Giam Sat Nen Mong

Bi 7
Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Ging vin: PGS., TS. Nguyn B K
1. Nguyn tc chung trong gim st

2. Nn mng t nhin
3. Nn cn gia c
3.1. Bc thm, vi a k thut
3.2. Bm p va
3.3. Gia c nn bng phng php ho hc
3.4. Lm cht t bng m, lu ln trn mt/chiu su
4. Thi cng mng cc
4.1. Cc ch to sn
4.1.1. Giai on sn xut
4.1.2. Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn
4.1.3. La chn ba ng cc
4.1.4. Mi ni cc v mi cc
4.1.5. Trnh t ng cc
4.1.6. Tiu chun dng ng cc
4.1.7. Chn ng v ting n
4.1.8. Mt s s c thng gp
4.1.9. Nghim thu cng tc ng cc
4.2. Cc khoan nhi
4.2.1. Yu cu chung
4.2.2. Khi lng kim tra v cch x l
4.2.3. Kim tra cht lng l cc
4.2.4. Kim tra lng thp v lp t ng o
4.2.5. Kim tra cht lng b tng v cng ngh b tng
4.2.6. Kim tra cht lng thn cc
4.2.7. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc
4.2.8. Mt s h hng thng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi
4.2.9. Nghim thu cc khoan nhi v i
5. Thi cng h o
Hnh v, biu
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thi cng nn mng

PGS.TS. Nguyn B K
Gim st xy dng nn mng l mt trong nhng cng vic rt a dng v kh phc
tp ti hin trng, i hi ngi k s gim st cn c trnh hiu bit, kinh
nghim v phm cht cao v nhng l do sau y:
Thng c s khng n khp gia iu kin t nn lc thm d thit k
v lc thi cng;
Cng ngh dng trong thi cng nn mng c th khc nhau trn cng mt
cng trnh (nn t nhin, nn cc, nn cn gia c, o trn kh, di mc
nc ngm, ngoi lng sng, o p ngm);
Trong qu trnh thi cng thng b chi phi bi nh hng ca s thay i
thi tit (nng kh, ma bo, lt li..) iu c ngha rt ln trong vic
la chn cng ngh thi cng o h mng;
Mng l kt cu b che lp sau khi thi cng xong nn cn s gim st thn
trng, t m v trung thc trong sut qu trnh thi cng, mt sai st no d
nh khu ny c nh hng rt ln n cht lng cng trnh bn trn, vic
khc phc sa cha s c l phc tp, tn km v c khi phi lm mi
thay th.
1. Nguyn tc chung trong gim st
1) Vic la chn bin php thi cng nn mng phi ph hp vi iu kin a cht
cng trnh v a cht thu vn ca a im xy dng v cn son tho cng
ngh thi cng tng ng cho tng loi nn (t nhin, nn gia c, nn mng cc)
v cho tng loi cng vic (nh nh v cm mc, gii phng v san lp mt
bng, o mng, cng tc b tng, chng thm...);
2) Cc vt liu, cu kin hoc b phn kt cu dng khi xy dng nn mng phi
tho mn yu cu ca thit k v theo tiu chun sn phm ca ngi t hng
yu cu;
3) Phi x l t, nc thi lc o mng, ting n v chn ng (o, ng cc,
rung..) theo nhng yu cu ca tiu chun c lin quan n mi trng (i vi
ngun nc, khu dn c v cng trnh ln cn.. );
Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

4) Khi xy mng trn cc loi nn t c tnh cht c bit (t ln t, t p,

t cha n nh v cu trc, t vng d trt l, t c hang ng cac-t.. )
cng nh mng ca cc cng trnh c bit quan trng phi t chc vic theo
di s bin ng ca t nn (chuyn v ng-ln - v ngang, p lc nc l
rng vv.. ) iu chnh tc v phng php lm mng lc thi cng cng
nh nh gi tin cy ca gii php thit k - thi cng lc khai thc cng
trnh. Nhng chi ph cho cng tc quan trc ny phi c lng nh trong lc
thit k v nm trong gi thnh cng trnh;
5) Khi xy dng nn v mng phi c s gim st k thut v cht lng ca ch
u t (thng do t chc t vn gim st thc hin), lp thnh bin bn nghim
thu trung gian v nghim thu cui cng theo nhng tiu chun quy nh
trc; Ni dung gim st ni y l theo tiu chun TCXD 79-1980 Thi cng
v nghim thu cc cng tc nn mng.
6) Ch u t (vi s tr gip ca k s t vn) cng b vn bn ch dn k thut
(Technical specification) cho nh thu bit lm cn c trong vic nh gi
cht lng v nghim thu cng nh tnh ton gi thnh.
Ni dung bn ch dn k thut ni trn phi ch ra c nhng iu quan trng
sau y:
C s ca thit k v thi cng;
Lit k nhng cng vic thi cng mt cch chi tit v yu cu chnh trong
tng giai on thi cng, la chn thit b thch hp;
Lp danh mc, khi cn phi trch dn, tt c nhng tiu chun thi cng v
kim tra, nghim thu trong nh gi khi lng v cht lng cng tc thi
cng;
Trch nhim v quyn hn ca ch u t, k s t vn gim st v nh thu,
cch v bin php x l cc tranh chp (k thut v kinh t) nu c xy ra.
Ch thch: Vi nhng cng trnh c gi tr khong 50 triu USD, bn ch dn k
thut ni trn c th dy n 500-700 trang A4;
V d cho ring khu san nn v chun b mt bng ca cng trnh xy dng
trn nn t yu, phn ch dn k thut c nhng ni dung nh:
(1) Quy nh chung (c s ca ch dn k thut san lp);
(2) nh v cng trnh: xc nh mc, li khng ch, to cc im chun..,
o c hin trng, xy dng mc, thit b o, chnh xc, tiu chun
dng;
(3) Cng tc gii phng mt bng: c im chnh ca a hnh, trnh t thi cng
gii phng mt bng (ranh gii gii phng mt bng, dn chng ngi vt,
o bc t yu);
(4) Cng tc thi cng vi a k thut v bc thm (khi x l nn t yu), thnh
phn cng vic, thit b s dng;
(5) Thi cng san lp mt bng: m vt liu p, yu cu thnh phn ht v cht
lng vt liu, cc giai on san lp, thit b lu ln, tiu chun cch kim tra
cht t theo tng lp;
(6) K thut thi cng bc thm: yu cu k thut ca vt liu bc thm (chng
ch ca nh my cung cp v kt qu kim tra ca ch u t qua mt
phng th nghim no ), trnh t thi cng, hng ng p bc thm, yu
cu thit b thi cng, tiu chun nghim thu;
(7) Quy trnh quan trc nn t: quan trc ln theo su v b mt, quan trc
chuyn v ngang, o p lc nc l rng, s im quan trc, to cc im
y, biu mu ghi kt qu quan trc, cch phn tch kt qu quan trc.
Mt v d tng t nh vy nhng vi i tng l cc khoan nhi s thy r
hn mc 4.2.
y cng cn ch ra phm vi nhim v ca t vn gim st thi cng cho tng
cng vic thi cng c th (thnh vn bn lu hnh trong phm vi ch u tNh thu T vn gim st). V d ni v nhim v ca gim st vin cho cng
tc san lp mt bng:
(1) Gim st vin phi gi bo co hng tun cho ch u t. Cc bo co ny
phi nu ln cc vn sau:
Cc s vic xy ra.
Tnh trng my thi cng v kh nng chp nhn.
Cc bin bn sai phm (NCR) lp.
Cc bin bn sai phm c lm sng t.
Cc bin bn sai phm cn tn ti.
Cc khuynh hng bt li.
Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca s chm tr.
Cc sai st hoc khng y trong bo co ca nh thu.
Tm tt tin trnh hin ti so vi tin yu cu.
S lng vt liu t so vi khi lng yu cu.
Quy m cho php khai thc m t.
Chu k ly mu ti hin trng v mc t tiu chun.

Gi cng gim st.
Kh nng cung cp vt liu ca nh thu.
nh gi chng ch vt liu.
nh gi tnh trng my thi cng.
Khu vc san lp.
Bn bo co hng tun phi c chun b xong trc 12 gi ca ngy th hai
tun tip theo. Bn bo co hng thng tng kt cc bo co hng tun v thng
k li bng th. Bn bo co hng thng phi c hon tt trc ngy th
nm ca thng k tip.
(2) Gim st vin phi lp bo co chung v h thng qun l cht lng:
a) Gim st vin phi phi hp cng ch nhim qun l cht lng QA ca
ch u t ch nh kim tra h thng qun l cht lng do nh thu
trnh v chp nhn nh thu ph thc hin cng vic san lp;
b) H thng qun l cht lng phi da trn c s ISO 9001 v ISO 9002.
Cc yu cu ti thiu ca h thng ny phi bao gm:
v K hoch cht lng c th ca cng trnh (vit bng li);
v K hoch qun l cht lng c th ca cng trnh (dng biu );
v K hoch gim st v th nghim cng tc san lp (chung);
v K hoch gim st v th nghim cho cc yu cu th nghim tng xng.
v Ph lc cc th mc qun l cht lng.
v Thng k bin bn bo co sai phm.
v Thng k cc cng vic c u thc.
v Yu sch cho quy trnh gim st.
v Mu yu cu gim nh.
v Quy trnh thi cng (cng tc san lp).
v Mu bin bn qun l cht lng cho:
- Gim st thu nhn vt t.
- Ly mu th nghim.
- Bin bn bo co sai phm.
- Mu chp nhn mt bng c no vt.
- Mu chp nhn ngun/bi vt liu.
- Mu chp nhn bc thm v vi a k thut.
- Chp nhn mu th nghim nn.
Bin bn th nghim nn..

Bin bn th nghim nn (bin bn th nghim trong phng).
Bin bn o ln.
Chp nhn my thi cng ca nh thu.
Ph lc cc th mc cng trnh.
Ph lc cc iu l, tiu chun, quy trnh, k hoch v tin cng
trnh.
- Bo co tnh hnh thi cng hng tun.
- Bin bn cc cuc hp.
- L lch cn b ch cht ca nh thu.
- S t chc nhn s trn cng trng.
- Phn cng trch nhim trn cng trng.
- Ph lc cc ch k c thm quyn trn cng trng.
- Chng ch vt liu.
- Chng ch bc thm v vi a k thut.
- Mt bng tng th cc v tr th nghim.
- iu phi vt liu ti cng trng.
(c) Tt c cc bo co qun l cht lng phi c ph lc v nh du cc im
lin quan ph hp vi yu cu ca ISO. Tt c cc ti liu c nh chnh v c
ph lc km theo. Cc trnh t ca ti liu c nh r s ti liu, vn , ni
dung, ngy bt u, ngy kt thc v s bt u v s kt thc theo th t ni
dung hoc th t ngy thng.
(3) Bo co cng trnh ca gim st vin
(a) Gim st vin phi thng xuyn bo co vi yu cu ti thiu v cc vn
sau:
v Cc chp nhn my thi cng.
v Cc chp nhn m t/bi sng.
v Cc chp nhn vt liu.
v Thng k bin bn sai phm.
v Bo co cc bin bn sai phm.
v DRRs.
v Cc bn sao thay i ca bo co hng tun.
v Cc bo co hng tun ca nh thu.
v Cc bo co hng thng ca nh thu.
-

v Cc bo co hng tun v hng thng ca gim st vin.

v Mt bng tng th ca cc v tr th nghim.
v Cc bin bn kim k.
v Cc ti liu gi i v n.
v Cc bin bn kim nh vi mc ch c th.
(b) Khi cng trnh c hon thnh, h s trn s c chuyn giao cho c
quan ch qun.
(c) n v ch qun s kim tra li cc bo co ca gim st vin v nu sai st
s khc t chng nhn hon thnh ca t vn. Gim st vin phi m bo
vic chnh l tt c cc sai st trong bo co trc khi bn giao cho cng ty.
4. Bo co hon tt cng trnh ca gim st vin
(a) Trong vng 7 ngy sau khi cng vic san lp hon tt, gim st vin phi gi
bo co hon thnh cng trnh cho cng ty.
(b) Bo co s ghi ghi r s thc hin ca nh thu:
Tng s bin bn sai phm gi i.
S thc hin ca phng th nghim.
S thc hin ca nh thu ph.
Cc bi hc kinh nghim.
Cc vn k thut gp phi.
Cc gii php cho cc vn k thut pht sinh.
ng gp kin ca gim st vin cho cc cng trnh trong tng li.
Cc lnh vc v phm vi m nh thu/cng ty cn ci tin.
ng gp kin o to cho cn b ca nh thu/cng ty.
(c) Bo co cng trnh ca gim st vin phi c k s trng v gim c
iu hnh ca n v gim st xc nhn.
(d) Bo co hon thnh cng trnh phi c gi cho ch u t v cho nh
thu/cng ty di hnh thc nh sau:
Bn gc: 01 bn.
Bn sao: 06 bn.
Trong cc vn bn trn, lc nh gi cht lng cng tc san lp mt bng cn
da vo cc quy nh sau y:
Tt c cc cng vic v th nghim phi c tin hnh ph hp vi nhng tiu
chun sau hoc cc tiu chun tng ng vi chng c ch u t ph
duyt: Nh thu v gim st vin khng c php thay i cc iu l p dng,
tiu chun, ch tiu k thut hay quy trnh khi khng c s chp thun bng vn
bn chnh thc ca ch u t, v d:
(a) AASHTO M145-87- Phn loi thnh phn vt liu p theo cp ht.
(b) AASHTO T180-90 - Tng quan gia dung trng v m ca t khi m
nn.
(c) AASHTO T190-86 - Xc nh dung trng ring ca vt liu p ti hin
trng bng phng php phu rt ct.
(d) AASHTO T100-90 - (ASTM D854-83) - Xc nh trng lng ring ca vt
liu p.
(e) ASTM D1556 - Kim tra cht ca t p.
(f) Yu cu rng buc trong qu trnh gim st.
(g) Quy trnh phi hp ca n.
(h) H thng qun l cht lng c ph duyt ca n v thi cng.
(i) Quy trnh c ph duyt ca nh thu.
(j) K hoch cht lng c ph duyt ca nh thu.
2. Nn mng t nhin
Cn gim st theo mt s ni dung chnh nh:
1) Cc bin php bo v h mng t nn khng b xu i (do ma nng, nc
ngm, nc mt, phong ho.. );
2) Chng vch h o gi n nh cho cng trnh ln cn;
3) Vic bm ht nc trong h mng hoc cn h mc nc ngm trong lc o
mng phi c tin liu bng thit k bm ht thch hp;
4) Phi xc nhn bng o c cn thn (biu mu) v:
- Tnh trng t y mng;
- su y mng;
- V tr v kch thc;
- Cc l, hc cha sn v cc lp chng thm ca mng;
- Vv...;
Mt s sai st thng xy ra trong giai on o h mng c th dn n lm cng
trnh b ln ln hoc ln khng u c trnh by trong bng 2.1 v cn gim st cn
thn.

Bng 2.1. Mt s sai st thng gp trong thi cng o mng ni trng tri v ni cht hp.
No
Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh

khi o ni trng tri
t y h mng b nho do nc
ma hoc nc trn vo ng lu.
Bo v y h mng bng h
thng thu v bm nc hoc cha
nn o n ct thit k khi cha
chun b vt liu lm lp lt
hoc lm mng
t y mng b kh v nt n
do nng hanh s lm hng cu trc
t nhin ca t, bn ca t s
gim v cng trnh s b ln.
Cn che ph hoc cha nn o
n ct thit k, dng lp t
cch y mng 15-20cm tu theo
loi t.
Bin dng lp t st y mng
do p lc thu tnh.
Cn c h thng bm chm kim
h thp mc nc ngm quanh
mng.
y mng b bng cc lp st
hoc st do b gim p lc bn
thn ca t hoc do p lc thu
tnh ca nc.
Phi tnh ton gi li lp t
c chiu dy gy ra p lc ln hn
p lc trng n. i vi nc th
Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh khi o

gn cng trnh ln cn
Bin dng nh do o h mng hoc ho
gn:
Tri t y h mng mi hay chuyn
dch ngang mng c do t y h mng
c b trt. phng thng phi t
mng mi cao hn mng c 0,5m hoc
chng cn thn thnh h mng bng cc
bn thp hay cc t ximng.
Bin dng nh gn do tc ng ng lc
ca my thi cng:
(a) Do my o;
(b) Do ng cc.
ngn nga c th dng bin php gim
chn ng hoc cc p hay cc nhi thay
cho cc ng.
Bin dng nh do ht nc ngm h
mng cng trnh mi, s xy ra hin tng
ra tri t y mng c hoc lm tng
p lc ca t t nhin (do khng cn p
lc y ni ca nc) v dn n ln thm.
phng trnh, nn dng cc bin php
gim gradient thu lc i <0,6.
Bin dng ca nh c trn cc ma st khi
xy dng gn n nh mi trn mng b.
Vng tip gip nh mi cc chu ma st m
nn t b ln v sc chu ti ca cc
b gim i. Nn lm hng tng ngn cch
gia hai cng trnh c-mi.

phng trnh ging nh nu im

3.
Ra tri t trong nn nht l nn
ct mn hoc t yu.
Cch phng trnh: dng tng
vy hoc cn bm h mc nc
ngm, phi xc nh cn thn tc
bm ht c k n hin tng
ra tri m bo an ton nn
ca cng trnh.
Bng nn do tng p lc thu
ng trong t thm nc.
Gim dc (gradient) thu lc
(thng i<0,6) bng cch ko su
tng vy hoc gia cng y
mng bng bm p ximng trc
khi o nh ni im 3.
Bin dng nh ca nh c do vt liu

gn nh hoc san nn bng t p nhn
to lm hng cu trc t nhin ca t,
nht l khi gp t st yu gn y mng.
trnh nh hng xu phi quy nh ni
vt liu v tin cht ti (thi cng nh
mi theo c kt tng dn vi thi gian).
Hnh thnh phu ln ca mt t do o
ng hm trong lng t. Nhng cng
trnh ngay pha trn hoc cnh ng
hm s b bin dng ln hoc nt.
Phng trnh bng cch p y cc on
ng (thp/b tng ct thp) ch to sn
hoc gia cng vng pha trn nc hm
bng cc r cy hoc bng tr ximng t.
3. Nn cn gia c
Cn xc nh r cc thng s kim tra sau:
1) su v phm vi gia c (m nn b mt hoc nn cht su bng cc ct, cc
xi mng t... hoc bng phng php ho hc);
2) Ch s cht, bn, thm xuyn nc so vi yu cu thit k;
3) Cng ngh dng trong kim tra cht lng t nn sau khi ci to/gia c (ly
mu, ng v phng x, nn tnh ti hin trng, xuyn tnh/ng vv...);
4) Cng tc nghim thu kt qu ci to t nn cn quy nh tng ng vi cc yu
cu ca thit k v kch thc khi t v cc c trng ca t gia c nh
cc s liu sau y:
- Mt bng v lt ct khi t ci to;
- L lch k thut ca vt liu dng trong gia c;
- Nht k kim tra cng vic;
- Cc s liu v cng , tnh thm nc, n nh nc ca t
ci to.
3.1. Bc thm, vi a k thut
Hin nay nc ta ang p dng rng ri phng php bc thm (bng thot
nc) hoc vi a k thut ci to t yu. y l nhng tin b k thut
10
trong xy dng ng v nh t tng. V vy cn nm vng nhng hiu bit c

bn sau y:
Phm vi p dng ca phng php (bng 3.1 v bng 3.2);
La chn ng phng php;
Thit k b tr theo nhng tiu chun tng ng. Trn hnh 3.1 trnh
by v d dng phng php thot nc thng ng cho nn ng;
Nm c nhng yu cu c bn ca tng phng php khi la chn
cch thot nc nh:
Kh nng chuyn nc, cng , do v bn ca vt liu; - c
kh nng ngn chn ht t nh chui qua lm tt ng thm ca
nc; v d i vi vi a k thut thng theo cc s liu kinh
nghim sau:
O90/O50 < 1,7 n 3;
O90/D85 < 2 n 3; hoc O90/D85 < 1,3 n 1,8;
O90/D50 < 10 n 12;
Trong : O50/O90, O95 - ng knh l b lc chim 50%, 90% v
95% ton b din tch b lc;
D50, D85 - ng knh ht t tng ng vi hm lng tch
lu ca ng phn tch ht l 50%, 85%.
Bng 3.1. Kh nng p dng bin php k thut ci to nn cho cc loi t khc nhau
C ch cito
Thi gian ci to
Ct
Hn hp trn hay pht va
Ph thuc s tn ti Tng i ngn

ca th vi
m cht
Lu di
Thot
nc
Lu di
t hu c
t st c ngun gc ni la
t st do cao
t st do thp
t bn
t ct
t si
Trng thi ci to
ca t
Tng tc gia
t v th vi
(Khng thay i
trng thi t)
Xi mng ho
Dung trng cao do h s

rng gim
(Thay i trng thi t)

11
Bng 3.2. Lnh vc ng dng v chc nng ca vi a k thut
Lnh vc in hnh
Phn
cch
Chc nng
Tiu
Lc Gia c Bo v
ng t v sn kho
O
O
O
ng t v bi xe
O
O
O
v cc cng trnh ngn nc
O
O
*
Gia c tng v mi dc
Tiu ngm
O
O
Lc di r
O
O
Lc qua p t
Lc qua k sng, bin

O
Cc cng trnh ci to t bng thu li
O
O
Khp kn cc vng t cha cht thi
O
O
Ngn chn cc vng t cha cht thi
O
ng hm khng thm nc
Ngn chn cc ho cht tng hp
Trm bo dng ng st
Sn vn ng v sn gii tr
H thng cc sn phm c hp cht ho

hc
Chc nng chnh; O Chc nng ph; * ng dng tu thuc loi t
Kh nng chuyn nc ca bc thm hoc vi a k thut l thng s cn thit dng
trong thit k, thng khng nh hn 100m3/nm p sut khng n hng l 276 KPa
(40psi).
H s thm ca vi a k thut thng bt buc ln hn hoc bng 10 ln h s
thm ca t.
Ngoi nhng yu cu v vt liu lc, phng php ny cn phi dng nhng a
tng thch hp ca lp t yu trong cu trc a tng ni chung, trong quan trng
l p lc gia ti trc ( to ra s thot nc) c truyn y ln lp t yu v
khng ln qu gy mt n nh ni chung. Chi tit v vn ny c th tm hiu

12
trong cun Cng ngh mi x l nn t yu vi a k thut v bc thm ca

Nguyn Vit Trung, H Ni, 1997.
3.2. Bm p va
Cng ngh phun p va (grouting technology), vi p lc 20-40 MPa hin ang
dng trong xy dng nn mng v cng trnh ngm nhm:
Nhi lp cc l rng;
Lm chuyn v v dn cht t;
Gim ht nc, tng cng .
Vi nhiu mc tiu sau:
1) Rn ho v n nh t truyn ti trng xung su trong thi cng ng tu
in ngm, ng cao tc v nn mng;
2) Cch chn cho mng my;
3) Lm h thng neo c phun va gi n nh, chu lc ko;
4) Bt lp cc vt nt trong cng trnh b tng v th xy;
5) Lm lp ph mt knh o;
6) Phun kh b tng lm lp o cho cng trnh ngm;
7) Lm ging du bng ximng ging khoan;
8) Phun va ng sut trc trn ng sng;
9) Phun va to cc hoc bo v v x l cc b khuyt tt.
Trn hnh 3.2a trnh by cch gia c nn mng, trn hnh 3.2b gia c mi dc v thi
cng cng trnh ngm, v trn hnh 3.2c - bm to mng chng thm.
Trn hnh 3.3 trnh by cng ngh bm p gia c nn v trn hnh 3.4 - khi t gia c
bng bm p.
3.3. Gia c nn bng phng php ho hc (ximng, thu tinh lng hoc cc cht
tng hp khc..) nc ta lm thc nghim kh lu nhng dng nhiu nht l
phng php bm va ximng.
Mc ch ca phng php ny thng dng :
Nng cao cng ca nn nh s dng;
Phng nga nhng bin dng c tnh ph hng ca kt cu;
Thi cng sa cha mng.
Tu theo cng ngh gia c v cc qu trnh xy ra trong t m chia phng
php gia c nn lm 3 nhm chnh: ho hc, nhit v ho l. u vit ca phng php
gia c ny l khng lm gin on s dng nh v cng trnh, nhanh, tin cy cao v
13
trong nhiu trng hp l phng php duy nht tng bn ca t c sc chu ti

khng .
Cc phng php thng dng l: silicat ho, in - silicat ho, silicat kh, amonic
ho, thm nhp nha... v c th tm hiu chi tit trong nhiu ti liu tham kho khc.
Phng php gia c ho hc cng dng gia cng mng v tng chn, tng sc
chu ti ca cc, bo v mng chng cc tc nhn n mn, gia c mi h o v cng trnh t.
Vt liu c bn gia c bng silicat l thu tinh lng - dung dch keo ca silicat natri
(Na2O. nSiO2 + mH2O). Tu theo loi, thnh phn v trng thi ca t cn gia c m
dng mt hay hai dung dch silicat ho.
Loi mt dung dch c da trn dung dch to keo bm vo trong t gm 2 hoc 3
cu t. Ph bin nht l xit phosphosilicat, oxit lu hunh-nhm-silicat, xit lu
hunh-fluo-silicat, hydro-fluo-silicat v..v.. Phng php mt dung dch thch hp cho
t ct c h s thm 0,5-5m/ngy m.
Phng php 2 dung dch dng gia c t ct c h s thm n 0,5m/ngy m v
gm 2 ln bm ln lt vo t 2 dung dch silicat Na v clorua Ca. Kt qu ca phn
ng ho hc l to ra xit keo silic lm cho t tng bn (n 2-6Mpa) v khng
thm nc.
Phng php in ho silicat l da trn s tc ng t hp ln t ca hai phng
php: silicat ho v dng in 1 chiu nhm gia c ct ht mn qu m v ct c h
s thm u 0,2 m/ngy m.
Phng php amniac ho l da trn vic bm vo trong t hong th ( loi tr
tnh ln sp) kh amniac di p lc khng ln lm.
Silicat ho bng kh gas dng lm cng silicat Na. Phng php ny dng gia c
t ct (k c t cacbonat) c h s thm 0,1-0,2 m/ngy m cng nh t c hm
lng hu c cao (n 0,2). bn ca t gia c c th n 0,5-2MPa trong thi gian ngn.
Phng php thm nhp nha dng gia c t ct c h s thm 0,5-5m/ngy m
bng cch bm vo trong t dung dch nha tng hp (cacbonic, phenol, epoxy..).
Tc dng ca nha ho s tng ln khi b sung vo dung dch mt t axit clohydric
(i vi t ct). Thi gian keo t rt d iu chnh bng lng cht ng cng. t
c gia c bng nha ho s khng thm nc v cng chu nn 1-5Mpa. Ngoi
vic gia c nn, phng php ny cn dng gia c vng s o xuyn ca cng
trnh ngm. Tu theo cch t ng bm, c th gia c t cc v tr khc nhau: thng

14
ng, nghing, nm ngang v kt hp (hnh 3.5) cn s trn mt bng c th theo

dng bng di, di ton b mng, gia c cc b khng ni kt hoc theo chu vi vnh
mng. Vic chn phng php v s gia c ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca
nn, hnh dng v kch thc ca mng cng nh ti trng tc dng ln mng.
3.4. Lm cht t bng m/lu ln trn mt hoc chiu su
C cc phng php sau:
Lu ln, m nng ri t cao xung;
Ln cht t qua l khoan (cc ct, cc dm, cc t vi ximng, n
mn..);
C kt ng (dynamic consolidation).
Cc cng ngh thi cng ni trn hin pht trin rt cao nh thit b thi cng ngy
cng hon thin v phng php kim tra ngy cng c tin cy cao. Nhng thng
s kim tra chnh nh trnh by u mc 3 v chi tit th theo nhng tiu chun
thi cng c th ca tng phng php.
V nguyn tc v i vi cng trnh quan trng cn tin hnh th nghim nn v ct
cho t c m cht khc nhau, trn c s xy dng biu quan h gia:
Lc dnh v cht (thng qua kh hay h s m cht kc);
Gc ma st v cht;
M un bin dng/cng v cht.
Khi cha c s liu th nghim c th dng cc s liu tham kho cc bng sau y
trong thit k s b v khng ch cht lng.
Bng 3.3. cht yu cu ca t
Chc nng ca t ln cht
Cho nn mng ca nh v cng trnh hoc nn ca thit
b nng cng nh nn c ti trng phn b u ln hn
0,15MPa.
Nh trn, thit b nng va, mt nn c ti trng 0,050,15 MPa.
Nh trn, thit b nh, mt nn c ti trng nh hn 0,05
MPa.
Vng khng c cng trnh
H s m cht kc
0,98-0,95
0,95-0,92
0,92-0,90
0,9-0,88
15
Bng 3.4. Tr tiu chun ca mdun bin dng E mt s loi t ln cht

E, MPa
t
m m cht ti u
trng thi bo ho nc
kc =0,92
kc =0,95
kc =0,92
kc =0,95
20
25
30
25
15
25
30
40
30
20
15
20
-
20
25
-
ct hong th (lt)
st v st lt
Ct th
Ct trung
Ct mn
Bng 3.5. Cng tnh ton Ro ca nn t ln cht

t
ct
st
St
Ct th
Ct trung
Ct mn
Ro, MPa h s kc
0,92
0,95
0,97
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,3
0,25
0,28
0,32
0,4
0,5
0,4
0,3
Bng 3.6. Tr khng ch v cht lng tng t ln cht (kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Loi hnh kt cu
V tr lp ln cht
kc
Kt cu xy, nng v
Trong phm vi tng chu lc
>0,96
Kt cu khung
Di phm vi tng chu lc
0,93-0,96
Kt cu chng v
0,94-0,97
khng phi kt cu khung
Di phm vi tng chu lc
0,91-0,93

m Wop
%
Wop 2
16
Bng 3.7. Tr tham kho v m ti u v cht (kh) ln nht

Loi t
m ti u (%)
cht (kh) ln
nht(g/cm3)
t ct
8-12
1,8-1,88
t st
19-23
1,58-1,70
t st bi
12-15
1,85-1,95
t bi
16-22
1,61-1,80
Bng 3.8. Tr tham kho v m ti u Wop %

Ch s do ca t Ip
cht kh ln nht dmax

(g/cm3)
m ti u Wop (%)
<0
1,85
<13
0-14
1,75-1,85
13-15
14-17
1,70-1,75
15-17
17-20
1,65-1,70
17-19
20-22
1,60-1,75
19-21
Khi dng phng php ng ln cht th khng ch sai khc gia m v

m ti u thay i trong 6% -+2%.
4. Thi cng mng cc
Mng cc (cc ch to sn ri h vo t bng ng, rung p, p, khoam th hoc
cc ch to trong l to sn bng cch nhi b tng, thng gi chung l cc nhi) l
gii php a dng trong xy dng cng trnh c ti trng ln trn nn t yu.
Vic la chn cc ch to sn (cc g, b tng ct thp hoc thp) hay cc nhi l
cn c vo cc iu kin c th ch yu sau y quyt nh:
c im cng trnh;
ln ca cc loi ti trng;
17
iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn;

Yu cu ca mi trng (rung ng v ting n);
nh hng n cng trnh ln cn v cng trnh ngm;
Kh nng thi cng ca nh thu;
Tin thi cng v thi gian hon thnh ca ch u t;
Kh nng kinh t ca ch u t;
V..v..
C th tham kho theo kinh nghim trnh by bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. La chn loi cc
Loi cc
Cc p
Tnh hnh
Cc ng
Cc nhi
B tng
Thp
20-30
15-20
20-40
30-55
20-40
50-120
50-80
25-150
100-170
80-120
40-60
150-700
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
su lp t chu n 10 m
lc
10-20 m
20-30 m
30-60 m
0
0
0
0
0
Lp t xen kp
dy hn 5 m
x
0
0
x
0
x
0
x
0
0
0
0
0
Kch thc cc v
ti trng cho php
ng knh (cm)
su (m)
Ti trng cho php
(tn)
Phng thc chu

lc ca cc
Chng mi
Mi + ma st
Ma st
St N = 4-10
N = 10-20
Ct pha N = 15-30
N = 30-50
N > 50
Ct ri
Cui si:

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
d < 10 cm
Nc ngm
nh hng n
mi trng
10-30 cm
d > 30 cm
x
x
x
Khng h c mc
nc
Tc > 0,3m/s
0
0
n v rung ng
Xy dng trn nc
Gn cng trnh ln cn
Din tch cht hp
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
x
0
x
0
x
x
Ch thch:
0 Thch hp trong s dng;
- Cn nghin cu trc khi s dng;
x Ni chung l khng thch hp.
4.1. Cc ch to sn
Cc cng on cn gim st k i vi cc ch to sn ( y ch yu ni v cc
BTCT) gm c:
Giai on sn xut cc (vt liu v kch thc hnh hc);
Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn;
Chn ba ng cc/h cc;
Trnh t ng/h cc;
Tiu chun dng ng/h;
Chn ng v ting n;
Nghim thu cng tc ng/h cc.
Di y s trnh by ngn gn mt s yu cu chnh trong cc giai on ni trn.
4.1.1. Giai on sn xut - trong sn xut cc BTCT, cn ch :
- Khng ch ng knh dmax ca ct liu (dmax = 1:3 n 1: 2,5 athp);
- Ct liu (ct+si) khng c tnh xm thc v phn ng kim silic;
- Lng dng ximng 300kg/m3, nhng khng vt qu 500kg/m3;
- st ca b tng 8-18 cm (c gng dng b tng kh);

19
- Dng ph gia vi liu lng thch hp.

