
vegetable-tanned shoes in order to comply with strict environmental rules and to compete
with China, India, Vietnam and Indonesia.
217
FIGURE 90
EUROPEAN FOOTWEAR IMPORTS BY COUNTRY
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Country
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Belgium
Spain
Others
Total
Percent
19
14
13
12
8
7
5
22
100
Source: Eurostat 2014
In 2014, Germany was the largest importer in terms of value, followed by France, the U.K.,
Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain. China was the leading exporter, with a total
market share of 25.7% of total imports to the E.U. in 2014. Exports by all the major
countries increased considerably during the period 2009 through 2013. Italy increased
exports by 8%, Germany by 10%, Belgium by 11%, the Netherlands by 9%, Spain by 6%
and France by 12% during the period 2009 through 2013. Germany also re-exported
footwear to other E.U. countries. The E.U. countries have entered new growing markets
such as Singapore, Kazakhstan and the United Arab Emirates. Demand in existing markets
and growth of newly entered markets are expected to increase in the coming years.
Increased health consciousness and preference and comfort in daily footwear is driving the
European footwear industry, particularly the sportswear- and sports-inspired footwear.
During the period 2010 through 2013, exports of footwear from the E.U. grew by 48%.
218
Russia, the U.S. and Switzerland are the main export market; however, exports are
growing to countries such as Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and China. In Europe, the
overall demand is mostly for luxury brands, and there is growing opportunity for smalland medium-sized manufacturers as high-quality suppliers.
Asia-Pacific is the leading market region both by consumption and production. Rising
disposable income and rising population is one major reason why the market is booming in
Asia-Pacific. The Asia-Pacific market for footwear is expected to grow at a 5-year CAGR of
2.1% through 2019. Increasing demand for innovative designs in footwear and a shift
toward a retail shopping culture has fueled the non-athlete footwear market growth
globally. Celebrity endorsement is also a major driver in the non-athlete footwear market.
The increase in demand in the athlete footwear market is primarily because of the
increased awareness about healthy lifestyle, particularly in the developing economies.
Asia is the largest producer of athlete shoes because of reduced manufacturing and labor
costs. Major athlete shoe companies such as Adidas and Nike manufacture athlete shoes
in Asia via contract manufacturing. China is expected to experience the highest growth in
the next five years, followed by India and Japan. The overall industry will experience a
stable growth because of changing trends in fashion, increase in online sales and rising
population. Asia-Pacific still remains the point of focus for footwear manufacturers,
primarily because of cheaper cost of manufacturing. The leading international suppliers of
low-cost footwear from Asia-Pacific are China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand.
Population growth, increase in disposable income, increase in fitness awareness, increase
in brand consciousness and targeted marketing campaigns are driving the footwear
industry. Growth in population will lead simultaneously to an increase in demand for
consumer products, especially basic daily necessities such as daily-wear footwear. An
increase in disposable income is leading to a fundamental change toward a better
standard of living. This will increase the demand for retail goods including footwear. These
developments can also result in an increase in the quantity and frequency of footwear
purchases, as well as an increase in the quality of the footwear involved. Social factors
such as increase in fitness awareness and population of different age groups also affect
the demand for footwear. The footwear industry is also dependent on seasonal factors and
weather conditions. For example, in winter the sales of galoshes will increase and the
sales of sandals will decrease.
Each pair of shoes consists of two parts: a sole and an upper. Each part is manufactured
separately. Polyurethane is a major component in the manufacture of shoes. Although this
material can be used in the manufacture of various parts of shoes or boots, it is used
primarily in the manufacture of shoe soles. Polyurethane-based shoes and boots are
fashionable, comfortable and tough. The major application of polyurethane is as an
adhesive to attach the sole to the upper part of the shoe, resulting in a stronger bond. It is
also used in molds, which are used in making various parts of the sole such as the outsole
(the part of the sole that touches the ground) and the midsole (the layer between the
outsole and insole that provides shock absorption). Polyurethane coatings and sealants are
also used to provide better scratch-resistance durability and color retention. Polyurethane
is also used for foam inserts, gels and air bags.
In designer and fashionable shoes, polyurethane offers an endless variety of colors and
finishes. Polyurethane-based foams are paintable, so they can be used to create various
colors and textures. Polyurethane is also used in the production of synthetic leather, which
219
is used in the manufacture of leather shoes. Synthetic-leather shoes are cheaper

compared with genuine leather shoes. Polyurethane is also used in industrial safety shoes,
most of which are manufactured based on internationally set standards. Some of the
properties that can be achieved by varying the polyurethane formulation are antistatic,
waterproofing, oil and chemical resistance, slip resistance, light weight and durability. In
athlete footwear, polyurethane is used in plates, soles, midsoles and cleats that provide
better grip and performance even on wet surfaces. Polyurethane-based midsoles help to
reduce the risk of muscle and joint injury.
Growth of the footwear industry in both the athlete and non-athlete segments in the
coming years, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, will drive the market for adipic acid,
particularly polyurethane, in the next five years. Increasing demand for footwear in sports,
various industries and other non-athlete applications will increase the demand for
polyurethane in the coming years.
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

The automotive industry has witnessed strong growth and profitability, and in some
regions the sales of automobiles have reached the prerecession level. The three forces
changing the industry are expanded regulatory requirements, shift in consumer demand
and increasing availability of data and information.
In 2014, automobile production was 88.2 million vehicles compared with 87.3 million
vehicles in 2013, an increase of 1%. In recent years, the automotive industry has been
growing in pace with the recovery from the global economic crisis. The industry is
expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% for a period of five years (2014 to 2019). In 2014,
sales in China and North America continued to grow strongly.
FIGURE 91
GLOBAL AUTO PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2010-2014
(%)
220
LEGEND
(%)
Region
Americas
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Africa
Total
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

21.0 22.2 23.8 24.2 23.7
25.5 26.3 23.5 22.6 22.7
52.9 50.8 52.0 52.5 52.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), 2015
Global vehicle production increased from 77.6 million units in 2010 to 88.2 million units in
2014. This increase was attributed to the revival of the global economy and indicates a
positive outlook for the global automotive industry in the next five years from 2014
through 2019. In 2014, growth in the automotive industry showed an increase of 1%
compared with 2013, and the same growth rate is expected in 2015.
FIGURE 92
CHINA AND GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION: 2009-2014
(%)
LEGEND
(UNITS/%)
China (million units)

Global (million units)
Global share of China (%)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

13.8 18.3 18.4 19.3 22.1 23.4
61.8 77.6 79.9 84.2 87.3 88.2
22.3 23.6 23.0 22.9 25.3 26.5
221
FIGURE 93
SALES OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: 2009-2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Vehicle Type
Passenger cars
Commercial vehicles
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

74.9 73.9 73.4 73.6 73.4 73.6
25.1 26.1 26.6 26.4 26.6 26.3
In 2014, passenger cars accounted for around 76.3% of total automotive sales, with sales
of commercial vehicles accounting for the rest. Global passenger-car sales reached 64.9
million units in 2014 at a five-year (2009 to 2014) CAGR of 3.2%, while commercial
vehicles accounted for 23.2 million units in 2014 at a five-year CAGR (2009 to 2014) of
3.4%. The Asia-Pacific region accounted for the largest share of this market, led mainly by
China, which accounted for about 54.3% of the total Asia-Pacific automotive market in
2014. In addition, investments in lightweight materials, infotainment systems and
advanced technologies will fuel the growth of the automotive industry through 2019. Sales
of automobiles in China increased from 22.0 million units in 2013 to reach 23.8 million in
2014, up by 8.3% year-on-year (YOY). The sales are expected to increase in 2015, at 8%
on a YOY basis. This increase in overall automobile sales in China will be attributed to the
increase in passenger-car sales. These are estimated to increase from 17.9 million
passenger cars in 2013 to 19.7 million passenger car sales in 2014, up by 10.8% YOY. On
the other hand, commercial-vehicle sales are estimated to decline from 4.1 million
vehicles in 2013 to reach 4.0 million vehicles in 2014, down by 2.5% YOY with a
continuous decline in commercial-vehicle sales in the second and third quarters of 2014.
222
Polyamide 66 can be both molded and extruded; further, the material has good
mechanical properties and is tear and wear resistant. It is less costly, with high strength
and rigidity. Polyamide is also heat absorbent and swells in wet environments. In
automobiles, this material is used in number of applications such as air-intake manifolds,
engine covers, radiator end tanks, mirror brackets, roof racks, power-steering reservoirs,
air springs, emissions canisters, light housings, fans, fan shrouds and shifter bases.
Other major applications of polyamide 66 in automobiles are in air bags, tire cords, grab
handles in cars, windshield-wiper systems and automobile radiator covers. The automobile
industry is shifting toward plastics, especially thermoplastics. Polyamide 66 has corrosion
resistance, high temperature resistance, chemical resistance and low electrical and
thermal conductivity. The introduction of polyamide 66 has resulted in reduction of the
weight of the rotating spares without compromising on load-carrying capacity and stiffness.
Polyurethane, which is an elastomer material, is tough, flexible and resistant to weather,
ozone, radiation, oil, gasoline and most solvents. In the automotive industry, it is used
mostly in flexible foam seating, foam insulation panels, elastomeric wheels and tires,
automotive suspension bushings, cushions, electrical potting compounds and hard-plastic
parts. Polyurethane is also manufactured by using adipic acid as a raw material. Use of
thermoplastics in automobiles will result in weight reduction; because of this, these
materials are used in the manufacture of gears, rotating spares, chains and sprocket
wheels. The increasing market for automobiles and the shift in trend toward light vehicles
but with high strength will drive the market for adipic acid in the coming decade.
GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MARKET

