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Genus and Species

Infective Stage:

Entamoeba histolytica
Cyst

Entamoeba coli
Cyst

Endolimax nana
Cyst

Iodamoeba buetschlii
Cyst

1-4
Bulls eye karyosome

1-4
Ground glass appearance;
cross-eyed karyosome
Comma-bacilliform
Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst
thru contaminated water or
food
Cecum
Trophozoite

Usually 1
2/3 glycogen vacuole; Iodine
cyst of Wenyoun

IMAGE

Total no. of nucleus


Diagnostic feature
Chromatoidal body
Definitive Host
P.O.E
M.O.T

Cigar-shaped
Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst thru
contaminated water or food

1-8
Jagged or splintered ends
chromatoidal bodies
Whisk broom
Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst thru
contaminated water or food

Habitat
Pathogenic Stage

Cecum
Trophozoite

Cecum
Trophozoite

Ingested RBC
Pseudopodia
(finger-like)
Active, Progressive, Directional

Dirty cytoplasm
Pseudopodia
(short and blunt)
Sluggish, Non-progressive nor
directional

Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst thru
contaminated water or food
Cecum
Trophozoite

IMAGE

Diagnostic feature
Locomotive apparatus
Motility
Mechanism of disease
production
MGS

Pseudopodia
(finger-like)
Sluggish

1/3 glycogen vacuole


Pseudopodia
(short and blunt)
Sluggish but may be
progressive

Lytic Necrosis
Page 1

Genus and Species


Infective Stage:

Giardia lamblia
Cyst

Chilomastix mesnili
Cyst

Trichomnas vaginalis
Trophozoite

Dientamoeba fragilis
Trophozoite

Balantidium coli
Cyst

4
Retracted cytoplasm; 4
pairs of axoneme

1
Nipple-like projection;
Lemon-shaped

Siderophil granules

Tetracoccic appearance
of karyosome

Bean/Kidney-shaped
macronucleus
perpendicular to
micronucleus

Number of Flagella

Definitive Host
P.O.E
M.O.T

Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst
thru contaminated
water or food
Duodenal crypts
Trophozoite

Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst
thru contaminated
water or food
Cecum

Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst
thru contaminated
water or food
Cecum
Trophozoite

Man
Mouth
Ingestion of mature cyst
thru contaminated
water or food
Cecum
Trophozoite

Diagnostic feature

Ventral sucking disc

Spiral groove

Locomotive apparatus
Motility
Mechanism of disease
production

Flagella
Falling-leaf-like
Coating/Carpeting of
the wall

Pseudopodia

Bean/Kidney-shaped
macronucleus
Cilia
Directional, Tumbling
Lytic Necrosis

IMAGE
Total no. of nucleus
Diagnostic feature

Habitat
Pathogenic Stage

5 (2pairs and 1
undulating membrane
Man
Genitalia
Sexual intercourse

Vagina, Prostate gland


Trophozoite

IMAGE

MGS

Flagella
Corkscrew Boring motion

Flagella
Jerky, Tumbling
Vaginal pruritis

Page 2

Genus and Species


Etiologic Agent

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium malariae

Malignant/ Sub tertian

Benign Tertian

Ovale malariae

Quartan malariae

BAND form
IMAGE

ROSETTE

Host RED CELL

Normal-sized

Enlarged

Normal-sized

Definitive Host

Anopheles mosquito

MOT

BLOOD, Mosquito bite

Infective Stage to DH

Gametocytes

HABITAT

RBC

Intermediate Host

MAN

Pathogenic Stage

MEROZOITE/Trophozoite

Infective Stage to IH

SPOROZOITE

Mechanism of disease
production

Tissue Anoxia

POE

Skin

MGS

Page 3

NEMATODES ( Adenophorea)
Genus and Species
Common Name
Intermediate Host

Trichuris trichiura
Whip worm
Flies, Rat

Trichinella spiralis
Trichina worm
Man

Definitive Host
P.O.E
M.O.T
Habitat
Infective Stage

Man
Mouth
Ingestion thru contaminated food and drink
Large Intestine
Embryonated egg