Cc kim tra ct liu v ximng theo nh tiu chun kt cu b tng ct thp.
Sai s v trng lng cc thnh phn ca hn hp b tng khng vt qu cc gi tr
sau y:
Ximng
: 2%;
Ct liu th
: 3%;
Nc+dung dch ph gia: 2%;

H s nghim thu cho cc BTCT gm:
Bn v kt cu cc;
Phiu kim tra vt liu cc;
Phiu nghim thu ct thp;
Cng p mu b tng;
Phng php dng h;
Phiu kim tra kch thc cc (bng 4.2).
Cht lng mt ngoi cc phi ph hp yu cu:
- Mt cc bng phng, chc c, su b st gc khng qu 10 mm;
- su vt nt ca b tng do co ngt khng qu 20mm, rng khng qu
0,5mm;
- Tng din tch mt mt do lm/st gc v r t ong khng c qu 5% tng
din tch b mt cc v khng qu tp trung;
- u v mi cc khng c r, gh gh, nt/st.
Trn hnh 4.1 trnh by mt s bc kim tra cht lng cc trc khi ng gm c
vic xc nh ng nht v cng b tng (siu m + sng bt ny theo mt s
tiu chun hin hnh nh 20TCN: 87, TCXD171: 1987, v TCXD 225: 1998), v tr
ct thp trong cc (cm ng in t); kch thc cc u v mi.
T l % s cc cn kim tra do t vn gim st v thit k quyt nh trn c s
cng ngh ch to v trnh thnh tho ngh ca nh thu.

20
Bng 4.2. Sai lch cho php v kch thc ca cc b tng c sn

Loi cc
Hng mc kim tra
Sai s cho php (mm)

5
Cc b tng ct thp di cnh mt ct ngang ca

c sn
cc
ng cho mt u cc
10
dy tng bo v
vng ca cc
<1% chiu di cc, 20
Tm mi cc
10
xin mt u cc so vi
<3
ng tim cc
V tr l cha cho tai mc
cu cc
Cc b tng ct thp ng knh
c sn, rng
dy thnh l
-5
V tr l trn rut cc so vi
ng tim cc
ng tim mi cc
10
xin ca mt bch u
trn hoc di ca on cc so
vi ng tim cc
Tng xin ca 2 mt bch
ca on cc gia
Khung ct thp ca Khong cch gia cc ct ch
cc
10
Tim mi cc
Khong cch gia cc ct ai
dng vng hoc dng xon l
xo

20
21
Li thp u cc
10
nh ca tai mc khi mt
cc
-0 10
4.1.2. - Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn

Nhng h hng c th xy ra giai on ny thng gp l:
- Vn chuyn, xp kho khi cng b tng cha t 70% cng thit k;
- Cu mc khng nh nhng, v tr v s lng cc mc thp cu lm khng
ng theo thit k quy nh.
trnh hng gy cc, thng thng dng 2 mc cho cc di di 20 m v 3 mc cho
cc di 20 - 30m.
Trn hnh 4.2 trnh by ni lc (m men un) xut hin trong cc khi xp kho, vn
chuyn v cu lp hin trng; Tu thuc vo cch t mc cu m ni lc s c
tnh ton tng ng theo nguyen tc sau: Khi s mc trn cc t hn hoc bng 3 th v
tr ca mc xc nh theo s cn bng ca m men m (hnh 4.3) cn nu s mc ln
hn 3 th v tr ca mc xc nh theo s cn bng phn lc (hnh 4.4).
Nhng kim ton ni trn phi c thng hiu gia ngi thit k v thi cng
trnh nt hoc gy cc trc khi ng. iu ny cng c bit quan trng khi chng ta
dng cc b tng ct thp di trn 30 m hay cc BTCT ng sut trc.
4.1.3. Vic chn ba ng cc
Mt s nguyn tc chung trong chn ba:
- Bo m cc xuyn qua tng t dy (k c tng cng xen kp) c mi vo
c lp chu lc (cc chng), t n su thit k;
- ng sut do va p gy ra trong cc (ng sut xung kch) phi nh hn
cng ca vt liu cc, ng sut ko do va p nh hn cng chng
ko ca b tng thng thng, cn trong cc BTCT ng sut trc nh hn
tng cng chng ko ca b tng v tr ng sut trc;
- Khng ch tho ng tng s nht ba + thi gian ng (chng mi v gim
hiu qu ng);
- xuyn vo t ca mt nht ba khng nn qu nh: ba diezen -12
mm/nht v ba hi 23 mm/nht ( phng hng ba + my ng).
Cn c chn ba ng:
- Theo trng lng cc (trng lng ba > trng lng cc);
- Theo lc xung kch ca ba (lc xung kch > lc chng xuyn);

22
- Theo phng trnh truyn sng ng sut;

- Theo cch khng ch cng (theo phng trnh viphn bc 3 v truyn
sng ng sut);
- Theo phng php gii kinh nghim chn ba thu lc cho thi cng
cc ng thp;
- Theo phng php kinh nghim so snh tng hp.
Chi tit xem trong S tay cng trnh mng cc, Bc Kinh, 1995.
4.1.4. Mi ni cc v mi cc
Mi ni gia cc on cc ch to sn (BTCT, g, thp..) c ngha rt quyt nh
khi dng cc di. V phng din chu lc, mi ni c th chu lc nn v cng c kh
nng xut hin lc nh, m men v lc ct. Khi ng th mi ni va chu lc nn va
chu lc nh.
i vi cc b tng ct thp thng thng cc lin kt gia on cc c thc hin
bng:
Hn qua mt bch + thp gc;
Hn qua thp bn ph kn mt bch;
Lin kt bng cht nm ng;
Lin kt bng cht x kiu m dng + va.
i vi cc BTCT trn, rng c th lin kt bng mi ni hn hoc ni bng
bulng.
Ti cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin cao ngi ta dng kiu mi ni ch to c
kh kh chnh xc, rt ngn vic ngng ch lc h cc v c c cy cc di vi mi
ni chc chn lm cho cc chu ti vi tin cy cao.
Mt s kiu mi ni va nu c th tm thy trong nhiu ti liu chuyn kho, y
ch nu mt s loi tiu biu.
V mi cc, tu theo iu kin a cht cng trnh v phng thc chu lc ca cc
m mi s c cu to khc nhau. Khi cc ng vo nn t mm th c th dng u
cc bng phng; khi ng vo lp t cng, vo lp phong ho b ri hoc mi cc
c th chng vo lp t c th nm nghing, cc ca cc cu ln, m bo sc
chu ti cng nh n nh ca cc phi cu to mi cc mt cch cn thn, ng tm
cc khng b lch hng khi ng/h vo trong t.
Nhng chi tit cu to v thit k mi ni v mi cc c ngha kinh t k thut
trong cng trnh mng cc ni chung v cng l nhng iu kin d b xem thng
ca ngi thit k ln ngi thi cng.
4.1.5. Trnh t ng cc

23
Trnh t ng/h cc trong cng ngh thi cng mng cc cn da vo cc yu t

sau y quyt nh:
iu kin hin trng v mi trng;
V tr v din tch vng ng cc;
Cng trnh ln cn v tuyn ng ng ngm;
Tnh cht t nn;
Kch thc cc, khong cch, v tr, s lng, chiu di cc;
Thit b dng ng/h cc;
S lng i cc v yu cu s dng.
Mt s trnh t thng dng trong thi cng ng h cc trnh by hnh 4.5. Vic la
chn cch ng no cn phi c s phn tch t m trong tng trng hp c th theo
cc yu t nu trn.
Thng thng, nguyn tc xc nh trnh t ng cc l:
(1) Cn c vo mt ca cc v iu kin xung quanh:
Chia khu nghien cu trnh t ng;
Chia 2 hng i xng, t gia ng ra;
Chia 4 hng t gia ng ra;
ng theo 1 hng.
(2) Cn c cao thit k ca mng: Mng su hn - ng trc, nng hn ng sau;
(3) Cn c quy cch cc: Cc ln - ng trc, cc nh - ng sau; cc di ng trc, cc ngn - ng sau;
(4) Cn c tnh hnh phn b cc: Cc trong nhm - ng trc, cc n - ng
sau;
(5) Cn c yu cu chnh xc lc ng: chnh xc thp - ng trc,
chnh xc cao - ng sau.
4.1.6. Tiu chun dng ng cc
Xc nh tiu chun dng ng cc theo yu cu thit k l vn quan trng v n
c ngha rt ln v kinh t v k thut. Hai du hiu khng ch dng ng l:
theo su mi cc quy nh trong thit k v theo xuyn cui cng ca cc vo
t (c khi cn gi l theo chi). C nhiu nhn t nh hng n hai du hiu ni
trn v c khi mu thun nhau.
Tiu chun khng ch vic dng ng cc nn quy nh nh sau;
(1) Nu mi cc t vo tng t thng thng th su thit k lm tiu
chun chnh cn xuyn th dng tham kho;
24
(2) Nu mi cc t vo lp t ct t cht va tr ln th ly xuyn su lm

tiu chun chnh cn su cc - tham kho;
(3) Khi xuyn t yu cu nhng cc cha t n su thit k th nn
ng tip 3 t, mi t 10 nht vi xuyn ca 10 nht ny khng c
ln hn xuyn quy nh ca thit k;
(4) Khi cn thit dng cch ng th xc nh xuyn khng ch. Tham
kho kinh nghim ca Trung Quc bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3. Kin ngh v tiu chun khng ch dng ng cc (kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Loi cc
Cc BTCT rng
Kch thc cc Mi kn Mi
(cm)
h
Mi kn Mi
h
Cc BTCT c
40x40
t mi cc (tr t ct t st t ct t st
s N)
(30-50)
cng (30-50)
cng
(20-25)
(20-25)
Loi
ba
izen
Hi
45x45
50x50
t st cng
(20-25)
20-25 cp
30-40 cp
30 cp
4-7 T
7-10 T
7T
30-35
cp
t ct
(30-50)
35-45 p 40-45
cp
7-10 T 10 T
Tr s khng ch
tng s nht
ng
2000 -2500
1500 -2000
S nht ng
khng ch 5 m
cui cng
700 -800
500 -600
Tr s iezen
xuyn
2 - 3mm/nht
2 - 3mm/nht
cui
cng
3 - 4mm/nht
3 - 4mm/nht
Hi
50x50
10 T
4.1.7. Chn ng v ting n

Vn nh hng v chn ng cng nh ting n i vi cng trnh v con ngi
do thi cng ng cc gy ra cn phi c xem xt v n c th dn n nhng hu
25
qu ng tic, nht l khi thi cng ng cc gn cng trnh xy hoc gn khu dn

c (hnh 4.6).
Tiu chun khng ch dao ng v ting n do chn ng gy ra i vi ngi
v cng trnh c th tham kho:
Tiu chun Lin X (c): Nr. 1304 75;
Tiu chun CHLB c:
DIN 4150 1986;
Tiu chun Thu S :
SN 640312 1978;
Tiu chun Anh :
BS 5228, Part 4 - 1992a (bng 4.4a).
Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 5949-1998 (bng 4.4b).

V n thng khng ch 70 75 dB i vi khu v 70 85 dB i vi khu
thng mi; Khi n qu gii hn trn phi tm cch gim n. Cch phng chng nh
hng chn ng v n:
Xc nh khong cch an ton khi ng (hnh 4.7);
Chn cch ng (trng lng + cao ri ba), loi ba hp l;
Khoan dn, ng v, p;
Lm ho cch chn;
t vt liu tng tiu m, gim thanh, m lt u m cc;
V..v..
Bng 4. 4a. nh hng ca dao ng i vi cc i tng khc nhau
(theo tiu chun Anh BS 5228 Part 4 1992a)
Thng s o v phm vi nhy
V d
i tng quan tm
Chuyn v
(mm)
Phng tin
th nghim
Thit b v vn
hnh
(0,25-1) x10-3
(0,1Hz-30Hz)
C s vi
in t
Thit b v vn
hnh
Vn tc (mm/s)
Gia tc (g)
(0,1-5) x10-3
(30Hz-200Hz)
(6-400) x10-3
(3Hz-100Hz)

(0,5-8) x10-3
(5Hz-200Hz)
26
My mc
chnh xc
My tnh
Thit b v vn
hnh
Vi x l
Thit b v vn
hnh
Bnh vin
v ni c
tr
Vn phng
0,1-1
0,15-15 (hng
ng)
(8Hz-80Hz)
0,4-40 (hng
ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)
Khu dn c
hoc thng
mi
Cng trnh
Dch v ngm
di t
0,5-50 (SSTP
hng ng)
(4Hz-8Hz)
0,5-20 (hng ng)

(8Hz-80Hz)
1-50 (hng ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)
Con ngi
Con ngi
0,1-0,25 sai s
trung phng
(SSTP)
(ti a 300Hz)
(3-250) x10-3
Con ngi
Xng my
ng dn
kh hoc
nc
(0,1-1) x10-3
Thit b v vn
hnh
1-20 (hng
ng)
(8Hz-80Hz)
3,2-52 (hng
ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)
(4-650)x10-3
(SSTP hng
ng)
(4Hz-8Hz)
1-50
(10-400) x10-3
1-50

27
Bng 4.4b. Gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c

(tnh theo mc m tng ng dBA, TCVN 5949-1998)
Khu vc
Thi gian
t 6h-18h
1. Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: bnh

vin, th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr,
trng hc, nh th, cha chin.
2. Khu dn c, khch sn, nh ngh, c
quan hnh chnh.
3. Khu dn c xen k trong khu vc
thng mi, dch v, sn xut
t 18h-22h
t 22h-6h
50
45
40
60
55
50
75
70
50
4.1.8. Mt s s c thng gp
Kh xuyn v khng t c su thit k quy nh;
Cc b xoay v nghing qu ln;
Cc ng n su thit k nhng sc chu ti khng ;
S khc bit d thng v ti liu a cht lc ng so vi ban u;
Thn hoc mi ni cc b hng/gy nh hng n vic tip tc p/ng;
Cc ng trc b tri ln khi ng cc cc sau;
Khng ng tip c na do thi gian ng ko di hoc tm ngng;
Bin dng nn ln dn n trt c khi t;
Cc b lch hoc sai v tr;
V..v..
Nhng nguyn nhn trn phi c phn tch, tm cch khc phc, x l.. mi c
th ng tip, c khi phi ng th tm ra cng ngh v trnh t ng cc hp l.
V d nguyn nhn gy trt nn c th l:
(1) Ti liu iu tra CCT khng ging thc t hoc sai, lm ngi thit k khng
thc hin hoc thc hin sai trong kim ton n nh;

28
(2) Phng php v cng ngh thi cng khng ng lm tng p lc nc l rng,
di tc dng ca p cht + chn ng dn n mi t b trt;
(3) Khng c bin php khng ch tc ng cc;
(4) Xp cc trn mi dc hoc b o chn dc...,
(5) Trong thi gian ng cc, mc nc ca sng gn b t ngt h thp.
Cch phng nga v x l:
(1) iu tra k t nn, gim khong cch gia cc l khoan thm d;
(2) Cn kim ton n nh trong thit k thi cng cc vng b dc;
(3) Gim nh hng chn ng (khoan dn p h cc);
(4) Dng trnh t ng t gn n xa;
(5) Tin thi cng chm;
(6) Gim thiu ti trng thi cng, nh ch gia tng ti mi dc;
(7) Theo di k mi trng xy dng: iu kin thu vn sng bin, ch s thay
i mc nc, phng nga vic h thp t ngt mc nc;
(8) Nghin cu vic o h mng su trong khi ng cc, kim ton n nh ca
t sau khi ng cc trc khi o mng su;
(9) Theo di o c p lc nc l rng v chuyn v khng ch tin ng
cc.
4.1.9. Nghim thu cng tc ng cc
Cht lng h cc cn phi c th hin cc im chnh sau:
(1) Cht lng mi ni gia cc on cc (nu c);
(2) Sai lch v tr cc so vi quy nh ca thit k;
(3) Sai lch v cao u cc: thng khng qu 50 100mm;
(4) nghing ca cc khng vt qu 1% i vi cc thng ng v khng vt
qu 1,5% gc nghing gia trc cc v ng nghing ca ba;
(5) B mt cc: nt, mo m, khng bng phng.
Tng hp nhng iu trn trong bng 4.5 (hoc bng 10 ca TCXD 79: 1980)

29
Bng 4.5. Sai lch cho php v v tr cc ch to sn trn mt bng

(kinh nghim ca Trung Quc)
Loi cc
Cc BTCT c
sn, cc ng
thp, cc g
Hng mc kim tra
1.
2.
Cc pha trn c dm mng:

Hng vung gc vi trc dm;
Hng song song vi trc dm
Cc trong nhm 1-2 chic hoc
cc trong hng cc
Cc trong mng c 3-20 cc
Cc trong mng c trn 20 cc:

1. Cc mp ngoi
2. Cc trung gian
Cc bn
(barette) bng
BTCT
Sai lch cho php (mm)
100
150
100
1/2 ng knh cc (hoc
cnh cc)
1/2 ng knh cc (hoc cnh
cc)
1 ng knh (hoc cnh cc)
V tr
thng ng
Khe h gia cc cc
chng thm
chn t
100
1%
20
25
4.2. Cc khoan nhi

Cc khoan nhi trong nhng nm gn y c p dng nhiu trong xy dng
nh cao tng, cu ln v nh cng nghip c ti trng ln. So vi cc ch to sn, vic
thi cng cc nhi c nhiu phc tp hn, do phng php v cch gim st, kim
tra cht lng phi lm ht sc chu o, t m vi nhng thit b kim tra hin i..
Di y trnh by tm tt nhng ni dung chnh m ngi k s gim st phi nm
vng nng cao hn na trch nhim cng nh cht lng gim st.
4.2.1. Yu cu chung

30
Vic gim st phi da vo cng ngh thi cng v chng trnh m bo cht lng
duyt. Trong chng trnh m bo cht lng thi cng ca nh thu cn th hin
chi tit 3 khu quan trng sau:
Cng ngh to l (o, ng, khoan, p), cch gi thnh l cc (ng chng
sut chiu di cc hoc dung dch) v cht lng l (ng v tr, khng
nghing qu tr s cho php, cn lng y l c thi ra sch ng yu
cu);
Ch to, lp lng ct thp v gi lng thp n nh trong qu trnh b
tng;
Khi lng b tng, cht lng v cng ngh b tng.
V mt qun l v kim tra cht lng cc th chia lm 2 giai on: trc khi thnh
hnh cc v sau khi thi cng xong cc.
Ch tiu cn phi kim tra v nh gi gm c:
Cht lng l cc trc khi b tng;
Cht lng v khi lng b tng vo cc;
Lng ct thp trong l cc (s lin tc, nghing lch, tri...);
Cht lng sn phm (tnh trng, kch thc thn cc v sc chu ti ca
cc).
Nu dng dung dch st (hoc ho phm khc) n nh thnh l cc th cn phi
qun l cht lng dung dch ny v cc mt:
Ch to dung dch t tiu chun ra;
iu chnh dung dch (mt v nht.. .) theo iu kin a cht cng
trnh - a cht thu vn v cng ngh khoan c th;
Thu hi, lm giu v s dng li dung dch;
H thng thit b kim tra cht lng dung dch ti hin trng.
4.2.2. Khi lng kim tra v cch x l
V nguyn tc, cng trnh cng quan trng (v ngha kinh t, lch s, x hi.. .),
chu ti trng ln, thi cng trong iu kin a cht phc tp, cng ngh thi cng c
tin cy thp, ngi thi cng (v thit k) c trnh v kinh nghim t th cn tin
hnh qun l v kim tra cht lng c mt (t l %) cao hn, tc l nu ri ro
31
cng nhiu th mc yu cu v qun l v nh gi cht lng cn phi nghim

ngt vi mt dy hn.
Mt khc, nh s c trnh by chi tit hn mc ny, cch kim tra bng phng
php khng ph hng (NDT) nh nhng thit b kh hin i c nc ta, cho
php thc hin vic kim tra cht lng cc ht sc nhanh chng vi gi c chp nhn
c. V vy trong tiu chun TCXD 206: 1998 Cc khoan nhi - yu cu v cht
lng thi cng a ra khi lng kim tra ti thiu (bng 4.6).
Bng 4.6. Khi lng kim tra cht lng b tng thn cc
(theo TCXD 206: 1998)
Thng s kim tra
S nguyn vn
ca thn cc
m rng
hoc ngm
ca mi cc
vo
Phng php kim tra

T l kim tra ti thiu, %
100
-So snh th tch b tng vo l cc
vi th tch hnh hc ca cc
1-2% + phng php
- Khoan ly li
khc
- Siu m, tn x gama c t ng
10-25% + phng php
trc
khc
- Phng php bin dng nh (PIT,
MIM), quan st khuyt tt qua ng ly
50
li bng camera v tuyn
4% v khng di 5 cc
- Phng php bin dng ln PDA
Khoan ng knh nh (36mm) 2-3 cc lc lm th hoc
theo bng 4.7
vng m rng y hoc xuyn qua
mi cc
-Th nghim mu lc b tng

- Th nghim trn li b tng lc
Cng b khoan
tng thn cc
- Theo tc khoan (khoan thi
khng ly li)
- Sng bt ny hoc siu m i vi b
tng u cc
Theo yu cu ca gim
st

35
32
Ch thch:
1) Thng thng cn kt hp t 2 phng php khc nhau tr ln tin hnh so
snh cho mt thng s kim tra nu bng ny. Khi cc c L/D>30 th phng
php kim tra qua ng t sn s l ch yu (L-chiu di, D-ng knh);
2) Lp b tng bo v ng knh cc v hnh dng b ngoi ca ct thp c th
kim tra ch u cc, khi loi b lp b tng cn pha trn ct u cc.
i vi nhng cng trnh c s lng cc trong mi mng l t v ti trng truyn
ln mng ln, kt cu c nhy cao khi ln khng u xy ra, ngi ta yu cu t l
t ng kim tra kh nhiu nh trnh by bng 4.7 di y.
Bng 4.7. Quy nh t l % cc cn t sn ng v kim tra i vi cng trnh giao thng
(DTU 13.2, P1 - 212, 9-1992, Php)
(N - tng s cc thi cng, n - s cc trong mt mng tr)
n 4
Cch thc
tip nhn lc
ca cc
n >4
S lng ng
S lng cc
S lng ng
S lng cc
t sn
kim tra
t sn
kim tra
Cc
ng
Thm
Khoan
Cc
ng
Thm
Khoan
ng
102/114
d thn
ly li
ng
102/114
d thn
ly li
cc
ti mi
60/60
cc
ti mi
NDT
cc
NDT
cc
50/60
Ch c ma st
50
100
100
100
50-100
Cc b
>50
100
100
50-100
50-100
Ma st cc b
50
100
50
100
30
100
30
50-100
20
v mi cc
>50
100
30
50-100
20
50-100
20
50-100
10
Ch c mi
50
100
100
100
50-100
100
50-
50-100
30
50-100
20
100
cc
>50
100
50-100
50-100
30
50-100

30
33
Khng nht thit phi kim tra tt c cc cc c t sn ng. Thng thng ngi ta
ch tin hnh kim tra theo mt t l no so vi cc cc t ng, nu thy cht
lng tt v t kt qu n nh th c th dng. Nu c nghi vn th phi tip tc
kim tra cho ht s cc t ng.
Ngoi ra cng c th da vo s trnh by trn hnh 4.8 thc hin trnh t
kim tra t n gin n phc tp theo mc khai thc ng sut cho php v ri
ro c th xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng cc.
4.2.3 Kim tra cht lng l cc
Yu cu v cht lng
Cht lng l cc l mt trong cc yu t c ngha quyt nh cht lng cc.
Cng vic khoan v dn l cc, sau l cch gi thnh vch l cc l nhng cng
on quan trng, nh hng n cht lng l cc tt hay xu. Cc ch tiu v cht
lng l cc gm v tr, kch thc hnh hc, nghing lch, tnh trng thnh vch v
lp cn lng y l. Trong bng 4.8 trnh by cc thng s nh gi cht lng v
phng php kim tra chng.
Bng 4.8. Cc thng s cn kim tra v l cc
Thng s kim tra
Tnh trng l cc
V tr, thng ng
v su
Kch thc l
Phng php kim tra

- Kim tra bng mt c thm n ri
- Dng phng php siu m hoc camera ghi chp thnh
l cc
- o c so vi mc v tuyn chun
- So snh khi lng t ly ln vi th tch hnh hc ca
cc
- Theo lng dng dung dch gi thnh
- Theo chiu di ti khoan
- Qu di
- My o nghing, phng php siu m
- Mu, calip, thc xp m v t ghi ln nh ng
knh
- Theo ng knh, thc xp m v t ghi ln nh
ng knh
- Theo ng knh ng gi thnh

34
- Theo m ca cch mi khoan khi m rng y

Tnh trng y l v - Ly mu v so snh vi t v lc khoan, o su
su ca mi cc trong trc v sau thi gian gi thnh khng t hn 4 gi (trc
t+, dy lp cn lc b tng)
lng
- sch ca nc thi ra
- Phng php qu t ri hoc xuyn ng
- Phng php in (in tr, in dung..)
- Phng php m.
Bng 4.9. Sai s cho php v l cc
Tiu chun
ADSC
FHWA (1998)
thng ng
2% trn sut chiu di cc
FHWA (1990)
ACI
1/48
+ i vi cc khng c ct
thp 1,5% trn sut chiu 4% ca ng knh cc hoc
di cc.
7,5cm
+ i vi cc c ct thp
1/75
7,5 cm
+ 7,5 cm
2% trn sut chiu di cc + 15 cm i vi cc cng
trnh bin
ICE
CGS
V tr nh cc
7,5 cm
1/24 ca ng knh cc
hoc 7,5 cm
7,5 cm
Ch thch:
ADSC: Hip hi cc Nh thu cc khoan nhi M;
FHWA: Cc ng b Lin bang M;
ACI : Vin b tng M;
ICE : Vin Xy dng dn dng Anh;
CGS : Hip hi a k thut Canada.
V tr ca l cc trn mt bng, nghing cng nh kch thc hnh hc ca n
thng khng ng vi thit k quy nh, nhng khng c sai lch qu gii hn no
. Cc phm vi sai s ny do thit k quy nh theo tiu chun thit k v thi cng
cc nhi. Nhng ngay tiu chun ca cc nc khc nhau cng c nhng quy nh cho
php sai s khc nhau (xem bng 4.9).
35
Theo tiu chun ca Trung Quc th yu cu sai s v nghing cao hn nhiu so

vi bng 4.9 nh sau: Phi nh hn 1/500 i vi nhng cng trnh i hi cao v thp
nht l khng qu 1/100.
Trn c s tham kho cc tiu chun nhiu nc v tnh hnh thi cng thc t Vit
Nam, TCXD 206 : 1998 quy nh sai s cho php v l cc nhi nh trong bng 1 ca
tiu chun ny.
Khi s dng bng trn nn ch rng: i vi nhng cng trnh i hi cao, s
lng cc t hoc c nhng yu cu c bit khc th cn phi gim cc tr s cho php
nu trn, c bit l thng ng. V d nh cng trnh cu khu ln, nhp b
tng ct thp ng sut trc lin tc, s lng cc l 10 cho mi tr th c th phi
quy nh nghing cho l cc khng c qu 1/200.
Ngoi kch thc v v tr hnh hc nh ni trn cn phi m bo lng cn
lng y li khng c dy qu cc gi tr sau:
- Cc chng 50mm;
- Cc ma st + chng 100mm;
- Cc ma st 200mm.
Phng php kim tra
1. Kim tra kch thc v tnh trng thnh vch l cc
o ng knh l cc
Thit b o ng knh l cc gm 3 b phn cu thnh: u o, b phn phng i
v b phn ghi (hnh 4.9) c th o l cc ng knh ln n 1,2m. Nguyn tc
hot ng ca thit b l do c cu co dn n hi ca 4 ng ten u o m
lm thay in tr, t lm thay i in p, kt qu ca s thay i c hin th
bng s hoc my ghi lu gi. Tr in p biu th v ng knh cc c quan h:
= 0 + k V
I
Trong : - ng knh l cc o c, m;
V - Bin i in p, vn;
k - H s m /;
0 - ng knh l cc lc u;
I - Cng dng in, Ampe.
nghing v tnh trng thnh vch l cc