The global economy is currently on its way to recovery. This positive trend is reflected
particularly in the U.S. economy. Increased sales of automobiles, houses, electronics and
other consumer goods are a clear indicator of this economic recovery. Changes in trends
and lifestyle are also increasing the market for electronic goods, particularly in the
developing countries. The trend to carry or wear a smart device has led to the growth of
the market for smartphones and tablets in recent years.
The rising demand for eco-friendly cars and the advancement of technology has led to an
increase in the computerization of automobiles. This encouraged an increase in
automotive electronic equipment, which broadened the base for electronic components
and devices. In the current scenario, the total global production market for electronics and
IT products and services in 2013 was valued at $2,024.56 billion, with a year-on-year
increase of 20% compared with 2012. The hardware-electronics industry, which consists of
electronic equipment, devices and components, also increased production by 20%
compared with 2012.
The electronic-components market has been growing over the past three years. In 2014,
the global economy picked up moderately, which has helped the European economy to a
greater extent. The recovery of the Japanese economy and the continuous recovery of the
U.S. economy also boosted the electronics and IT industries. The expansion of the global
market for personal mobile telephones, laptops, tablets and automobiles led to a greater
production of display devices, semiconductors and electronic components and achieved a
growth of 5% compared with 2013. As a result, production in 2014 was able to exceed the
precrisis level.
223
Emerging product categories such as ultra HDTV, wearable electronics and 3D printers is
growing at an incredible pace, and these new technologies are expected to have an
important role in changing the face of the coming consumer electronics market. Sales of
mobile connected devices, specifically smartphones and tablets, continued to contribute
significant unit sales and revenue to the total consumer electronics bottom line in 2014.
Although revenue growth has slowed, unit sales will continue to see steady increases in
the coming years.
The electrical and electronics industry includes a number of products such as alternators,
semiconductors, capacitors, lighting equipment, cables, power electronics components,
circuit breakers, control equipment, connectors, displays, fuses, generators, isolators,
switches, relays, sensors, switches, circuit boards, isolators, meters and motors. These
products are used in various devices that are developed for agricultural, transportation,
safety, construction and defense purposes.
Raw materials, which are the building block of electrical and electronics goods, form the
first link of the value chain and include the supply of raw materials such as polyamide 66,
polyurethane, silicon antimony, bismuth, cobalt, fluorite, garnet, clays, glasses, calcium,
gold, carbon, nickel, chromium, aluminum, epoxy resins, polymers, lead, silver, tin and
other related materials.
Electronic components are the basic module in all kinds of electronic devices and
appliances. These components have been the major backbone of industries such as
computers, telecommunications and consumer electronics. They form integral parts of the
circuits used and are generally used or manufactured in the field of electronics for the
purpose of controlling the flow of electrons in order to execute any electronic operations.
The major end-user industries where these electronic components are used are the
automotive, medical electronics, aerospace and defense industries. These industries form
a major segment in national economies globally. There are mainly two groups of electronic
component: a large group of active electronic components, and a small family of passive
and interconnecting electronic components.
Primary end-users of electronic components are electronic-equipment manufacturers such
as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The demand for electronic components is a
derived demand. This is because the demand for these components is mostly dependent
on existing conditions in end-use markets such as telecommunications, computing and
consumer electronics. A wide range of both active and passive components is used in
various OEM products such as consumer electronics, motor vehicles, telecom equipment,
factory automation systems, military hardware and other electronic goods. A very small
share is also used for the maintenance, repair or operations sector. The
electronic-components market is highly fragmented and characterized by the presence of
a large number of both large and small electronic-equipment manufacturers.
The demand for electronics components on a long-term basis is expected to remain strong
during the current decade. Continuous advancement in information technology,
development of the global Internet infrastructure, new generations of handheld and
wireless devices, an increase of electronic content in original equipment products are
some of the major factors that will drive the market. The Asia-Pacific region is and will
remain a strong net exporter of electronics components, while all other regions (North
America and Europe in particular) will continue to be net importers.
224
In Asia-Pacific, China has been the fastest-growing country for electronics production over
the past decade. Since 2006, this country has been the largest electronics global
manufacturer and exporter. China has been the main beneficiary in the relocation of
electronics manufacturing facilities to low-cost countries, particularly for high volume. It
has many advantages such as low-cost labor, low manufacturing costs and a large
domestic market; because of this, the country has emerged as the main production hub in
Asia. The electronics market in China has been driven by a number of factors that include
an increase in international and domestic demand, favorable government policies and a
favorable business climate to attract foreign investment and technologies. The domestic
demand for electronics devices such as mobile phones, personal computers, liquid crystal
displays, home appliances and multifunctional chips has been increasing in recent years.
This is primarily because of rising income, increasing urbanization, newly emerging
electronics technologies and improved living conditions. There is an increase in demand
for Chinas electronic products from abroad, mostly because they are low priced.
In the end-user markets, rapid changes in technology, government regulations and
product lifecycle will lead to new requirements for the procurement, production, packaging
and shipment of components to diverse industries such as medical segments and
light-emitting diodes. Because of the slower growth of the electronics industry in the
developed regions such as North America and Europe, the major players are concentrating
on developing regions such as Asia and Latin America. In recent years, there has been an
increase in the design of thin electrical and electronics components, and polyamide 66
demand has been increasing in these designs because of the materials flexibility.
Polyamide 66 has a major application in various electrical and electronics components,
which include connectors, switches, plugs, relays, housings, cables, insulators, face plates,
transformers, coil bobbins, input/output ports and terminal blocks. This is because of
processing flexibility, very high temperature resistance and many other advantageous
physical properties. Polyamide is also flame retardant, because of which it has an
application in electrical and electronics components and devices that have to pass specific
tests such as the glow-wire ignition temperature test.
Some of the other properties of polyamide 66 that make it attractive to the electrical and
electronics component market is the materials high tensile strength, elasticity, toughness,
high melting point and abrasion resistance. With polyamide 66 and polyurethane finding
increased applications in electrical and electronics products, the demand for adipic acid is
expected to grow at a significant rate. This industry is also in an integration phase, with
developments such as foreign collaborations, as well as mergers and acquisitions. Other
trends such as globalization, technological advancements and product proliferation will
drive the growth of the electrical and electronics industry, which in turn will drive the
polyamide 66 market.
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION DURING ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION

In 2013, 5% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions because of human activities related to
nitrous oxide (NO x ). Human activities include wastewater management, fossil-fuel
combustion, agriculture and industrial processes. The lifetime of NOx in the atmosphere is,
on average, 114 years, before it is destroyed through chemical reaction or removed by a
sink. Globally, NOx emitted because of human activities accounts for 40% of total NOx
emissions.
225
FIGURE 94
U.S. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION BY SOURCE, 2013
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Source
Agricultural soil management
Stationary combustion
Industry or chemical production
Transportation
Manure management
Other
Total
Percent
74
6
5
5
5
5
100
Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks: 19902013
Seventy-four percent of NO x emission from human activities is from agriculture-soil

management. Stationary combustion accounts for 6% of the emission. Industrial or
chemical production, transportation and manure management account for 5% each of the
total emission. In industrial or chemical production, NO x is generated usually as a
by-product during the manufacturing of adipic acid. During the period 1990 through 2013,
NOx emissions in the U.S. increased by about 8%. It is estimated that, during 2005 through
2020, NOx emission will increase by 5%. This is mostly because of the increase in emission
of NOx from human activities.
The environmental and health impacts of NOx are mentioned below.
Acid rain. NOx and sulfur dioxide react with other substances in the air; this results in acids,
which may fall as snow, rain, fog or dry particles. Some of these may also be carried by
the wind for hundreds of miles. The harmful effects of acid rain are that it can make lakes
and streams acidic, which is has adverse effects on fish. It also causes deterioration of
226
cars, buildings and historical monuments.

Global warming. NOx, along with other greenhouse gases, will cause a gradual increase in
the Earths temperature. This will result in the rise of the sea level, increased risk to
human health and other adverse effects to plants and animal habitat.
Visibility impairment. Nitrate particles and nitrogen dioxide can reduce visibility,
particularly in urban areas. This is because these particles can block the transmission of
light.
Ground-level ozone. This is formed as a result of the reaction of NOx and volatile organic
compounds in the presence of heat and sunlight. This can cause adverse effects in
children and people with asthma. The adverse health issues include damage to lung
tissue and reduction in lung function. It can also cause damage to vegetation and reduce
crop yield.
Toxic chemicals. NOx reacts with the common organic chemicals in the air and also with
ozone, which will result in the production of many toxic chemicals, including nitrate
radicals, nitrosamines and nitroarenes.
Particles. NOx forms nitric acid and related particles when reacting with compounds such
as ammonia, moisture and many others. This can cause adverse health issues such as
damage to lung tissue and premature death and affects breathing and the respiratory
system.
Deterioration of water quality. An increase in loading of nitrogen in water bodies,
particularly in coastal estuaries, may hamper the chemical balance of nutrients used by
aquatic animals and plants. Further nitrogen accelerates eutrophication, which will lead to
depletion of oxygen and reduction in the shellfish and fish population.
In 2013, the NOx emissions from adipic acid production were 4 MMT CO2 equivalent. In
terms of gigagrams, 13 gigagrams of NOx were emitted in 2013 in the U.S. because of
production of adipic acid.
Adipic acid is produced via a two-stage process, in which NOx is generated during the
second stage. The amount of emissions is dependent on the type of technologies and level
of emission control employed by a facility. In 2013, various measures were taken for the
abatement of NOx at adipic acid production plants. Catalytic, nonselective catalytic and
thermal reduction technologies were some of the common measures followed in the adipic
acid facilities. Global adipic acid production plants operate mostly in the U.S., Europe and
China. In 2013, in the U.S., there were three adipic acid production facilities owned by two
companies. In the U.S., all adipic acid production facilities are required to calculate
emissions from the facility using a facility-specific emission-monitoring system developed
through annual performance testing under specific conditions. An alternative method is to
measure NOx emission directly using monitoring equipment.
In recent years, there has been an increase in regulations and control measures for
emission control. Mandatory emission regulations on NOx emission from acid plants have
been implemented in many regions around the world. In some areas, the emission-level
requirements are being tightened. In order to comply with these tightened emission-level
227
regulations, the existing plants will have to take additional measures such as abatement
technologies, and new technologies should be considered for newer plants. The abatement
technologies and measures that are mandatory are expensive as well as requiring
continuous monitoring and supervision. New adipic acid manufacturing plants will be
approved if all the mandatory regulations for reducing and controlling NOx emission are
implemented. These stringent regulations and monitoring will hinder the market, as
obtaining approval for new manufacturing plants and controlling emissions in existing
plants is time consuming. In 2013, the chemical industry has been included in the
European emissions trading scheme. As a result of this, the European adipic acid
manufacturers will have to pay fines for the emission caused during adipic acid
manufacturing. Such measures will pose a challenge for the adipic acid market in terms of
production cost.
228
Chapter 7
VENDOR LANDSCAPE AND COMPANY
PROFILES
CHM055A
September 2015
Aneesh Kumar
Project Analyst
ISBN: 1-62296-153-6
BCC Research
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
CHAPTER 7
VENDOR LANDSCAPE AND COMPANY PROFILES
The global market for adipic acid was valued at $6.4 billion in 2014, with a total annual
consumption of 3,306 kilotons. The global adipic acid market has been growing at 3.2%
CAGR (2015 to 2020) in terms of both value and volume.
Vendors operate parallel to the major players; however, depending on different regions
and based on the demand and supply in different industries, such as polyamide 66,
polyurethane, adipate esters and food additives, some companies have harnessed their
own manufacturing capacity to meet the demand in upcoming years.
Various organizations are involved in the research and development (R&D) of synthesis of
adipic acid and its applications. Various private R&D institutions are undertaking studies
on adipic acid.
Leading global and regional players operating in the market include Asahi Kasei, Ascend,
BASF, Invista, Lioyang Petrochemical, Radici and Rhodia. This list includes manufacturers
and distributors specializing exclusively in adipic acid, whose sales data have been utilized
to evaluate the current market.
The major industries served by adipic acid are the automotive, electrical and electronics,
sporting-goods, synthetic-leather, shoe-sole, food and beverages and pharmaceuticals,
and packaging films and coatings industries. Among these, the automotive, electrical and
electronics, sporting-goods and shoe-sole industries consume more than 70% of global
adipic acid production.
The top three adipic acid manufacturers are Invista, Rhodia and Ascend, and they
accounted for more than 50% of market share in 2014.
TABLE 90
GLOBAL TOP ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURERS BY MARKET SHARE AND
PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2013
(%/KILOTONS)
Company
Invista
Rhodia
Ascend
BASF
Lioyang Petrochemical
Radici
Shandong Hongye
Asahi Kasei
Production Share Production Capacity

