1.

Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide

2. Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
3. Chemical equations
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Activity 3.4
23
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
To determine the empirical formula of copper(II)
oxide
How does the formula of copper(II) oxide
determine?
The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be
determined by finding out the mass of copper and
oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide

Apparatus

U tube

Stoppers

Glass tube

Combustion tube with a small hole at the

end

Retort stand and clamp

Spatula

Porcelain dish

Bunsen burner

Balance

Preparation for hydrogen gas

Thistle funnel

Flat-bottomed flask

Material

Hydrogen gas, H2

Copper(II) oxide

Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

Wooden splinter

Preparation for the hydrogen gas

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Zinc pieces

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper oxide

Responding variable: Mass of copper

formed

Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of

hydrogen gas

Variables

===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus

Activity 3.5
25
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
To determine the empirical formula of magnesium
oxide
How does the formula of magnesium oxide
determine?
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO

Crucible with lid

Tongs

Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

Pipe-clay triangle

10 cm magnesium ribbon

Sandpaper

Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon

Responding variable: Mass of magnesium

oxide

Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass

of magnesium ribbon and excess air

Material

Variables

===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Activity 3.6
27
Chemical equations
To construct balanced chemical equations
A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate
B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric
acid / Formation of ammonium chloride
C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide
/ Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

How does the chemical equations determine?

A. The chemical equation of copper(II) carbonate
is CuCO3 > CuO + CO2
B. The chemical equation of

Apparatus

Boiling tube

Test tubes

Rubber bung with delivery tube

Test tube rack

Test tube holder

Stoppers

Bunsen burner

Copper(II) carbonate powder

Lime water

Concentrated ammonia solution

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Lead(II) nitrate solution

Potassium iodide solution

Material

Variables

A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II)

carbonate

Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide

formed / Volume of carbon dioxide
liberated

Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure

B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric

acid / Formation of ammonium chloride

Manipulated variable: Concentration of

ammonia and hydrochloric acid

Responding variable: Ammonium chloride

formed

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

and pressure

C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide

/ Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II)

nitrate solution and volume of potassium
iodide solution

Responding variable: Mass of lead(II)

iodide formed

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature

and pressure

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium
2. Chemical properties of Group 17 elements
3. Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Experiment 4.1
35
Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and
potassium
To investigate the chemical properties of lithium,
sodium and potassium
How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements
change when they react with water and oxygen gas,
O2?
When going down Group 1, alkali metals become
reactive in their reactions with water

Apparatus

Water troughs

Small knife

Forceps

Gas jars

Gas jar spoons

Gas jar covers

Small pieces of lithium, sodium and

potassium

Filter paper

Distilled water

Red litmus paper

Three gas jars filled with oxygen gas, O2

Manipulated variable: Different types of

alkali metals

Responding variable: Reactivity of metals

Controlled / Fixed variable: Water, size of

metals

Material

Variables

Operational An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously with

Definition
water is more reactive metal
===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title

Experiment 4.2
39
Chemical properties of Group 17 elements

Aim

To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17

elements
(A) Reactions of halogens with water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
(C) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution

Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium

hydroxide, NaOH solution?
(A) Reactions of halogens with water
1. Halogens forms acidic solutions when they
react with water
2. Halogens show bleaching properties when
they react with water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
Halogens form iron(III) halides when they react
with iron / When going down Group 17, halogens
become less reactive in their reactions with iron
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution
Halogens form sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and
water when they react with sodium hydroxide /
When going down Group 17, halogens become less
reactive in their reactions with sodium hydroxide
solution

Apparatus

Test tubes

Dropper

Test tube holders

Stoppers

Combustion tubes

Delivery tubes

Bunsen burner

Retort stand and clamp

Chlorine gas, Cl2 (produce after mixing

potassium manganate(VII) salts with
concentrated hydrochloric acid)

Liquid bromine, Br2

Solid iodine, I2

Blue litmus paper

Water

Iron wool

Soda lime

2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution

Material

Variables

(A) Reactions of halogens with water

Manipulated variable: Type of halogens

Responding variable: Change in colour of

the blue litmus paper / Reactivity of
halogens

Controlled / Fixed variable: Water

(B) Reactions of halogens with iron

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens

Responding variable: Appearance of brown

solid / Reactivity of halogens

Controlled / Fixed variable: Iron

(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium

hydroxide, NaOH solution

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens

Responding variable: Formation of a

colourless solution from a coloured halogen
/ Reactivity of halogens

Controlled / Fixed variable: Sodium

hydroxide solution

Operational (A) Reactions of halogens with water

Definition
1. When blue litmus paper turns red, the
solution formed shows acidic property
2. When blue litmus paper turns white, the
solution formed shows bleaching property
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
The appearance of a brown solid shows the
formation of iron(III) halides
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution
The formation of a colourless solution indicates
that salts of sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and
water are formed

===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title

Experiment 4.3
45
Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3

Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

To study the properties of the oxides of elements in

Period 3
How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of
elements change across Period 3?
Acidic properties of the oxides of elements
increase whereas basic properties of the oxides of
elements decrease across Period 3

Apparatus

Boiling tubes

Test tubes

Test tube holder

Glass rod

Spatula

Gas jar

Gas cover

100 cm3 measuring cylinder

Sodium oxide, Na2O

Magnesium oxide, MgO

Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2

Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5

Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2

Dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7

Universal Indicator

2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3

Material

2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution

Manipulated variable: Oxides of elements

of Period 3

Responding variable: pH values in water

and solubility in acid or alkali

Controlled / Fixed variable: Water or nitric

acid, HNO3 or sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution

Variables

Operational
Definition

1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form

solution with pH less than 7 is acidic and
pH more than 7 is alkaline
2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits
basic properties
3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits
acidic properties
4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and
alkali exhibits amphoteric properties

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Ionic compound
2. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Activity 5.1
52
Ionic compound
To prepare ionic compounds(A) Preparation of
magnesium oxide, MgO

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3
Apparatus

(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Sandpaper

Crucible

Spatula

Pipe-clay triangle

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Knife

Forceps

Filter paper

Spatula

Gas jar spoon / Deflagrating spoon

Gas jar cover

Gas jar

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Spatula

Asbestos paper

Combustion tube

Material

Stopper with delivery tube

Retort stand and clamp

Bunsen burner

(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Magnesium ribbon

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Sodium

Chlorine gas, Cl2

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Iron filling

Chlorine gas, Cl2

===============================================
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Activity 5.3
55
Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
To compare the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds(A) Melting point and boiling point
(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents
(C) Electrical conductivity

Apparatus

(A) Melting point and boiling point

Spatula

Evaporating dish

Dropper

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Spatula

Glass rod

Test tubes

Test tube rack

(C) Electrical conductivity

Material

Spatula

Glass rod

Switch

Connecting wires with crocodile clips

Batteries

Bulb

Carbon electrodes

Beakers

Crucible

Tripod stand

Pipe-clay triangle

Bunsen burner

(A) Melting point and boiling point

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2

Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4

Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O

Hexane, C6H14

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Distilled water

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2

Cyclohexane, C6H12

Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4

Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O

Hexane, C6H14

(C) Electrical conductivity

Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution

Naphthalene, C10H8