36
Khi thi cng cc trong iu kin c nc ngm v c dng dung dch st gi

thnh th tnh trng thnh vch, thng ng v dy lp cn lng ch c my mc
mi kim tra c.
Phng php sng m: Nguyn l l da vo hiu ng in p ca tinh th m pht
sinh ra sng siu m, thng qua b chuyn i nng lng sng m t u d (pht
v thu), ta o c cc i lng:
t = L/C
Trong :
t - thi gian sng m qua mi trng, giy;
L - on ng ca sng truyn qua (m trnh), m;
C - Vn tc ca sng m, m/giy.
Trn hnh 4.10 l thit b o thnh l khoan DM - 686II ca Nht theo nguyn
tc sng m ni trn vi su o n 100m v ng knh l n 4m v trn hnh
4.11 l cch lp t v kt qu o.
2. o b dy lp cn lng y l cc
Phng php chu ri: Dng chu hnh cn bng ng nng khong 1kg, c tai
buc dy v th chm chm vo l khoan. Phn on mt lp cn lng bng cm gic
tay cm dy, dy lp cn l hiu s gia su o c lc khoan xong vi su
o c bng chu ny.
Phng php in tr: Da vo tnh cht dn in khc nhau ca mi trng khng
ng nht (gm nc +dung dch gi thnh v cc ht cn lng) m phn on chiu
dy lp cn lng ny bng tr s bin i ca in tr.
Theo nh lut Ohm:
R
V 2 = V 1
R x + R
Trong :
V1 - in p n nh ca dng xoay chiu (V);

V2 - in p o c (V);
R - in tr iu chnh ();
Rx - Tr in tr ca t y l ().
Rx ph thuc vo mi trng, Rx khc nhau s ng vi tr in p V2 khc nhau, s
c c V2 my phng i. Cch o nh sau: Th chm u d vo l khoan, theo
di s thay i V2, khi kim ch V2 bin i t ngt, ghi li su h1, tip tc th u

37
d, kim ch V2, ghi li su h2.., cho n khi u d khng chm c na, ghi li
su h3. su ca cc khoan bit l H nn c th tnh chiu dy lp cn lng l:
(H - h1) hoc (H - h2) hoc (H-h3)...
Trn hnh 4.12 a trnh by nguyn l xc nh chiu dy lp cn lng bng phng php
in tr.
Phng php in dung: Da vo nguyn l khong cch gia hai cc bn kim loi
v kch thc gia chng khng thay i th in dung v sut in gii ca mi
trng t l thun vi nhau, sut in gii ca mi trng nc + dung dch gi thnh
+ cn lng.. c s khc bit, do t s thay i ca sut in gii ta suy c chiu
dy lp cn lng. Trn hnh 4.12b trnh by s b o cn lng bng phng php
in dung.
Phng php m (sonic): Da vo nguyn l phn x ca sng m khi gp cc giao
din khc nhau trn ng truyn sng. u o lm hai chc nng pht v thu. Khi
sng gp mt lp cn lng phn x li, ghi c thi gian ny l t 1, khi gp y lp
cn (t nguyn dng) phn x li, ghi c t2, chiu dy lp cn lng s l:
h
t1 t
Trong : h - dy lp cn lng;
t1 v t2 - Thi gian pht v thu khi sng gp mt v y lp lp cn lng, giy;
C - Tc sng m trong cn lng, m/giy.
Tht ra cn lng hnh thnh trong thi gian t lc to l n lc b tng, trng thi
ca lp ny t trn xung th lng c ht. Do vy, th no l cn lng cng
khng c nh ngha r rng v cng khng c mt b mt cn lng xc nh c th
m ch yu da v kinh nghim.
3. iu ch v qun l dung dch gi thnh
Tr trng hp lp t hin trng thi cng cc khoan nhi c th t to thnh
dung dch st ra hoc to l v gi thnh bng phng php c ng chng u phi
dng dung dch ch to sn gi thnh l cc. Ch to dung dch phi c thit k
cp phi tu theo thit b, cng ngh thi cng, phng php khoan l v iu kin a
cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn ca a im xy dng quyt nh.
Trong bng 4.10 trnh by cc yu cu v cht lng ca dung dch st lc ch to
ban u cn khi s dng c th tham kho bng 4.11 iu ch, qun l v kim tra.

38
Bng 4.10. Ch tiu tnh nng ban u ca dung dch st (nu dng)
Hng mc
1. Khi lng ring
Ch tiu tnh nng

1,05 1,15
2. nht
18 45 s
3. Hm lng ct
4. T l cht keo
5. Lng mt nc
< 6%
> 95%
< 30ml/30 pht
6. dy ca o st
1- 3/mm/30 pht
7. Lc ct tnh
1 pht: 20-30 mg/cm2

10 pht: 50 - 100 mg/cm2
< 0,03 g/cm2
7-9
Giy th pH
8. Tnh n nh
9. Tr s pH
Phng php kim tra

T trng k dung dch st
hoc Bom k
Phng
php
phu
500/700cc
Phng php ong cc
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Lc k ct tnh
Bng 4.11. Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st bentonite trong s dng (kinh nghim ca Nht)
Phng
php
khoan
a
tng
Tun
hon
thun,
khoan
dp
t st
Khoan
y,
khoan
ngom
t ct
t sn
Cui
dm
t st
t ct
si sn
Khi
lng
ring
1,051,20
Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st

Mt nc
T l
nht
Hm
(Pa.S)
lng ct, cht keo, (ml/30min.)
%
%
16-22
< 8-4
> 90-95
< 25
pH
810
1,2-1,45
19-28
< 8-4
> 90-95
< 15
810
1,1-1,2
18-24
<4
> 95
< 30
8-11
1,2-1,4
22-30
<4
> 95
< 20
8-11

39
16-20
<4
> 95
< 20
8-10
t ct
1,021,06
1,0-1,10
19-28
<4
> 95
< 20
8-10
t sn
1,1-1,15
20-25
<4
> 95
< 20
8-10
Khoan
t st
tun
hon
nghch
4.2.4. Kim tra lng thp v lp t ng o

Lng ct thp ngoi vic phi ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k nh quy cch, chng
loi, phm cp que hn, quy cch mi hn, di ng hn, ngoi quan v cht
lng ng hn.. cn phi ph hp yu cu sau y:
Sai s cho php trong ch to lng ct thp:
- C ly gia cc ct ch 10mm;
- C ly ct ai hoc ct l xo 20mm;
- ng knh lng ct thp 10mm;
- di lng ct thp 50mm;
- thng ca lng thp < 1/100;
Sai s cho php ca lp bo v ct thp ch ca lng thp:
- Cc b tng di nc 20mm;
- Cc khng b tng di nc 10mm.
Cc ng o c lm bng thp hoc nha PVC (c kh nng gi ng v tr khi
vn chuyn v b tng) c ni vi nhau bng mng xng (khng hn) m bo
khng lt nc vo trong ng v trong ng y nc sch. Cc ng ny phi t
song song v a xung ti y lng thp (hnh 4.13b), c c nh cng vo lng
thp v c bt kn hai u. Nt di va m bo cho u di kn nc tuy vn
cho php sau ny khoan thng c khi cn thit. Dng mt ng dng kim tra s
thng sut ca ng o nhm bo m vic di chuyn cc u d trong ng s d dng.
u ng pha trn c chun b sao cho cao hn mt b tng ca u cc t nht bng
0,2 m. ng knh trong ti thiu ca ng o l 40mm, khong cch gia cc ng o
i vi mi cu kin mng nm trong khong 0,30m - 1,50m (hnh 4.13a).
i vi cc c tit din ngang hnh trn, ng knh D (hnh 4.13b) s lng ng d
tnh nh sau:
Hai ng nu D < 0,60m;
Ba ng nu 0,60m < D 1,20m;

40
t nht 4 ng nu D > 1,20m.

4.2.5. Kim tra cht lng b tng v cng ngh b tng
Thi cng b tng cho cc khoan nhi trong t c nc ngm phi tun theo quy
nh v b tng di nc v phi c s qun l cht lng b tng khi bng cc
thng s sau y:
st (cho tng xe );
Ct liu th trong b tng khng ln hn c ht theo yu cu ca cng ngh;
Cht lng ximng;
Mc hn hp b tng trong h khoan;
su ngp ng dn b tng trong hn hp b tng;
Khi lng b tng trong l cc;
Cng b tng sau 7 v 28 ngy.
Cn thit lp cho tng cc mt ng cong b tng quan h gia lng thc t
ca b tng vo cc v th tch hnh hc (l thuyt) ca cc qua tng su khc
nhau. ng cong ni trn phi c t nht 5 im phn b trn ton b chiu di cc.
Trng hp b tng sai lch khng bnh thng so vi tnh ton (t qu hoc nhiu qu
30%) th phi dng cc bin php c bit thm nh tm nguyn nhn v phng
php thch hp.
Ngoi iu kin v cng , b tng cho cc khoan nhi phi c st ln m
bo s lin tc ca cc (bng 4.12) v phi kim tra cht ch trc khi , v lng
ximng thng khng nh hn 350kg/m3 b tng.
Bng 4.12. st ca b tng cc nhi (theo TCXD 205-1998)
iu kin s dng
st
t do trong nc, ct thp c khong cch ln cho php b tng

dch chuyn d dng
7,5 12,5
Khong cch ct thp khng ln, cho php b tng dch

chuyn d dng, khi ct u cc nm trong vng vch tm. Khi
ng knh cc nh hn 600 mm
10 17,5
Khi b tng c di nc hoc trong mi trng dung dch

st ben-to-nt qua ng (tremie)
> 15

41
Vic thi cng b tng cho cc thng tin hnh cng lc vi vic khoan to l
cho cc cc khc. Nhng chn ng rung s c nh hng khng tt n qu trnh
ng cng ca b tng ti.
Do vy cn phi hn ch tc hi chn ng trong mi trng t bng thng s vn
tc chuyn ng cc i ca cht im nh trnh by trong bng 4.13.
Bng 4.13. Mc vn tc chn ng cho php i vi b tng
Tui ca b tng
Vn tc cc i ca cht im
(mm/s)
0-4 gi
Khng hn ch
4 - 24 gi
5, tt nht l khng c chn ng
1 - 7 ngy
50
4.2.6. Kim tra cht lng thn cc

Cht lng ca cc sau khi xong b tng thng th hin bng cc ch tiu sau:
- nguyn vn (s ton khi ca cc);
-S tip xc gia mi cc v t nn;
-Sc chu ti ca cc.
Mt s phng php kim tra thng dng gm c:
4.2.6.1. Phng php siu m truyn qua
Vic thm d bng siu m mt cu kin mng bng b tng c t trc t nht hai
ng o, song song, bao gm cc bc (hnh 4.14) nh sau:
- Cho mt u d (u pht) vo trong mt ng o y nc sch v pht
sng siu m truyn qua b tng ca cu kin mng;
- Cho mt u d th hai (u thu) vo mt ng khc cng y nc v thu
sng siu m ny cng mc su ca u pht sng; khi cn (v d lc
d ln l hng) c th hai u thu pht khng cng mt mc su
nhng khong cch cho ny phi c xc nh.

42
- Trn sut dc chiu cao cc ng, o thi gian truyn sng siu m gia hai
u d;
- Ghi li s thay i bin ca tn hiu nhn c.
Mt s cch nh gi kt qu kim tra
Phn tch v nh gi kt qu kim tra do chuyn gia t vn c trnh chuyn mn
cao thc hin v chu trch nhim trc ngi t yu cu.
nh gi cht lng b tng ca cu kin mng thng phi da vo cc c
trng m o c (nh vn tc, bin , nng lng, thi gian truyn.. ) hoc vo hnh
dng ca sng m c ghi li trn mn hnh.
Trong bng 4.14 trnh by cch nh gi cht lng b tng theo mt s c trng
sng siu m v trn hnh 4.15 trnh by v d hnh dng sng m i vi cc c
khuyt tt.
Bng 4.14. nh gi cht lng b tng thn cc khoan nhi theo c trng sng m
Cht lng
Tt
Phn tng
Nt gy
Thi gian truyn

u n khng t
bin
Tng ln
Tng t bin
Bin
Khng b suy gim
ln
C suy gim
Suy gim r rt
Hnh dng sng

Bnh thng
Bin i l
Bin i l
Phng php kim tra cht lng b tng bng siu m khng cho thng tin v cng
(hoc cc c trng c hc khc nh mdun n hi, h s Poisson). Mun c
c cc thng tin ny, cc cng trng ln (vi khi lng b tng nhiu) phi tin
hnh xy dng cc tng quan gia c trng c hc no (cn dng n trong kim
sot cht lng) vi c trng m.
Trong trng hp mun c nhng s liu s b v cht lng hoc cng b
tng thng qua cc c trng sng m c th tham kho bng 4.15 v 4.16.
Bng 4.15. nh gi cht lng b tng thn cc bng vn tc xung
Tc xung
ft/s
Trn 15.000
m/s
Trn 4570

nh gi
cht lng
Rt tt
43
12.000 - 15.000
10.000 - 12.000
7.000 - 10.000
Di 7.000
3660 - 4570
3050 -3660
2135 - 3050
Di 2135
Tt
Nghi ng
Km
Rt km
Bng 4.16. Cp cht lng b tng thn cc theo vn tc siu m

(kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Vn tc
m (m/s)
Cht lng
b tng
Cp cht
lng ca
cc
< 2000
2000-3000
3000-3500
3500-4000
>4000
Rt km
Km
Trung bnh
Tt
Rt tt
IV
III
II
4.2.6.2. Phng php ng v phng x (tia gamma)

kim tra cht lng v pht hin khuyt tt trong b tng mng, ngi ta s
dng ngun ng v Cs-137 (hoc Cr-60) kho st c trng c bn ca vt liu.
Khi truyn qua b tng, cng bc x b gim yu do s hp th ca b tng. V
l thuyt chng minh c: mt b tng thay i ph thuc tuyn tnh vi
logarit ca cng bc x I thu nhn theo phng trnh:
= A + B ln I
Trong : A, B c xc nh trn mu chun trong phng th nghim ph thuc vo
cng bc x ban u Io, chiu dy ca mng d, h s suy gim v mt s tham
s khc.
Khi chiu dy d khng i th vic xc nh ch hon ton ph thuc vo vic pht
v thu phng x.
T mt v s phn b ca n s xc nh c cc khuyt tt v ng nht
ca b tng mng.
4.2.6.3. Phng php bin dng nh (PIT)
Phng php th bng bin dng nh da trn nguyn l phn x khi tr khng thay i, ca
sng ng sut truyn dc theo thn cc, gy ra bi tc ng ca lc xung ti u cc.

44
Nguyn l cng tc ca thit b dng trong phng php ny c trnh by v

nguyn tc hnh 4.16 vi trnh t thc hin ch yu nh sau:
- Dng ba tay c lp b cm bin lc, ng ln u cc;
- Ghi li hnh sng lc xung lm iu kin bin;
Lc cn mt bn ca cc m phng theo lut tt dn tuyn tnh, lc cn mi cc
m phng theo l xo v b phn tt dn;
Dng cc tham s gi nh ca t tnh bng phng php lp v iu chnh tr
khng sao cho hnh sng tnh ton tng i khp vi hnh sng o c t thc t,
t phn on v tr v ln khuyt tt.
Ngoi phng php bin dng nh PIT theo trng phi ca M, Vin c hc Vit
Nam c h thng thit b MIMP-15 kim tra cht lng cc theo nguyn l tr khng
c hc (MIM) ca ngi Php theo tiu chun Php NF 160-94.
4.2.6.4. Phng php bin dng ln (PDA)
Phng php th bng bin dng ln (theo m hnh E.A. Smith hoc theo Case) l
phng php o sng ca lc u cc v sng vn tc (tch phn gia tc) ri tin
hnh phn tch thi gian thc i vi hnh sng (bng cc tnh lp) da trn l thuyt
truyn sng ng sut trong thanh cng v lin tc do lc va chm dc trc ti u cc
gy ra.
Nguyn l ca phng php nh trnh by trn hnh 4.17.
Cc u o gia tc v ng sut c gn cht vo cc, cc tn hiu t u o c
truyn t cc nh nng lng ln nht ca ba, ng sut ko nn ln nht ca cc, sc
chu ti Case-Goble, h s nguyn vn.. c quan st trong qu trnh th nghim
trn h thng my phn tch v hin th.
Cc s liu hin trng c phn tch bng chng trnh CAPWAP (hoc Case)
nhm xc nh sc chu ti tng cng ca cc, sc chng ma st ca t mt bn v
mi cc cng mt s thng tin khc v cng ngh ng v cht lng cc.
Kt qu kim tra cht lng cc bng phng php bin dng ln c x l bng
phn mm chuyn dng v c dng nh trnh by trn hnh 4.18.

45
C th phn on mc khuyt tt (c tnh cht nh tnh) ca cc theo h s

hon chnh (theo bng 4.17).
Bng 4.17. Phn on mc khuyt tt ca thn cc
H s
1,0
0,8-1,0
0,6-0,8
< 0,6
Mc khuyt tt
Hon chnh
Tn tht t
Ph hng
Nt gy
Nh lu trn y, cc phng php kim tra khng ph hng va nu c nhng

hn ch ca n. Do c tin cy cao hn trong vic xc nh cc khuyt tt ca
cc thng phi dng khng t hn hai phng php khc nhau cng kim tra v
xc nhn, khng vi tin vo mt phng php no khi c nhiu nghi ng v kt qu.
C th khng nh, phi dng cc phng php trc gic tuy tn km v cng knh
nh khoan ly mu hoc o khi iu kin cho php.
Trong bng 4.18 v 4.19 tm tt nu mt s u v nhc im cng nh phm vi p
dng ca cc phng php kim tra ni trn.
Bng 4.18. Cc phng php truyn qua trc tip (tia gamma hoc siu m)
Phng php kim tra bng Phng php kim tra bng gamma
siu m truyn qua
truyn qua
Nguyn tc -o sng siu m truyn qua
v iu kin cc ng t sn hoc cc l
p dng
khoan ly mu.
-Cc dao ng c truyn t
mt ng khc cng cao
o thi gian n v bin
dao ng
-o s phng x gia cc ng t
sn hoc cc l khoan ly mu.
-Ngun phng x v u thu
trong cc ng gn nhau hoc i
din nhau c y nc. Vng
mt thp s lm tng photon trn
u o.
u im
-Tng i nhanh
-Xc nh c khuyt tt gia cc
ng kh chun
-Khng b hn ch su
-Xem kt qu ngay trn mn hnh
-Tng i nhanh
-Xc nh c khuyt tt
gia cc ng kh chun
-Khng b hn ch su
-Xem kt qu ngay trn mn

46
hnh
Nhc im
-Phi t trc cc ng hoc

phi khoan l
-Kh xc nh c khuyt
tt gn mt bn ca cc
-Phi t trc cc ng hoc phi

khoan l
-C th gy nhim phng x
-Khong cch ln nht gia cc ng
l 80cm.
ng dng
-Kim tra ng cht ca b -Kim tra ng cht ca b tng

tng hoc xc nh bt k hoc xc nh bt k khuyt tt no
khuyt tt no trong cc
trong thn cc
Bng 4.19. Cc phng php th ng b mt (PIT, MIM, PDA)

Phng php th ng bin Phng php th ng bin dng
dng nh (g - PIT, MIM)
ln (PDA)
Nguyn tc
v
iu
kin
p
dng
-o thi gian truyn sng dc

trong b tng.
-Dng ba g vo u cc
truyn sng nn i xung gp
mi cc hoc bt k khuyt tt
no s phn x li b mt.
-Vic phn tch s tin hnh sau
-o vn tc v bin dng u cc.

-Dng ba ri t do trn u cc
gy ra chuyn dch cc vo
trong t
-Dng l thuyt phng trnh
truyn sng phn tch
u im
-Khng cn chn ng trc

-Thit b gn nh xch tay
-Nhanh
-Khng cn chn ng trc

-Nhanh
Nhc
im
-Khng xc nh c ng
knh cc
-Khng xc nh c cc
khuyt tt trong phm vi 30cm
u cc hoc chiu di ln
hn 30 ln ng knh
-Phi c qu ba ri nng v
gy va p trn u cc khoan
nhi
-Vic chun b th rt phc tp v
i hi s cn thn cao.
ng dng
-Kim tra s b tnh ng nht -Xc nh kh chnh xc v tr v

ca b tng v xc nh s b mc khuyt tt trn thn cc.

47
khuyt tt trong thn cc
-Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
(phn b ma st thnh bn+sc
chng mi)
-Xy dng c biu quan h
ti trng chuyn v.
4.2.7. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc

Sc chu ti ca cc l thng s quan trng v c ngha nht phn nh cht lng
ca cc thi cng. Vic th cc xc nh sc chu ti ca n thng l cng vic
tn km v khng phi bao gi cng c th thc hin c cho nhiu loi cc ti cng
trng.
Th nghim bng phng php ng khi dng cc cng thc ng quen bit ca
Gerxevanov v Hiley l iu m nh thu thng p dng lu nay, ch c iu l i
vi cc nhi ng knh ln, phng php th ng va ni t ra khng tin cy.
Th nghim bng bin dng ln PDA tuy l mt cng c kh hin i v c dng
rng ri cc nc pht trin nhng cng ch thch hp cho cc ng hoc cc nhi
ng knh nh.
1. Phng php th cc bng nn tnh c xem l phng php kinh in v ng
tin cy tuy rng khi so snh cc phng php nn tnh khc nhau chng t rng
chng thng cho cc kt qu khng ging nhau. iu ph thuc vo phng php
gia ti, quy c v ln ng vi ti trng gii hn khc nhau v cch xc nh sc
chu ti gii hn khc nhau. Vy, trnh xy ra nghi ng v tranh chp cn phi xc
nh quy trnh th tnh cc trong chng trnh kim tra cht lng ca mnh trn c s
la chn mt trong cc tiu chun nh TCXD 88-82 (Vit Nam, sp sot xt li),
ASTM D1142-81 (M) hoc CP 2004 (Anh).
Dng i trng (qu nng, vt liu xy dng, bao ct) vi h thng kch thu lc
hoc dng phng php neo vi h thng kch thu lc l cch thng dng hin nay
trong th tnh. Trn hnh 4.19 trnh by h thng thit b neo ca hng BAUER
(CHLB) c th tnh cc nhi ng knh 1200mm, di 18,50m vi ti trng 1700
tn ln 12,1m ti A rp xut.

48
2. Phng php th tnh cc c gn thit b o lc v chuyn v

Quanh thn cc theo chiu su, thng tin thu c gm: Lc Qi, chuyn v i cc
su khc nhau Li ca cc. y l phng php do Hip hi th nghim vt liu ca
M (ASTM) ngh. S cc c gn thit b o nh trnh by trn hnh 24 v quan
h Qi v i c th biu din:
din:
Qi =
2 AE i
Q
Li
Trong :
A, E - ln lt l din tch tin din v mdun n hi ca cc;
i - chuyn v o c ca cc su Li;
Q - cp ti trng tc dng ln u cc.
Cp ti trng Q c th tin hnh nh th tnh truyn thng v kt qu thu c
khng ch l chuyn v v lc tc dng u cc m ch yu l phn b ma st quanh
thn cc theo chiu su v phn lc mi cc, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong
thc t tnh ton v kim tra sc chu ti ca cc.
i vi cc ng, thit b o c gn trn mt ngoi ca cc, cn i vi cc nhi,
gn thit b trc khi b tng.
Nh kt qu o ca phng php ny cho php xc nh hp l chiu di ca cc
cng nh vic tnh ln (t p lc mi cc) s chnh xc hn so vi cc phng php
th truyn thng.
3. Phng php th hin i
Khi cc nhi c ng knh v chiu di ln vi sc chu ti hng ngn tn th
phng php th tnh ni trn khng th thc hin c. Hn na khi nhng cc ny
gia sng hoc ngoi bin th vic cht ti hoc n eo l phng php khng c tnh kh
thi. Do vy ngi ta tm phng php khc th sc chu ti ca cc.
Phng php hp ti trng OSTERBERG
Nguyn l: Dng mt (hay nhiu) hp ti trng OSTERBERG (hp s lm vic
nh kch thu lc) t mi khoan cc nhi hoc 2 v tr mi v thn cc trc
khi b tng thn cc. Sau khi b tng cng tin hnh th ti bng
bm du to p lc trong hp kch.