(Percent, Approximately)
(Kilotons per Year)
18
684
16
608
13
494
11
418
7
266
6
228
6
228
5
190
230
Others
Total
18
100
684
3,800
In 2014, total production of adipic acid amounted to approximately 3,800 kilotons, of

which Invista produced 18%, which was approximately 684 kilotons, followed by Rhodia
and Ascend, which produced 16% and 13%, respectively.
ADIPIC ACID MANUFACTURERS
ALFA AESAR (A JOHNSON MATTHEY COMPANY)

Shore Road
Port of Heysham Industrial Park
Heysham, Lancashire LA3 2XY
U.K.
Tel: 44-152-485-0506
Fax: 44-152-485-0608
Website: www.alfa.com
Alfa Aesar, a Johnson Matthey company, founded in 1962, is a leading manufacturer of fine
chemicals, as well as catalysts used for R&D in a wide range of applications. The company
supplies more than 46,000 specialty chemicals to both industry and academic institutions.
The company has approximately 480 employees. Johnson Matthey has operations in over
30 countries and has approximately 13,000 employees. Adipic acid is sold under the
chemical segment of Alfa Aesar.
Alfa Aesar sells its products under five categories: chemicals; life science; metals and
materials; catalysts; and analytical and labware.
The products offered by Alfa Aesar consist of a comprehensive range including: inorganic,
organic, solvent and organometallic compounds; pure metals and elements;
precious-metal compounds and catalysts; biochemicals; fuel-cell products; nanomaterials;
rare earths; analytical products; and select laboratory equipment.
Alfa Aesar offers synthesis proficiencies from several sites globally. The companys
primary laboratory- and kilo-scale organic synthesis unit is located in Heysham, Lancashire,
U.K., and its purity materials unit is located in Royston, U.K.
Alfa Aesar is a major supplier in the research and fine chemicals market offering over
30,000 products, many of which are rare compounds, which are unique to a major
catalogue supplier. The company provides materials for drug discovery, materials science
and all the essential building blocks for organic synthesis.
In June 2015, Johnson Matthey declared that it had decided to divest its Alfa Aesar
research chemicals business to Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., a global frontrunner in
231
serving science, for $398.9 million in cash, subject to typical postclosing adjustments. The
deal is expected to be accomplished by the end of 2015.
ASAHI KASEI CORP.

Jinbocho-Mitsui Building
1-105 Kanda Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101-8101
Japan
Tel: 81-3-3296-3000
Fax: 81-3-3296-3161
Website: www.asahi-kasei.co.jp
Incorporated in 1931, Asahi Kasei produces synthetic fibers, industrial chemicals,
petrochemicals, plastics (resins) and synthetic rubber. The company has its major
administrative offices in Japan, China, the U.S. and India. Its other operating bases are
located in different countries across Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan. As of
March 31, 2014, the company operated with an employee base of 29,127.
Adipic acid is one of the main monomers products manufactured by Asahi Kaseis chemical
division. The companys annual production capacity for adipic acid is approximately
170,000 tons. Asahi Kaseis adipic acid is manufactured primarily for captive use for
polyamide 66 production.
The company has its own R&D organization for its respective business verticals, focusing
on the creation of new businesses to drive the future. In 2014, the company started the
Group Synergy project for advanced commercialization, with corporate R&D with a
long-term perspective. Asahi Kaseis chemical divisions R&D expenditure accounts for
approximately 15% of total net sales generated by the same division.
Asahi Kasei, along with its subsidiaries, operates in four major business segments:
chemicals and fibers; homes and construction materials; electronics; and healthcare. The
company offers adipic acid through its petrochemicals operations under the chemicals and
fibers segment. It also offers polyamide 66 (PA66) through its performance polymers
operations.
The core companies operating under the chemicals and fibers business segment are
Asahi Kasei Chemicals and Asahi Kasei Fibers.
232
TABLE 91
ASAHI KASEI'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS/%)
Net sales
Net income/loss
Net income/loss as a percentage of
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20112014
19,155.0 12,554.0 13,299.4 15,143.7
-7.5
679.0
445.0
428.6
808.3
6.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
5.3
Source: BCC Research, company website/financial filings
In 2014, net sales increased as a result of growth in almost all the business sectors. In
fiscal 2014, the business faced increased costs for materials and construction work in
Japan.
FIGURE 95
ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Country Percent
Japan
68
China
10
Others
22
Total
100
233
In FY 2014, the majority of the revenue, 68%, was generated from Japan, followed by
China with 10% and other countries with 22%.
FIGURE 96
ASAHI KASEI'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Chemicals
Homes
Healthcare
Electronics
Fibers
Critical care
Construction materials
Others
Total
Percent
41.7
28.2
8.0
7.6
6.4
4.2
2.9
1.0
100.0
In 2014, most revenue was generated from the chemicals segment, contributing
approximately 42%, followed by the homes segment, with approximately 28% of the
overall revenue.
234
ASCEND PERFORMANCE MATERIALS

1010 Travis Street Suite 900
Houston, TX 77002
Tel: 713/315-5700
Website: www.ascendmaterials.com
In 2009, Ascend Performance Materials came in to existence after SK Capital Partners, a
private investment firm, acquired Solutias Integrated nylon business and named it Ascend
Performance Materials LLC. Ascend is a manufacturer of polyamide, plastic, synthetic
fibers and many other chemicals. The company has sales offices and manufacturing
facilities across North America, Europe and Asia and operates with a strength of
approximately 3,000 employees. Its manufacturing facilities meet the standards of the U.S.
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Security Act.
The companys product segment includes chemicals, resins, fibers and compounds, which
are traded under the brand names Vydyne PA66, Ultron and No-Shock. End-user markets
served by these products are the automotive, building and construction, consumer and
industrial products, electrical and electronics items, raw materials and textile industries.
Ascend offers adipic acid through its chemical segment, which is produced in the
companys Cantonment, Fla., production site. The material is used in various applications
as an industrial intermediate, a monomer or a formulation ingredient, or as a food,
medicine or cosmetic ingredient. Ascend is one of the large-scale producers of food-grade
adipic acid globally.
In May 2015, Royal DSM and Ascend Performance Materials declared the formation of a
global strategic alliance for the supply of compounds based on polyamide 66 (PA66). As
per the agreement, PA66 base polymer, used as raw material for Akulon PA66 compounds
for engineering plastics applications, is to be supplied by Ascend to DSM. Further, DSM is
expected to distribute Ascends portfolio of PA66 compounds sold under the brand name
Vydyne.
BASF SE
Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38
67056 Ludwigshafen,
Germany
Tel: 49-621-604-8230
Fax: 49-621-604-2525
Website: www.basf.com
Incorporated in 1865 and headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany, BASF SE is one of the
global leaders in chemicals, spread across the globe in Europe, the U.S., Asia, Australia
and Africa. BASF has its global presence in about 80 countries. As of December 2014,
BASF operated with an employee base of 113,292. The company is listed on the Frankfurt
Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange and Zurich Stock Exchange.
235
The company operates in five major segments: chemicals; performance products;

functional materials and solutions; agricultural solutions; and oil and gas. The company
offers adipic acid and is also one of the leading manufacturers of polyamide 66.
BASF has six Verbund sites and 376 production sites globally, with the largest facility
located at Ludwigshafen. Around 8,500 products are produced every year with a total
volume of 8 million metric tons. BASF has about 70 R&D sites globally, with 10,000
employees working on 3,000 projects. The company filed for 1,300 patents globally in
2013.
In March 2014, BASF established a new R&D center in India. The company was planning to
invest $2.2 billion in R&D and to introduce 250 new products in 2014, with its emphasis in
four areas: renewable power generation; safe power storage; efficient transport; and use
of energy. BASFs plan is to open eight new research centers in Tarrytown (N.Y.),
Wyandotte (Mich.), Research Triangle Park (N.C.), Ludwigshafen (Germany), Shanghai
(China), Amagasaki (Japan), Perth (Australia) and Seoul (South Korea). BASF is foreseeing
to have 50% of its R&D operations in Europe and the rest divided between Asia and the
U.S.
TABLE 92
BASF SE'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20112014
81,996.9 87,834.0 82,526.9 82,921.8
0.4
6,903.6 5,443.3 5,346.2 5,751.2
-5.9
8.4
6.2
6.5
6.9
Source: BCC Research/companys website/financial filings
During FY 2014, BASF net sales had increased compared with FY 2013, mainly because of
an increase in the agricultural solutions and oil and gas sectors. There was also a marginal
increase in net profit.
In 2014, BASF invested $2.1 billion in R&D, where 79% was contributed by various
segments and 21% by corporate research. There are 3,000
projects in the research
pipeline.
236
FIGURE 97
BASF SE REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Functional materials and solutions
Chemicals
Performance products
Oil and gas
Agricultural solutions
Others
Total
Percent
24
23
21
20
7
5
100
Source: BCC, Research/companys website/financial filings
Revenue from the chemical sector decreased by 0.2% in 2014 because of lower sales of
monomers and intermediates compared with the previous year. Revenue from the
performance products sector decreased by 0.7% because of lower sales in care chemicals,
nutrition and health, and paper chemicals compared with the previous year. Sales in the
functional materials and solutions sector increased by 2.7%, as there were higher sales for
coatings and performance materials compared with the previous year. Agricultural
solutions sales increased by 4.3% compared with the previous year. Oil and gas sales
increased by 2.5%, as natural-gas trading was higher compared with the previous year.
237
FIGURE 98
BASF SE REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Germany
Asia-Pacific
Europe (excluding Germany)
South America, Africa, Middle East
Total
Percent
21.0
43.0
16.0
14.0
6.0
100.0
In North America, sales increased by 6% in 2014 compared with 2013 because of the
contribution of the chemicals and agricultural solutions segments.
In Europe, sales for 2014 decreased by 1% compared with the previous year because of a
2% decrease in chemical sales, which was nearly compensated by an increase in oil and
gas sector sales.
In 2014, Asia-Pacific sales increased by 1% compared with the previous year mainly
because of improvements in the catalysts, crop-protection-performance chemicals,
coatings and dispersions, and pigments segments.
In South America, Middle East and Africa, 2014 sales were 1% lower compared with the
previous year, because of decreased sales in the chemical segment.
238
BIOAMBER
1250 Rene-Levesque Boulevard West, Suite 4310
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H3B 4W8
Tel: 514/844-8000
Fax: 514/844-1414
Website: www.bio-amber.com
Incorporated in 2008, BioAmber is an industrial biotechnology company producing
environmentally friendly chemicals by using renewable feedstock that eliminates
greenhouse gas emissions and substantially helps to reduce energy consumption.
The companys proprietary technologies platform combines industrial biotechnology and
chemical catalysis to convert renewable feedstock into chemicals for use in a wide variety
of everyday products, including plastics, resins, food additives and personal-care products.
The company has approximately 200 employees.
BioAmber has a state-of-the-art R&D facility in Plymouth, Minn., with competences in
molecular biology, fermentation and analytical chemistry to support its adipic acid
program, for which it has entered into an exclusive licensing agreement in 2011 with
Celexion LLC for technology related to the production of adipic acid.
The company has a research laboratory in Minneapolis, Minn., a production plant in France
and a sales office in China, and it is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
CHINA SHENMA GROUP CO. LTD.