Pigs/ Rats
Mouth
Ingestion thru contaminated pork
Small Intestine
Encysted Larva

Capillaria philippinensis
Pudok worm
Panstrongylus (Triatomid/Kissing
bug)
Man
Mouth
Ingestion thru contaminated fish
Small Intestine
L3 Larva

Encysted Larva

Flat mucus plugs; Coarsely pitted


eggshell; Peanut shaped
Adult

IMAGE

EGG- Diagnostic
Pathogenic Stage

Bipolar mucus plug; Football shaped;


Japanese lantern
Adult

IMAGE

ADULT- Diagnostic

MALE- 360 degree caudal

Attachment and
nutrition
Pathogenesis

Anchorage

MGS

Rectal prolapsed

MALE- conspicuous papillae


FEMALE- uterus with semi-coiled larva

MALE- overhanging sheath with


long copulatory spicule
FEMALE- uterus filled with eggs

Myocarditis

Malabsorption of nutrients
Page 4

Genus and Species

Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati

Ancylostoma caninum

Common Name
Etiologic Agent
Intermediate Host
Definitive Host
POE
MOT

Dog Ascarid
Visceral Larva Migran
Man
Dog
Mouth
Ingestion

Cat Ascarid
Visceral Larva Migran
Man
Cat
Mouth
Ingestion

Dog Hookworm
Cutaneous Larva Migran
Dog
Man
Skin
Skin penetration

HABITAT
Infective Stage

Tissues, Organs
Egg

Tissues, Organs
Egg

Cutaneous
Filariform Larva

Angiostrongylus
cantonensis
Rodent Lungworm
Eosinophilic meningitis
Snail; Rat
Man as accidental host
Mouth
Ingestion; Skin
penetration;
Transplacental
Tissues, Organs
L3

Gnathostoma
spinigerum

Coarsely pitted shell


Larva

Finely pitted eggshell


Larva

Larva

Larva

Larva

Cervical alae- longer than


broad
Granulomatous reaction

Cervical alae- broader


than long
Granulomatous reaction

3 pairs of large teeth

Barbers pole
appearance
Granulomatous reaction

Granulomatous reaction

Gnathostomiasis
Cyclops- fish
Man as accidental host
Mouth
Ingestion

Tissues, Organs
L3
EGG

IMAGE

EGG-Diagnostic
Pathogenic Stage

IMAGE

ADULT-Diagnostic
Disease production
MGS

Creeping eruption

Page 5

Genus and Species


Common Name
Definitive Host
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Infective Stage

Ascaris lumbricoides
Giant intestinal roundworm
Man
Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine
Embryonated egg
Unfertilized
Fertilized
Decorticated

Necator americanus
New World hookworm
Man
SKIN > Mouth
More of Skin penetration
Small intestine
Filariform larva
Filariform
Rhabditiform

Ancylostoma duodenale
Old Worm hookworm
Man
MOUTH > Skin
More of ingestion
Small intestine
Filariform larva
-SAME as N. americanusEGG

Coarse mammilated albuminous coating


Adult larva
FEMALE
MALE

In morula
Adult larva
BUCCAL
COPULATORY

In morula
Adult larva
BUCCAL
COPULATORY

IMAGE

EGG- Diagnostic
Pathogenic Stage

IMAGE

ADULT- Diagnostic

FEMALE- prominent genital girdle

Disease production

ADULT- Obstruction; Perforation; Occlusion

MGS

Semi-lunar cutting plate;


Bipartite dorsal ray

MALE- Tripartite dorsal ray

Page 6

Genus and Species


Common Name
Etiologic Agent
Definitive Host
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Infective Stage
IMAGE

EGG- Diagnostic
Pathogenic Stage
IMAGE

ADULT- Diagnostic
Mechanism of disease production

MGS

Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
Cochin-china disease
Man
Skin
Skin infection; AUTOINFECTION
Small intestine
Filariform larva
Filariform
Rhabditiform

Adult larva
Parasitic FEMALE

Filariform larva- bifid or notched end


LARVA- dew itch, creeping eruption
ADULT- mechanical, chemical irritation, abdominal
disturbance

Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm, Seatworm, Society worm
Oxyuriasis, Enterobiasis
Man
Mouth or Nose
Ingestion, Inhalation, AUTOINFECTION
CECUM
Embryonated egg