49
Theo nguyn l phn lc, lc truyn xung t mi cc bng lc truyn ln thn

cc, ngc li vi lc ny l trng lng cc v ma st t chung quanh. Vic th s
t n ph hoi khi mt trong hai ph hoi xy ra mi v quanh thn cc. Da theo
cc thit b o chuyn v v o lc gn sn trong hp OSTERBERG s v c cc
biu quan h gia lc tc dng v chuyn v mi cc v chuyn v thn cc. Tu
theo trng hp ph hoi c th thu c mt trong hai dng biu quan h ti trng
chuyn v c dng gn ging nh biu P-S trong th tnh truyn thng. Phng
php ny ph hp vi cc cc c sc chng cho php thnh bn v mi tng ng
nhau, nu khng, phi c tnh t hp p lc ti nhiu tng trong thn cc.
Phng php th tnh ng STATNAMIC
Nguyn l: t mt thit b dng ng c phn lc v i trng ln u cc. Thng
qua vic t nhin liu rn trong bung p lc ca ng c s to nn mt p sut y
khi i trng ln pha trn ng thi s gy ra mt lc tc dng ln u cc theo
chiu ngc li. o chuyn v ca cc di tc dng ca lc n v cc thng s bin
dng + gia tc u cc s xc nh c sc chu ti ca cc (hnh 4.22).
Cc s liu v quan h ti trng-chuyn v ca cc c xc nh bng hp ti trng
v u o laser gn sn trong thit b STATNAMIC. Trn hnh 4.23 trnh by cu to
ca thit b ny.
Trong phng php STATNAMIC ngi ta xc nh c gia tc a ca khi
phn lc (F12 = ma) dch chuyn ln pha trn ln gp 20 ln gia tc ca cc dch
chuyn xung pha di (F21 = -F12). Nh vy trng lng ca khi phn lc ch cn
bng 1/20 i trng d kin trong th tnh to nn c mt lc ln gp 20 ln lc
truyn ln u cc. Nh vic th ti bng STATNAMIC s gim rt nhiu v quy
m v chi ph so vi th tnh nhng kt qu t c rt gn vi phng php tnh.
STATNAMIC c pht trin t nm 1988 vi ti trng t n 0,1MN. n 1994
c thit b th nghim n 30MN. Cc nc M, Canada, H Lan, Nht Bn, c,
Israel v Hn Quc dng phng php ny. Nm1995 t vn Anh ACER
ngh dng phng php ny th cc ng thp ti cng cngten Tn Thun (thnh
ph H Ch Minh) vi ti trng 3MN nhng cha c pha Vit Nam chp thun.
4.2.8. Mt s h hng thng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi
50
Cc h hng thng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi rt a dng do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau. Trong bng 4.20 trnh by nhng dng h hng chnh.
y cn lu n mt s nguyn nhn chung gy ra cc km cht lng thng
xy ra khu khoan ri dn l v khu b tng.
Cc nguyn nhn bao qut thng l:
-Do km am hiu mt phn hay ton b bn cht ca t nn v iu kin a
cht thu vn ca a im xy dng;
-Do kim tra khng y trn cng trng ca ch u t hay nh thu v
khng c hoc thiu t vn gim st c trnh chuyn mn, kinh nghim v t
cht cn thit;
-Do hp ng quy nh qu eo hp hoc k hoch thi cng vi tin khng
thch hp cho nhng cng vic cn phi cn thn;
-Do thiu kh nng hoc tnh cu th ca nh thu khi thi cng nhng cng vic
qu phc tp;
-Sau cng l do vic hon thnh mt cc bao gm mt s thao tc n gin hp
thnh nhng nhng ngi thc hin thiu tinh t v khng c nhng k xo cn
thit (v t kinh nghim) mc d h c la chn kh k nhng vn khng
lm ch tt.
Bng 4.20. Cc h hng c th gp cc khoan nhi. Phng php xc nh
Mc Loi h hng
1
2
Nguyn nhn c H hng mt ch H hng nhiu ch

th
Sai v tr lch nh v sai v thn Quan st v o Quan st v o c
tm
cc khng thng
c
Kim tra bng siu
t gy Thit b thi cng va Th bng siu m m hoc gamma
chn
phi nh cc
hoc g bng trong cc ng chn
phng php PIT, sn hoc cc l
MIN..
khoan nm ngoi
lng thp
Thn phnh ra i qua vng t Phi hp kim tra Nh mc 2
hoc tht li
xp
cht lng bng
quan st vi mt

51
hoc t hp cc
phng
php
NDT thng dng
Do khoan qua ct
trong nc khng Nh mc 3
Nh mc 2
c ng vch hoc
dng dung dch
Phi hp kim tra
Do vch l hoc cht lng bng
5 Mi cc xp
khng lm sch quan st vi kim
hon ton y
tra siu m hoc
gamma trong cc
ng qua y cc
6 Thu knh ct Do ng b tng b Nh mc 3
Nh mc 2
nm ngang
ri khi b tng
Kim tra cht lng
bng quan st kt
H
hng Do st ca b
hp bng siu m
7 ngoi
lng tng thp hoc ct Nh mc 3
hoc gamma trong
thp
thp qu dy
cc ng hoc cc l
khoan nm ngoi
lng thp
R t ong Do lng nc
hoc mt va khng cn bng Nh mc 3
Nh mc 2
8 hoc
to hoc b tng
thnh
hang trc tip vo nc
trong b tng
o cn thn khi o cn thn khi
9 Ln cc mnh Do khng lm sch lng b tng lng b tng cng
vn
mn khoan
cng vi nh mc vi nh mc 2
3
cng on to l, nhng h hng c th l do hu qu ca:
-K thut thit b khoan hoc loi cc la chn khng thch hp vi t nn;
-Mt dung dch khoan t ngt (khi gp hang cc-t hoc thch cao) hoc s
tri ln nhanh chng ca t b st l vo thnh l khoan, 2 s c ny d to
thnh ngoi d kin thit k;
-S qun l km khi khoan to l do s dng loi dung dch c thnh phn
khng tng ng vi iu kin t nn v cng ngh khoan hoc kim tra
khng tt s bin i thnh phn dung dch (nht l mt v nht);
-S nghing lch, bp bnh ca h thng my khoan l khi gp m ci hoc
lp nghing. Nhng sai lch v tr kiu ny ph thuc vo hiu qu v vo s
4
C hang hc

52
kim sot ca thit b dn hng, iu t dn n tnh trng khng tn trng

thng ng ca cc v vt qu nghing d kin (cho php) ca thit k;
-Lm sch mn khoan trong l cc khng tt, y l khoan c lp cn dy, sinh
ra s tip xc xu vi lp t chu lc ti mi cc, lm nhim bn v gim cht
lng b tng;
cng on b tng vo cc thng gp nhng sai st do mt s nguyn nhn
sau:
-Thit b b tng khng thch hp hoc tnh trng lm vic xu;
-Ch o cng ngh b tng km: sai st trong vic cung cp b tng khng
lin tc, gin on trong khi , rt ng qu nhanh;
-Cp liu khng u s dn n lng b tng chim ch ban u khng do
qu nhanh;
-S dng b tng c thnh phn khng thch hp, st hoc tnh do khng
v d b phn tng.
Mt s nguyn nhn khc lm hng cc hoc lm gim sc chu ti ca cc c th l:
-S lu thng mch nc ngm lm tri cc b b tng ti;
-S sp xp li t nn do chn ng s dn n s suy gim ma st ca mt
bn hoc sc chng mi cc;
-Thi gian dn cch ko di qu quy nh gia khu khoan to l v b tng
vo cc gy ra s st l vch l khoan v lng ng cn qu dy y;
-S dng khoan a cht i vi cc c ng knh qu b, lc b tng
khng c thi gian chim ch trong l cc s gy ra cho cc b gin on
thn hoc xp mi.
Nh vy, 3 nhm nguyn nhn ni trn (qun l v trnh , trong lc to l v giai
on b tng) thng chim t trng ng k gy ra s c cht lng cho cc
khoan nhi. Thng ngi thi cng d kin trc cc tnh hung, chun b sn bin
php x l hoc khc phc, nhng iu khng phi lc no cng tin liu ht, nn
kinh nghim trong v ngoi nc u ch ra rng phi ly vic gim st cht ch v ghi
chp y l cch bo m cht lng cc tin cy nht.
4.2.9. Nghim thu cc khoan nhi v i theo TCXD 206: 1998 trong cn ch
cc ni dung chnh sau y:
Phn to l:
-Mc nc ngm hoc mc nc sng bin;
-Tc v qu trnh thi cng to l;
53
-Kch thc v v tr thc ca l cc (mc lch tm v thng ng);

-ng knh v su lm l, ng knh v di ca ng chng hoc ng
nh v tng mt; di thc t ca cc, thng ng ca cc;
-Bin bn kim tra theo bng 4.5, 4.6, 4.9,4.10, s c v cch x l (nu c).
Phn gi thnh v c thp:
-Loi dung dch gi thnh v bin php qun l dung dch;
-Thi gian thi cng cho mi cng on;
-B tr ct thp, phng php ni u v cao on u phn b tng;
-Bin bn kim tra theo bng 4.9 v 4.10;
-Nhng trc trc v s c (nu c) v cch x l;
-Loi th v s ngi tham gia thi cng.
Phn kim tra cht lng cc:
-Bo co kim tra cht lng cc v sc chu ti ca cc n;
-Bn v hon cng mng cc khi o h mng n ct thit k v bn v ct
cao u cc;
Nghim thu i cc gm cc ti liu sau y:
-Bin bn thi cng v kim tra ct thp b tng i cc;
-Bin bn v ct neo gia u cc vi i cc, c ly mp bin ca cc mp
i, lp bo v c thp i cc;
-Bn ghi v dy, b di v b rng ca i cc v tnh hnh ngoi quan ca
i cc.
5. Thi cng h o
Khi thit k v thi cng h o(su hn 2 mt) trong khu xy dng ( gn hoc
pha di cng trnh c) cn ch cc tnh hnh sau y:
Ln v bin dng ca nh gn h o;
S st l thnh h do khng chng hoc thit k bin php thi cng
khng ng;
Cc gii php thng p dng trong trng hp ni trn l:
ng tng bng bn thp ngn nga bin dng nh bn cnh hoc
bo v thnh h o hoc tng trong t.
Gia c nn t bng silicat hoc ximng, hay cc ximng t, cc b tng;
Dng neo gi thnh, bo v h mng.

54
Vic la chn bin php no trong s ni trn l ph thuc vo iu kin a cht

cng trnh, a cht thu vn, su h mng v cc iu kin a phng khc.
Ngoi cc bin php thi cng ni trn, khi no trong t yu c mc nc ngm cao
ngi thit k v thi cng cn phi ch n cng tc quan trc a k thut quanh h
o v c cng trnh ln cn, m y ch yu l:
t ng o theo di ng thi mc nc ngm (c hoc khng c bin php
h mc nc ngm). iu ny ni k trong mc 4 ca TCXD 79:1980;
t ng o s thay i p lc nc l rng phng nga thnh h mng b
trt;
t ng o chuyn v ngang (inclinomet) kim sot s bin dng ca t
quanh h mng v ca bn thn thnh c (cc vn thp, cc c, tng b
tng...); c khi phi o ni lc trong cc thanh chng;
t mc o ln v nt ca phn cng trnh bn cnh tip gip vi h mng.
Vic quan trc a k thut ni trn (geotechnical instrumentation) thng do n v
chuyn mn thc hin. Trn c s quan trc s ch o, iu khin qu trnh o h
mng cho an ton v khng gy s c. Nhng s c thng gp trong thi cng o
mng c trnh by trn hnh (5.1).
Tu theo tnh cht t, su ca h mng v v tr mc nc ngm m vch h mng
l nghing hay thng ng. Trong t t m cho php h o c vch thng ng,
khng cn chng nu thi gian o h ny khng ko di v khi khng c cng
trnh gn hoc khng gn h mng tng lai, theo qui nh sau:
t hn ln, si sn, ct do...
khng su qu 1m;
ct cng, ct v st do mm...
khng su qu 1,25m;
st v st do cng...
khng su qu 1,5m;
st v st na cng..
khng su qu 2m;
st v st cng..
khng su qu 3m.
Trong nhng h mng c su b hn 5m c th theo cc gii php chng trnh

by hnh 5.2 nu a im khng cho php o c mi nghing, cn khi cho php
o c mi nghing th c th theo bng 5.1 di y:

55
Bng 5.1. dc ln nht ca vch h mng

t
dc ln nht vch h mng (cao/ngang) su,

m n
1,5
t p
1: 0,67
1:1
1: 1,25
t ct, si, t m (khng

bo ho)
1: 0,5
1:1
1:1
ct
1: 0,25
1: 0,67
1: 0,85
st
1: 0
1: 0,25
1: 0,5
St
1: 0
1: 0,5
1: 0,5
t st:
Ngoi phng php chng gi thnh h mng bng cc bn thp (hin nay c loi
bng nha ct thu tinh) nh nhiu ngi bit, ngi ta cn dng cc ximng t hoc
cc b tng ct cng chng gi thnh h mng (hnh 5.3) v gi n nh cho
hng cc c (1 hoc nhiu hng)) phi chng bng cc thanh chng bn trong hoc
neo gi ra xung quanh theo trnh t o su dn vo t. Neo cc/tng c hay cc
cng trnh chu nh/lt khc l mt cng ngh ring, rt a dng (thit b, cu to)
c nhiu cng ty ni ting trn th gii thc hin (5.4).
Mt bin tng khc ca cc ximng/b tng khi dng bo v h mng su v lm
lun chc nng mng ca cng trnh bn trn, hin nay thng dng phng php
tng trong t b tng ti ch hoc lp vo ho o bng cc mng tng c sn
(hnh 5.5).
Yu cu ca cng ngh o v phng php gi thnh bng dung dch bentonite cng
tng t nh trnh by phn cc khoan nhi, khi cn phi tm hiu su hn v
cng ngh tng trong t ny (mt s cng ty nc ngoi thi cng tng hm nh
cao tng thnh ph H Ch Minh).
Cc phng php chng gi thnh h mng ni trn c phm vi p dng ca n (bng
5.2).

56
Bng 5.2. Phm vi p dng c hiu qu cc phng php o mng su

(kinh nghim ca Ucraine)
iu kin nn
t
Ct, m t
nhin
st m t
nhin
Ct bo
nc
ho
st bo ho
nc
Din tch
cng
su (m) vi phng php xy dng ngh
trnh (m )
H o h n
su
Ging chm
su hn
Tng trong
t su
hn
75
5,5
450
6,5
8,5
6,5
1250
11,5
16
11,5
75
450
10
1250
13
8,5
13
75
450
1250
10
75
5,5
5,5
450
11,5
1250
17
20
17
Cng nn thy rng hin nay, vi thit b hin i, trong t st mm hoc nn ng

nht, ngi ta thi cng tng trong t su n 30-40m hoc hn. Tuy vy cng
cn thy rng, phng php ny khng thch dng trong cc trng hp sau y:
t hn ln, c nhiu hang hc gia cc tng khng c lp nht bng
t ht nh, do dung dch st s chy mt vo trong t v h o khng
th thnh cng c;

57
Nn cac-t c nhiu hang hc ln v dung dch st b chy mt v do trn

y trn h khng cng su cn thit v iu dn n ph hoi
nhanh chng thnh h mng;
Bn nho, c bit l khi loi bn ny nm ngay trn mt t;
t p trn vng mi san nn hay vng t c gm nhiu vt cng bng
thp nh ng ray, dm hoc l ch giao nhau ca cc loi cng trnh ngm
v li k thut m vic di chuyn chng khng th thc hin c;
tng cng nu chng ln hn 150-200mm.
Cng nn ca b tng dng cho tng trong t ti ch (theo GOST 4798-68)
l 250-300 cn cho tng c sn: mc 300. y bng b tng ct thp mc 200-250.
Khi tng trong t c chc nng chng thm th tu thuc vo gradient thu lc (510, 10-12 v hn 12) m dng b tng c mc chng thm tng ng B6, B8 v B12.
Khi khng c s liu th nghim, trong thit k s b c th dng mc b tng ch to
t ximng pooclng nh bng 5.3.
Bng 5.3. Mc b tng dng cho xy dng tng trong t

Mc b tng
Theo cng nn
Theo chng thm
M200
B6
M350
B8
M300
B12
Vic kim tra cht lng b tng ca tng thc hin theo nhng phng php dng
trong thi cng cc khoan nhi, y thm ch tiu l tnh chng thm nc, c bit
l cc mi ni/mch ngng thi cng.

58

Ch-ng 7
Gim st thi cng v nghim thu

nn v mng cng trnh
I. M u
Gim st thi cng nn v mng cng trnh v mt cht l-ng, ni trong ch-ng ny, ch yu tp trung vo
cng tc t, cng trnh t, nn gia c v cng tc thi cng mng cc. S b gii thiu mt s ph-ng php th
bit.
thc hin tt cng tc gim st ny ng-i k s- t- vn cn tm hiu v nm vng nhng c im chnh
tng qut nht d-i y.
1. c im ca cng tc gim st thi cng nn mng.
Khc vi cc cng trnh trn mt t, cng trnh thi cng nn mng c nhng c th m ng-i k s- t- vn
cn bit cng tc gim st t kt qu cao v thi cng c cht l-ng , nh- l :
1) Th-ng c s sai khc gia ti liu kho st a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn nu trong h s thit k
thi cng vi iu kin t nn thc t lc m mng; bit l-ng tr-c v d kin nhng thay i ph-ng n thi cng (
c khi c thit k ) c th xy ra nu c s sai khc ln;
2) Trong qu trnh thi cng th-ng b chi phi bi s bin i kh hu (nng kh, m-a bo, lt ....), iu ny
c nh h-ng ln n cht l-ng thi cng.
3) Cng ngh thi cng nn mng c th rt khc nhau trn cng mt cng trnh ( nn t nhin, nn gia c, nn
cc, o trn kh hay d-i n-c ngm, trn cn hoc ngoi lng sng, bin ....); nn phi c cch gim st thch hp;
4) Phi c bin php x l nhng vn lin quan n mi tr-ng do thi cng gy ra ( t, n-c thi lc o
mng, dung dch st khi lm cc khoan nhi, n v chn ng i vi khu dn c- v cng trnh gn, c th gy
bin dng hoc ni lc thm sinh ra trong mt phn cng trnh hin hu nm gn h mng mi vv....);
5) Mng l kt cu khut sau khi thi cng ( nh- mng trn nn t nhin ) hoc ngay trong lc thi cng ( nhnn gia c, mng cc ....) nn cn tun th nghim ngt vic ghi chp ( kp thi, t m, trung thc ) lc thi cng
trnh nhng phc tp khi c nghi ng v cht l-ng ( kh kim tra hoc kim tra vi chi ph cao).
2. Khi l-ng kim tra.
Kim tra cht l-ng ngoi hin tr-ng th-ng theo ph-ng php ngu nhin vi mt tp hp cc mu th ( hay o
kim, quan st ) c gii hn. Do kt qu kim tra c tin cy cao cn phi thc hin nhng php o/th vi
mt mt nht nh tu theo xc sut bo m do nh t- vn thit k ( hoc ch u t- ) yu cu ( theo kinh
nghim cc n-c tin tin, thng th-ng ly xc sut bo m P = 0,95).
i vi mng, mt (%) ly mu hay s ln kim tra c th tham kho theo bng 7.1.
Bng 7.1. Mt kim tra (%) trong 1 n v mng b kim tra khi xc sut
bo m P = 0,95 (theo quy nh trong [1]).
n v b kim tra
Mng
Sai s %
5
10
20
13
Ch thch :
(1) Khi tnh ton cc tr s kin ngh trn y bng ph-ng php thng k ton hc chp nhn cc gi nh
sau.
- T trng cc khim khuyt ( s sai lch khng hp vi yu cu ca thit k hoc ti liu tiu chun ) trong 1
n v b kim tra khng v-t qu 10%;

59

- S l-ng cc thng s kim tra thay i trong phm vi 3 n 15;
- S l-ng nhng n v ng nht ( mt l sn phm, 1 t sn xut c cng cng ngh v vt liu ) ca sn
phm em kim tra khng ln lm (20 n 250);
- Tt c cc thng s kim tra l c gi tr nh- nhau v tt c cc yu cu ca thit k v ca Tiu chun u
-c tun th. Vy h s bin i V p ( l t s gia sai s qun ph-ng vi tr trung bnh s hc, tnh bng %)
tnh ton c th ly trong phm vi 20 - 25%.
(2) Tu theo ph-ng php th dng trong kim tra cht l-ng s c qui nh c th cc thng s kim tra v s
mu cn kim tra cng nh- c th nu nhng tiu ch dng x l cc khim khuyt nh- : chp nhn, sa cha
hoc ph b. iu ny do k s- thit k hoc t- vn d n quyt nh.
3. Thc hin kim tra.
Theo giai on kim tra, ta c :

- Kim tra u vo : vt liu, sn phm, ti liu k thut, chng ch ...;
- Kim tra thao tc : theo cng ngh thi cng hoc ngay sau khi hon thnh;
- Kim tra nghim thu : xem xt kt lun lm tip hoc -a vo s dng;
Theo khi l-ng kim tra, ta c :

- Kim tra tt c sn phm t chi tit n hon chnh;
- Kim tra c la chn theo yu cu ca tiu chun, qui phm ....
Theo chu k kim tra, ta c :

- Kim tra lin tc khi thng tin v thng s kim tra no ca qu trnh cng ngh xut hin mt cch lin
tc;
- Kim tra nh k khi thng tin v thng s kim tra xut hin qua mt khong thi gian nht nh no ;
- Kim tra chp nhong thc hin mt cch ngu nhin -c ch yu dng khi cc kim tra ni trn ( tt c,
nh k hoc la chn ) t ra khng hp l ( v d kim tra cht ca t khi lp li cc ho mng);
Theo ph-ng php kim tra, ta c kim tra bng dng c thit b o, bng mt, bng thanh tra k thut v bng
phn tch cc ghi chp trong qu trnh thi cng sn xut.
n v thc hin th nghim ( th-ng l cc cng ty hoc phng th nghim c chuyn mn su ) cn -c xc
nh tr-c vi s chp thun ca ch d n, t chc t- vn gim st v nh thu, thng th-ng gm c : Phng th
nghim ca nh thu; phng th nghim trung gian; phng th nghim trng ti (khi cn x l cc tranh chp).
II. Mng trn nn t nhin.
1.1. Tiu chun dng kim tra thi cng nn mng t nhin c th tham kho :
TCXD 79-1980 : Thi cng v nghim thu cc cng tc nn mng;
TCVN 4195 4202 : 1995 - t xy dng . Ph-ng php th;
Th nghim t ti hin tr-ng : xuyn tnh, xuyn ng, xuyn tiu chun v ct cnh;
TCXD 193 : 1996, 210 v 211 : 1998 - Dung sai trong xy dng cng trnh;
Cng tc trc a trong xy dng;
SNiP 3.02.01-87 : Cng trnh t, nn v mng.
1.2. Cc thng s v tiu ch kim tra cht l-ng h mng v nn t p ( xem bng 7.2)
Cc sai lch gii hn nu ct 3 ca bng 7.2 do thit k qui nh, nu khng c th c th tham kho ct
ny.
STT
1
1
2
Bng 7.2. Cc thng s v yu cu chnh dng kim tra cht l-ng nn t ( theo kin ngh ca [1]).
Sai s gii hn so vi thng s v yu cu ca tiu
Thnh phn cc thng s v yu cu kim tra
chun
2
3
t v vt liu dng lm nn v cng trnh bng
Thay i thit k ch khi -c c quan thit
t
k v ng-i t hng ng
T chc thot n-c mt :
- Khi c cng trnh thot n-c hoc cc knh tm v T cnh pha trn ca h o

60

l t
1
2
- Khi c cc b p nhng ch thp
3
4
H mc n-c ngm bng ph-ng php nhn to

Kim tra tnh hnh mi dc v y h/ ho o
khi h n-c ngm
Kim tra ln ca nh v cng trnh trong vng

c h n-c ngm
6
7
Sai lch ca trc mng so vi trc thit k

Kch th-c h mng v h o so vi kch th-c
mng
Khong cch gia chn mi dc v cng trnh (
i vi h mng o c mi dc )
B rng ti thiu ca ho o:
- D-i mng bng v kt cu ngm khc
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
- D-i cc -ng ng n-c (tr -ng ng chnh )

theo dc 1:0,5 v dc hn
- D-i cc -ng ng n-c c mi dc thoi hn 1 :
0,5
Bo v y h mng/ho o trong t m tnh
cht ca n b nh h-ng ca tc ng thi tit
Sai lch ct nn y mng so vi ct thit k
Sai lch ct y cc ho t -ng ng n-c v
-ng cp in sau khi lm lp lt
Sai lch v dc thit k ca ho o
B rng cho php ca np y khi thi cng ho
o:
3
Lm cc rnh thot pha thp vi khong cch
khng th-a hn 50m
( tu tnh hnh m-a l)
Vic tiu n-c cn phi tin hnh lin tc
Khng cho php n-c ko t i v sp l mi
dc h mng
Phi theo di hng ngy
Trc c theo cc mc t trn cc nh hoc
cng trnh. ln khng -c ln hn ln cho
php trong tiu chun thit k nn mng.
Khng -c ln hn 5cm
Khng -c nh hn kch th-c thit k
Khng nh hn 30 cm
Khng -c nh hn b rng kt cu c tnh

n kch th-c ct pha, lp cch n-c, chng +
0,2m mi bn
Tu thuc vo kt cu cc mi ni -ng ng
Khng -c nh hn -ng knh ngoi ca ng
cng thm 0,5m
- li mt lp t c chiu dy theo thit k
Bo v kt cu t nhin ca t khi o gn
n ct thit k
Khng ln hn 5 cm
Khng -c ln hn 5 cm v khng lm l thnh
ho
Khng ln hn 0,5 cm/m
2
- Khi ph bng b tng hoc asphan
3
Ln hn b rng ho o mi bn 10 cm
- Khi np y khng phi c sn
Ln hn b rng ho o mi bn 25 cm
- Khi np y c sn
Va ng kch th-c tm.
S l-ng v kch th-c cc bc trong phm vi h

o:
- H o trong nh vi t cng
Khng ln hn 3
- Trong cc t khc
Khng ln hn 5
T s chiu cao : rng ca bc
Khng b hn 1 : 2 trong t st v 1 : 3 trong

t ct
Yu cu dng cc loi t p khc nhau khi o

h mng :
- Khi khng c gii php thit k
Khng cho php
- Khi c gii php thit k
Mt ca lp t t thm n-c bn d-i lp thm

hn phi c dc 0,04 - 0,1 so vi trc bin t

61

p
17
m W ca t m cht khi lu ln
" kh "
AW0 < W < BW 0

W0 - m tt nht
A v B ly theo bng 6 ca SNiP 3.02.01.87
18
Th nghim m cht t p v t lp li
khe mng trong thit k khng c nhng ch dn
c bit
19
Sai s gia ct t lp khe mng v lp tn nn so

vi thit k:
L bt buc khi th tch ln hn 10 ngn m3.
- Pha bn ngoi nh
Khng ln hn 5 cm
- Pha trong nh ch ca i, ca s, ch thu

n-c, mng n-c
Khng ln hn 20 mm
20
Chnh lch ct nn trong cc nh lin k
Khng ln hn 10mm
21
cao t lp khe mng pha ngoi nh
n ct m bo thot -c n-c mt
22
Cht l-ng lp ph lp -ng ng n-c v -ng cp

khi trong thit k khng c nhng ch dn c
bit
Bng t mm : ct, ct si khng c ht ln hn

50mm, gm c t st, loi tr st cng.
23
1
B dy lp t lp -ng ng n-c v cp :
2
- Pha trn -ng cp
24
3
Khng nh hn 10 cm
- Pha trn ng snh, ng xi mng aming, ng

polietilen
Khng nh hn 50 cm
- Pha trn cc ng khc
Khng nh hn 20 cm
t lp li cho cc ho mng:
- Khi khng c ti trng thm (tr trng l-ng bn
thn t )
C th khng cht nh-ng phi ly theo tuyn v

dng ru l m
- Trong tr-ng hp c ti trng thm
m tng lp theo ch dn ca thit k
- Trong cc khe hp, y khng c ph-ng tin

m cht n cht yu cu
Ch lp bng t c tnh nn thp (m un

bin dng 20 MPa v hn) dm, hn hp ct
si, ct kh v th trung bnh
25
Nn p c gia c-ng cng cc mi dc hoc

trong tr-ng hp khi cht ca t mi dc
bng cht ca thn nn p
Tin hnh theo cng ngh do thit k qui nh
26
p nn khng c m cht
- Theo thit k
Ch vi chiu cao phng ln;
- Khi khng c thit k
Theo ch dn c bit
- p bng
D tr chiu cao 6%
- p bng t
D tr chiu cao 9%
27
m cht tng lp t p
Lp sau ch -c p khi lp tr-c -c m

cht t yu cu
28
Lp chp ph gia cc vt m bng c gii
0,1 - 0,3m
29
Sai s hnh hc ca nn p :
- V tr trc nn -ng st
+ 10 cm
- Trc -ng t
+ 20 cm
- B rng nn pha trn v d-i ( mt v chn
+ 15 cm

62

)
- Ct cao mt nn
+ 5 cm
- nghing ca mi p
Khng cho php tng cao
1.3. Kim tra vic bo v mi tr-ng trong thi cng cng tc t

Nhng thng tin cn bit v cng vic cn x l c lin quan :
- Lp t mu dng trng trt phi -c thu gom ti s dng cho vic canh tc sau ny. Khng cn bc
b lp t mu nu chiu dy b hn 10 cm;
- Khi thi cng o t m pht hin cc di sn hoc c vt th phi tm dng vic o t v bo ngay cho
chnh quyn a ph-ng bit x l;
- iu tra cng trnh gn mng, phng s c khi o ( v hng -ng ng dn in n-c, cp thng tin,
cng rnh thot n-c, nh gn ....);
- Nhng hn ch v ting n v chn ng ( theo tiu chun chung v theo qui nh ca a ph-ng);
- Thu dn, x l rc, bn, thc vt mc nt;
- Ni t thi ( khi t b nhim );
- N-c thi t h mng ( phng nhim ngun n-c mt );
- Bi bn / bn t khi vn chuyn.
Mt s tiu chun c lin quan cn tham kho :
TCVN 5949 : 1998 m hc. Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c-. Mc n ti a cho php.
TCVN 5942, 5944, 5525-1995. Cht l-ng n-c. Nhng yu cu v bo v ngun n-c.
GOST 12.1.012.78; CH 245-71; N 01304-75 ( Lin X c) qui nh v mc giao ng c hi

n sc kho con ng-i ( c th xem trong [2] ).
SNiP 3.02.01-87. Cng trnh t. Nn v mng ( Lin X c ) [3].
1.4. Kim tra vic thi cng h mng su

Tp trung vo cc vic chnh sau y :
- Kim tra ph-ng n thi cng h mng t vic o, chn gi, chng, neo;
- Ph-ng n thit k ( c khi do nh thu thc hin ) gm kt cu chn gi, h thng chng bn trong hoc
neo bn ngoi;
- Bin php bo v cng trnh gn v cng trnh ngm ( ng cp v thot n-c, -ng dy thng tin, cp
in vv....);
- H n-c ngm, h thng bm ht, hin t-ng ct chy ....;
- Quan trc h o v cng trnh ln cn l mt ni dung quan trng khi thi cng h o. Tu theo tm quan
trng v k thut kinh t v mi tr-ng m ng-i thit k ch nh cc hng mc cn quan trc thch hp. C th
tham kho theo bng 7.3.