Jianshe Middle Street 63 #
Pingdingshan
Henan 467000
China
Tel: 86-375-392-1222
Fax: 86-375-392-1500
Website: www.shenma.com
Established in 1981, China ShenMa Group Co. Ltd. and its subsidiaries develop and
manufacture polyamide tire-cord fabric and industrial yarn, polyamide salt, engineering
plastics, rubber tire sets, caustic soda and resins.
Industrial products offered by the company include: polyamide tire-cord greige fabrics;
dipped tire-cord fabrics; dipped chafer fabric; dipped canvas; standard polyester dipped
fabric; dipped tire-cord fabric of aromatic polyamide 66; light truck-type fabrics;
off-the-road tires; bias minibus tires; heavy-truck rubber tires; carpet yarn; engineer
plastics; dried adipic acid; refined hexamethylene diamine; cyclohexane; cyclohexanol;
and cyclohexene.
239
The Shenma Group has 17 subsidiary holdings or joint-stock companies, and employs
approximately 17,000 people.
COMMAND CHEMICAL CORP.

2490 Black Rock Turnpike, Suite # 359
Fairfield, CT 06825
Tel: 203/319-1857
Fax: 203/255-6648
Website: www.commandchemical.com
Command Chemical Corp., is a supplier of chemicals and manufacturer of industrial
chemicals, specializing in producing chemicals, flame-retardant chemical additives and
food-grade chemicals throughout North America.
Some of the main chemicals offered by the company include antimony trioxide, citric acid,
calcium, tartaric acid and adipic acid.
The company also provides services such as jet milling, screening, blending, micronizing,
and mixing and custom packaging.
FINETECH INDUSTRY LTD.

No. 456 Chukang Road,
Wuhan, China
Tel: 86-27-87465837
Fax: 86-27-87772287
Website: www.finetechnology-ind.com
Finetech Industry Ltd., established in 2007, is a company specializing in developing,
manufacturing and marketing fine organic compounds and intermediates for the
fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The company has a strong R&D team.
The company manufactures and supplies amino acids, pyridines, piper dines, chiral
chemicals, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and natural products. It is also a
manufacturer of adipic acid.
Most of the companys products are exported to North America, Europe and Oceania.
GENOMATICA INC.
4757 NEXUS Center Drive
San Diego, CA 92121
Tel: 858/824-1771
Fax: 858/824-1772
Website: www.genomatica.com
240
Genomatica, founded in 1998, delivers new manufacturing processes that are used to
produce basic and intermediate chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Production of
butanediol (BDO) was the Genomatica first process. BDO uses conventional sugars, such
as sucrose from sugarcane or sugar beets, and dextrose from corn or cassava. It is a
commercial production process, licensed by BASF and Novamont. Genomaticas second
process is for butadiene, and the companys partners are Versalis and Braskem.
Genomaticas third process is for polyamide intermediaries, which include adipic acid,
hexamethylenediamine and caprolactam. Genomatica is developing bio-based versions of
these intermediates.
Genomatica develops processes using its proprietary integrated-biotechnology platform.
The companys intellectual property rights aim at the production of more than 20 basic
and intermediate chemicals. Genomaticas financing partners include Alloy Ventures,
Bridge Capital, Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Mitsubishi Chemical, Mohr Davidow Ventures, TPG
Biotech, VantagePoint Capital Partners, Versalis and Waste Management. Many companies
such as Toray, Far Eastern New Century, DSM and Lanxess produce their downstream
products using Genomaticas BDO.
HAIHANG INDUSTRY CO. LTD.

Sanqing Fengrun Building
No.100 South Gongye Road
Jinan City
China.
Tel: 86-531-88032799
Fax: 86-531-85821093
Website: www.haihangchem.com
Haihang Industry Co. Ltd., established in 1999, is a global chemical company, with
approximately 200 employees. It is a manufacturer and supplier of pharmaceuticals and
intermediates, food and feed additives, herbal extracts, agrochemicals, fine chemicals and
so forth, and is based in China.
The main products offered by the company are adipic acid, sodium borohydride,
formamide, methyl cobalamin, glycolic acid, morpholineborane, lufenuron, choline chloride,
betaine hydochloride, dicalcium phosphate (in powder and granular form), L-lysine
hydrochloride, manganese sulphate, ferrous sulphate, sorbitol, oxytetracycline injection,
ivermectin injection and so forth.
Haihang Industrys products are exported mainly to Europe, North America, South America,
the Middle East and Asia-Pacific. The company also has sales offices in the U.S., the U.K.,
Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Germany, France, Czech, Russia, Ukraine, Greece,
South Korea, Japan and so forth.
241
ITOCHU CHEMICAL FRONTIER CORP.

16F, Itochu Building
5-1, Kita-Aoyama 2-chome
Minato-ku
Tokyo, 107-0061
Japan
Tel: 81-3-3497-4510
Fax81-3-3497-4520
Website: www.itcchem.co.jp
Itochu Chemical Frontier Corp., founded in 1979, operates as a subsidiary of Itochu Corp.
The company provides organic chemicals, fine chemicals, functional materials,
pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed additives, and raw materials and intermediates. The
company operates with an employee base of 260.
The company operates four business divisions: intermediate chemical; performance
products; pharmaceuticals; and Osaka and Nagoya division. Adipic acid is the main
product of the intermediate chemical division. The intermediate chemical division handles
industrial plastic resin, its raw materials (excluding general-purpose polyolefin resin) and
various organic solvents. The division is divided into departments:
Acrylic Department Its main products are acrylic chain products (acrylic acid and
acrylic esters, MMA and other methacrylic esters, etc.), ethanol amines,
phenyl-maleimide (PMI), super absorbent polymer (SAP) and hygienic products.
Urethanes and Solvents Department Its main products are polyurethane chain products
(PO, PG, PPG, TDI, MDI, HDI and other isocyanates, adipic acid, 1,4BD, PTMEG, NPG, TMP,
polycaprolactone polyol, 1,6HD, other polyols and raw materials, prepolymers, TPU,
aniline oil, etc.).
The company has global sales in China, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Europe, the Middle East,
South Africa and North and South America.
In FY 2014, Itochu Chemicals annual turnover was estimated at $1.21 billion.
INVISTA
4123 East 37th Street
North Wichita, KS 67220
Tel: 877/446-8478
Fax: 770/792-4221
Website: www.invista.com
Incorporated in 1998, Invista is one of the worlds largest integrated producers of chemical
intermediates, polymers and fibers. The company operates in more than 20 countries
across North America, South America, Europe and Asia-Pacific.
242
The companys product segment includes: fibers and fabrics; polymers and plastics;
chemical intermediates; and specialty chemicals. Invista offers adipic acid (traded under
the brand name Adi-Pure) through its specialty chemicals segments in the di-acids division.
Invistas leading brands include Adi-Pure, Antron, C12, Comforel, Dytek, Lycra, Oxyclear,
Terrin, Torzen and so forth.
LANXESS AG
Kennedyplatz 1
50569 Cologne
Germany
Tel: 49-221-8885-00
Website: www.lanxess.com
Incorporated in 2004 from a strategic realignment of the Bayer Groups chemicals and
plastics businesses, Lanxess is a specialty chemicals company. As of December 2014, the
company operated with an employee strength of 16,584 in 29 countries. It has 52
production sites globally. Lanxess develops, manufactures and markets plastics, rubber
and intermediate and specialty chemicals.
The company operates mainly through three different business segments: performance
polymers; advanced industrial intermediates; and performance chemicals. The business
units contained in these segments cover advanced industrial intermediates, butyl rubber,
functional chemicals, high-performance elastomers, high-performance materials, inorganic
pigments, liquid-purification technologies, keltan elastomers, leather, material-protection
products, performance butadiene rubbers, Rhein Chemie, rubber chemicals and saltigo.
Lanxess offers adipic acid in its advanced industrial intermediates segment.
In 2012, the company had 203 R&D alliances, 78 of which were with universities, 66 with
suppliers or customers and 59 with research institutes. Also in 2012, Lanxess inaugurated
Rhein Chemie and Material Protection Products production facilities at Jhagadia, India.
TABLE 93
LANXESS AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS/%)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20112014
9,776.5 10,131.9 9,247.2 8,919.7
-3.0
563.8
566.0 -177.2
52.4
-54.7
5.8
5.6
-1.9
0.6
243
Sales for FY 2014 decreased by 3.5% as a result of lower selling price accompanied by
mildly unfavorable exchange rates and negative portfolio effects. In 2014, the companys
R&D expenses were $178.5 million.
FIGURE 99
LANXESS AG REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Performance polymers
Advanced intermediates
Performance chemicals
Reconciliation
Total
Percent
51.6
20.5
27.4
0.5
100.0
Performance polymers and advanced industrial intermediates sales for FY 2014 decreased
by 8% and 0.2%, respectively compared with 2013. Performance chemicals sales for FY
2014 increased by 2.9%.
244
FIGURE 100
LANXESS AG REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
EMEA*(excluding Germany)
Germany
Asia-Pacific
South America
Total
*EMEA- Europe, Middle East, Africa
Percent
16.7
28.7
18.0
25.9
10.7
100.0
Asia-Pacific sales for FY 2014 declined by 3.1% compared with 2013 as a result of
decreased sales in the performance polymers and advanced industrial intermediates
segments.
Sales for FY 2014 declined by 4.5% in Europe (excluding Germany) because of poor
performance by the performance polymers segment.
In 2014, South America sales were 10.5% lower compared with the previous year because
of lower sales in the advanced industrial intermediates and performance chemicals
segments.
Sales in North America for FY 2014 increased by 0.5% compared with 2013 because of
positive developments in the advanced industrial, intermediates and performance
chemicals segments.
245
In Germany, sales for FY 2014 compared with the previous year were down by 1.2%
because of a decline in advanced industrial intermediates sales.
PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED

No. 9 Dongzhimen North Street
Dongcheng District
Beijing
China
Tel: 86-10-5998-6270
Fax: 86-10-6290-9557
Website: www.petrochina.com.cn
Petrochina was established on November 5, 1999 as a result of restructuring of China
National Petroleum Corporation. The group is engaged primarily in the exploration,
development, production and sales of crude oil and natural gas and refining of crude oil
and petroleum products. The other major activities of the group include transmission and
sales of natural gas, marketing and sales of refined products, the production and sales of
basic and derived chemical products and transmission of crude oil and refined products.
The four core business segments are: exploration and production; refining and chemicals;
marketing; and natural gas and pipelines. The exploration and production segment is
involved with the exploration, development, production and marketing of crude oil and
natural gas. The company has 340 wells under drilling and a total of 380.4 million acres for
exploration and mining. The refining and chemicals segment is engaged in the refining of
petroleum products and crude oil, production and marketing of petrochemical products
and other derivative petrochemical and chemical products. The marketing segment is
involved in the marketing of refined products and trading business. The natural gas and
pipeline segment of the company is engaged mostly in the transmission and sale of
natural gas and transmission of crude oil and refined products.
Liaoyoung Petrochemical company, which is a subsidiary owned by the Petrochina group,
is one of the major producers of adipic acid and other chemical and fiber products.
TABLE 94
PETROCHINA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
Net income/loss as a
percentage of sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014
20112014
320,614.9 351,247.4 361,299.8 365,273.9
4.4
23,353.4 20,899.2 22,763.8 19,044.5
-6.6
7.3
5.9
6.3
5.2
246
The net sales increased from $361,299.8 million in 2013 to $365,273.9 million in 2014,
reflecting a yearly increase of 1.1%. This was because of the coupled effect of decreasing
selling price of crude oil and refined oil and the rising selling price of natural gas,
combined with the increase in volume of sales of natural gas, crude oil, gasoline and other
major products.
FIGURE 101
PETROCHINA REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Country
Mainland China
Others
Total
Percent
64.8
35.2
100.0
The revenue from mainland China decreased by 1.6% in 2014 compared with the previous
year. This was primarily because of the fall in crude oil prices and fall in prices of refined
and chemical products.
247
FIGURE 102
PETROCHINA REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Refining and chemicals
Exploration and production
Marketing
Natural gas and pipelines
Total
Percent
22.0
20.2
50.4
7.4
100.0
The sales of the exploration and production segment in 2014 decreased by 0.8%
compared with 2013. This was primarily because of the effect of decreasing crude oil
prices, increase in natural gas prices and increase in sales volume. In the refining and
chemical segment, sales decreased by 3%, because of the fall in price of refined and
chemical products, optimization of the allocation of resources, regulations relating to
products and production workload. Revenue in the marketing segment revenue was also
down, by 0.4%, in 2014 compared with the previous year mostly because of the decrease
in sales volume of diesel and the continuous downward adjustment in the price of refined
oil. In the natural gas and pipeline segment, sales in 2014 increased by 22.1% compared
with 2013. This increase was because of the increase in the selling price of natural gas and
increase in sales volume.
248
MP BIOMEDICALS
3 Hutton Center Drive, Suite 100
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Tel: 949/833-2500
Fax: 800/334-6999
Website: www.mpbio.com
MP Biomedicals, established in 1959, is a global corporation with headquarters in Santa
Ana, Calif., and regional offices across Europe, Asia-Pacific and Australia. The corporation
manufactures and sells more than 55,000 products.
The company offers adsorbents, antibodies and immune reagents, apoptosis, biochemical
and reagents, culture media and reagents, kits and assays, laboratory detergents and
sanitizers, labware and instruments, radiochemicals, rare and fine chemicals and research
diets, as well as proteins, enzymes and peptides. MP Biomedicals also manufactures and
sells adipic acid.
MP Biomedicals has manufacturing and distribution facilities in: Solon, Ohio; Burlingame,
Calif.; Strasbourg, France; Germany; Singapore; Japan; Australia; New Zealand; Shanghai
and Beijing, China; and Mumbai, India.
RADICI GROUP
Via Ugo Foscolo 152
Gandino 24024
Italy
Tel: 39-035-715-411
Fax: 39-035-715-477
Website: www.radicigroup.com
Founded in 1941, the Radici Group is focused on chemicals, plastics, synthetic fibers and
nonwoven fibers. Products offered by Radici Groups chemicals sector include: polyamide
6; polyamide 66, 6.10 and 6.12; adipic acid; nitric acid; hexamethylene-diamine; AGS
dicarboxylic acid mixture and dicarboxylic acid esters; glass fiber; and ammonia.
The company is aiming at improving and optimizing traditional adipic acid and nitric acid
production processes with construction of new plants and advanced R&D. Its production
sites in Novara, Villa DOgna and Casnigo (all Italy) are manufacturing adipic acid. The
Novara production facility covers an area of 350,000 square meters.
The Radici Group comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 20 countries
across Europe, Asia and the Americas.
249
RENNOVIA INC.
3040 Oakmead Village Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95051
Tel: 408/855-6450
Fax: 408/855-6451
Website: www.rennovia.com
Incorporated in 2009, Rennovia Inc. is a specialty chemical company.
In February 2014, Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) and Rennovia entered into a
partnership in which ADM has committed to a $25 million equity investment for the
cost-advantaged production of chemical products from renewable feedstocks.
In March 2014, Rennovia Inc. partnered with Johnson Matthey Davy Technologies Ltd. to
develop and commercialize production technology for glucaric acid and adipic acid.
Rennovias initial focus is on the developing processes for the production of bio-based
glucaric acid, adipic acid, 1,6-hexanediol, hexamethylenediamine and other important
building blocks for a wide range of functional materials.
Rennovia Inc. produces renewable chemicals. The company offers adipic acids and
adiponitrile for consumer end products including carpets, heat-resistant automotive parts,
furniture, apparel, footwear, luggage, adhesives and coatings.
SHANDONG HAILI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD.

Maqiao Town
Huantai County
Zibo 256405
China
Tel: 86-53-3853-9366
Fax: 86-53-3853-8361
Website: www.hailichemical.com
Shandong Haili Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. was founded in 2003 and is based in Zibo, China.
Shandong Haili Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (hereinafter called Haili) is located in the
Chemical Industrial Park, Huantai Economic Development Zone, Shandong Province. The
company has approximately 1,499 employees.
The companys products include epichlorohydrin, adipic acid, 32% ionic film caustic soda
and 50% ionic film caustic soda. Its products are offered through its sales network to
customers in China; the company also serves customers in overseas markets, such as
South Korea, the U.S., Australia, India and so forth. Adipic acid is also exported to South
Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the U.S. and so forth.
Hailis R&D has close ties with Tianjin University, Zhengzhou University, China TianChen
Engineering Corporation and Hualu Engineering and Technology Co. Ltd.
250
THE HONGYE GROUP LTD.

Industrial Road 27
Shandong
Dongming 274500
China
Tel: 86-0530-7255869
Fax: 86-0530-7255088
Website: www.hongyegc.com
The Hongye group was incorporated in 2005. The companys subsidiaries are Hongye
Chemical, Jian Chemical, Jichang Chemical, Hongda Chemical, Fangming Pharmaceutical,
Fangming Chemical, Fangming Construction, Hongfeng Flour and Tianxiu Chemical Import
and Export Corporation. The company has 5,800 employees and the key products of the
company are cyclohexane, adipic acid, nitric acid, polyurethane, coking, polyester polyol,
polyurethane pulp and shoe-sole resin.
The groups subsidiary Hongye Chemical Co. Ltd. is a major manufacturer of cyclohexane
and adipic acid in China. The companys manufacturing facility has a production capacity
of 280,000 megatons/year and 60,000 megatons/year cyclohexane.
SHIJIAZHUANG GUYU CHEMICALS CO. LTD.

Unit 1, Building 4th, Cang Long Fu Di
Shijiazhuang, Hebei
China
Tel: 86-311-67266189
Fax: 86-311-67266189
Website: www.cngychem.com
Shijiazhuang GuYu Chemicals Co. Ltd., established in 1998, is located in Hebei Province,
China, near the major Chinese seaport cities of Tianjin and Qingdao. The company has
approximately 100 employees.
Shijiazhuangs products include: acid systems; alkali systems; pigments and dyestuff;
disinfectants; sodium salt; phosphate; and adipic acid.
The company has two factories specializing in manufacturing phosphate and water
treatment chemicals. Its products meet Chinese National Standards.
The companys subsidiary China GuYu International Co. Ltd. is engaged in the export
business. Shijiazhuang has customers across the U.S., Poland, the United Arab Emirates,
Turkey, South Korea, India and some other countries.
The companys annual productivity is over 36,000 tons.
251
SOLVAY CHEMICALS
Rue de Ransbeek 310
1120 Bruxelles
Belgium
Website: www.solvaychemicals.com
Incorporated in 1863, Solvay manufactures chemicals and plastics. Its business segments
include Acetow, aroma performance, Coatis, emerging biochemicals, energy services,
engineering plastics, Fibras, Novecare, peroxides, polyamide 66 and intermediates, silica,
soda ash and derivatives and specialty polymers.
Solvay has 28 industrial sites and two Research and Innovation (R&I) centers in North
America, 52 industrial sites and eight R&I centers in Europe, 10 industrial sites and one
R&I center in Latin America and 29 industrial sites and four R&I centers in Asia-Pacific and
the rest of the world (ROW). The company operates with an employee base of 26,000
across 52 countries globally.
The company offers adipic acid through its polyamide 66 and intermediates segment. In
2013, in order to optimize production of adipic acid, Solvay installed a new plant in
Chalamp, France, with an aim to reduce the plants energy consumption by 8 MW and CO2
emissions by 11,000 tons annually.
In 2011, Solvay acquired Rhodia for $4.84 billion. Rhodia is one of the major
manufacturers of adipic acid.
TABLE 95
SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS/%)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20102013
13,765.2 13,485.4 10,535.6 11,075.7
-7.0
321.0
788.4
457.7
96.5
-33.0
2.3
5.8
4.3
0.9
Net sales for FY 2014 grew by 5.1% compared with FY 2013 mainly because of higher
sales in advanced formulations, advanced materials and performance chemicals.
252
FIGURE 103
SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
South America
Asia-Pacific and ROW
Total
Percent
23
34
11
32
100
Most revenue was generated from Europe, followed by Asia-Pacific and ROW.
FIGURE 104
SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
253
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Performance chemicals
Advanced formulations
Advanced materials
Functional polymers
Total
Percent
29
28
27
16
100
The highest revenue for FY 2014 was generated from performance chemicals, followed by
advanced formulations, advanced materials and functional polymers.
FIGURE 105
SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY END-USER MARKET SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Consumer goods and healthcare
Automotive and aeronautics
Industrial applications
Building and construction
Agro, feed and food
Percent
26
18
16
12
11
7
254
Energy and environment

Total
10
100
In the end-user market industry, most revenue was generated by the consumer goods and
healthcare segment.
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL COMPANY LTD.

Tokyo Sumitomo Twin Building (East)
27-1, Shinkawa 2-chome, Chuo-ku
Tokyo 104-8260
Japan
Tel: 81-3-5543-5500
Fax: 81-3-5543-5901
Website: www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp
Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd. had its inception on September 22, 1913. The company
is engaged in conglomerate business verticals, such as in the petrochemicals and plastics
sector, the energy and functional materials sector, the IT-related chemicals sector, the
health and crop sciences sector, the pharmaceuticals sector and so forth. As of March 31,
2015, the company had 167 subsidiaries and affiliates across Asia, Europe and North
America.
The company offers adipic acid through its petrochemicals and plastics segment.
In 2015, Sumitomo eliminated the basic chemicals sector, and its businesses were split up
and transferred to the petrochemicals and plastics sector and the energy and functional
materials sector.
The increase in sales was because of higher sales volume in the petrochemicals and
plastics sector, as well as increased shipments from the health and crop sciences sector
and the IT-related chemicals sector.
TABLE 96
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20102014
15,934.8 15,657.5 15,694.4 21,801.3
11.0
19.6
45.0
-410.7
359.3
163.7
0.1
0.3
-2.6
1.6

255
FIGURE 106
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUES BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Europe
Central and South America
Asia
Japan
Oceania and others
Middle East and Africa
Total
Percent
11
5
1
39
42
1
1
100
In 2014, the Sumitomo Chemical Groups ratio of overseas sales to total sales was 59%,
and the ratio of overseas production to total production was 47%. The revenue is
predominantly higher in Japan, followed by Asia and North America, with 42%, 39% and
11%, respectively.
256
FIGURE 107
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Petrochemicals and plastics
IT-related chemicals sector
Health and crop sciences sector
Pharmaceuticals sector
Basic chemicals
Others
Total
Percent
34
17
15
17
13
4
100
TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD.