Lopsided appearance, letter D


Adult
FEMALE
MALE

Bulbous esophagus with cephalic alae


Vaginitis; Nocturnal pruritis ani

Page 7

Genus and Species


Common Name
Vector/s
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Infective Stage
Pathogenic Stage

Wuchereria bancrofti
Bancrofts filarial worm
Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia species;
Culex fatigans
Skin
Insect bite
Lymphatics
L3
Dead and Living Adult worms

Brugia malayi
Malayan filarial worm
Mansonia sp, Aedes togoi, Anopheles
species
Skin
Insect bite
Lymphatics
L3
Dead and Living Adult worms

Loa loa
Loa/Eye worm
Chrysops dimidia and silacea
(day-biting fly)
Skin
Insect bite
Sub/cutaneous tissue
L3
Adult worms

Sheated
Lymphatic Obstruction
Nocturnal

Sheated
Lymphatic Obstruction
Nocturnal

Sheated

IMAGE

Diagnostic Characteristic
Mechanism of disease production
Periodicity

MGS

Diurnal

Page 8

Genus and
Species
Common
Name
Developmental
Stage
2nd IH
Infective Stage
to 2nd IH
Definitive Host
Infective Stage
to DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic
Stage
IMAGE

LIVER FLUKES
Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis sinensis

Opistorchis felineus

LUNG FLUKE
Paragonimus westermani

Sheep Liver fluke

Chinese liver fluke

Cat liver fluke

Oriental Lung fluke

SRRC

SRC

SSRC

SRC

Watercress
Cercaria

Fresh-water fishes
Cercaria

Fresh-water fishes
Cercaria

Crabs
Cercaria

Man
Metacercaria

Man
Metacercaria

Man
Metacercaria

Man
Metacercaria

Mouth
Ingestion
Proximal Biliary tract
Mature/Young Adult

Mouth
Ingestion
Distal Biliary tract
Adult

Mouth
Ingestion
Distal Biliary tract
Adult

Mouth
Ingestion
Pulmonary pockets
Mature/Young Adult

Cephalic cone

2 Highly branching testes at


posterior 3rd
Embryonated; Old-fashion light bulb

Transversely compressed
vitellaria
Embryonated; Old-fashion light
bulb

Zigzag intestinal ceca


Non-embryonated; thick
aboperculum

Obstruction; Inflammation

Obstruction; Inflammation

Abscess

Fluke
characteristic
EGG
characteristic
IMAGE

Non-embryonated; Hens egg

Mechanism of
dse prod

Mechanical/Toxic effect;
Fascioliasis

MGS

Page 9

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Fasciolopsis buski

Echinostoma ilocanum

Common Name
Developmental Stage
2nd IH
Infective Stage to 2nd IH
Definitive Host
Infective Stage to DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic Stage
IMAGE

Giant intestinal fluke


SRRC
Snail (Pila conica/kuhol)
Cercaria
Man
Metacercaria
Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine
Adult

Garrisons fluke
RRC
Snail
Cercaria
Man
Metacercaria
Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine
Adult

Fluke characteristic

NO Cephalic cone

Circumoral disc

EGG characteristic

Non-embryonated; Hens egg

With germ-ball; dark triangular


operculum

Embryonated; Old-fashion light bulb

Obstruction, Traumatic,
Toxemia

Obstruction, Mechanical,
Toxemia

Myocarditis

Genus and Species

Heterophyes heterophyes
Haplorchis yokogawai (1 testes)
Metagonimus yokogawai
Yokogawais fluke
SRC
Fresh-water fishes
Cercaria
Man
Metacercaria
Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine
Adult
H.heterophyes
H.yokogawai
M.yokogawai

IMAGE

Mechanism of dse prod


MGS

Page 10

Genus and Species


Common Name
1st IH
Infective Stage of 1st
IH
Devtal Stage
Definitive Host
Infective Stage DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic Stage

Schistosoma haematobium
Visceral Blood fluke
Bulinus sp.
Miracidium
SSC
Man
Cercaria
Skin
Skin penetration
VESICAL and PELVIC plexus
Cercaria, Adult, Egg
ADULT
EGG