63

Bng 7.3. La chn hng mc quan trc h mng ( kinh nghim n-c ngoi)
STT
Hng mc cn quan trc hin tr-ng
Cp an ton cng trnh h mng

Cp I
Cp II
Cp III
1.
iu kin t nhin ( n-c m-a, t , n-c ng vv...)
2.
Chuyn v ngang nh ca mi t dc
3.
Chuyn v ng nh ca mi t dc
4.
Chuyn v ngang ca kt cu chng
5.
Chuyn v ng ca kt cu chng
6.
Ln mt t xung quanh h mng
7.
Nt mt t xung quanh h mng
8.
ng sut bin dng ca kt cu chng
9.
Nt kt cu chng
10.
ng sut v lc trc ca thanh chng v neo
11.
y h mng ln xung v tri ln
12.
Mc n-c ngm
13.
p lc bn ca t ln l-ng t-ng
14.
p lc n-c l rng ca t l-ng t-ng
15.
Ln ca cc cng trnh xung quanh
16.
Chuyn v ngang cc cng trnh xung quanh
17.
Nghing lch ca cc cng trnh xung quanh
18.
Vt nt cc cng trnh xung quanh
19.
Chuyn v v h- hi cc thit b trng yu xung quanh
20.
Tnh trng qu ti ca mt t xung quanh h mng
21.
Tnh hnh thm, d n-c ca h mng
Ch thch :
- hng mc bt buc phi quan trc; O - hng mc nn quan trc;
X - hng mc c th khng quan trc.
Theo tiu chun thit k ca Trung Quc :
- An ton cp 1 : Khi hu qu ph hoi ( ng-i, ca ci ) l rt nghim trng;
- An ton cp 2 : ... Nghim trng;
- An ton cp 3 : ... Hu qu khng nghim trng.
Khi cn chi tit hn c th tham kho ti liu [4].
1.5. Kim tra thi cng mng.
- nh v trn mt bng kch th-c v khong cch, trc mng.
- Kch th-c hnh hc ca vn khun ( i vi mng BTCT);
- L-ng, loi v v tr ct thp trong mng;
- B dy lp bo v ct thp trong mng;
- Cc l ch k thut ( t -ng ng in, n-c hoc thit b cng
ngh ...) trong thn mng;

64

- Cc bn thp ch t sn lin kt vi phn kt cu khc;
- Lp chng thm, cch thi cng v vt liu chng thm;
- Bin php chng n mn kt cu mng do n-c ngm;
- Ly mu th, ph-ng php bo d-ng b tng.
Nu mng BTCT c sn hoc mng xy bng gch phi kim tra theo tiu chun kt cu BTCT hoc
kt cu gch .
Mt s sai st th-ng xy ra trong giai on o h mng c th dn n lm cng trnh b ln ln hoc ln
khng u -c trnh by trong bng 7.4 v cn gim st cn thn.
Bng 7.4. Mt s sai st th-ng gp trong thi cng o mng ni trng tri v ni cht hp.
Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh khi o ni Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh khi o gn cng
No
trng tri
trnh ln cn
t y h mng b nho do n-c m-a hoc n-c Bin dng nh do o h mng hoc ho gn:
Tri t y h mng mi hay chuyn dch ngang
trn vo ng lu. Bo v y h mng bng
mng c do t y h mng c b tr-t.
h thng thu v bm n-c hoc ch-a nn o
phng th-ng phi t mng mi cao hn mng c
n ct thit k khi ch-a chun b vt
1
0,5m hoc chng cn thn thnh h mng bng
liu lm lp lt hoc lm mng
cc bn thp hay cc t ximng.
t y mng b kh v nt n do nng hanh Bin dng nh gn do tc ng ng lc ca my
s lm hng cu trc t nhin ca t, bn
thi cng:
ca t s gim v cng trnh s b ln.
(c) Do my o;
2
Cn che ph hoc ch-a nn o n ct thit
(d) Do ng cc.
k, dng lp t cch y mng 15-20cm tu
ngn nga c th dng bin php gim chn
theo loi t.
ng hoc cc p hay cc nhi thay cho cc ng.
Bin dng lp t st y mng do p lc
Bin dng nh do ht n-c ngm h mng cng
thu tnh.
trnh mi, s xy ra hin t-ng ra tri t y
Cn c h thng bm chm kim h thp
mng c hoc lm tng p lc ca t t nhin (do
3
mc n-c ngm quanh mng.
khng cn p lc y ni ca n-c) v dn n ln
thm.
phng trnh, nn dng cc bin php gim
gradient thu lc i <0,6.
y mng b bng cc lp st hoc st do
Bin dng ca nh c trn cc ma st khi xy dng
b gim p lc bn thn ca t hoc do p
gn n nh mi trn mng b.
lc thu tnh ca n-c.
Vng tip gip nh mi cc chu ma st m nn t
4
Phi tnh ton gi li lp t c chiu dy
b ln v sc chu ti ca cc b gim i. Nn
gy ra p lc ln hn p lc tr-ng n. i vi
lm hng t-ng ngn cch gia hai cng trnh cn-c th phng trnh ging nh- nu im 3.
mi.
Ra tri t trong nn nht l nn ct mn

hoc t yu.
Cch phng trnh: dng t-ng vy hoc cn
bm h mc n-c ngm, phi xc nh cn
thn tc bm ht c k n hin t-ng ra
tri m bo an ton nn ca cng trnh.
Bng nn do tng p lc thu ng trong t
thm n-c.
Gim dc (gradient) thu lc (th-ng i<0,6)
bng cch ko su t-ng vy hoc gia c-ng
y mng bng bm p ximng tr-c khi o
nh- ni im 3.
Bin dng nh ca nh c do vt liu gn

nh hoc san nn bng t p nhn to lm
hng cu trc t nhin ca t, nht l khi gp t
st yu gn y mng. trnh nh h-ng xu
phi quy nh ni vt liu v tin cht ti
(thi cng nh mi theo c kt tng dn vi thi
gian).
Hnh thnh phu ln ca mt t do o -ng
hm trong lng t. Nhng cng trnh ngay pha
trn hoc cnh -ng hm s b bin dng ln
hoc nt.
Phng trnh bng cch p y cc on ng
(thp/b tng ct thp) ch to sn hoc gia c-ng
vng pha trn nc hm bng cc r cy hoc bng
tr ximng t.

65

66
III. Nn gia c
Cn xc nh r cc thng s kim tra sau:

5) su v phm vi gia c (m nn b mt hoc nn cht su bng cc ct, cc xi mng t... hoc
bng ph-ng php ho hc);
6) Ch s cht, bn, m un bin dng thm xuyn n-c so vi yu cu thit k;
7) Cng ngh dng trong kim tra cht l-ng t nn sau khi ci to/gia c (ly mu, ng v phng x, nn
tnh ti hin tr-ng, xuyn tnh/ng vv...);
8) Cng tc nghim thu kt qu ci to t nn cn quy nh t-ng ng vi cc yu cu ca thit k v kch
th-c khi t v cc c tr-ng ca t gia c nh- cc s liu sau y:
- Mt bng v lt ct khi t ci to;
- L lch k thut ca vt liu dng trong gia c;
- L-ng vt liu cht gia c trong 1 m3 t gia c ( kg/m3);
- Nht k kim tra cng vic;
Cc s liu v c-ng , m un bin dng tnh thm n-c, n nh n-c ca t ci

to.
1. Bc thm, vi hoc l-i a k thut
Hin nay nc ta ang p dng rng ri phng php bc thm (bng thot
nc) hoc vi /li a k thut ci to v n nh t yu. y l nhng
tin b k thut trong xy dng ng v nh t tng. V vy cn nm vng
nhng hiu bit c bn sau y:
Phm vi p dng ca ph-ng php (bng 7.5 v bng 7.6);

La chn ng ph-ng php;
Thit k b tr theo nhng tiu chun t-ng ng;
Nm -c nhng yu cu c bn ca tng ph-ng php khi la chn cch thot n-c;
Kim tra cht l-ng vt liu bc thm theo cc tiu chun;
+ Thi cng bc thm ( theo TCXD 245 : 2000);
+ xp mao dn ( theo ASTM - D4751);
+ thm ca lp lc ( theo ASTM - D4491 hoc NEN 5167);
+ Kh nng thot n-c ( theo ASTM - D4716);
+ bn ko ( theo ASTM - D4595 v ASTM - D4632);
+ Kim tra kt qu x l : h thng quan trc ln theo thi gian v s tiu tn p lc n-c l
rng, chuyn v ngang ( xem hnh 7.1) ; (cc hnh v -c trnh by cui ch-ng ny);
i vi vi a k thut theo cc tiu chun :
+ Ly mu v x l thng k ( theo TCN-1);
+ Xc nh dy tiu chun ( theo TCN-2);
+ Xc nh khi l-ng n v din tch (theo TCN-3);
+ Xc nh bn chu lc ko v dn di (theo TCN-4);
+ Xc nh bn chc thng (theo TCN-5);
+ Xc nh kch th-c l vi (theo TCN-6);
+ Xc nh thm xuyn (theo TCN-7);
+ Xc nh dn n-c b mt (theo TCN-8);
+ Xc nh bn chu tia cc tm (theo TCN-9).

67
Bng 7.5. Kh nng p dng bin php k thut ci to nn cho cc loi t khc nhau
C ch cito
Ct
Thi gian ci to
Ph thuc s tn ti
ca th vi
t hu c
t st c ngun gc ni la
t st do cao
t st do thp
t bn
t ct
t si
Trng thi ci to
ca t
Hn hp trn hay
pht va
T-ng i
ngn
T-ng tc gia
t v th vi
(Khng thay
i trng thi
t)
m cht
Thot n-c
Lu di
Lu di
Xi mng ho
Dung trng cao do h

s rng gim
(Thay i trng thi t)
Bng 7.6. Lnh vc ng dng v chc nng ca vi/l-i a k thut
Chc nng
Lnh vc in hnh
-ng t v sn kho
-ng t v bi xe
v cc cng trnh ngn n-c
Gia c t-ng v mi dc
Tiu ngm
Lc d-i r
Lc qua p t
Lc qua k sng, bin
Cc cng trnh ci to t bng thu li
Khp kn cc vng t cha cht thi
Ngn chn cc vng t cha cht thi
-ng hm khng thm n-c
Ngn chn cc ho cht tng hp
Trm bo d-ng -ng st
Phn cch
O
O
O
O
Tiu
O
O
O
O
O
Lc
O
O
O
O

Gia c
O
O
*
Bo v
O
O
O
68

Sn vn ng v sn gii tr
H thng cc sn phm c hp cht ho hc
- Chc nng chnh; O - Chc nng ph; * - ng dng tu thuc loi t

Kh nng chuyn n-c ca bc thm hoc vi a k thut l thng s cn thit dng trong thit k, th-ng khng
nh hn 100m3/nm p sut khng n hng l 276 KPa (40psi).
H s thm ca vi a k thut thng bt buc ln hn hoc bng 10 ln h s

thm ca t.
Ngoi nhng yu cu v vt liu lc, phng php ny cn phi dng nhng a
tng thch hp ca lp t yu trong cu trc a tng ni chung, trong quan trng
l p lc gia ti trc ( to ra s thot nc) c truyn y ln lp t yu v
khng ln qu gy mt n nh ni chung. Chi tit v vn ny c th tm hiu
trong ti liu tham kho [5] v [6].
2. Bm p va
Cng ngh bm p va (grouting technology), vi p lc 20-40 MPa hin ang dng trong xy dng nn
mng v cng trnh ngm nhm:
Nhi lp cc l rng;
Lm chuyn v v dn cht t;
Gim ht n-c, tng c-ng .
Vi nhiu mc tiu sau:
10)
Rn ho v n nh t truyn ti trng xung su trong thi cng
ng tu in ngm, ng cao tc v nn mng;
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
Cch chn cho mng my;

Lm h thng neo c phun va gi n nh, chu lc ko;
Bt lp cc vt nt trong cng trnh b tng v th xy;
Lm lp ph mt knh o;
Phun kh b tng lm lp o cho cng trnh ngm;
Lm ging du bng ximng ging khoan;
Phun va ng sut tr-c trn -ng sng;
Phun va to cc hoc bo v v x l cc b khuyt tt.
Trn hnh 7.2 trnh by cch gia c nn mng, trn hnh 7.2b gia c mi dc v
thi cng cng trnh ngm, v trn hnh 7.2c - bm to mng chng thm.
Trn hnh 7.3 trnh by cng ngh bm p gia c nn. Ni dung kim tra nh nu
t im 1 n im 4 cn chi tit hn xem bng 7.7.
3. Gia c nn bng ph-ng php ho hc (ximng, thu tinh lng hoc cc cht tng hp khc..)
n-c ta lm thc nghim kh lu nh-ng dng nhiu nht l ph-ng php bm va ximng.
Mc ch ca phng php ny thng dng :
Nng cao c-ng ca nn nh s dng;

Phng nga nhng bin dng c tnh ph hng ca kt cu;
Thi cng sa cha mng hoc chng thm cng trnh ngm.
Tu theo cng ngh gia c v cc qu trnh xy ra trong t m chia phng

php gia c nn lm 3 nhm chnh: ho hc, nhit v ho l. u vit ca phng php
gia c ny l khng lm gin on s dng nh v cng trnh, nhanh, tin cy cao v
69
trong nhiu trng hp l phng php duy nht tng bn ca t c sc chu ti

khng .
Cc ph-ng php th-ng dng l: silicat ho, in - silicat ho, silicat kh, amonic ho, thm nhp nha... v c th
tm hiu chi tit trong nhiu ti liu tham kho khc.
Phng php gia c ho hc cng dng gia cng mng v tng chn, tng sc
chu ti ca cc, bo v mng chng cc tc nhn n mn, gia c mi h o v cng trnh t.
Vt liu c bn gia c bng silicat l thu tinh lng - dung dch keo ca silicat natri (Na 2O. nSiO2 + mH2O). Tu
theo loi, thnh phn v trng thi ca t cn gia c m dng mt hay hai dung dch silicat ho.
Loi mt dung dch c da trn dung dch to keo bm vo trong t gm 2 hoc 3

cu t. Ph bin nht l xit phosphosilicat, oxit lu hunh-nhm-silicat, xit lu
hunh-fluo-silicat, hydro-fluo-silicat v..v.. Phng php mt dung dch thch hp cho
t ct c h s thm 0,5-5m/ngy m.
Ph-ng php 2 dung dch dng gia c t ct c h s thm n 0,5m/ngy m v gm 2 ln bm ln l-t vo
t 2 dung dch silicat Na v clorua Ca. Kt qu ca phn ng ho hc l to ra xit keo silic lm cho t tng
bn (n 2-6Mpa) v khng thm n-c.
Ph-ng php in ho silicat l da trn s tc ng t hp ln t ca hai ph-ng php: silicat ho v dng in 1
chiu nhm gia c ct ht mn qu m v ct c h s thm u 0,2 m/ngy m.
Phng php amoniac ho l da trn vic bm vo trong t hong th ( loi tr

tnh ln sp) kh amoniac di p lc khng ln lm.
Silicat ho bng kh gas dng lm cng silicat Na. Phng php ny dng gia c
t ct (k c t cacbonat) c h s thm 0,1-0,2 m/ngy m cng nh t c hm
lng hu c cao (n 0,2). bn ca t gia c c th n 0,5-2MPa trong thi gian ngn.
Phng php thm nhp nha dng gia c t ct c h s thm 0,5-5m/ngy m
bng cch bm vo trong t dung dch nha tng hp (cacbonic, phenol, epoxy..).
Tc dng ca nha ho s tng ln khi b sung vo dung dch mt t axit clohydric
(i vi t ct). Thi gian keo t rt d iu chnh bng lng cht ng cng. t
c gia c bng nha ho s khng thm nc vi cng chu nn 1-5Mpa. Ngoi
vic gia c nn, phng php ny cn dng gia c vng s o xuyn ca cng
trnh ngm. Tu theo cch t ng bm, c th gia c t cc v tr khc nhau: thng
ng, nghing, nm ngang v kt hp (hnh 7.4) cn s trn mt bng c th theo
dng bng di, di ton b mng, gia c cc b khng ni kt hoc theo chu vi vnh
mng. Vic chn phng php v s gia c ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca
nn, hnh dng v kch thc ca mng cng nh ti trng tc dng ln mng.
Kim tra cht lng nn t gia c c th tham kho bng 7.7.

70
Bng 7.7. Kim tra cht lng nn t gia c ( theo SNiP 3.02.01.87)
Kim tra ( phng php
Sai lch gii hn
Nhng yu cu k thut
v khi lng )
1
2
3
1. Kim tra s ng n Cht lng ca khi t Kim tra bng mt v
cc thng s dng trong c gia c ( nh s ton bng dng c theo ch dn
thit k ( tnh ton) v khi, ng nht, hnh thit k. Khi lng v
iu kin k thut thi dng v kch thc khi danh mc cc ch tiu
cng bng cch gia c t, c trng bn v bin kim tra do thit k ch
th nghim.
dng) phi tng ng vi nh. Khi khng c ch
yu cu thit k. Sai lch dn th khoan ly mu 3%
cc i lng o khng s l khoan bm v 1 l
c ln hn - 10%.
o xem bng mt.
2. Cc c trng ca vt Theo ch dn ca thit k. o lng theo ch dn ca
liu u vo ( mt , Khi khng c ch dn th thit k
nng , nhit ..., do sai lch khng c qu
thit k qui nh )
3%.
3. p lc v lu lng Nh trn, khng ln hn Nh trn
ca vt liu khi bm p 5%
cng nh cc thng s
cng ngh khc ... c
kim tra bng gia c th
nghim.
Nh trn. Khi khng c
4. Cc ch s cht lng Cn ph hp vi thit k
ca t c gia c ( s
ch dn th khoan kim tra
vi 3% s l khoan/l cc
ton khi, ng nht,
hnh dng v kch thc
lc thi cng v 1 l o
cho 3 ngn m3 t gia c
khi t gia c, cc c
trng bn v bin dng
nhng khng t hn 2 l
o cho 1 cng trnh; i
ca t vv....)
vi cng trnh c bit
quan trng v khi lng
t gia c hn 50 ngn m 3
th cn phi xuyn tnh
hoc ng v nghin cu
71
5. Sai lch cho php

theo chiu di khi b tr
cc ng t ng bm
p.
6. Sai lch cho php ca
cc ng bm so vi
hng thit k:
a) Khi su l t ng
bm n 5m
b) Khi su ln hn
7. Nhit ca cht gia
c khi bm
8. Ch bm thit k
( p lc v lu lng )
9. Sai lch v thi gian

to keo ( to gen ) i
vi loi 1 dung dch c
2 thnh phn l Silicat
v keo
10. Ch tiu cht lng
dung dch bm xi mng
11. Ch tiu cht lng
khi bm xi mng vo
t
12. S lin tc khi bm
dung dch xi mng
13. Th tnh cc xi
mng t v sc chu ti
bng cc phng php a

vt l. Khi gia c nn
mng ca cng trnh hin
hu cn quan trc ln v
cc bin dng khc trc
v sau khi gia c.
Theo ch dn ca thit k. Nh trn, khng t hn 10
Khi khng c ch dn th im t ng kim tra 1
khng c lch hn 3% ng.
khong cch gia cc
im t ng.
o thng ng ca l
cho tng 5m mt
1% su
0,5% su
Khng c thp hn 5oC
o nh k ( cho tng ca
lm vic )
Cn ph hp vi thit k. Nh trn ( theo thit k ).
S thay i ch bm p lc bm nn gi
ch c php nu thit k khng i.
chp nhn
Khng c qu 20%. o tng ngy
Khi sai lch ln phi iu
chnh t l cc cht hp
thnh
Theo thit k
Nh trn
Cn ph hp ch tiu cht o v quan st bng mt

lng thit k
( theo ch dn thit k )
Theo yu cu cng ngh
ng vi thit k
Ghi li tt c l bm s
lin khi
Khng sm hn 28 ngy
sau khi lm xong cc. 1%
s lng cc nhng

72
khng t hn 2 cc, hoc

khoan ly li nn 0,5%
s cc nhng khng t
hn 2 cho mt cng trnh,
hoc theo phng php
khng ph hoi vi s
lng xc nh bi
chnh xc v tin cy
ca phng php.
14. Ch cng ngh Cn theo thit k v theo o, quan st bng mt,
khi gia c bn bng kt qu gia c th nghim. ghi chp.
phng php khoan trn
( tn s quay, tc
dch chuyn thng, s
hnh trnh ca c cu
cng tc, s lin tc khi
bm, tng lu lng
ca dung dch xi mng
v mt dung dch)
15. Nhit v p lc Khng c thp hn qui o lin tc
kh ga trong l khoan nh ca thit k
khi gia c bng nhit
16. Cng , bin Khng c thp hn qui o cho mi khi t gia
dng v bn nc nh ca thit k
c
ca t gia c bng
phng php nhit
4. Lm cht t bng m/lu ln trn mt hoc chiu su
C cc ph-ng php sau:
Lu ln, m nng ri t cao xung;
Ln cht t qua l khoan (cc ct, cc dm, cc t vi ximng, n mn..);
C kt ng (dynamic consolidation).
Cc cng ngh thi cng ni trn hin pht trin rt cao nh thit b thi cng
ngy cng hon thin v phng php kim tra ngy cng c tin cy cao. Nhng
thng s kim tra chnh nh trnh by u mc III v chi tit th theo nhng tiu
chun thi cng c th ca tng phng php.
V nguyn tc : i vi cng trnh quan trng cn tin hnh th nghim nn v ct cho t m
cht khc nhau, trn c s xy dng biu quan h gia:
Lc dnh v cht (thng qua kh hay h s m cht kc);
Gc ma st v cht;
M un bin dng/c-ng v cht.

73
Khi cha c s liu th nghim c th dng cc s liu tham kho cc bng sau y
trong thit k s b khng ch cht lng.
Bng 7.8. cht yu cu ca t p
Chc nng ca t ln cht
H s m cht kc
Cho nn mng ca nh v cng trnh hoc nn ca thit b nng

cng nhnn c ti trng phn b u ln hn 0,15MPa.
Nh- trn, thit b nng va, mt nn c ti trng 0,05-0,15 MPa.
Nh- trn, thit b nh, mt nn c ti trng nh hn 0,05 MPa.
Vng khng c cng trnh
0,98-0,95
0,95-0,92
0,92-0,90
0,9-0,88
Bng 7.9. Tr tiu chun ca mdun bin dng E mt s loi t m cht
E, MPa
t
ct hong th (lt)
st v st lt
Ct th
Ct trung
Ct mn
m m cht ti -u
kc =0,92
20
25
30
25
15
trng thi bo ho n-c
kc =0,95
25
30
40
30
20
kc =0,92
15
20
-
kc =0,95
20
25
-
Bng 7.10. C-ng tnh ton R o ca nn t m cht
Ro, MPa h s kc
t
0,92
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,3
0,25
0,2
ct
st
St
Ct th
Ct trung
Ct mn
0,95
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,3
0,25
0,97
0,28
0,32
0,4
0,5
0,4
0,3
Bng 7.11. Tr khng ch v cht l-ng tng t m cht (kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Loi hnh kt cu
Kt cu xy, nng v
Kt cu khung
Kt cu chng v
khng phi kt cu khung
V tr lp ln cht
kc
m Wop %

D-i phm vi tng chu lc
D-i phm vi tng chu lc
>0,96
0,93-0,96
0,94-0,97
0,91-0,93
Wop 2
Bng 7.12. Tr tham kho v m ti -u v cht (kh) ln nht

74
Loi t
t ct
t st
t st bi
t bi
cht (kh) ln nht(g/cm 3)

1,8-1,88
1,58-1,70
1,85-1,95
1,61-1,80
m ti -u (%)
8-12
19-23
12-15
16-22
Bng 7.13. Tr tham kho v m ti -u Wop %

Ch s do ca t Ip
cht kh ln nht dmax (g/cm3)
1,85
<0
1,75-1,85
0-14
1,70-1,75
14-17
1,65-1,70
17-20
1,60-1,75
20-22
m ti -u Wop (%)
<13
13-15
15-17
17-19
19-21
Ch thch :
1) Khi dng ph-ng php ng ln cht th khng ch sai khc gia m v m ti -u thay i
trong 2%;
2) Khi thi cng p t ln vng t rt yu ( c-ng b hn 0,3 MPa) th phi lm cc -ng tm
my mc i li. Lc ny cn phi c bin php n nh -ng ( p lp t thot -c n-c nh- ct, dm
.... hoc vt liu vi / l-i a k thut );
3) Ch p ( b dy v tc p .... ) do thit k qui nh trnh nn mt n nh do v-t
ti. C khi phi t mc quan trc ln theo su v trn mt t yu khng ch tc gia ti lc
thi cng.
IV. Thi cng mng cc
Mng cc (cc ch to sn ri h vo t bng ng, rung p, p, khoan th hoc

cc ch to trong l to sn bng cch nhi b tng, thng gi chung l cc nhi) l
gii php a dng trong xy dng cng trnh c ti trng ln trn nn t yu.
Vic la chn cc ch to sn (cc g, b tng ct thp hoc thp) hay cc nhi l cn c vo cc iu kin c
th ch yu sau y quyt nh:
c im cng trnh;
ln ca cc loi ti trng;
iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn;
Yu cu ca mi tr-ng (rung ng v ting n, t n-c thi);
nh h-ng n cng trnh ln cn v cng trnh ngm;

Kh nng thi cng ca nh thu;
Tin thi cng v thi gian hon thnh ca ch u t-;
Kh nng kinh t ca ch u t-;
V..v..
C th tham kho theo kinh nghim trnh by bng 7.14.

Bng 7.14. La chn loi cc
Loi cc
Tnh hnh
Kch th-c cc v
ti trng cho
-ng knh (cm)

su (m)
Cc p
20-30
15-20
Cc ng
B tng
30-55
20-40

Thp
50-80
25-150
Cc nhi
80-120
40-60
75

php
Ph-ng thc chu
lc ca cc
su lp t
chu lc
Lp t xen kp
dy hn 5 m
N-c ngm
nh h-ng n
mi tr-ng
Ti trng cho php (tn)

Chng mi
Mi + ma st
Ma st
n 10 m
10-20 m
20-30 m
30-60 m
St N = 4-10
N = 10-20
Ct pha N = 15-30
N = 30-50
N > 50
Ct ri
Cui si:
d < 10 cm
10-30 cm
d > 30 cm
Khng h -c mc n-c
Tc > 0,3m/s
n v rung ng
Xy dng trn n-c
Gn cng trnh ln cn
Din tch cht hp
20-40
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
x
0
50-120
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
x
0
100-170
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150-700
0
0
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
x
x
x
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
x
0
0
x
Ch thch:
0 - Thch hp trong s dng; - Cn nghin cu tr-c khi s dng;
x - Ni chung l khng thch hp; N - Ch s xuyn tiu chun.
1. Cc ch to sn
Cc cng on cn gim st k i vi cc ch to sn ( y ch yu ni v cc BTCT) gm c:
Giai on sn xut cc (vt liu v kch th-c hnh hc);
Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn;
Chn ba ng cc/h cc;
Trnh t ng/h cc;
Tiu chun dng ng/h;
Chn ng v ting n;
Nghim thu cng tc ng/h cc.
Di y s trnh by ngn gn mt s yu cu chnh trong cc giai on ni trn.

1.1. Giai on sn xut - Trong sn xut cc BTCT, cn ch :
- Khng ch -ng knh dmax ca ct liu (dmax = 1:3 n 1: 2,5 a thp);
- Ct liu (ct+si) khng c tnh xm thc v phn ng kim silic;
- L-ng dng ximng 300kg/m3, nh-ng khng v-t qu 500kg/m3;
- st ca b tng 8-18 cm (c gng dng b tng kh);
- Dng ph gia vi liu l-ng thch hp.
Ch thch :
1) Lng dng xi mng ( theo tiu chun M ACI, 543, 1980)
76
- Trong mi trng bnh thng 335 kg/m3;

- Trong mi trng nc bin 390 kg/m3;
- b tng di nc ( cc nhi ) 335 - 446 kg/m3;
2) st ca hn hp b tng ( theo tiu chun va nu )
- c ti ch ( cc nhi ) khng c nc : 75 - 100mm;
- c sn : 0 - 75 mm;
- b tng di nc : 150 - 200 mm.
Cc kim tra ct liu v ximng theo nh tiu chun kt cu b tng ct thp.
Sai s v trng l-ng cc thnh phn ca hn hp b tng khng v-t qu cc gi tr sau y:
Ximng
:
2%;
Ct liu th
:
3%;
N-c+dung dch ph gia
:
2%;
H s nghim thu cho cc BTCT gm:
Bn v kt cu cc;
Phiu kim tra vt liu cc;
Phiu nghim thu ct thp;
C-ng p mu b tng;
Ph-ng php d-ng h;
Phiu kim tra kch th-c cc (tham kho bng 7.15).
Cht lng mt ngoi cc phi ph hp yu cu:

-
Mt cc bng phng, chc c, su b st gc khng qu 10 mm;

su vt nt ca b tng do co ngt khng qu 20mm, rng khng qu 0,5mm;
Tng din tch mt mt do lm/st gc v r t ong khng -c qu 5% tng din tch b mt cc
v khng qu tp trung;
u v mi cc khng -c r, gh gh, nt/st.
Cht lng cc trc khi ng cn kim tra gm c vic xc nh ng nht

v cng b tng (siu m + sng bt ny theo mt s tiu chun hin hnh nh
20TCN: 87, TCXD171: 1987, v TCXD 225: 1998), v tr ct thp trong cc (cm ng
in t); kch thc cc u v mi.
T l % s cc cn kim tra do t- vn gim st v thit k quyt nh trn c s cng ngh ch to v trnh
thnh tho ngh ca nh thu.
Bng 7.15. Sai lch cho php v kch th-c ca cc b tng c sn
Loi cc
Hng mc kim tra
Sai s cho php (mm)
Cc b tng ct thp c
di cnh mt ct ngang ca cc
5
sn
-ng cho mt u cc
dy tng bo v
10
vng ca cc
5
Tm mi cc
<1% chiu di cc, 20
xin mt u cc so vi -ng tim cc
10
V tr l cha cho tai mc cu cc
<3
5

77

Cc b tng ct thp c
sn, rng
-ng knh
dy thnh l
V tr l trn rut cc so vi -ng tim cc
-ng tim mi cc
xin ca mt bch u trn hoc d-i
ca on cc so vi -ng tim cc
Tng xin ca 2 mt bch ca on
cc gia
5
-5
5
10
2
Khung ct thp ca cc
Khong cch gia cc ct ch

Tim mi cc
Khong cch gia cc ct ai dng vng
hoc dng xon l xo
L-i thp u cc
nh ca tai mc khi mt cc
5
10
20
10
+ 10
1.2. - Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn
Nhng h hng c th xy ra giai on ny thng gp l:

-
Vn chuyn, xp kho khi c-ng b tng ch-a t 70% c-ng thit k;

Cu mc khng nh nhng, v tr v s l-ng cc mc thp cu lm khng ng theo thit k quy
nh.
trnh hng gy cc, thng thng dng 2 mc cho cc di di 20 m v 3

mc cho cc di 20 - 30m.
Tu thuc vo cch t mc cu m ni lc s -c tnh ton t-ng ng theo nguyn tc sau: Khi s mc trn
cc t hn hoc bng 3 th v tr ca mc xc nh theo s cn bng ca m men m (hnh 7.5) cn nu s mc
ln hn 3 th v tr ca mc xc nh theo s cn bng phn lc (hnh 7.6).
Nhng kim ton ni trn phi -c thng hiu gia ng-i thit k v thi cng trnh nt hoc gy cc tr-c khi
ng. iu ny cng c bit quan trng khi chng ta dng cc b tng ct thp di trn 30 m hay cc BTCT ng
sut tr-c.
1.3. Chn ba ng cc
Mt s nguyn tc chung trong chn ba:
- Bo m cc xuyn qua tng t dy (k c tng cng xen kp) c mi vo

c lp chu lc (cc chng), t n su thit k;
ng sut do va p gy ra trong cc (ng sut xung kch) phi nh hn c-ng ca vt liu cc, ng
sut ko do va p nh hn c-ng chng ko ca b tng thng th-ng, cn trong cc BTCT ng sut
tr-c nh hn tng c-ng chng ko ca b tng v tr ng sut tr-c;
- Khng ch tho ng tng s nht ba + thi gian ng (chng mi v gim hiu qu ng);
- xuyn vo t ca mt nht ba khng nn qu nh: ba diezen -12 mm/nht v ba hi 23 mm/nht
( phng hng ba + my ng).
Cn c chn ba ng:
- Theo trng l-ng cc (trng l-ng ba > trng l-ng cc);
- Theo lc xung kch ca ba (lc xung kch > lc chng xuyn);
- Theo ph-ng trnh truyn sng ng sut;
- Theo cch khng ch cng (theo ph-ng trnh viphn bc 3 v truyn sng ng sut);
- Theo ph-ng php gii kinh nghim chn ba thu lc cho thi cng cc ng thp;
- Theo ph-ng php kinh nghim so snh tng hp.
-

78
Chi tit c th xem trong S tay cng trnh mng cc, Bc Kinh, 1995.
1.4. Mi ni cc v mi cc
Mi ni gia cc on cc ch to sn (BTCT, g, thp..) c ngha rt quyt nh
khi dng cc di. V phng din chu lc, mi ni c th chu lc nn v cng c kh
nng xut hin lc nh, m men v lc ct. Khi ng th mi ni va chu lc nn va
chu lc nh.
i vi cc b tng ct thp thng thng cc lin kt gia on cc c thc hin
bng:
Hn qua mt bch + thp gc;
Hn qua thp bn ph kn mt bch;
Lin kt bng cht nm ng;
Lin kt bng cht x kiu m dng + va.
i vi cc BTCT trn, rng c th lin kt bng mi ni hn hoc ni bng
bulng.
Ti cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin cao ngi ta dng kiu mi ni ch
to c kh kh chnh xc, rt ngn vic ngng ch lc h cc v c c cy cc di
vi mi ni chc chn lm cho cc chu ti vi tin cy cao.
Mt s kiu mi ni va nu c th tm thy trong nhiu ti liu chuyn kho,
y ch nu mt s loi tiu biu ( xem hnh 7.7 - hnh 7.9).
V mi cc (hnh 7.10) tu theo iu kin a cht cng trnh v phng thc
chu lc ca cc m mi s c cu to khc nhau. Khi cc ng vo nn t mm th
c th dng u cc bng phng; khi ng vo lp t cng, vo lp phong ho b
ri hoc mi cc c th chng vo lp t c th nm nghing, cc ca cc cu ln,
m bo sc chu ti cng nh n nh ca cc phi cu to mi cc mt cch cn
thn, ng tm cc khng b lch hng khi ng/h vo trong t.
Nhng chi tit cu to v thit k mi ni v mi cc c ngha kinh t k thut
trong cng trnh mng cc ni chung v cng l nhng iu kin d b xem thng
ca ngi thit k ln ngi thi cng.
1.5. Trnh t ng cc
Trnh t ng/h cc trong cng ngh thi cng mng cc cn da vo cc yu t sau y quyt nh:
iu kin hin tr-ng v mi tr-ng;
V tr v din tch vng ng cc;
Cng trnh ln cn v tuyn -ng ng ngm;
Tnh cht t nn;
Kch th-c cc, khong cch, v tr, s l-ng, chiu di cc;
Thit b dng ng/h cc;
S l-ng i cc v yu cu s dng.