4-10-2 Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo 103-0023
Japan
Tel: 81-3-5640-8851
Fax: 81-3-5640-8865
Website: www.tcichemicals.com
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., founded in 1846, is one of the major manufacturers of
laboratory chemicals in Japan. The company was formally known as Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co.
Ltd. and in 2006 changed its name to the present one. The company has more than 300
employees. It is expanding globally and has its locations in: Tokyo; Osaka; Portland, Ore.;
Boston Mass.; Antwerp, Belgium; Oxford, U.K.; Frankfurt, Germany; Shanghai, China; and
Chennai, India.
257
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. manufactures and distributes research chemicals. It also
offers organic reagents and specialty and laboratory chemicals.
The company offers products such as 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, ethylene thiourea,
pinacyanol iodide, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, pyrazole, n-butyronitrile, trimellitic acid
tri-n-butyl ester and 1 2-hexanediol.
In 2013, TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd. opened a warehouse in MEPZ-SEZ, Chennai, India,
and in 2014 the company set up its sales marketing head office in Boston, Mass.
TRACTUS COMPANY LTD.

9E, Leapont Industrial Building,
18-28 Wo Liu Hang Road, Shatin
New Territories, Hong Kong
China
Tel: 852-8198 2399
Fax: 852-8198 2399
Website: www.tractuschem.com
Tractus, headquartered in Hong Kong, develops, produces and markets advanced
pharmaceutical intermediates, fine chemicals and custom services. The company operates
under two core business: pharmaceutical products and integrated services. The
pharmaceutical products business has three product segments: fine chemicals; APIs; and
pharmaceutical finished products. The company also provides services for drug-discovery
support services, process development services, current good management practice
manufacturing services, analytical services and its FTE program.
The companys R&D laboratory includes a 20,000 square feet laboratory and 55 fume
hoods, which include eight walking hoods. Its Kilo lab includes: 12-foot walk-in fume hoods;
20L, 30L and 50L jacketed glass reactors; and 20L and 50L rotary evaporators. The
company has three pilot plants, three 1000 L GL reactors, eight 500 L GL reactors, four
300 L GL reactors, six 200 L GL reactors, ten 100 L GL reactors, 20 50 L GL reactors, six
centrifuges, five warm-wind cycle ovens and six vacuum dryers. Tractus also has 500 L to
3000 L GL reactors and 500 L to 3000 L SS316 reactors. Its raw-materials warehouse has
an area of 22,600 square feet and the finished-products warehouse has an area of 93,000
square feet. Tractus has a strong R&D base.
Tractus offers adipic acid in its fine chemicals sector.
VERDEZYNE INC.
2715 Loker Avenue West
Carlsbad, CA 92010
Tel: 760/707-5200
Fax: 760/707-5100
Website: www.verdezyne.com
258
Verdezyne Inc., incorporated in 2005, is based in Carlsbad, Calif. It is one of the leading
global industrial biotechnology companies. The company was formally known as CODA
Genomics Inc., and in 2008 its name was changed to Verdezyne Inc. The company designs
and engineers enzymes, metabolic pathways and micro-organisms that produce target
chemicals.
Products offered by the company include dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), adipic acid and
sebacic acid.
Verdezyne produces adipic acid, which is a dicarboxylic acid, a chemical intermediate
used in various industries and which is used for the production of polyamide 66 and
polyurethanes. Various end-user applications of adipic acid include clothing, footwear,
furniture, carpets, automobile parts and nylon fabric. The company produces adipic acid
from benzene, a carcinogenic petroleum fraction.
Verdezyne is one of the companies that has introduced the production of adipic acid at a
pilot scale through fermentation of low-cost plant-sourced-oil feedstock.
Verdezynes also supplies nonfood, plant-based feedstocks in Malaysia to produce a
variety of commercial di-acids, including DDDA.
In November, 2014, Verdezyne Inc. announced an agreement with Bio-XCell, Malaysia, to
construct a commercial-scale renewable chemicals manufacturing facility in Bio-XCells
premier Biotechnology and Ecosystem Park in Nusajaya, Iskandar, in southern Malaysia,
with a financing of $75 million to be commenced in 2015.
In June 2015, Verdezyne earned the U.S. Department of Agriculture bio-based product
label for Biolon DDDA.
POLYAMIDE MANUFACTURERS
ARKEMA GROUP
420 Rue dEstience dOrves
Colombes Cedex 92705
France
Tel: 33-01-4900-808
Website: www.arkema.com
Arkema Group, incorporated in 2004, is one of Frances leading chemical producers.
Arkema produces specialty chemicals, employs 14,000 people and has 90 industrial sites
in 14 regions. Arkema is structured into three business segments: high-performance
materials; industrial specialties; and coating solutions. The company has production sites
around the globe including production sites in Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Russia.
Rilsan, a high-performance polymer derived from castor oil, is environmentally friendly
and is sold as one of the companys bio-based materials.
259
Arkemas R&D expenses amounted to $171.0 million in 2014, which is almost 2.6% of the
total sales in 2014. The company has ten R&D centers globally, with 1,200 researchers.
In 2014, Arkemas sales decreased to nearly $6.6 billion from $6.7 billion in 2013. The
decrease in sales was attributable to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, due primarily
to the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the euro, which negatively impacted the
companys income statement.
Arkemas net income marginally decreased to $184.6 million in 2014 from $185.7 million
in 2013 because of a weak dollar and charges related to the sale of loss-making assets
and restructuring.
TABLE 97
ARKEMA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
Net income/loss as a percentage of sales
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20112014
6,520.3 7067.4 6739.2 6,577.3
0.3
-21.0 243.1 185.7
184.6
-306.4
-0.3
3.4
2.8
2.8
Source: BCC Research; Arkemas website/financial reports

In Europe, sales in France account for 11% of the groups total sales, and sales in Southern
Europe (Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal) account for 8% of the groups total sales. In Asia,
sales in China account for 7% of the groups total sales.
The sales of high-performance materials has grown to 31% in 2014, compared with 30% in
2013. This is particularly because of high sales of acrylics, coating resins, photocure resins,
polymethyl methacrylate, fluorogases, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydrogen peroxide,
thiochemicals, specialty polyamides (polyamides 10, 11 and 12), impact modifiers and
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) processing aids, additives for glass coatings and organic peroxides
in the high-performance business unit of the company.
DOMO CHEMICALS
Am Haupttor, Bau 3101
06237 Leuna
Germany
Tel: 49-3461-43-2200
Fax: 49-3461-43-2220
Website: www.domochemicals.com
Domo Chemicals had its inception in 1942 in Leuna, Germany. The company manufactures
nylon 6 intermediates (caprolactam, cyclohexanone, phenol, and acetone), nylon 6 resins,
nylon 6 engineering plastics, fertilizers, engineering plastics and nylon 6 packaging film
and distributes petrochemical products.
260
The company has five product segments (chemicals, polymers, engineering plastics, nylon
film, and fertilizers) and four business units (nylon and intermediates, engineering plastics,
nylon film, and trading and distribution. The company has production plants in Leuna
(Germany), Arco (Italy), Premnitz (Germany), Buford (Ga.), Jiaxing City (China) and Cesano
Maderno (Italy).
Domo Chemicals sells nylon and polyamides under the nylon and intermediates business
section as FILMON BOPA and CAST PA used in various converting processes such as
printing and laminating, food packaging, pharmaceuticals and medical and industrial
applications.
In 2014, Domo Chemicals acquired the U.S.-based engineering plastics specialist company,
Technical Polymers LLC, to extend its supplies in the U.S. automotive, agriculture, oil and
gas, electrical and electronics and sporting-goods markets.
In 2015, Domo Chemicals invested in a state-of-the-art nylon compounding plant with a
total capacity of 20,000 tons as part of the global expansion of its business unit,
engineering plastics. The new plant will be sited at the companys Jiaxing facilities in
Zhejiang Province, China.
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG
Rellinghauser Strasse 1-11
45128 Essen
Germany
Tel: 49-201-17701
Fax: 49-201-1773475
Website: www.evonik.com
Evonik Industries AG was founded in 2007 with the split of the RAG Group into two parts:
RAG Aktiengesellschaft and Evonik Industries AG. Evonik Industries AG is a specialty
chemicals company and operates in three business areas: chemicals; energy; and real
estate. In 2014, Evonik had around 33,000 employees.
With the acquisition in 2011 of BYK-Chemie GmbH, a division of specialty chemicals group
Altana, Evonik is strengthening its position in the market for additives required in
polyurethane-foam production.
The Evonik product portfolio includes metal and amine catalysts, colorants, antioxidants,
release agents, antistatic agents and other performance additives used in the
manufacture of polyurethane foams.
The overall sales increased from $16.1 billion in 2014 from $15.9 billion in 2013, because
of a rise in the volume of sales. The downward price trend for some products weakened
during 2014, and in some businesses there was an upward trend toward the end of the
year, increasing the overall sales slightly.
261
TABLE 98
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20112014
18,234.8 16,761.3 15,909.8 16,139.8
-4.0
1,271.7 1,464.8 2,524.5
756.6
-15.9
7.0
8.7
15.9
4.7
FIGURE 108
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Specialty material
Consumer, healthcare and nutrition
Resource efficiency
Services
Corporate
Total
Percent
35
32
25
7
1
100
262
FIGURE 109
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
Germany
Other European countries
Central and South America
Asia-Pacific
Other
Total
Percent
18
22
33
6
19
2
100
In European countries other than Germany, sales account for 33% of the groups total
sales, and sales in Germany itself account for 22% of the groups total sales. In Asia-Pacific,
sales account for 19% of the groups total sales.
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
101 Columbia Road
Morristown NJ 07960
Tel: 973/455-2000
Website: www.honeywell.com
Headquartered in Morris Township, N.J., Honeywell employs more than 127,000 employees
in R&D centers, manufacturing facilities and administrative offices globally. The company
has business operations in three sectors: aerospace, automation and control solutions;
performance materials; and technologies.
263
Honeywell sells Aegis Nylon 6 resins used in carpets, food-packaging films, engineering
plastics and fishing nets.
In 2014, Honeywells resins and chemicals division announced an expansion in production
capacity at its Chesterfield, Va., facility to meet the demand for high-grade nylon polymers
for packaging films and other applications; this facility will be able to produce both nylon 6
and copolymer nylon 6/6.6 resins, with a capacity of 40,000 metric tons per year, and is
expected to start production in the fourth quarter of 2015, expanding capacity at the
facility to 200,000 metric tons per year.
Honeywells 2014 revenues were $40.3 billion, representing a 3% improvement compared
with 2013 revenues of $39.1 billion.
TABLE 99
HONEYWELL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20112014
36,529 37,665 39,055 40,306
3.3
2,067 2,926 3,924 4,239
27.0
5.7
7.8
10.0
10.5