BLOOD FLUKES
Schistosoma japonicum
Oriental Blood fluke
Oncomelania quadrasi
Miracidium
SSC
Man
Cercaria
Skin
Skin penetration
SUPERIOR mesenteric plexus
Cercaria, Adult, Egg
ADULT
EGG

Schistosoma mansoni
Mansons Blood fluke
Biomphalaria
Miracidium
SSC
Man
Cercaria
Skin
Skin penetration
INFERIOR mesenteric plexus
Cercaria, Adult, Egg
ADULT
EGG

IMAGE

FLUKE Characteristic
EGG Characteristic
Mechanism of dse
prod
MGS

MALE- late union of intestinal ceca


FEMALE- post.-mid plane of ovary
TERMINAL spine
Allergic; Obstruction

MALE- very late union


FEMALE- a bit behind the mid-plane
Abbreviated LATERAL spine
Allergic; Obstruction

MALE-early union
FEMALE- ant.-mid plane of ovary
Prominent LATERAL spine
Allergic; Obstruction

Page 11

Genus and Species


Common Name
IH
Infective Stage to IH
DH
Infective Stage to
DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic Stage

Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm
Man
Man
Embryonated egg

CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Hymenolepis diminuta
Rat tapeworm
Flees, Beetles
Embryonated egg
Man
Cysticercoid larva

Dipylidium caninum
Double-pored dog tapeworm
Herbivores (cows,ships)
Embryonated egg
Man
Cysticercoid larva

Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine (ileum)
Adult
MATURE

Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine (ileum)
Adult
MATURE

Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine (ileum)
Adult
MATURE

GRAVID

GRAVID

GRAVID

Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcosis
Herbivores (cows, ships)
Embryonated egg
Dog, Sheep
Hydatid cyst
Mouth
Ingestion
Tissues, Organs
Hydatid cyst
ADULT:
CYST:

IMAGE

Characteristic

Scolex-ARMED rostellum
3 ovoid testis

Scolex- UNARMED rostellum


3 ovoid testis

Pumpkin-seed shape

Polar thickening (4-8 polar


filaments)
Autoinfection; Irritation;
intestinal disturbance

Polar thickening (w/o polar


filaments)
Irritation; intestinal disturbance

Mother pocket with 8-15


eggs
Irritation; intestinal
disturbance

EGG IMAGE
Characteristic
Mechanism of
disease production
MGS

Toxic; Mechanical
Page 12

Genus and Species


Common Name
1st IH
Infective Stage to IH
DH
Infective Stage to DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic Stage

CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Taenia saginata
Beef tapeworm
Cattle
Embryonated egg
Man
Cysticercus bovis
Mouth
Ingestion of improperly cooked 2nd IH
Small intestine
Adult
MATURE

Taenia solium
Pig tapeworm
Pig
Embryonated egg
Man
Cysticercus cerulosae
Mouth
Ingestion
Small intestine
Adult
MATURE

IMAGE

GRAVID

Characteristic

GRAVID

Scolex-NO rostellum; UNARMED


Mature: NO accessory ovary
Gravid: 18-20 lateral branches (long and thin)

Scolex- rostellum with 2 hooklets


Mature: WITH accessory ovary
Gravid: 7-13 lateral branches (short and stout)

Mature; non-operculated
Irritation; intestinal disturbance

Mature; non-operculated
Irritation; intestinal disturbance; Autoinfection

EGG IMAGE
Characteristic
Mechanism of
disease production
MGS

Page 13

Genus and Species


Common Name
Etiologic Agent of:
2nd IH
Infective Stage to 2nd
IH
Definitive Host
Infective Stage to DH
POE
MOT
HABITAT
Pathogenic Stage

PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA
Diphylobothrium latum
Broad or Fish tapeworm
Diphylobothriasis
Freshwater fish
Plerocercus larva
MAN
Plerocercoid/ Sparganum
MOUTH
Ingestion of Sparganum
Small intestine
ADULT
ADULT
MATURE

Sparganosis
Man
Plerocercus larva

Tissues, Organs
LARVA

IMAGE

Adult tapeworm

SCOLEX- Spatulated with bothria

EGG IMAGE

Mechanism of
disease production
MGS

PERNICIOUS and MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA


Page 14

MGS

Page 15

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