79
Vic la chn cch ng no cn phi c s phn tch t m trong tng trng

hp c th theo cc yu t nu trn.
Thng th-ng, nguyn tc xc nh trnh t ng cc l:
(6) Cn c vo mt ca cc v iu kin xung quanh:
Chia khu nghin cu trnh t ng;
Chia 2 h-ng i xng, t gia ng ra;
Chia 4 h-ng t gia ng ra;
ng theo 1 h-ng.
(7) Cn c cao thit k ca mng: Mng su hn - ng tr-c, nng hn - ng sau;
(8) Cn c quy cch cc: Cc ln - ng tr-c, cc nh - ng sau; cc di - ng tr-c, cc ngn - ng sau;
(9) Cn c tnh hnh phn b cc: Cc trong nhm - ng tr-c, cc n - ng sau;
(10) Cn c yu cu chnh xc lc ng: chnh xc thp - ng tr-c, chnh xc cao - ng sau.
1.6. Tiu chun dng ng cc
Xc nh tiu chun dng ng cc theo yu cu thit k l vn quan trng v n

c ngha rt ln v kinh t v k thut. Hai du hiu khng ch dng ng l:
theo su mi cc quy nh trong thit k v theo xuyn cui cng ca cc vo
t (c khi cn gi l theo chi). C nhiu nhn t nh hng n hai du hiu ni
trn v c khi mu thun nhau.
Tiu chun khng ch vic dng ng cc nn quy nh nh sau:
(5) Nu mi cc t vo tng t thng thng th su thit k lm tiu
chun chnh cn xuyn th dng tham kho;
(6) Nu mi cc t vo lp t ct t cht va tr ln th ly xuyn su lm
tiu chun chnh cn su cc - tham kho;
(7) Khi xuyn t yu cu nhng cc cha t n su thit k th nn
ng tip 3 t, mi t 10 nht vi xuyn ca 10 nht ny khng c
ln hn xuyn quy nh ca thit k;
(8) Khi cn thit dng cch ng th xc nh xuyn khng ch.
Tham kho kinh nghim ca Trung Quc bng 7.16.
Bng 7.16. Kin ngh v tiu chun khng ch dng ng cc (kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Loi cc
Cc BTCT rng
Cc BTCT c
Kch thc cc Mi
(cm)
kn
Mi h
Mi kn Mi h
t mi cc t
ct
(tr s N)
(3050)
t st
cng
(20-25)
t ct
(30-50)
t st
cng
(20-25)
40x40
45x45
t st cng
(20-25)

50x50
50x50
t
ct
(3050)
80

Loi
ba
izen
Hi
20-25 cp
30-40 cp
4-7 T
7-10 T
30 cp 30-35
cp
7T
7-10 T
35-45
cp
40-45
cp
10 T
10 T
Tr s khng
ch tng s
nht ng
2000 -2500
1500 -2000
S nht ng
khng ch 5
m cui cng
700 -800
500 -600
Tr s iezen
Hi
xuyn
cui
cng
2 - 3mm/nht
2 - 3mm/nht
3 - 4mm/nht
3 - 4mm/nht
1.7. Cc v mt nn b y tri.
Vic mt t b nng ln cng nh b chuyn v ngang khi h cc c khong cch
gia chng qu gn hoc b tr qa dy l nguy c thng xy ra trong thi cng. iu
s gy ra nhng h hng cho cc nh l b nt hoc gy do lc ko v do p lc
ngang ca t ln cc qu ln; mi cc khng tip xc tt vi lp chu lc do b nng
ln khi h nhng cc sau gn n nn sc chu ti khng p ng vi thit k v
ln cng trnh s ln. Hin tng ni trn tr nn nghim trng hn khi h cc c
mt dy trong t yu no nc v loi t ny khng c kh nng b p cht.
nng cao mt t v chuyn v ngang trong t st no nc chng nhng c
quan h vi khong cch gia cc cc, ng knh v di ca cc m cn c quan
h n mt b tr cc. Theo kt qu theo di v thng k trong thi cng cho thy
nu Ws < 5% th nguy him v cht lng cc b, vi Ws tnh bng cng thc :
Ws =
f
F
Trong :
f - din tch tit din ngang (m2) ca cc n;
f - tng din tch tit din ngang ca cc cc n;
F - din tch hin trng (m2) bao bng hng cc ngoi cng;
WS - mt din tch cc c h vo t.
Nu dng mt th tch cc c h vo t Wv biu th, khi Wv < 0,6 th t
c nguy him v cht lng cc vi Wv tnh bng cng thc :

81
Wv =
Vi
F
Trong :
Vi - th tch ca phn cc h vo t ca cc n;
Vi - tng th tch ca phn h vo t ca cc cc;
F - nh trn.
Khi mt b tr cc c Ws > 5%, Wv > 0,6 th kh nng gy cc tng i
nhiu.
Cch x l khi gp hin tng ni trn l phi thc hin vic kim tra o c cn
thn, cn thit phi b tr li cc, ng cc qua l khoan mi gim th tch b y
tri, thc hin trnh t ng cc hp l v phi ng v li nhng cc cha b gy, ch
b nng ln cho n su thit k yu cu.
Qu trnh ng li ny c th ti khi cc t c chi nh c hoc theo
cao u cc. Vic ng li cc ch nn c bt u khi qu trnh ng cc vt ra
ngoi phm vi nh hng n khng gy ra hin tng tri no na cho nhng cc
ng.
Vn ny cng xut hin lp ct mn cht bo ho nc v lp ph sa v c,
khi qu trnh h cc ngng li, p lc nc l rng m s bin mt do lm gim
bn ct theo thi gian nn lm gim sc chu ti ca cc theo thi gian v gi l hin
tng chng. V nh ln cc cc ng cng phi tin hnh trong cc iu kin t
nh vy. Nu sau khi v li m pht hin thy sc khng c gim th nhng cc ny
cn phi ng thm cho n khi t c sc khng danh nh.
1.8. Chn ng v ting n.
Vn nh hng ca chn ng cng nh ting n (xem hnh 7.11a) i vi cng
trnh v con ngi do thi cng ng cc gy ra cn phi c xem xt v n c th dn
n nhng hu qu ng tic, nht l khi thi cng ng cc gn cng trnh xy
hoc gn khu dn c.
Tiu chun khng ch dao ng v ting n do chn ng gy ra i vi ngi
v cng trnh c th tham kho:
Tiu chun Lin X (c): Nr. 1304 75 hay CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96;
Tiu chun CHLB c: DIN 4150 1986;
Tiu chun Thu S :
SN 640312 1978;
Tiu chun Anh :
BS 5228, Part 4 - 1992a (bng 7.17).
Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 5949-1998 (bng 7.18).
V n thng khng ch 70 75 dB i vi khu v 70 85 dB i vi khu
thng mi; Khi n qu gii hn trn phi tm cch gim n. Cch phng chng nh
hng chn ng v n:
82
Xc nh khong cch an ton khi ng (hnh 7.11b);

Chn cch ng (trng lng + cao ri ba), loi ba hp l;
Khoan dn, ng v, p;
Lm ho cch chn;
t vt liu tng tiu m, gim thanh, m lt u m cc;
V..v..
Bng 7.17. nh hng ca dao ng i vi cc i tng khc nhau
(theo tiu chun Anh BS 5228 Part 4 1992a)
V d
i tng quan tm
Phng tin
th nghim
Thit b v vn
hnh
C s vi
in t
Thit b v vn
hnh
My mc
chnh xc
Thit b v vn
hnh
My tnh
Thit b v vn
hnh
Vi x l
Thit b v vn
hnh
Bnh vin v
ni c tr
Con ngi
Vn phng
Con ngi
Thng s o v phm vi nhy

Chuyn v
Vn tc
Gia tc (g)
(mm)
(mm/s)
(0,25-1) x10-3
(0,1-5) x10-3
(0,1Hz-30Hz)
(30Hz-200Hz)
-3
(6-400) x10
(0,5-8) x10-3
(3Hz-100Hz)
(5Hz-200Hz)
-3
(0,1-1) x10
(3-250) x10
0,1-0,25 sai s
trung phng
(SSTP)
(ti a 300Hz)
0,1-1
-3
0,15-15 (hng
ng)
(8Hz-80Hz)
0,4-40 (hng
ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)
0,5-20 (hng
ng)
(8Hz-80Hz)
1-50 (hng
ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)

0,5-50 (SSTP
hng ng)
(4Hz-8Hz)
83
Xng my
Con ngi
Khu dn c
hoc thng
mi
Cng trnh
ng dn kh
hoc nc
Dch v ngm
di t
1-20 (hng
ng)
(8Hz-80Hz)
3,2-52 (hng
ngang)
(2Hz-80Hz)
(4-650)x10-3
(SSTP hng
ng)
(4Hz-8Hz)
1-50
(10-400) x10-3
1-50
Bng 7.18. Gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c

(tnh theo mc m tng ng dBA TCVN 5949-1998)
Khu vc
4. Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: bnh vin,
th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr, trng
hc, nh th, cha chin.
5. Khu dn c, khch sn, nh ngh, c quan
hnh chnh.
6. Khu dn c xen k trong khu vc thng
mi, dch v, sn xut
Thi gian
t 18h-22h
t 22h-6h
50
45
40
60
55
50
75
70
50
t 6h-18h
1.9. Mt s s c thng gp
Kh xuyn v khng t c su thit k quy nh;
Cc b xoay v nghing qu ln;
Cc ng n su thit k nhng sc chu ti khng ;
S khc bit d thng v ti liu a cht lc ng so vi ban u;
Thn hoc mi ni cc b hng/gy nh hng n vic tip tc p/ng;
Cc ng trc b tri ln khi ng cc cc sau;
Khng ng tip c na do thi gian ng ko di hoc tm ngng;
Bin dng nn ln dn n trt c khi t;
Cc b lch hoc sai v tr;
V..v..
84
Nhng nguyn nhn trn phi c phn tch, tm cch khc phc, x l.. mi c
th ng tip, c khi phi ng th tm ra cng ngh v trnh t ng cc hp l.
V d nguyn nhn gy trt nn c th l:
(6) Ti liu iu tra CCT khng ging thc t hoc sai, lm ngi thit k khng
thc hin hoc thc hin sai trong kim ton n nh;
(7) Phng php v cng ngh thi cng khng ng lm tng p lc nc l rng,
di tc dng ca p cht + chn ng dn n mi t b trt;
(8) Khng c bin php khng ch tc ng cc;
(9) Xp cc trn mi dc hoc b o chn dc...,
(10) Trong thi gian ng cc, mc nc ca sng gn b t ngt h thp.
Cch phng nga v x l:
(10)
iu tra k t nn, gim khong cch gia cc l khoan thm d;
(11)
Cn kim ton n nh trong thit k thi cng cc vng b dc;
(12)
Gim nh hng chn ng (khoan dn p h cc);
(13)
Dng trnh t ng t gn n xa;
(14)
Tin thi cng chm;
(15)
Gim thiu ti trng thi cng, nh ch gia tng ti mi dc;
(16)
Theo di k mi trng xy dng: iu kin thu vn sng bin, ch s
thay i mc nc, phng nga vic h thp t ngt mc nc;
(17)
Nghin cu vic o h mng su trong khi ng cc, kim ton n nh
ca t sau khi ng cc trc khi o mng su;
(18)
Theo di o c p lc nc l rng v chuyn v khng ch tin
ng cc.
1.10. Nghim thu cng tc ng cc
Cht lng h cc cn phi c th hin cc im chnh sau:
(6) Cht lng mi ni gia cc on cc (nu c);
(7) Sai lch v tr cc so vi quy nh ca thit k;
(8) Sai lch v cao u cc: thng khng qu 50 100mm;
(9) nghing ca cc khng vt qu 1% i vi cc thng ng v khng vt
qu 1,5% gc nghing gia trc cc v ng nghing ca ba;
(10)
B mt cc: nt, mo m, khng bng phng.
Tng hp nhng iu trn trong bng 7.19 (hoc bng 10 ca TCXD 79: 1980)

85
Bng 7.19. Sai lch cho php v v tr cc ch to sn trn mt bng

(kinh nghim ca Trung Quc)
Loi cc
Hng mc kim tra
Sai lch cho php (mm)
Cc BTCT c Cc pha trn c dm mng:
100
sn, cc ng 3. Hng vung gc vi trc dm
150
thp, cc g
4. Hng song song vi trc dm
Cc trong nhm 1-2 chic hoc
cc trong hng cc
100
Cc trong mng c 3-20 cc
1/2 ng knh cc (hoc
cnh cc)
Cc trong mng c trn 20
cc:
3. Cc mp ngoi
1/2 ng knh cc (hoc
4. Cc trung gian
Cc bn
(barette) bng
BTCT
V tr
thng ng
Khe h gia cc cc
chng thm
chn t
cnh cc)
1 ng knh (hoc cnh
cc)
100
1%
20
25
2. Cc thp
Loi cc thp thng dng hin nay l cc ng trn, cc thp hnh ch I,
ch H.
2.1. Kim tra cht lng ch to.
Theo chng ch ca nh ch to, khi cn c th ly mu kim tra. Cc hng mc
chnh cn kim tra, gm :
- Chng ch v cc thp, thnh phn kim loi chnh;
- bn chng n mn ca thp (mm/nm) trong cc mi trng n mn khc
nhau ( n mn yu, trung bnh, mnh );
- Dung sai kch thc ca cc ( tham kho bng 7.20 v bng 7.21) do ngi
t hng yu cu.

86
Bng 7.20. Sai s ch to cho php ca cc ng thp ( theo [7])

Hng mc
Sai s cho php
ng knh ngoi Phn u ng
0,5%
Phn thn ng
1%
+ khng quy nh - 0,6 mm
ngoi < 500mm
< 16mm
dy
> 16mm
ngoi > 500mm

ngoi < 800mm
ngoi > 800mm
ngoi < 800mm
ngoi > 800mm
di
cong vnh
phng u ni
vung gc u ni
+ khng quy nh - 0,7mm

+ khng quy nh - 0,8 mm
+ khng quy nh - 0mm
< 0,1% di
< 2mm
< 0,5 % ngoi, ti a 4mm
Cc thp ch H c ch to bng phng php cn thp mt ln ti nh my

thp, cht thp c thp cacbon ph thng, thp cng cao Mn16. Ngoi ra trong
nh my thp cn c th ch to loi thp c bit chng r bng cch cho thm ng,
kn, cali vo khi luyn thp, c th dng cc cng trnh trn bin.
chnh xc ch to cc ch H theo bng 7.21.
Bng 7.21. Sai s cho php ca cc thp ch H ( theo [7])
Hng mc
Sai s cho php
Cch xc nh
cao (h)
+ 4mm - 3mm
o thc thp
rng (b)
+ 6mm - 5mm
o thc thp
di (l)
+ 100mm - 0mm
o thc thp
cong vnh
< 0,1% di
Cng dy
Bn bung lch tm (E)
< 5mm
o thc thp
h < 300
< 6mm (T+ T')
T' - lch cnh trn
vung mt u
T- lch cnh di
h > 300
< 8mm (T+ T')

87
Cc thp ngoi vic kim tra kch thc ngoi hnh ra cn phi c :
1. Cht lng hp chun cht lng thp;
2. Nu l thp nhp khu phi c kim nghim hp chun ca c quan thng
kim a phng.
Ngoi yu cu chnh xc v kch thc hnh hc nh trn, ,trong thit k lc
xc nh din tch tit din chu ti ca cc thp cn cn c vo n mn v phng
chng n mn.
Trong bng 7.22 trnh by s liu tham kho v tc n mn ca thp. X l v
phng chng n mn c th dng cc phng php sn ph hay bo v bng cc
dng, tng thm cht chng n mn khi ch to vv.... C th tham kho bng 7.23
ly t ti liu [8].
Bng 7.22. Tc n mn cc thp trong 1 nm
( theo tiu chun JGJ-94, Trung Quc )
Mi trng ca cc thp
Tc n mn mm/nm
Trong mi trng t n
Trn mt t
0,05 - 0,1
mn
Trn mc nc ngm
0,05
Di mt t
Di mc nc ngm
0,03
Khu vc c sng
0,1 - 0,3
Bng 7.23. Hng dn bo v cc chng n mn (theo [8])
Mi trng h cc
Trong t khng thm a)
Trong t d thm a)
Nh ra ngoi khng kh
Trong nc ngt
Trong nc bin
Kh nng n mn
Rt t
Khong 0,5m di mt
t
n mn khng kh
n mn do t chung
quanh
Khng n mon
n mn do khng kh
trn mc nc thu triu
B n mn gia mc nc
triu cao v mt bn
Khuyn ngh cch bo v

Khng yu cu bo v
V bc b mt
Sn pha trn mt t nn
Bc b tng hoc hc n
0,5mm pha trn v di
t
Khng yu cu bo v
Sn
Bc b tng hoc bt hc
n

88
a) Quyt nh cui cng ph thuc vo kt qu th nghim t ti ch.

Nu t khng thuc loi gy n mn nh nhng trng hp nu y th phi
xem xt n cc bin php bo v thch hp.
2.2. Cht lng hn v cu to mi cc
Cht lng hn l mt phn quan trng trong vic nh gi tng th cht lng
thi cng cc thp, khi thi cng phi chn nhng cng nhn c t cht tt, k thut
thnh tho, v c nhng kinh nghim thi cng hn. Thit b hn cng phi c tnh
nng tt v tng cng qun l, bo m tiu chun nghim thu cht lng cng trnh,
cht lng mi hn ( xem bng 7.24). Trong bng t im 1 - 7 u kim tra bng
ngoi quan khi ni bng cch hn do kim tra vin dng cc dng c o chuyn dng
o thc t tng u mi hn, ng thi phi trung thc ghi vo bin bn ( xem bng
7.25)
Bng 7.24. Tiu chun nghim thu cht lng hn cc thp (theo [7])
TT
1
Hng mc
Tiu chun
Khe h gia on cc trn v di
2-4mm
< 2mm
< 3mm
nt
< 3mm
nt
5
6
7
Lch ming on cc trn di cc ng

thp < 700mm
Lch ming on cc trn di cc ng
thp > 700mm
Lch ming on cc trn di cc thp
ch H
su ngom vo tht
su mch hn chm qua vt liu gc
Chng cao ca mch hn
Ghi ch
Mi u ni kim
tra khng t hn 4
im
nt
X quang d khuyt tt
2
3
4
< 0,5mm
< 3mm
< 2-3mm
cp III tr
ln hp l
C 20 cc chp 1
nh rt mu kim
tra
Bng 7.25. Kim tra ngoi quan mi hn ni cc thp

Tn cng trnh ..................................... Ngy ....... thng ........ nm ..........
Khe h gia cc trn
di mm
Lch ming on cc
mm
Ghi ch
V tr u ni
Ngom tht
mm
Chng cao
mm
rng
mm
Qui cch
Loi cc
S cc
Cht lng mi hn
u ni 1

89

u ni 2
u ni 3
u ni 4
Ngi ph trch
......................
Ngi kim tra

.......................

Th hn
.....................
90
Phng php kim tra cht lng bn trong ca mi hn c d khuyt tt bng tia
X, bng sng siu m, bng nhum mu .... Tiu chun xem xt phim chp Xquang
xem bng 7.26.
Bng 7.26. Tiu chun xem xt phim chp X quang ( theo [7])
(A) Phn cp khuyt tt dng im
n v : mm
Khuyt tt
10 x 10
dy vt liu
< 10
10 x 20
10-25
25-50
10 x 30
50-100
> 100
Cp loi
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
Cp 4
1
3
6
2
4
5
6
12
15
12
24
30
S im khuyt tt nhiu hn cp 3
6
18
36
(B) di khuyt tt v tnh i s im

di
khuyt tt
mm
S im
< 10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-60
60-80
> 80
10
15
25
(C) Phn cp khuyt tt dng di

dy vt liu mm
< 12
12 - 48
> 48
Cp loi
nh hn 1/4 dy vt liu
Cp 1
<3
< 12
nh hn 1/3 dy vt liu
Cp 2
<4
< 16
nh hn 1/2 dy vt liu
Cp 3
<6
< 24
Cp 4
di khuyt tt di hn cp 3
Ging nh cc b tng ct thp, tu theo iu kin t nn m cc thp c cu
to mi khc nhau. u im ni bt ca cc thp trn h mi hoc cc thp hnh ch
H l chng c th ng vo cc lp t chu lc cng v su kh ln v t b p
y t, iu ny c li khi ng gn cng trnh c.
Trn hnh 7.12 trnh by mt s hnh thc mi cc thp trn v thp hnh ch H.
2.3. Tiu chun dng ng.

91
Cc thp phi c ng vi ba nng thch ng, c th tham kho cc khng

ch sau y :
(1) xuyn su vo t nhng mt cui cng 3-4mm/nht p, hoc 12-15
nht ba/in;
(2) S ln nh ba mt cui cng phi ln hn 250 ln, 10 m cui cng di
1500 ln, s ba nh khng ch di 3000 ln.
3. Cc khoan nhi
Cc khoan nhi trong nhng nm gn y c p dng nhiu trong xy dng
nh cao tng, cu ln v nh cng nghip c ti trng ln. So vi cc ch to sn, vic
thi cng cc nhi c nhiu phc tp hn, do phng php v cch gim st, kim
tra cht lng phi lm ht sc chu o, t m vi nhng thit b kim tra hin i..
Di y trnh by tm tt nhng ni dung chnh m ngi k s gim st phi nm
vng nng cao hn na trch nhim cng nh cht lng gim st.
3.1. Yu cu chung
Vic gim st phi da vo cng ngh thi cng v chng trnh m bo cht lng
duyt. Trong chng trnh m bo cht lng thi cng ca nh thu cn th hin
chi tit 3 khu quan trng sau:
Cng ngh to l (o, ng, khoan, p), cch gi thnh l cc (ng chng
sut chiu di cc hoc dung dch) v cht lng l (ng v tr, khng
nghing qu tr s cho php, cn lng y l c thi ra sch ng yu
cu);
Ch to, lp lng ct thp v gi lng thp n nh trong qu trnh b
tng;
Khi lng b tng, cht lng v cng ngh b tng.
V mt qun l v kim tra cht lng cc th chia lm 2 giai on: trc khi thnh
hnh cc v sau khi thi cng xong cc.
Ch tiu cn phi kim tra v nh gi gm c:
Cht lng l cc trc khi b tng;
Cht lng v khi lng b tng vo cc;
Lng ct thp trong l cc (s lin tc, nghing lch, tri...);
Cht lng sn phm (tnh trng, kch thc thn cc v sc chu ti ca
cc).
Nu dng dung dch st (hoc ho phm khc) n nh thnh l cc th cn phi
qun l cht lng dung dch ny v cc mt:
Ch to dung dch t tiu chun ra;
92
iu chnh dung dch (mt v nht.. .) theo iu kin a cht cng

trnh - a cht thu vn v cng ngh khoan c th;
Thu hi, lm giu v s dng li dung dch;
H thng thit b kim tra cht lng dung dch ti hin trng.

93
3.2. Khi lng kim tra v cch x l

V nguyn tc, cng trnh cng quan trng (v ngha kinh t, lch s, x
hi.. .), chu ti trng ln, thi cng trong iu kin a cht phc tp, cng ngh thi
cng c tin cy thp, ngi thi cng (v thit k) c trnh v kinh nghim t th
cn tin hnh qun l v kim tra cht lng c mt (t l %) cao hn, tc l nu
ri ro cng nhiu th mc yu cu v qun l v nh gi cht lng cn phi
nghim ngt vi mt dy hn.
Mt khc, nh s c trnh by chi tit hn mc ny, cch kim tra bng phng
php khng ph hng (NDT) nh nhng thit b kh hin i c nc ta, cho
php thc hin vic kim tra cht lng cc ht sc nhanh chng vi gi c chp nhn
c. V vy trong tiu chun TCXD 206: 1998 Cc khoan nhi - yu cu v cht
lng thi cng a ra khi lng kim tra ti thiu (bng 7.27).
Bng 7.27. Khi lng kim tra cht lng b tng thn cc
(theo TCXD 206: 1998)
Phng php kim tra
T l kim tra ti thiu, %
Thng s kim tra
-So snh th tch b tng vo l
100
cc vi th tch hnh hc ca cc
1-2% + phng php
- Khoan ly li
khc
S nguyn vn
- Siu m, tn x gama c t ng 10-25% + phng php
ca thn cc
trc
khc
- Phng php bin dng nh
50
(PIT, MIM), quan st khuyt tt
qua ng ly li bng camera v
tuyn
- Phng php bin dng ln PDA 4% v khng di 5 cc
m rng Khoan ng knh nh (36mm) 2-3 cc lc lm th hoc
theo bng 7.28
hoc ngm vng m rng y hoc xuyn qua
ca mi cc mi cc
vo
-Th nghim mu lc b tng
- Th nghim trn li b tng lc Theo yu cu ca gim
st
Cng b khoan
tng thn cc
- Theo tc khoan (khoan thi
khng ly li)
- Sng bt ny hoc siu m i
94
vi b tng u cc
35
Ch thch:
3) Thng thng cn kt hp t 2 phng php khc nhau tr ln tin hnh
so snh cho mt thng s kim tra nu bng ny. Khi cc c L/D>30 th
phng php kim tra qua ng t sn s l ch yu (L-chiu di, D-ng
knh);
4) Lp b tng bo v ct thp cc v hnh dng b ngoi ca ct thp c th
kim tra ch u cc, khi loi b lp b tng cn pha trn ct u
cc.
i vi nhng cng trnh c s lng cc trong mi mng l t v ti trng truyn
ln mng ln, kt cu c nhy cao khi ln khng u xy ra, ngi ta yu cu t l
t ng kim tra kh nhiu nh trnh by bng 7.28 di y.
Bng 7.28. Quy nh t l % cc cn t sn ng v kim tra i vi cng trnh giao thng
(DTU 13.2, P1 - 212, 9-1992, Php)
(N - tng s cc thi cng, n - s cc trong mt mng tr)
n 4
Ch c ma st
50
100
Cc b
>50
Ma st cc b
v mi cc
Ch c mi
cc
S lng cc
kim tra
S lng ng
t sn
Cc
ng
ng
102/114
50/60
Cch thc tip

nhn lc
ca cc
n >4
S lng ng
t sn
Cc ng
ng
60/60
102/114
Khoan
ly li
ti mi
cc
Thm
d
thn
cc
NDT
100
100
100
100
50
>50
100
100
50
100
50
30
100
>50
100
50-100
100
S lng cc
kim tra
Thm
d thn
cc
NDT
Khoan
lyliti
micc
50-100
50-100
50-100
30
100
50-100
50-100
20
50-100
50-100
20
10
100
50-100
100
30
20
50-100
50-100
30
50-100
30
50-100
30
50-100
20
ng thm dNDT t sut chiu di cc cn ng khoan ly li phi t cch y

cc t 3 4m.
Khng nht thit phi kim tra tt c cc cc c t sn ng. Thng thng ngi
ta ch tin hnh kim tra theo mt t l no so vi cc cc t ng, nu thy cht
lng tt v t kt qu n nh th c th dng. Nu c nghi vn th phi tip tc
kim tra cho ht s cc t ng.