ROYAL DSM
P.O. Box 6500
6401 JH Heerlen
The Netherlands
Tel: 31-45-578-8111
Website: www.dsm.com
Royal DSM is a global health, life science and material sciences company. DSM supplies
innovative solutions in global markets; these solutions include food and dietary
supplements, personal care, feedstock, medical devices, automotive applications, paints,
electrical and electronics applications, life protection, alternative energy and bio-based
materials. In 2014, DSM had approximately 25,000 employees.
The companys Nutrition portfolio consists of vitamins, nutritional lipids (polyunsaturated
fatty acids), enzymes, cultures, carotenoids and minerals, which are supplied to the food
and beverages, feedstock, personal-care, dietary-supplements and pharmaceutical
industries.
The Performance Materials business unit comprises three business groups: DSM
Engineering Plastics; DSM Dyneema; and DSM Resins and Functional Materials. These
groups supply performance materials to the automotive, aviation, electrical and
electronics, marine, sports and leisure, paint and coatings, and construction industries.
264
DSMs Innovation Center focuses on new business areas and growth outside the current
scope of the companys business groups.
DSMs key product brands in nylon manufacturing are Akulon, Novamid polyamide 6,
polyamide 66, polyamide 6/66 and Arnitel thermoplastic copolyester TPC, used in
consumer-goods, sports and leisure, outdoor power equipment, furniture, textile and
medical applications.
In 2014, DSM had a partnership with CVC relating to Caprolactam, Acrylonitrile and
Composite Resins and acquired vitamin C manufacturer Aland in China
DSMs net sales decreased by 5% in 2014, from $10.6 billion in 2013.
TABLE 100
ROYAL DSM'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20102014
9,984.2 10,075.7 10,613.1 10,130.9
0.5
898.2
317.80
299.04
160.0
-43.7
9.0
3.2
2.8
1.6
FIGURE 110
ROYAL DSM'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
265
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Nutrition
Performance materials
Polymer intermediates
Innovative materials
Total
Percent
48
31
19
2
100
SAUDI BASIC INDUSTRIES CORP. (SABIC)

Riyadh, Riyadh Region
Saudi Arabia
Tel: 966-11-225-8000; Fax: 966-11-225-9000
Website: www.sabic.com
Established in 1976, by royal decree, SABIC is a public company based in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia. SABIC operates through six business units and develops, manufactures and sells
chemicals, polymers, performance chemicals, fertilizers, metals and innovative plastics,
which are applied in various industries such as chemicals, construction, healthcare,
consumer electronics, electrical and lighting, mass transportation and automotive
industries. As of 2014, the company operated with 40,000 employees.
The company operates in more than 50 countries globally through manufacturing, sales,
technology and innovation facilities across the Middle East and Africa, Asia, the Americas
and Europe. SABICs manufacturing connections in Saudi Arabia consist of 18 affiliates.
SABIC has nine manufacturing sites in China, Southeast Asia, South Korea and Japan. The
company has one technology center in India and two application centers in Japan and
South Korea. The company has filed 10,640 patents in 2014. SABIC signed a Memorandum
of Understanding with HTE in Heidelberg, Germany, on September 5, 2014, to start a
satellite laboratory for high-throughput experimentation to increase R&D efficiency. The
Saudi Iron and Steel Company (Hadeed), is SABICs wholly owned subsidiary based in
Al-Jubail.
SABICs performance chemicals business unit has a diverse product portfolio that plays an
important role to accelerate exploration of new chemical and polymer value chains. SABIC
produces benzene, which is further used to manufacture polyurethanes, under its
chemicals unit.
266
TABLE 101
SABIC'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20112014
50,611 50,378 50,380 50.163
-0.3
7,793 6,604 6,737 6,225
-7.2
15.4
13.1
13.4
12.4
Source: BCC Research, company website/financial reports
Sales of $50,163 million in FY 2014 represent a marginal decrease compared with sales of
$50,380 million in FY 2013. The minor decline in sales was mainly because of fluctuations
in the dollar currency rate.
FIGURE 111
SABIC'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
Europe
North America
Asia
ROW
Total
Percent
41
34
20
5
100
267
SABICs sales are highest in Europe, with 41%, followed by North America and Asia with
34% and 20%, respectively.
ZIG SHENG INDUSTRIAL COMPANY LIMITED

2F, No.70, Xining N. Road
Datong District
Taipei City 10342
Taiwan
Tel: 886-2-2555-7151
Fax: 886-2-2550-5652
Website: www.zigsheng.com
Zig Sheng Industrial Company is a manufacturer of nylon products that include nylon chips,
filaments and engineering compounds such as PA6, PA66, PP, PA6/12, PA 12 and so forth.
Zig Sheng markets its products under the brand names Zislloy, Zisamide, Fudullny, Clasen,
Nicecool, Lifecare, Spider and others, which are used in a variety of end products including
those used in the automotive, electrical and electronics, sports, consumer-goods,
power-tools, baby-products, blowing-tube, blowing-line and fishing-line industries.
Zig Sheng has a strong R&D team working in polymer science, chemical engineering and
fiber technology. Zig Sheng is ISO9001/OHSAS 18000 certified and ISO/TS16949 certified
for the automotive industry. The companys annual production capacity for PA6 chips is
150,000 metric tons; for composite materials, production capacity is 7,000 metric tons, for
PA6 filaments 72,000 metric tons and for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/PA 6 DTY
57,000 metric tons. The company also exports its products to countries such as
Bangladesh, Japan, Cambodia, the U.S., mainland China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India,
South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Israel, Germany and Egypt.
The company operates through two business units: the chemical materials business
division and the fiber business division. The chemical materials business division includes
PA6 and engineering plastic compounds such as PA6 filaments, draw-textured yarn and
air-textured yarn.
POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS
COVESTRO (BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE AG)

Building K12
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee
Leverkusen, D-51368
Germany
Fax: 49-214-306-62
Website: www.covestro.com
Bayer Material Science was renamed as Covestro from September 1, 2015 onwards.
Covestro is a subsidiary of the Bayer Group, which was founded in 1863. It is one of the
268
worlds largest producers of polymers and high-performance plastics and employs over
14,300 employees, with 30 major production sites with 2,000 materials and solutions.
The company has three business units: polyurethanes; polycarbonates; and coatings,
adhesives and specialties. Bayer MaterialScience is one of the global market leaders in
polyurethanes. It offers components for polyurethane foams. Adipic acid is a monomer for
production of polyurethane, and its esters are used in the production of plasticizers,
especially in PVC.
Polyurethane is used to foam plastic polycarbonate and precursors for paints, coatings,
adhesives and sealants; polycarbonate is used for the production of CDs, eyeglass lenses,
car bodies and headlights, and sports equipment and also for roofs and facades of
buildings. The company also provides diphenylmethane, diisocyanate and
toluene-diisocyanate thermoplastic polyurethanes, and chemicals for polycarbonate films.
CovestroCovestro offers materials and products for different industrial applications such as:
Automotive Covestros automotive products and raw materials include

high-performance plastic polycarbonate, versatile polyurethane foams and
cutting-edge coatings and films.
Construction Covestros construction products and materials include
polyurethane insulation materials, Makrolon polycarbonate resins,
polycarbonate sheets, polyurethane coatings, raw materials for adhesives,
the Eco Commercial Building program, polycarbonates and polycarbonate
blends, polycarbonate sheets, rigid polyurethanes for insulation, bonding,
sandwich panels and polyurethane spray foam insulation.
Electro and electronics industries Covestros products (Makrolon
polycarbonate, polyurethane thermal insulation, thermoplastic
polyurethanes and polycarbonate sheets) are used in the electronics
industry.
Textiles Covestros textiles products and materials include polyurethane
coatings and high-tech waterborne polyurethane textile coatings INSQIN.
In 2014, net sales increased to $46.6 billion compared with $44.3 billion in 2013. With
2014 sales, Bayer MaterialScience is among the worlds largest polymer companies. In July
2015, Bayer Pearl introduced a new polyurethane spray foam system in the Middle East.
269
TABLE 102
COVESTRO AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20102013
40,292.4 43,836.5 44,295.4 46,591.9
5.0
2,724.6 2,650.6 3,517.6 3,779.1
11.5
6.8
6.0
7.9
8.1

FIGURE 112
COVESTRO AG'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Material science
Crop science
Healthcare
Total
Percent
40
33
27
100
270
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

2013 Dow Center
Midland, MI 48674
Tel: 989/636-1000
Website: www.dow.com
Dow Chemical was founded in 1897 and is a leading chemical manufacturing company. It
has more than 6,000 products manufactured at 201 sites in 36 regions across the globe.
The company conducts its global operations through global businesses that are reported in
six operating segments: electronics and functional materials; coatings and infrastructure
solutions; agricultural sciences; performance materials and chemicals; performance
plastics; and feedstock and energy.
The performance materials and chemicals segment is comprised of five global businesses:
chlor-alkali and vinyl; chlorinated organics; epoxy; industrial solutions; and polyurethanes.
The polyurethanes business itself is comprised of four businesses: isocyanates; polyols;
polyurethane systems; and propylene oxide/propylene glycol. The polyurethanes business
produces propylene oxide, propylene glycol, polyether polyols and aromatic isocyanates.
Dows polyurethanes business creates rigid polyurethane foams for building panels and
prefabrication.
Dow Automotive Systems technologies, materials engineering, testing and service
support are complemented by various services including: a line of structural, elastic and
rubber-to-substrate adhesives; composite materials technologies; polyurethane foams and
acoustical management systems; and films and fluids. Its businesses include Adhesives,
which provides elastic, structural and specialty adhesives, and Performance Solutions,
which provides performance plastics, fluids and polyurethane foam solutions.
The company serves various industries, such as the appliance, automotive, agricultural,
building and construction, chemical processing, electronics, furniture, housewares, oil and
gas, packaging, paints, coatings and adhesives, personal care, pharmaceutical, processed
foods, pulp and paper, textile and carpet, utilities and water-treatment industries.
Dow Chemical competes with Axiall, Bayer, Hexion, Huntsman, Olin, Arkema, Ashland,
BASF, Elementis, Hydranautics, Lanxess, Lonza, Owens-Corning and Shin-Etsu Chemical.
In 2014, the companys sales increased to $58.0 billion, compared with $57.0 billion in
2013.
271
TABLE 103
DOW CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
sales
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20112014
59,985.0 56,786.0 57,080.0 58,167.0
-1.0
2,784.0 1,100.0 4,816.0 3,839.0
11.3
4.6
1.9
8.4
6.6
-
FIGURE 113
DOW CHEMICAL'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Performance plastics
Performance materials and chemicals
Infrastructure solutions
Agricultural sciences
Consumer solutions
Total
Percent
39
26
14
13
8
100
272
FIGURE 114
DOW'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
U.S.
Europe, Middle East, Africa and India
ROW
Total
Percent
33.4
33.8
32.8
100.0
HUNTSMAN CORP.
10003 Woodloch Forest Drive
The Woodlands, TX 77380
Tel: 281/719-6000
Fax 281/719-6416
Website: www.huntsman.com
Huntsman Corp., founded in 1970 in the U.S., is a manufacturer of chemical products for
consumers and industrial customers. Huntsman has approximately 12,000 employees and
more than 75 manufacturing and R&D facilities in over 30 regions.
The company operates five business segments: polyurethanes; performance products;
advanced materials; textile effects; and pigments to produce organic and inorganic
chemical products.
Huntsmans polyurethanes segment provides polyurethane chemicals such as methyl
diphenyl diisocyanate, propylene oxide, polyols (for products including adhesives, coatings
and elastomers, automotive parts, bedding and furniture, composite wood products,
273
footwear and insulation), intermediates and thermoplastic polyurethanes (including

nitrobenzene, aniline, propylene oxide and propylene glycols).
In 2014, net sales increased to $11.6 billion compared with $11.1 billion in the previous
year.
TABLE 104
HUNTSMAN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20112014
11,221 11,187 11,079 11,578
1.0
247
363
128
323
9.4
2.2
3.2
1.2
2.8
-

FIGURE 115
HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY DIVISION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Division
Polyurethanes
Performance products
Pigments
Advanced materials
Textile effects
Total
Percent
43
26
13
10
8
100
274
FIGURE 116
HUNTSMAN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Region
U.S.
China
Mexico
Germany
Italy
Other regions
Total
Percent
53
14
8
8
5
12
100
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.