95
Ngoi ra cng c th da vo s trnh by trn hnh 7.13 thc hin trnh t

kim tra t n gin n phc tp theo mc khai thc ng sut cho php v ri
ro c th xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng cc.
nh gi xp
hng cc d n
ng sut nh ri
ro thp KTCL
thng th-ng
khng NDT
KTCL
tt chp
nhn
Ri ro trung bnh
KTCL thng
th-ng la chn
NDT
ng sut cao ri
ro cao KTCL v
NDT ti a (gm
vic t ng
KTCL cho thy

thn cc nghi ng
dng NDT kim
tra chi tit
KTCL
tt chp
nhn
NDT cho thy nghi ng

nh gi k hn: xem cc ghi
chp cht l-ng , tho lun
vi thit k nu cn nghi
ng
Khoan
ly mu
Khoan thy tt
chp nhn
Th ti ng xp hng
v b sung nu cn
Khoan thy khng tt

th
hoc
Loi b v thay
th hoc sa
cha
Khoan vng thch hp

Khoan l ra sch
quanh ch khuyt tt
Lp chuyn
T
gim st xy dng
bng
n-cvn
p lc
v thay bng b tng
cao v phun va
Th ti ng xp hng
v b sung nu cn
thit
c-ng
cao hoc
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96
Hnh 7.13. S dng dnh gi v x l cc khoan nhi ( Cc ng b Lin

bang M, 1993)
3.3. Kim tra cht lng l cc
Yu cu v cht lng
Cht lng l cc l mt trong cc yu t c ngha quyt nh cht lng cc.
Cng vic khoan v dn l cc, sau l cch gi thnh vch l cc l nhng cng
on quan trng, nh hng n cht lng l cc tt hay xu. Cc ch tiu v cht
lng l cc gm v tr, kch thc hnh hc, nghing lch, tnh trng thnh vch v
lp cn lng y l. Trong bng 7.29 trnh by cc thng s nh gi cht lng
v phng php kim tra chng.
Bng 7.29. Cc thng s cn kim tra v l cc (theo TCXD 206 : 1998)
Thng s kim tra
Phng php kim tra
Tnh trng l cc
- Kim tra bng mt c thm n ri
- Dng phng php siu m hoc camera ghi chp
thnh l cc
- o c so vi mc v tuyn chun
- So snh khi lng t ly ln vi th tch hnh hc
V tr, thng ng ca cc
v su
- Theo lng dng dung dch gi thnh
- Theo chiu di ti khoan
- Qu di
- My o nghing, phng php siu m
- Mu, calip, thc xp m v t ghi ln nh
ng knh
Kch thc l
- Theo ng knh, thc xp m v t ghi ln
nh ng knh
- Theo ng knh ng gi thnh
- Theo m ca cch mi khoan khi m rng y
Tnh trng y l v - Ly mu v so snh vi t v lc khoan, o
su ca mi cc trong su trc v sau thi gian gi thnh khng t hn 4
97
t+, dy lp cn gi (trc lc b tng)

lng
- sch ca nc thi ra
- Phng php qu t ri hoc xuyn ng
- Phng php in (in tr, in dung..)
- Phng php m.

98
Bng 7.30. Sai s cho php v l cc

Tiu chun
thng ng
ADSC
FHWA (1998)
FHWA (1990)
ACI
ICE
CGS
Ch thch:
ADSC
FHWA
ACI
ICE
CGS
V tr nh cc
7,5 cm
1/24 ca ng knh cc
hoc 7,5 cm
7,5 cm
1/48
+ i vi cc khng c ct
thp 1,5% trn sut chiu 4% ca ng knh cc
di cc.
hoc 7,5cm
+ i vi cc c ct thp
1/75
7,5 cm
+ 7,5 cm
2% trn sut chiu di cc + 15 cm i vi cc
cng trnh bin
: Hip hi cc Nh thu cc khoan nhi M;

: Cc ng b Lin bang M;
: Vin b tng M;
: Vin Xy dng dn dng Anh;
: Hip hi a k thut Canada.
V tr ca l cc trn mt bng, nghing cng nh kch thc hnh hc ca n

thng khng ng vi thit k quy nh, nhng khng c sai lch qu gii hn no
. Cc phm vi sai s ny do thit k quy nh theo tiu chun thit k v thi cng
cc nhi. Nhng ngay tiu chun ca cc nc khc nhau cng c nhng quy nh cho
php sai s khc nhau (xem bng 7.30).
Theo tiu chun ca Trung Quc th yu cu sai s v nghing cao hn nhiu
so vi bng 7.30 nh sau: Phi nh hn 1/500 i vi nhng cng trnh i hi cao v
thp nht l khng qu 1/100.
Trn c s tham kho cc tiu chun nhiu nc v tnh hnh thi cng thc t
Vit Nam, TCXD 206 : 1998 quy nh sai s cho php v l cc nhi nh trong bng 1
ca tiu chun ny.
Khi s dng bng trn nn ch rng: i vi nhng cng trnh i hi cao, s
lng cc t hoc c nhng yu cu c bit khc th cn phi thay i cc tr s cho
php nu trn, c bit l thng ng. V d nh cng trnh cu khu ln, nhp

99
b tng ct thp ng sut trc lin tc, s lng cc l 10 cho mi tr th c th phi

quy nh nghing cho l cc khng c qu 1/200.
Ngoi kch thc v v tr hnh hc nh ni trn cn phi m bo lng cn
lng y l khng c dy qu cc gi tr sau:
- Cc chng 50mm;
- Cc ma st + chng 100mm;
- Cc ma st 200mm.
Phng php kim tra
(1). Kim tra kch thc v tnh trng thnh vch l cc
o ng knh l cc
Thit b o ng knh l cc gm 3 b phn cu thnh: u o, b phn phng i
v b phn ghi (hnh 7.14) c th o l cc ng knh ln n 1,2m. Nguyn tc
hot ng ca thit b l do c cu co dn n hi ca 4 ng ten u o m
lm thay in tr, t lm thay i in p, kt qu ca s thay i c hin th
bng s hoc my ghi lu gi. Tr in p biu th v ng knh cc c quan h:
= 0 + k
Trong :
V
I
- ng knh l cc o c, m;
0 - ng knh l cc lc u m;
V - bin i in p, vn;
k
- h s m /;
I - cng dng in, Ampe.

nghing v tnh trng thnh vch l cc
Khi thi cng cc trong iu kin c nc ngm v c dng dung dch st gi
thnh th tnh trng thnh vch, thng ng v dy lp cn lng ch c my mc
mi kim tra c.
Phng php sng m: Nguyn l l da vo hiu ng in p ca tinh th m pht
sinh ra sng siu m, thng qua b chuyn i nng lng sng m t u d (pht
v thu), ta o c cc i lng:
t = L/C
Trong :
t - thi gian sng m qua mi trng, giy;
L - on ng ca sng truyn qua (m trnh), m;
C - vn tc ca sng m, m/giy.
100
Trn hnh 7.15 l thit b o thnh l khoan DM - 686II ca Nht theo nguyn
tc sng m ni trn vi su o n 100m v ng knh l n 4m v trn hnh
7.16 l cch lp t v kt qu o.

101
(2). o b dy lp cn lng y l cc
Phng php chu ri: Dng chu hnh cn bng ng nng khong 1kg, c tai
buc dy v th chm chm vo l khoan. Phn on mt lp cn lng bng cm gic
tay cm dy, dy lp cn l hiu s gia su o c lc khoan xong vi su
o c bng chu ny.
Phng php in tr: Da vo tnh cht dn in khc nhau ca mi trng khng
ng nht (gm nc +dung dch gi thnh v cc ht cn lng) m phn on chiu
dy lp cn lng ny bng tr s bin i ca in tr.
Theo nh lut Ohm:
R
V 2 = V 1
R x + R
Trong : V1 - in p n nh ca dng xoay chiu (V);
V2 - in p o c (V);
R - in tr iu chnh ();
Rx - tr in tr ca t y l ().
Rx ph thuc vo mi trng, Rx khc nhau s ng vi tr in p V2 khc nhau, s
c c V2 my phng i. Cch o nh sau: Th chm u d vo l khoan, theo
di s thay i V2, khi kim ch V2 bin i t ngt, ghi li su h1, tip tc th u
d, kim ch V2, ghi li su h2.., cho n khi u d khng chm c na, ghi li
su h3. su ca cc khoan bit l H nn c th tnh chiu dy lp cn lng l:
(H - h1) hoc (H - h2) hoc (H-h3)...
Trn hnh 7.17a trnh by nguyn l xc nh chiu dy lp cn lng bng phng php
in tr.
Phng php in dung: Da vo nguyn l khong cch gia hai cc bn kim loi
v kch thc gia chng khng thay i th in dung v sut in gii ca mi
trng t l thun vi nhau, sut in gii ca mi trng nc + dung dch gi thnh
+ cn lng.. c s khc bit, do t s thay i ca sut in gii ta suy c chiu
dy lp cn lng. Trn hnh 7.17b trnh by s b o cn lng bng phng php
in dung.
Phng php m (sonic) : Da vo nguyn l phn x ca sng m khi gp cc giao
din khc nhau trn ng truyn sng. u o lm hai chc nng pht v thu. Khi
sng gp mt lp cn lng phn x li, ghi c thi gian ny l t 1, khi gp y lp
cn ( t nguyn dng ) phn x li, ghi c t2, chiu dy lp cn lng s l :
t t2
h= 1
C
2
Trong :
102
h - dy lp cn lng;
t1 v t2 - thi gian pht v thu khi sng gp mt v y lp cn
lng, giy;
C - tc sng m trong cn lng, m/giy.
Tht ra cn lng hnh thnh trong thi gian t lc to l n lc b tng, trng
thi ca lp ny t trn xung th lng c ht. Do vy, th no l cn lng
cng khng c nh ngha r rng v cng khng c mt b mt cn lng xc nh c
th m ch yu da v kinh nghim.
(3). iu ch v qun l dung dch gi thnh
Tr trng hp lp t hin trng thi cng cc khoan nhi c th t to thnh
dung dch st ra hoc to l v gi thnh bng phng php c ng chng u phi
dng dung dch ch to sn gi thnh l cc. Ch to dung dch phi c thit k
cp phi tu theo thit b, cng ngh thi cng, phng php khoan l v iu kin a
cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn ca a im xy dng quyt nh.
Trong bng 7.31 trnh by cc yu cu v cht lng ca dung dch st lc ch to
ban u cn khi s dng c th tham kho bng 7.32 iu ch, qun l v kim tra.
Bng 7.31. Ch tiu tnh nng ban u ca dung dch st (nu dng)
Hng mc
Ch tiu tnh nng
Phng php kim tra
1. Khi lng ring
1,05 1,15
T trng k dung dch
st hoc Bom k
2. nht
18 45 s
Phng php phu
500/700cc
3. Hm lng ct
< 6%
4. T l cht keo
> 95%
Phng php ong cc
5. Lng mt nc
< 30ml/30 pht
6. dy ca o st
1- 3/mm/30 pht
7. Lc ct tnh
1 pht: 20-30 mg/cm2

10 pht: 50 - 100 mg/cm2
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Lc k ct tnh
8. Tnh n nh
< 0,03 g/cm2

7-9
9. Tr s pH
Giy th pH

103

104
Bng 7.32. Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st bentonite trong s dng

(kinh nghim ca Nht)
Phng
php khoan
Tun hon
thun,
khoan dp
a
tng
Khi lng
ring
t st
1,05-1,20
t ct
t sn
Cuidm
t st
Khoan y,
khoan
t ct si
ngom
sn
t st
Khoan
t ct
tun hon
nghch
t sn
Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st

Mt nc
nht Hm lng
T l
ct,
%
cht
keo,
(ml/30
(Pa.S)
%
min.)
16-22
< 8-4
> 90-95
< 25
pH
8 - 10
1,2-1,45
19-28
< 8-4
> 90-95
< 15
8 - 10
1,1-1,2
1,2-1,4
18-24
22-30
<4
<4
> 95
> 95
< 30
< 20
8-11
8-11
1,02-1,06
1,0-1,10
1,1-1,15
16-20
19-28
20-25
<4
<4
<4
> 95
> 95
> 95
< 20
< 20
< 20
8-10
8-10
8-10
3.4. Kim tra lng thp v lp t ng o

Lng ct thp ngoi vic phi ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k nh quy cch,
chng loi, phm cp que hn, quy cch mi hn, di ng hn, ngoi quan v
cht lng ng hn.. cn phi ph hp yu cu sau y:
Sai s cho php trong ch to lng ct thp:
- C ly gia cc ct ch 10mm;
- C ly ct ai hoc ct l xo 20mm;
- ng knh lng ct thp 10mm;
- di lng ct thp 50mm;
- thng ca lng thp < 1/100;
Sai s cho php ca lp bo v ct thp ch ca lng thp:
- Cc b tng di nc 20mm;
- Cc khng b tng di nc 10mm.
Cc ng o c lm bng thp hoc nha PVC (c kh nng gi ng v tr khi
vn chuyn v b tng) c ni vi nhau bng mng xng (khng hn) m bo
khng lt nc vo trong ng v trong ng y nc sch. Cc ng ny phi t
song song v a xung ti y lng thp (hnh 7.18b), c c nh cng vo lng
thp v c bt kn hai u. Nt di va m bo cho u di kn nc tuy vn
cho php sau ny khoan thng c khi cn thit. Dng mt ng dng kim tra s
105
thng sut ca ng o nhm bo m vic di chuyn cc u d trong ng s d dng.

u ng pha trn c chun b sao cho cao hn mt b tng ca u cc t nht bng
0,2 m. ng knh trong ti thiu ca ng o l 40mm, khong cch gia cc ng o
i vi mi cu kin mng nm trong khong 0,30m - 1,50m (hnh 7.18a).
i vi cc c tit din ngang hnh trn, ng knh D (hnh 7.18b) s lng ng d
tnh nh sau:
Hai ng nu D < 0,60m;
Ba ng nu 0,60m < D 1,20m;
t nht 4 ng nu D > 1,20m.
3.5. Kim tra cht lng b tng v cng ngh b tng
Thi cng b tng cho cc khoan nhi trong t c nc ngm phi tun theo quy
nh v b tng di nc v phi c s qun l cht lng b tng khi bng cc
thng s sau y:
st (cho tng xe );
Ct liu th trong b tng khng ln hn c ht theo yu cu ca cng ngh;
Cht lng ximng;
Mc hn hp b tng trong h khoan;
su ngp ng dn b tng trong hn hp b tng;
Khi lng b tng trong l cc;
Cng b tng sau 7 v 28 ngy.
Cn thit lp cho tng cc mt ng cong b tng quan h gia lng thc t
ca b tng vo cc v th tch hnh hc (l thuyt) ca cc qua tng su khc
nhau. ng cong ni trn phi c t nht 5 im phn b trn ton b chiu di cc.
Trng hp b tng sai lch khng bnh thng so vi tnh ton (t qu hoc nhiu qu
30%) th phi dng cc bin php c bit thm nh tm nguyn nhn v phng
php thch hp.
Ngoi iu kin v cng , b tng cho cc khoan nhi phi c st ln m
bo s lin tc ca cc (bng 7.33) v phi kim tra cht ch trc khi , v lng
ximng thng khng nh hn 350kg/m3 b tng.
Bng 7.33. st ca b tng cc nhi (theo TCXD 205-1998)
iu kin s dng
st (mm)
t do trong nc, ct thp c khong cch ln cho php b
7,5 12,5
tng dch chuyn d dng
Khong cch ct thp khng ln cho php b tng dch
10 17,5
chuyn d dng, khi ct u cc nm trong vng vch tm. Khi
ng knh cc nh hn 600 mm
106
Khi b tng c di nc hoc trong mi trng dung dch

> 15
st ben-to-nt qua ng (tremie)
Vic thi cng b tng cho cc thng tin hnh cng lc vi vic khoan to l
cho cc cc khc. Nhng chn ng rung s c nh hng khng tt n qu trnh
ng cng ca b tng ti.
Do vy cn phi hn ch tc hi chn ng trong mi trng t bng thng s vn
tc chuyn ng cc i ca cht im nh trnh by trong bng 7.34.
Bng 7.34. Mc vn tc chn ng cho php i vi b tng
Tui ca b tng
Vn tc cc i ca cht im (mm/s)
0-4 gi
Khng hn ch
4 - 24 gi
5, tt nht l khng c chn ng
1 - 7 ngy
50
3.6. Kim tra cht lng thn cc
Cht lng ca cc sau khi xong b tng thng th hin bng cc ch tiu
sau:
- nguyn vn (s ton khi ca cc);
- S tip xc gia mi cc v t nn;
- Sc chu ti ca cc.
Mt s phng php kim tra thng dng gm c:
(1) Phng php siu m truyn qua
Vic thm d bng siu m mt cu kin mng bng b tng c t trc t nht hai
ng o, song song, bao gm cc bc (hnh 7.19) nh sau:
- Cho mt u d (u pht) vo trong mt ng o y nc sch v pht
sng siu m truyn qua b tng ca cu kin mng;
- Cho mt u d th hai (u thu) vo mt ng khc cng y nc v thu
sng siu m ny cng mc su ca u pht sng; khi cn (v d lc
d ln l hng) c th hai u thu pht khng cng mt mc su
nhng khong cch cho ny phi c xc nh.
- Trn sut dc chiu cao cc ng, o thi gian truyn sng siu m gia hai
u d;
- Ghi li s thay i bin ca tn hiu nhn c.
Mt s cch nh gi kt qu kim tra
Phn tch v nh gi kt qu kim tra do chuyn gia t vn c trnh chuyn
mn cao thc hin v chu trch nhim trc ngi t yu cu.

107
nh gi cht lng b tng ca cu kin mng thng phi da vo cc c

trng m o c (nh vn tc, bin , nng lng, thi gian truyn.. ) hoc vo hnh
dng ca sng m c ghi li trn mn hnh.
Trong bng 7.35 trnh by cch nh gi cht lng b tng theo mt s c trng
sng siu m.

108
Bng 7.35. nh gi cht lng b tng thn cc khoan nhi theo c

trng sng m
Cht lng
Thi gian truyn
Bin
Hnh dng sng
u n khng t
Khng b suy
Tt
Bnh thng
bin
gim ln
Phn tng
Tng ln
C suy gim
Bin i l
Nt gy
Tng t bin
Suy gim r rt
Bin i l
Phng php kim tra cht lng b tng bng siu m khng cho thng tin v
cng (hoc cc c trng c hc khc nh mdun n hi, h s Poisson). Mun
c c cc thng tin ny, cc cng trng ln (vi khi lng b tng nhiu) phi
tin hnh xy dng cc tng quan gia c trng c hc no (cn dng n trong
kim sot cht lng) vi c trng m.
Trong trng hp mun c nhng s liu s b v cht lng hoc cng b
tng thng qua cc c trng sng m c th tham kho bng 7.36 v 7.37.
Bng 7.36. nh gi cht lng b tng thn cc bng vn tc xung
Tc xung
nh gi
ft/s
m/s
cht lng
Trn 15.000
Trn 4570
Rt tt
12.000 - 15.000
3660 - 4570
Tt
10.000 - 12.000
3050 -3660
Nghi ng
7.000 - 10.000
2135 - 3050
Km
Di 7.000
Di 2135
Rt km
Bng 7.37. Cp cht lng b tng thn cc theo vn tc siu m
(kinh nghim Trung Quc)
Vn tc
2000-3000 3000-3500 3500-4000
< 2000
>4000
m (m/s)
Cht lng Rt km
Km
Trung bnh
Tt
Rt tt
b tng
Cp cht
lng ca
V
IV
III
II
I
cc
(2) Phng php ng v phng x (tia gamma)
kim tra cht lng v pht hin khuyt tt trong b tng mng, ngi ta s
dng ngun ng v Cs-137 (hoc Cr-60) kho st c trng c bn ca vt liu.

109
Khi truyn qua b tng, cng bc x b gim yu do s hp th ca b tng. V

l thuyt chng minh c: mt b tng thay i ph thuc tuyn tnh vi
logarit ca cng bc x I thu nhn theo phng trnh:
= A + B ln I
Trong : A, B c xc nh trn mu chun trong phng th nghim ph thuc
vo cng bc x ban u Io, chiu dy ca mng d, h s suy gim v mt s
tham s khc.
Khi chiu dy d khng i th vic xc nh ch hon ton ph thuc vo s
lng tia phng x pht v thu.
T mt v s phn b ca n s xc nh c cc khuyt tt v ng
nht ca b tng cc mng.
(3) Phng php bin dng nh (PIT)
Phng php th bng bin dng nh da trn nguyn l phn x khi tr khng thay i, ca
sng ng sut truyn dc theo thn cc, gy ra bi tc ng ca lc xung ti u cc.
Nguyn l cng tc ca thit b dng trong phng php ny c trnh by v
nguyn tc hnh 7.20 vi trnh t thc hin ch yu nh sau:
- Dng ba tay c lp b cm bin lc, ng ln u cc;
- Ghi li hnh sng lc xung lm iu kin bin;
Lc cn mt bn ca cc m phng theo lut tt dn tuyn tnh, lc cn mi cc
m phng theo l xo v b phn tt dn.
Dng cc tham s gi nh ca t tnh bng phng php lp v iu chnh tr
khng sao cho hnh sng tnh ton tng i khp vi hnh sng o c t thc t,
t phn on v tr v ln khuyt tt.
Ngoi phng php bin dng nh PIT theo trng phi ca M, Vin c hc Vit
Nam c h thng thit b MIMP-15 kim tra cht lng cc theo nguyn l tr khng
c hc (MIM) ca ngi Php theo tiu chun Php NF 160-94.
(4). Phng php bin dng ln (PDA)
Phng php th bng bin dng ln (theo m hnh E.A. Smith hoc theo Case)
l phng php o sng ca lc u cc v sng vn tc (tch phn gia tc) ri tin
hnh phn tch thi gian thc i vi hnh sng (bng cc tnh lp) da trn l thuyt
truyn sng ng sut trong thanh cng v lin tc do lc va chm dc trc ti u cc
gy ra.
Nguyn l ca phng php nh trnh by trn hnh 7.21.
Cc u o gia tc v ng sut c gn cht vo cc, cc tn hiu t u o c
truyn t cc nh nng lng ln nht ca ba, ng sut ko nn ln nht ca cc, sc
chu ti Case-Goble, h s nguyn vn.. c quan st trong qu trnh th nghim
trn h thng my phn tch v hin th.
110
Cc s liu hin trng c phn tch bng chng trnh CAPWAP (hoc Case)
nhm xc nh sc chu ti tng cng ca cc, sc chng ma st ca t mt bn v
mi cc cng mt s thng tin khc v cng ngh ng v cht lng cc.
Kt qu kim tra cht lng cc bng phng php bin dng ln c x l bng
phn mm chuyn dng v c dng nh trnh by trn hnh 7.22.
C th phn on mc khuyt tt (c tnh cht nh tnh) ca cc theo h s
hon chnh (theo bng 7.38).
Bng 7.38. Phn on mc khuyt tt ca thn cc
1,0
0,8-1,0
0,6-0,8
H s
< 0,6
Mc khuyt tt
Hon chnh
Tn tht t
Ph hng
Nt gy
Nh lu trn y, cc phng php kim tra khng ph hng va nu c nhng
hn ch ca n. Do c tin cy cao hn trong vic xc nh cc khuyt tt ca
cc thng phi dng khng t hn hai phng php khc nhau cng kim tra v
xc nhn, khng vi tin vo mt phng php no khi c nhiu nghi ng v kt qu.
C th khng nh, phi dng cc phng php trc gic tuy tn km v cng knh
nh khoan ly mu hoc o khi iu kin cho php.
Trong bng 7.39 v 7.40 tm tt nu mt s u v nhc im cng nh phm vi p
dng ca cc phng php kim tra ni trn.
Bng 7.39. Cc phng php truyn qua trc tip (tia gamma hoc siu m)
P php Phng php kim tra bng Phng php kim tra bng
khuyt
siu m truyn qua
gamma truyn qua
Nguyn tc -o sng siu m truyn -o s phng x gia cc ng t
v iu kin qua cc ng t sn hoc sn hoc cc l khoan ly mu.
p dng
cc l khoan ly mu.
-Ngun phng x v u thu
-Cc dao ng c truyn trong cc ng gn nhau hoc i
t mt ng khc cng cao din nhau c y nc. Vng
o thi gian n v mt thp s lm tng photon
bin dao ng
trn u o.
u im
-Tng i nhanh
-Xc nh c khuyt tt
gia cc ng kh chun
-Khng b hn ch su
-Xem kt qu ngay trn
mn hnh
-Tng i nhanh
-Xc nh c khuyt tt gia
cc ng kh chun
-Khng b hn ch su
-Xem kt qu ngay trn mn
hnh

111
Nhc im
ng dng
-Phi t trc cc ng hoc

phi khoan l
-Kh xc nh c khuyt
tt gn mt bn ca cc
-Phi t trc cc ng hoc phi

khoan l
-C th gy nhim phng x
-Khong cch ln nht gia cc
ng l 80cm.
-Kim tra ng cht ca b -Kim tra ng cht ca b tng
tng hoc xc nh bt k hoc xc nh bt k khuyt tt
khuyt tt no trong cc
no trong thn cc

112
Bng 7.40. Cc phng php th ng b mt (PIT, MIM, PDA)

P php Phng php th ng bin Phng php th ng bin dng
khuyt
dng nh (g - PIT, MIM)
ln (PDA)
Nguyn tc -o thi gian truyn sng -o vn tc v bin dng u cc.
v
iu dc trong b tng.
-Dng ba ri t do trn u cc
kin
p -Dng ba g vo u cc gy ra chuyn dch cc vo
dng
truyn sng nn i xung gp trong t
mi cc hoc bt k khuyt -Dng l thuyt phng trnh
tt no s phn x li b mt. truyn sng phn tch
-Vic phn tch s tin hnh
sau
u im
-Khng cn chn ng trc
-Khng cn chn ng trc
-Nhanh
-Nhanh
Nhc
-Khng xc nh c ng -Phi c qu ba ri nng v
im
knh cc
gy va p trn u cc khoan
-Khng xc nh c cc nhi
khuyt tt trong phm vi -Vic chun b th rt phc tp v
30cm u cc hoc chiu i hi s cn thn cao.
di ln hn 30 ln ng
knh
-Kim tra s b tnh ng -Xc nh kh chnh xc v tr v
ng dng
nht ca b tng v xc nh mc khuyt tt trn thn cc.
s b khuyt tt trong thn -Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
cc
(phn b ma st thnh bn+sc
chng mi)
-Xy dng c biu quan h
ti trng chuyn v.
3.7. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc
Sc chu ti ca cc l thng s quan trng v c ngha nht phn nh cht lng
ca cc thi cng. Vic th cc xc nh sc chu ti ca n thng l cng vic
tn km v khng phi bao gi cng c th thc hin c cho nhiu loi cc ti cng
trng.
Th nghim bng phng php ng khi dng cc cng thc ng quen bit ca
Gerxevanov v Hiley l iu m nh thu thng p dng lu nay, ch c iu l i
vi cc nhi ng knh ln, phng php th ng va ni t ra khng tin cy.
113
Th nghim bng bin dng ln PDA tuy l mt cng c kh hin i v c dng

rng ri cc nc pht trin nhng cng ch thch hp cho cc ng hoc cc nhi
ng knh nh.
(1) Phng php th cc bng nn tnh c xem l phng php kinh in v ng
tin cy tuy rng khi so snh cc phng php nn tnh khc nhau chng t rng
chng thng cho cc kt qu khng ging nhau. iu ph thuc vo phng php
gia ti, quy c v ln ng vi ti trng gii hn khc nhau v cch xc nh sc
chu ti gii hn khc nhau. Vy, trnh xy ra nghi ng v tranh chp cn phi xc
nh quy trnh th tnh cc trong chng trnh kim tra cht lng ca mnh trn c s
la chn mt trong cc tiu chun nh TCXD 88-82 (Vit Nam, sp sot xt li),
ASTM D1142-81 (M) hoc CP 2004 (Anh).
Dng i trng (qu nng, vt liu xy dng, bao ct) vi h thng kch thu lc
hoc dng phng php neo vi h thng kch thu lc l cch thng dng hin nay
trong th tnh. Trn hnh 7.23 trnh by h thng thit b neo ca hng BAUER
(CHLB) c th tnh cc nhi ng knh 1200mm, di 18,50m vi ti trng 1700
tn ln 12,1m ti A rp Xut.
(2) Phng php th tnh cc c gn thit b o lc v chuyn v
Quanh thn cc theo chiu su, thng tin thu c gm: Lc Qi, chuyn v i cc
su khc nhau Li ca cc. y l phng php do Hip hi th nghim vt liu ca
M (ASTM) ngh. S cc c gn thit b o nh trnh by trn hnh 7.24 v quan
h Qi v i c th biu din:
Qi =
2 AE i
Q
Li
Trong :
A, E - ln lt l din tch tin din v mdun n hi ca cc;
i - chuyn v o c ca cc su Li;
Q - cp ti trng tc dng ln u cc.
Cp ti trng Q c th tin hnh nh th tnh truyn thng v kt qu thu c
khng ch l chuyn v v lc tc dng u cc m ch yu l phn b ma st quanh
thn cc theo chiu su v phn lc mi cc, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong
thc t tnh ton v kim tra sc chu ti ca cc.
i vi cc ng, thit b o c gn trn mt ngoi ca cc, cn i vi cc nhi,
gn thit b trc khi b tng.

114
Nh kt qu o ca phng php ny cho php xc nh hp l chiu di ca cc

cng nh vic tnh ln (t p lc mi cc) s chnh xc hn so vi cc phng php
th truyn thng.