Shiodome City Center
5-2, Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105-7122
Japan
Tel: 81-3-6253-2100
Fax: 81-3-6253-4245
Website: www.mitsuichem.com
Mitsui Chemicals Inc., established in 1892 as Mitsui Coal Mining as a coke business, is one
of the leading manufacturers in the chemical industry, based in Japan. The company is
involved in the manufacture and sale of chemicals in Japan, North America, Latin America,
Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Germany, France, Oceania, Africa and China. It
employed approximately 14,271 people globally in 2014.
275
The company deals mainly in performance materials, petroleum and basic chemicals, films
and sheets, polyurethane and functional polymeric materials.
The Basic Chemicals segment manufactures and sells primarily ethylene, propylene,
phenol, bisphenol A, acetone, purified terephthalic acid, PET resins, ethylene glycol,
ethylene oxide, polyethylene and polypropylene.
The Performance Materials segment includes ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer,
thermoplastic olefin elastomers, alpha-olefin copolymers, polyethylene wax, nonwoven
fabrics for hygiene materials and breathable films, and ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene.
The Advanced Chemicals segment includes ophthalmic lens materials, plastics/glass
coating materials, pharmaceutical chemicals, dental-related materials, olefin
polymerization catalysts, polymerization inhibitors and materials for wood/tire adhesives,
insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and paddy-rice seeds.
In 2014, the companys sales increased to $1.2 billion, compared with $1.1 billion in 2013,
This increase is because of the positive impact of a rise in sales price following hikes in
naphtha and other raw material and fuel prices as well as an improvement in sales price
because of the weaker yen. Net income decreased by $138.6 million in 2014 because of
the posting of business restructuring expenses for the polyurethane business and phenol
business.
TABLE 105
MITSUI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20102013
11,348 11,856 11,467 12,770
4.0
203
-8.2 -66.5 -205.1
0.4
1.8
0.1
0.6
1.6
Source: BCC Research/financial reports
276
FIGURE 117
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Petrochemicals
Basic chemicals
Functional chemicals
Functional polymeric materials
Polyurethane
Films and sheets
Others
Total
Percent
35
24
12
11
11
5
2
100
FIGURE 118
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
277
LEGEND
(%)
Region Percent
America
10
Japan
55
China
11
Asia
19
Europe
4
Other
1
Total
100
MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORP.

1-1 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8251
Japan
Tel: 81-03-6748-7140
Website: www.m-kagaku.co.jp
Established in 1950 and incorporated on October 1, 1994, Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. has
182 subsidiaries and affiliates around the globe. The company has approximately 22,866
employees. The company is divided into three business units: performance products;
industrial materials; and others.
The company produces and markets a number of products in its business units. These
include display and related materials, materials for lithium-ion batteries, photovoltaic
materials, imaging materials, electronic chemicals, specialty chemicals, separating media,
carbon materials and products, performance polymers and raw materials, commodity
polymers and raw materials, as well as materials for synthetic fibers, solvents, surfactants,
acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, c4 chemicals and basic petrochemicals.
Mitsubishi Chemical has production plants located in Kurosaki, Yokkaichi, Mizushima,
Sakaide, Kashima and Tsukuba (all Japan). The company produces polycarbonatediol,
which is the raw material used mainly to produce resins such as polyurethane, acrylic and
polyester, which are used mainly in automotive interior materials such as synthetic leather
for seat covers and instrument panels, automotive exterior coatings and resin coatings for
electronic products such as smartphones and personal computers.
In 2014, the companys sales decreased by 10% from $17.3 billion in the previous year.
278
TABLE 106
MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL INC.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH
2014
($ MILLIONS)
CAGR%
2011
2012
2013
2014 20102013
Net sales
16,732.2 15,774.8 17,365.56 15,623.2
-2.3
Net income/loss
23.4
-85.6
17.6
-195.8
-303.0
0.1
-0.5
0.1
-1.3
sales
MYRIANT CORP.
1 Pine Hill Drive, Suite 301
Batterymarch Park II
Quincy, MA 02169
Tel: 617/657-5200; Fax: 617/657-5210
Website: www.myriant.com
Myriant Corp. had its inception in 2004 and is based in Quincy, Mass. As of December 23,
2013, Myriant Corp. operates as a subsidiary of PTT Chemical International Private Limited.
The company has approximately 68 employees.
Myriant places emphasis on developing bio-based chemicals such as acrylic acid, lactic
acid, muconic acid and fumaric acid. The company produces a broad range of bio-based
chemicals including bio-succinic acid and its derivatives and other bio-based chemical
intermediates that have performance equivalent to that of traditional petroleum-based
chemicals. The bio-based chemicals integrate seamlessly into existing chemical production
processes to provide a wide range of consumer applications.
SAINT-GOBAIN
Les Miroirs
18, avenue dAlsace
92400 Courbevoie
France
Tel: 33-147-623-000
Fax: 33-139-198-956
Website: www.saint-gobain.com
Saint-Gobain, founded in 1665 in France, is a manufacturer, processor and distributor of
materials that include ceramics, glass, plastics and cast iron. The company is one of the
leading global players in the glass-manufacturing sector. Saint-Gobain has over 1,000
consolidated companies in total, and is represented in 64 countries globally.
279
The companys major business segments are engaged in four principal business activities:
Innovative Materials sector this segment consists of flat glass and

high-performance materials such as ceramics, plastics, abrasives and textile
solutions.
Construction Products sector this offers interior solutions, such as
insulation and gypsum and exterior solutions, including industrial mortars,
pipes and exterior fittings.
Building Distribution sector thisdistributesinterior fittings, tiles, plumbing
and heatingsanitaryware solutions, windows, roofing and glass doors.
Packaging Sector this designs and manufactures bottles for wines and
spirits and jars for food products.
Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics offers a wide range of products for bonding, gasketing
and thermal management applications. Saint-Gobain offers KOREL microcellular
polyurethane foams, which are ideal for a variety of gasketing and energy-absorption
needs.
In 2014, R&D costs recorded under operating expenses amounted to $440.3 million.
During 2014, the company reported overall net sales of $45.4 billion; these were down by
approximately 21.8% compared with 2013, because of the impact of negative currency
developments and impairment losses on the building distribution sector and on various
items of property, equipment and plants held by other sectors, particularly the flat-glass
operations.
TABLE 107
SAINT-GOBAIN'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013
2014 20102013
58,150 59,640 58,030 45,407.0
-7.9
1,880 1,100
810
1106.3
-16.2
3.2
1.8
1.4
2.4
280
FIGURE 119
SAINT-GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2014
(%)
LEGEND
(%)
Segment
Building distribution
Construction products
Innovative materials
Packaging
Total
Percent
46
26
22
6
100
FIGURE 120
SAINT GOBAIN'S REVENUE BY REGION, 2014
(%)
281
LEGEND
(%)
Region
North America
France
Western Europe
Asia and emerging countries
Total
Percent
12
27
42
19
100
In Western Europe, growth was driven by the U.K. and to a lesser extent by Scandinavia. In
North America, good momentum in construction markets and improvement in industrial
markets are driving the sales. The Asia and emerging countries sector is a little resilient,
with a slowdown in Brazil.
TOSOH CORP.
3-8-2 Shiba, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105-8623
Japan
Tel: 81-3-5427-5118
Fax: 81-3-5427-5198
Website: www.tosoh.com
Corp. Tosoh Corp. acquired Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co. Ltd. in 2014 and expanded
the business of isocyanate raw materials (TDI, MDI, HDI, etc.). The company was founded
in 1935 and is based in Tokyo, Japan.
Tosoh Corp. develops, manufactures and supplies polyurethane products. The company
provides polyurethane derivatives, which are used as raw materials in a range of coatings,
adhesives, sealants and elastomers, as well as in foam and synthetic leather applications.
Its polyurethane products are used in various applications, including clothing and sports
equipment, electronics, medical items, transportation, civil engineering and construction,
other industrial applications, home appliances and other everyday applications.
In 2014, the companys sales increased to $6.3 billion, compared with $5.4 billion in 2013.
This increase is because of the improved business climate. Net income increased to $103
million in 2014.
282
TABLE 108
TOSOH CORP.'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS)
Net sales
Net income/loss
CAGR%
2011 2012 2013 2014 20102013
5,584 5,606 5,454 6,301
4.1
82
77 138 241
43.5
1.5
1.4
2.5
3.8
Source: BCC Research, company financial reports
283

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GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ADIPIC ACID

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

ABOUT BCC RESEARCH

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 2

BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE .............................................................................................. 4

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ............................................................ 16

APPLICATION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)

TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR POLYURETHANES BY REGION, THROUGH ............

TABLE 35 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYAMIDE 66 USED IN ........................ 99

FIGURE 49 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR POLYURETHANES USED ........ 137

SYNTHETIC-LEATHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH

OTHER APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)

TABLE 79 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES USED IN ....... 191

FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS BY

TABLE 93 LANXESS AG'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH ........ 243

SOLVAY CHEMICALS ........................................................................................... 252

TABLE 97 ARKEMA'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH .............. 260

THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADIPIC ACID BY END-USER ............................. 7

APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND TONS)

APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 59 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION FOR POLYURETHANES USED IN OTHER ............... 148

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS BY REGION, THROUGH

TABLE 95 SOLVAY CHEMICAL'S RECENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, ....................... 252

FIGURE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION SHARE FOR OTHER INTERMEDIATES IN ............... 74

2015 AND 2020 (%)

SHOE-SOLE APPLICATIONS BY REGION, 2015 AND 2020 (%)

GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ADIPIC ACID

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS

CHM027D Petrochemical (Petroleum and Chemical) Catalysts: The U.S.

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE

Conduct keyword searches.

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ADIPIC ACID

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

Source: BCC Research

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

Source: BCC Research

Ascend Performance Materials.

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CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

REST OF THE WORLD

Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC).

Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com

GLOBAL MARKETS FOR ADIPIC ACID

CHM055A - Global Markets for Adipic Acid

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACID

Use of genetically modified enzymes for fermentation of glucose to adipic