115
(3). Phng php th hin i

Khi cc nhi c ng knh v chiu di ln vi sc chu ti hng ngn tn th
phng php th tnh ni trn khng th thc hin c. Hn na khi nhng cc ny
gia sng hoc ngoi bin th vic cht ti hoc n eo l phng php khng c tnh kh
thi. Do vy ngi ta tm phng php khc th sc chu ti ca cc.
Phng php hp ti trng OSTERBERG
Nguyn l: Dng mt (hay nhiu) hp ti trng OSTERBERG (hp s lm vic
nh kch thu lc) t mi khoan cc nhi hoc 2 v tr mi v thn cc trc
khi b tng thn cc (xem hnh 7.25 ). Sau khi b tng cng tin hnh
th ti bng bm du to p lc trong hp kch.
Theo nguyn l phn lc, lc truyn xung t mi cc bng lc truyn ln thn
cc, ngc li vi lc ny l trng lng cc v ma st t chung quanh. Vic th s
t n ph hoi khi mt trong hai ph hoi xy ra mi v quanh thn cc. Da theo
cc thit b o chuyn v v o lc gn sn trong hp OSTERBERG s v c cc
biu quan h gia lc tc dng v chuyn v mi cc v chuyn v thn cc. Tu
theo trng hp ph hoi c th thu c mt trong hai dng biu quan h ti trng
chuyn v c dng gn ging nh biu P-S trong th tnh truyn thng. Phng
php ny ph hp vi cc cc c sc chng cho php thnh bn v mi tng ng
nhau, nu khng, phi c tnh t hp p lc ti nhiu tng trong thn cc.
Phng php th tnh ng STATNAMIC
Nguyn l: t mt thit b dng ng c phn lc v i trng ln u cc. Thng
qua vic t nhin liu rn trong bung p lc ca ng c s to nn mt p sut y
khi i trng ln pha trn ng thi s gy ra mt lc tc dng ln u cc theo
chiu ngc li. o chuyn v ca cc di tc dng ca lc n v cc thng s bin
dng + gia tc u cc s xc nh c sc chu ti ca cc (hnh 7.26).
Cc s liu v quan h ti trng-chuyn v ca cc c xc nh bng hp ti
trng v u o laser gn sn trong thit b STATNAMIC. Trn hnh 7.27 trnh by
cu to ca thit b ny.
Trong phng php STATNAMIC ngi ta xc nh c gia tc a ca khi
phn lc (F12 = ma) dch chuyn ln pha trn ln gp 20 ln gia tc ca cc dch
chuyn xung pha di (F21 = -F12). Nh vy trng lng ca khi phn lc ch cn
bng 1/20 i trng d kin trong th tnh to nn c mt lc ln gp 20 ln lc
truyn ln u cc. Nh vic th ti bng STATNAMIC s gim rt nhiu v quy
m v chi ph so vi th tnh nhng kt qu t c rt gn vi phng php tnh.
STATNAMIC c pht trin t nm 1988 vi ti trng t n 0,1MN. n
1994 c thit b th nghim n 30MN. Cc nc M, Canada, H Lan, Nht Bn,
c, Israel v Hn Quc dng phng php ny. Nm1995 t vn Anh ACER
ngh dng phng php ny th cc ng thp ti cng cngten Tn Thun
116
(thnh ph H Ch Minh) vi ti trng 3MN nhng cha c pha Vit Nam chp
thun.
Tm li nhng kim tra chnh ca cc c th tham kho bng 7.41.
Bng 7.41. Nhng hng mc kim tra cht lng chnh ca cc
( cc ch to sn v cc nhi ) ( theo [1])
Cc thng s kim tra v yu cu
Sai lch gii hn so vi thng s v
STT
ca tiu chun
yu cu
1
2
3
ng cc th theo s lng v v tr Khng t hn qui nh ca tiu
1
do thit k xem xt chnh xc chun TCXD 205 : 1998 v th
ho sc chu ti
theo tiu chun th tnh
2
Sai lch v chiu su h cc:
Khng h c phi nh hn 15%
- i vi cc di n 10 m
chiu di
Nu khng h c vt qu 10%
- i vi cc di hn 10 m
chiu di th phi tm nguyn nhn
v c kt lun ca c quan thit k
v kh nng s dng cc ny m
khng cn ng cc b sung
Tr s chi ca cc v s chnh xc o chi vi chnh xc khng
3
ca n khi :
t hn 0,1 cm bng phng php
m bo s chnh xc y
- Khi ng bng ba hi n ng Tr trung bnh ca 10 nht ba cui
hoc ba iezen
cng ly trong 3 ln ng ( tng
cng 30 nht )
- Khi ng cc bng ba song ng o theo nht p cui cng khi ko
di trong thi gian khng t hn 3
pht v xc nh bng tr trung bnh
v su h cc t mt nht p
trong pht cui cng
chi khng th ln hn chi
tnh ton xc nh theo tiu chun
th cc.
ng cc BTCT phi dng m cc Khng cho php ph hoi u cc
4
v m u cc
ng cc phi tin hnh theo ct Khi khng c qui nh ct y v b
5
y h mng v khng c cao tri cao th bt buc phi iu chnh

117
tri qu y h
1
6
2
Khng nh c mi cc vo
trong lp t chc theo su thit
k
Khng cho php sai lch u cc
trn mt bng so vi v tr thit k
ln hn cc tr s sau :
- Khi cc b tr 1 hng
- Khi cc b tr thnh nhm v
trong mng bng c 2 - 3 hng
- Khi cc b tr thnh " trng cc "
di ton b nh v cng trnh
- Khi cc n v cc ct ( ch c 1
cc )
- Cc ng, cc khoan nhi v cc
nhi
9
10
11
Sai lch v cao u cc:

- Trong i b tng ton khi
- Trong i lp ghp
- Trong mng khng i c m cc
lp ghp
- Trong cc ct
nghing ca cc so vi trc
thng ng ( khng k cc ct )
nghing ca l khoan ( khi lm
cc khoan nhi )
Sai lch i vi cc khoan nhi c
m rng y:
- Ct su ca phn m v y cc
su h cc
3
Kt lun chc chn bng th
nghim rng mi cc vo lp t
cht nh thit k qui nh
Cc c ng knh hoc cnh ca
tit din n 0,5m
Theo chiu ngang ca hng - 0,2D
Theo chiu dc ca hng - 0,3D
ngoi cng theo chiu ngang 0,2D
v tr cn li v dc hng - 0,3D
Cc ngoi cng - 0,2D
Cc gia - 0,4 D
Ln lt l 5 v 3 cm. " D " ng
knh cc trn hoc cnh b ca cc
tit din ch nht.
Cc c " D " ln hn 0,5m
Theo chiu ngang - 10 cm
Theo chiu dc - 15 cm
Cc n - 8 cm
Khng ln hn 3 cm
Khng ln hn 1 cm
Khng ln hn 5 cm
Khng ln hn 3 cm
Khng vt qu 1%
Khng c qu 1%
Khng c qu 10cm

118
12
1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
- ng knh l khoan
Khng c qu 5 cm
- ng knh ch m rng
Khng c qu 10 cm
sai lch l khoan cc nhi trn Theo im 7
mt bng
2
Sai lch so vi v tr thit k i cc
c sn ca mng nh v nh
cng cng:
- i vi cc trc nh v
- i vi cao mt i
Sai lch so vi v tr thit k ca i
cc c sn cho mng nh sn xut:
- i vi trc nh v
- i vi cao mt i
Sai lch trc m cc so vi trc cc
B dy lp va m gia i v m
cc
B dy lp va m trong mng cc
khng i:
- Gia bn v m cc
- Gia tm tng v m cc
Ct u cc sau khi ng
Khng c qu 10 mm
Khng c qu 5mm
Khng c qu 20 mm
Khng c qu 10 mm
Khng c qu 10mm
Khng c qu 30mm
Khng ln hn 30mm
Khng ln hn 20mm
ch m bo c s ngm ct
thp ca cc v thn cc vo i
theo qui nh ca thit k
Ngm cc BTCT ng sut trc ( Khng c ct u cc hoc theo
thanh hoc si ) vo i cc
qui nh ca thit k
Lm khe theo chu vi cc bng cch Khng b hn 8 cm
nhi vt liu n hi trong mng
cc i cao
S ngng gia khi kt thc khoan
v b tng trong cc khoan nhi
- Trong t thng thng
Khng c qu 24 gi
- Trong t ln st
Khng c qu 8 gi
(Cn theo th nghim lc khoan
th)
Lm sch y l khoan v s ngng Khng qu 15cm mn khoan v

119
ti lc ch b tng
23
24
khng qu 4 gi ( do thit k qui

nh )
Gia cng cc BTCT khi c vt nt Dng tm p BTCT c b dy
ngang v nghing vi b rng hn khng b hn 10mm
0,3mm
H s nghim thu ca nh thu phi Nht k ng cc, bin bn ng
y vi cc thng tin tin cy
th, th cc, bin bn o t, l
lch cc.
Ch thch :
1) Kim tra v nghim thu cng tc cc cn theo qui nh ca thit k v c th
da vo cc tiu chun Vit Nam nh :
TCXD 205 : 1998 - Mng cc . Tiu chun thit k
TCXD 206 : 1998 - Cc khoan nhi. Yu cu v cht lng thi cng
22 TCN - 257 : Cc khoan nhi . Quy phm thi cng v nghim thu
2) Chi tit hn c th tham kho ti liu s [9, 10].
3.8. Mt s h hng thng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi
Cc h hng thng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi rt a dng do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau. Trong bng 7.42 trnh by nhng dng h hng chnh.
y cn lu n mt s nguyn nhn chung gy ra cc km cht lng thng
xy ra khu khoan ri dn l v khu b tng.
Cc nguyn nhn bao qut thng l:
- Do km am hiu mt phn hay ton b bn cht ca t nn v iu kin a
cht thu vn ca a im xy dng;
- Do kim tra khng y trn cng trng ca ch u t hay nh thu v
khng c hoc thiu t vn gim st c trnh chuyn mn, kinh nghim v t
cht cn thit;
- Do hp ng quy nh qu eo hp hoc k hoch thi cng vi tin khng
thch hp cho nhng cng vic cn phi cn thn;
- Do thiu kh nng hoc tnh cu th ca nh thu khi thi cng nhng cng
vic qu phc tp;
- Sau cng l do vic hon thnh mt cc bao gm mt s thao tc n gin hp
thnh nhng nhng ngi thc hin thiu tinh t v khng c nhng k xo cn
thit (v t kinh nghim) mc d h c la chn kh k nhng vn khng
lm ch tt.
Bng 7.42. Cc h hng c th gp cc khoan nhi. Phng php xc nh

120
Mc
Nguyn nhn c
H hng mt ch
th
Sai v tr lch nh v sai v Quan st v o c
tm
thn cc khng
thng
Loi h hng
2
t gy
chn
Thit b thi cng Th bng siu m

va phi nh cc
hoc g
bng
phng php PIT...
H hng nhiu
ch
Quan st v o
c
Kim tra bng
siu m hoc
gamma trong
cc ng chn
sn hoc cc l
khoan nm
ngoi lng thp
Nh mc 2
Thn phnh ra i qua vng t Phi hp kim tra

hoc tht li
xp
cht lng bng
quan st vi mt
hoc t hp cc
phng php NDT
thng dng
Do khoan qua ct
trong nc khng Nh mc 3
Nh mc 2
C hang hc
c ng vch hoc
dng dung dch
Phi hp kim tra
Do vch l hoc cht lng bng
khng lm sch quan st vi kim
Mi cc xp
tra siu m hoc
hon ton y
gamma trong cc
ng qua y cc
Thu knh ct Do ng b tng b Nh mc 3
Nh mc 2
nm ngang
ri khi b tng
Kim tra cht
lng
bng
quan st kt
H
hng Do st ca b
hp bng siu
ngoi
lng tng thp hoc Nh mc 3
m
hoc
thp
ct thp qu dy
gamma trong
cc ng hoc
cc l khoan
nm ngoi lng

121
thp
R t ong
hoc mt va
hoc
to
thnh
hang
trong b tng
o cn thn khi o cn thn

Ln cc mnh Do khng lm lng b tng cng khi lng b
vi nh mc 3
tng cng vi
vn
sch mn khoan
nh mc 2
Do lng nc
khng cn bng Nh mc 3
hoc b tng
trc tip vo nc
Nh mc 2
cng on to l, nhng h hng c th l do hu qu ca:

- K thut thit b khoan hoc loi cc la chn khng thch hp vi t nn;
- Mt dung dch khoan t ngt (khi gp hang cc-t hoc thch cao) hoc s
tri ln nhanh chng ca t b st l vo thnh l khoan, 2 s c ny d to
thnh ngoi d kin thit k;
- S qun l km khi khoan to l do s dng loi dung dch c thnh phn
khng tng ng vi iu kin t nn v cng ngh khoan hoc kim tra
khng tt s bin i thnh phn dung dch (nht l mt v nht);
- S nghing lch, bp bnh ca h thng my khoan l khi gp m ci hoc
lp nghing. Nhng sai lch v tr kiu ny ph thuc vo hiu qu v vo s
kim sot ca thit b dn hng, iu t dn n tnh trng khng tn trng
thng ng ca cc v vt qu nghing d kin (cho php) ca thit k;
- Lm sch mn khoan trong l cc khng tt, y l khoan c lp cn dy,
sinh ra s tip xc xu vi lp t chu lc ti mi cc, lm nhim bn v gim
cht lng b tng;
cng on b tng vo cc thng gp nhng sai st do mt s nguyn nhn
sau:
- Thit b b tng khng thch hp hoc tnh trng lm vic xu;
- Ch o cng ngh b tng km: sai st trong vic cung cp b tng khng
lin tc, gin on trong khi , rt ng qu nhanh;
- Cp liu khng u s dn n lng b tng chim ch ban u khng do
qu nhanh;
- S dng b tng c thnh phn khng thch hp, st hoc tnh do khng
v d b phn tng.
Mt s nguyn nhn khc lm hng cc hoc lm gim sc chu ti ca cc c th l:
- S lu thng mch nc ngm lm tri cc b b tng ti;

122
- S sp xp li t nn do chn ng s dn n s suy gim ma st ca mt

bn hoc sc chng mi cc;
- Thi gian dn cch ko di qu quy nh gia khu khoan to l v b tng
vo cc gy ra s st l vch l khoan v lng ng cn qu dy y;
- S dng khoan a cht i vi cc c ng knh qu b, lc b tng
khng c thi gian chim ch trong l cc s gy ra cho cc b gin on
thn hoc xp mi.
Nh vy, 3 nhm nguyn nhn ni trn (qun l v trnh , trong lc to l v giai
on b tng) thng chim t trng ng k gy ra s c cht lng cho cc
khoan nhi. Thng ngi thi cng d kin trc cc tnh hung, chun b sn bin
php x l hoc khc phc, nhng iu khng phi lc no cng tin liu ht, nn
kinh nghim trong v ngoi nc u ch ra rng phi ly vic gim st cht ch v ghi
chp y l cch bo m cht lng cc tin cy nht.
3.9. Nghim thu cc khoan nhi v i
Theo TCXD 206: 1998 trong cn ch cc ni dung chnh sau y:
Phn to l:
- Mc nc ngm hoc mc nc sng bin;
- Tc v qu trnh thi cng to l;
- Kch thc v v tr thc ca l cc (mc lch tm v thng ng);
- ng knh v su lm l, ng knh v di ca ng chng hoc ng
nh v tng mt; di thc t ca cc, thng ng ca cc;
- Bin bn kim tra cht lng, s c v cch x l (nu c).
Phn gi thnh v c thp:
- Loi dung dch gi thnh v bin php qun l dung dch;
- Thi gian thi cng cho mi cng on;
- B tr ct thp, phng php ni u v cao on u phn b tng;
- Bin bn kim tra cht lng cc;
- Nhng trc trc v s c (nu c) v cch x l;
- Loi th v s ngi tham gia thi cng.
Phn kim tra cht lng cc:
- Bo co kim tra cht lng cc v sc chu ti ca cc n;
- Bn v hon cng mng cc khi o h mng n ct thit k v bn v ct
cao u cc;
Nghim thu i cc gm cc ti liu sau y:
- Bin bn thi cng v kim tra ct thp b tng i cc;
123
- Bin bn v ct neo gia u cc vi i cc, c ly mp bin ca cc mp

i, lp bo v ct thp i cc;
- Bn ghi v dy, b di v b rng ca i cc v tnh hnh ngoi quan ca
i cc.
V. Xy dng vng i ni
cng trnh ( gm c phn nn mng ) c cht lng xy dng tt cn t vn
gim st k 4 khu :
Chun b thit k : giai on kho st t nn;
Bin php thit k trnh nguy c h hng;
Thi cng ng trong khu nn mng;
Bin php bo v t nn ca cng trnh.
Di y xin trnh by nhng yu cu k thut ch yu lin quan n 4 vn
ni trn.
1. Yu cu khi thit k nn t vng i ni
1) Trong iu kin t nhin vng xy dng c hin tng trt l dc hay
khng ?
2) Lng nh nh hng c hi n n nh ca dc ni trong thi cng nh o,
lp, cht ti gn h mng c bin php phng nga;
3) Tnh khng ng u ca nn t ( nguyn th, san lp, ln cui, m ci
) v th nm ca cc lp t ( bng phng hay nghing ....);
4) Mc hnh thnh v pht trin cc hang t v xi l t , s nt n,
phong ho ... to thnh dng chy mnh;
5) nh hng ca nc mt ( theo ma kh v ma ma ) v nc ngm khi thi
cng v s dng cng trnh.
Minh ho nhng vn ni trn bng 3 v d sau :
Hnh 7.28 : Nh xy u dc trn lp t p ( s 8), tuy c lm lp ph mt (
s 3) ngn s xm nhp ca nc thi nhng khng c hiu qu, cui dc c dng
sng/ sui b ( s 7 ) lm mc nc ngm thay i nhiu ( s 5 ) nn nh b hng, nt
( s 2).
Bi hc : sn dc khng n nh, mng t nng trn t p c chiu dy
khng u.
Hnh 7.29 : Nh ang xy d dang nm gia mi dc trn lp t nm nghing v
yu c tc dng nh lp " bi trn " lm nh trt v pha cui dc.
Bi hc : iu tra nn t khng tt, th t nm nghing qu qui nh v thit
k khng c gii php gia cng mng.

124
Hnh 7.30 : dc ln, khng c bin php gi n nh t ngoi phm v mng,

nh cui dc b t trt ln, khng th tip tc s dng.
Bi hc : Cn c bin php bo v chng trt cho t quanh nh theo hng
dc ca i ni.
2. C ch trt t vng i dc
C 3 dng mt n nh ( hnh 7.31) do trt chnh sau y :
Cng trnh t trn u dc gy trt lm t di mng b ri ra;
Cng trnh t gia dc, mt trt hnh thnh di ton b mng;
Cng trnh cui dc nhng do phn t ( v c th c c cng trnh ) nm
pha trn b trt v t ln nh cui dc.
3. Gii php quy hoch hn ch h hng
Vit Nam cha c quy nh v tiu chun qui hoch xy dng nh vng i
ni, y tham kho Tiu chun nc ngoi ( chng 5 tiu chun TJ7-74 Trung
Quc ) :
Khng xy dng ni trt dc ln, bn chy, st l mnh, hang t pht
trin, nghing mt t qu gii hn cho php. Khi c nhu cu c bit bt buc
phi s dng vng t loi ny th phi c bin php x l tin cy;
Quy hoch tng th phi b tr hp l tu thuc yu cu s dng vi iu kin
a hnh a cht. Cng trnh nng, chnh nn b tr ch c nn t tt hn, c gng
to s ph hp gia iu kin t nn vi yu cu kt cu bn trn, khng to ra s
chnh lch ln ti trng ca mng trn t dc;
Phi trit bo v v li dng h thng thot nc t nhin v thm thc vt
vng i ni. Khi bt buc phi thay i h thng thot nc t nhin th phi dn
ngun nc ra khi a im xy dng nhng ch d nn dng hoc d chn dng
vo cc sng/sui t nhin hoc rnh thot tm thi trong thi gian ma to lc thi
cng;
nhng vng t chu nh hng ca nc l phi c cc bin php thot l
thch hp, k gi cc b ca dng chy trnh xi l ( trng cy, k / b tng,
tng chn ....).
Minh ho nhng khuyn co ni trn bng cc v d nu cc hnh sau y :
Hnh 7.32 : Nguyn tc t mng trn mi dc theo t l ngang 3, ng 2.
Hnh 7.33 : Cng trnh u v chn mi dc.
a) Khi cng trnh t u mi dc vi mi gnhing nh hn 45o v cao khng
qu 8m th khong cch mp mng n mp dc S khng c nh hn 2,5m v tnh
theo cc cng thc nu. Trong trng hp > 45o v H > 8m phi kim ton n
nh ca mi dc + cng trnh.

125
b) Cch b tr cng trnh nh v chn dc

Hnh 7.34 : Gii php c bit khi cn t cng trnh trn nh v gia mi dc :
dng cc r cy hoc neo vo t .
Hnh 7.35 : Cch chng trt v lp bng tng p v cc.
Hnh 7.36 - Hnh 7.37 : Mt s bin php bo v mi dc cho ng giao thng
v b sng hoc sui.
Mt s khuyn co trong thit k
Khi lp t ph l mng, pha di l mt gc theo bng 7.43 thit k. Khi
san nn cn p t ly mt bng xy dng th vic thit k v kim tra theo bng
7.44 v 7.45.
Bng 7.43. Tr dc cho php ca b mt gc nm di lp t p.

Kt cu gch
Kt cu khung 1 tng thng thng c
Lc chu ti cho
cu trc 15T v di 15 T
php ca tng t chu lc 4 tng v
di 4 tng, kt
ph trn (R)
Ct bin mang
Ct gia khng
cu khung 3 tng
T/m2
tng v tng hi
tng
v di 3 tng
15
15%
15%
30%
20
25%
30%
50%
30
40%
50%
70%
Ch thch : Biu ny thch hp cho nn t xy dng trng thi n nh, mt
dc ca gc ch nghing v 1 hng v b mt ca gc vi mt y ca mng
nm trn lp t c dy ln hn 30cm.
i vi nn t c nhiu lp v c l ra, nu gia cc lp c xen kp lp
t st hng cng do hoc cng rn, nu l nh kt cu gch chu lc 4 tng v
di 4 tng, kt cu khung 3 tng v di 3 tng, hoc kt cu khung 1 tng c cu
trc 15T v di 15T, m p lc y mng nh hn 20 T/m2 th c th khng cn x
l nn t.
Khi khng tho mn cc qui nh trn c th dng lp lm m mng,
khi lp l ra c th dng lm m k, cn thit th n b tng hc cho nn n
nh hn. Khi lp t xen kp mng c th moi o b i v nhi vo vt liu
dm, t ln hoc vt liu t co ngt nhi vo vi h s m cht 0,87.

126
Bng 7.44. Tr khng ch cht lng nn t p.

H s m
Loi hnh kt cu
V tr t lp
cht kc
Trong phm vi tng chu
> 0,96
Kt cu gch lc ch yu ca nn t
chu lc v kt cu
Di phm vi tng chu lc 0,93 0,96
khung
ch yu ca nn t
Trong phm vi tng chu 0,94 0,97
Kt cu gi n lc ch yu ca nn t
gin v kt cu
Di phm vi tng chu lc 0,91 0,93
khung
ch yu ca nn t
Hm lng nc
khng ch (%)
Wop 2
Ch thch : H s nn cht kc, l tr ca t s gia dung trng kh khng ch d

ca t vi dung trng kh ti a dmax, Wop l hm lng nc ti u, th hin bng
%.
Bng 7.45. Sc chu ti cho php v dc bin cho php ca nn t cp

Loi t lp
H s nn
cht kc
dm, cui
Ct ln (trong
dm cui
chim
30-50%
ton trng lng )
t ln ( trong
dm cui
chim
30-50%
ton trng lng )
t st
( 8 < lp < 14)
0,94 0,97
Lc chu ti
cho php R
T/m2
Tr d dc bin cho php

( T s cao : rng )
Dc cao di 8m Dc cao 8 15m
20 30
1: 1,50 1: 1,25
1: 1,75 1: 1,50
20 25
1: 1,50 1: 1,25
1: 1,75 1: 1,50
15 20
1: 1,50 1: 1,25
1: 2,00 1: 1,50
13 18
1: 1,75 1: 1,50
1: 2,25 1: 1,75
Tr s dc cho php ca sn dc, phi cn c vo kinh nghim ti ch, xc nh

theo tr s dc n nh ca cc loi t cng loi. Khi iu kin a cht l tt,
cht t tng i ng u, c th xc nh theo bng 7.46 v bng 7.47
Bng 7.46. Tr dc cho php ca sn dc .

127
Loi nham
cng
mm
phong ho
Phong ho nh
Phong ho va
Phong ho mnh
Phong ho nh
Phong ho va
Phong ho mnh
Tr dc cho php (t s cao : rng )

Dc cao di 8m Dc cao 8 15m
1: 1,10 1: 0,20
1: 0,20 1: 0,35
1: 0,20 1: 0,35
1: 0,35 1: 0,50
1: 0,35 1: 0,50
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,35 1: 0,50
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 1,00 1: 1,25
Bng 7.47. Tr dc cho php ca s-n dc t.
Loi t
t vn
t st cng
t st thng
cht hc trng
thi t st
Tht cht
Cht va
Hi cht
Cng rn
Cng do
Cng rn
Cng do
Tr dc cho php (t s cao : rng )

Dc cao di 8m
Dc cao 8 15m
1: 0,35 1: 0,50
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 1,00 1: 1,25
1: 0,33 1: 0,50
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,50 1: 0,75
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 0,75 1: 1,00
1: 1,00 1: 1,25
1:1,00 1: 1,25
1: 1,25 1: 1,50
Ch thch :
1. Trong bng, cht b sung vo vi t vn l t tnh st trng thi cng rn hoc cng do.
2. Vi t vn m b sung bng t ct hoc l vi t ct th tr s dc cho php ca s-n dc u xc
nh theo gc dc t nhin.
Khi gp mt trong cc tnh hung sau y, tr dc cho php ca s-n dc phi -c thit k ring :
1. cao ca s-n dc ln hn qui nh trong bng 7.46 v 7.47;
2. N-c ngm t-ng i pht trin hoc c tng t nghing vi b mt yu
( phng b tri tr-t).
3. Chiu dc nghing ca mt lp hoc mt san nn ch yu c cng dc nghing ca thnh h o,
nh-ng gc kp gia h-ng i ca 2 mt ny li nh hn 45o.
i vi s-n dc bng t hoc s-n dc l d ho mm khi o mng phi c cc bin php thch hp
thot n-c, bo v chn dc, bo v mt dc, khng -c n-c ng trong phm vi c th nh h-ng n n
nh ca s-n dc.
Khi o t nn o t trn xung d-i. o, lp t phi tnh n vic cn bng. C gng x l phn
tn t thi. Nu bt buc phi tp trung mt l-ng ln t thi nh dc hoc s-n dc th phi thc hin
nghim ton n nh ca thn dc.
Trong nhiu tr-ng hp phi dng t-ng chn t gi n nh mi dc. Vic thit k t-ng chn t (
loi trng lc hoc loi mm ) phi tun theo cc tiu chun c lin quan.

128
Mc lc chng 7
Trang
I. M u
1. c im ca cng tc gim st thi cng nn mng
2. Khi l-ng kim tra
3. Thc hin kim tra
II. Mng trn nn t t nhin
1.1. Tiu chun dng kim tra thi cng nn mng t nhin
1.2. Cc thng s v tiu ch kim tra cht l-ng h mng v
nn t p
1.3. Kim tra vic bo v mi tr-ng trong thi cng cng tc
t
1.4. Kim tra vic thi cng h mng su
1.5. Kim tra thi cng mng
III. Nn gia c
1. Bc thm, vi hoc l-i a k thut
2. Bm p va
3. Gia c nn bng ph-ng php ho hc
4. Lm cht t bng m/lu ln trn mt hoc chiu su
IV. Thi cng mng cc
1. Cc ch to sn
1.1. Giai on sn xut
1.2. Giai on tho khun, xp kho, vn chuyn
1.3. Chn ba ng cc
1.4. Mi ni cc v mi cc
1.5. Trnh t ng cc
1.6. Tiu chun dng ng cc
1.7. Cc v mt nn t b y tri
1.8. Chn ng v ting n
1.9. Mt s s c th-ng gp
1.10. Nghim thu cng tc ng cc
2. Cc thp
2.1.Kim tra cht l-ng ch to
2.2. Cht l-ng hn v cu to mi cc
2.3. Tiu chun dng ng
3. Cc khoan nhi
3.1. Yu cu chung
3.2. Khi l-ng kim tra v cch x l
3.3. Kim tra cht l-ng l cc
3.4. Kim tra lng thp v lp t ng o
3.5. Kim tra cht l-ng b tng v cng ngh b tng
3.6. Kim tra cht l-ng thn cc

129

3.7. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc
3.8. Mt s h- hng th-ng gp trong thi cng cc khoan nhi
3.9. Nghim thu cc khoan nhi v i
V. Xy dng vng i ni
1. Yu cu khi thit k nn t vng i ni
2. C ch trut t vng i ni
3. Gii php quy hoch hn ch h- hng
Hnh v v nh
Ti liu tham kho

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Giam Sat Nen Mong

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Bi 7

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

1. Nguyn tc chung trong gim st

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Cng tc thi cng nn mng

thi cng nn mng

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

4) Khi xy mng trn cc loi nn t c tnh cht c bit (t ln t, t p,

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Chu k ly mu ti hin trng v mc t tiu chun.

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Bin bn th nghim nn..

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

v Cc bo co hng tun v hng thng ca gim st vin.

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh

Nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh khi o

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

phng trnh ging nh nu im

Bin dng nh ca nh c do vt liu

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

trong xy dng ng v nh t tng. V vy cn nm vng nhng hiu bit c

Hn hp trn hay pht va

Ph thuc s tn ti Tng i ngn

Dung trng cao do h s

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Bng 3.2. Lnh vc ng dng v chc nng ca vi a k thut

Lc qua k sng, bin

Cc cng trnh ci to t bng thu li

Ngn chn cc ho cht tng hp

H thng cc sn phm c hp cht ho

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

trong cun Cng ngh mi x l nn t yu vi a k thut v bc thm ca

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

trong nhiu trng hp l phng php duy nht tng bn ca t c sc chu ti

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

ng, nghing, nm ngang v kt hp (hnh 3.5) cn s trn mt bng c th theo

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Bng 3.4. Tr tiu chun ca mdun bin dng E mt s loi t ln cht

Bng 3.5. Cng tnh ton Ro ca nn t ln cht

Trong phm vi tng chu lc

Di phm vi tng chu lc

Trong phm vi tng chu lc

khng phi kt cu khung

Di phm vi tng chu lc

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

Bng 3.7. Tr tham kho v m ti u v cht (kh) ln nht

Bng 3.8. Tr tham kho v m ti u Wop %

cht kh ln nht dmax

Khi dng phng php ng ln cht th khng ch sai khc gia m v

Cng tc thi cng nn mng

iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn;

Phng thc chu

Lp chuyn T vn gim st xy dng