PREFACE.

Thb

title page.
of

The

in

latter

do

craft

becomes

and

nuisance

eminent
her

every

year.

This

varnish

on

class

of

great

what

not

the

latter

they

to

whom,

as

have

class

are

acquired

sails

and

years

skill

of

with

so

to

much

than

half

next

her

his

owner

"

know

one

cellar

and
of

most

way,

of

due, usually labor

for
of

such

shop

work
and

only acquired

careful

unwilling

seasons.

their

fiftyweeks

by the

outfit

of the

to

for

time

Their

of

the

in

are

result

We

canoe

screws

proper

practical knowledge
after

fine

and

for

friends.

brass

disadvantages.

professional builder
the

men,

in boats

limited; they have

the

and

boatiDg

improvements

under

keeps

from

ssport afloat

pleasure

and

family

who

canoeist

feeds

his

to

unlindted

of

source

edly
undoubt-

pleasure

the

and

dismantled,

up,

of

with

interfere

not

building, improving

independent

on,

delight

who

pet craft, and

pride in

in

pleasure merely

amount

greater

ice

canoes.

those

their

its

on

ance
practical assist-

planning,

on

only feel

and

hauled
a

the

the

own

with

forth

set

are

find

who

in

pleasure goes

cold

is

year

not

their

men

well

as

derive

their

but

sooner

and

build

compared

but

They

sport.

work,

nor

for

"tinkering" generally

the

the

designed
to

is small

boat

book

boating

handling,

or

the

wish

of

this

of

object

manual

who

number

only

No

It is

those

sailing a

the

and

character

and

is

tools,

by the

patient labor;

communicate

freely

difficulty,and

are

PREFACE,

only other

the

of hoats, there

use

the instructions

needed

experienced

Having

fall to the lot of the

of

proved

has

hy

quiredan

We

described.

and

at the

even
patience,

given

are

those which

make

mentary
elethat

enable

proved

best

tions
opera-

for it by extra
the

adapted

to

in

who,

the amateur

up

aC'

him

of the

many

of time, and

expense

have

the

seem

may

that
dexterity,

default of this training,must

To

by long practicehas

writing for

ara

help

be remembered

dispense altogetherwith

to

that

such

pages

ourselves.

to

it must

him, who

of eye and

accuracy

shorten, or

but

building.
mishaps

of the instructions

for

writing

not

are

we

boat

offer in these

unnecessary;

there

giving precisely

none

greatest value

the

while

largevessels,and

the trials and

of

tyro,we

builder,some
profissional
and

are

of

His

advice.

reading,and

heginner in

the

most

with

even

treating of the construction

others of

as

is

of information

source

hooks

are

assist the amateur,

willingto

seldom

care

methods

to his peculiar

requirements.
building

Canoe
are
care

and

skill than

ordinary work;

appliedto

be

simplercraft,such
It has been
for many
such

we

as

rowboats

and

the

return

and

thanks

and

and

which

volved
in-

once
principles,

of any

of the

skiffs.
credit to the

inventions

in behalf

in
sailors,

the

processes

requiringgreater

the construction

impossibleto give due

of the devices

builders

detail,as

to all boatbuilding,
only

common

mastered, may

is treated in

of the
we

originators

described;but
great army
claim

of

place.

to

all

teur
ama-

CONTENTS.
Page.

Intboduction,
Designing,
Model

Making,

19

Down,

21

Laying
Methods

op

Tools

Building,
Materials,

and

27
81

Building,

40

Wells,

67

Apbons,

63

Paddles,

67

Sails

Rigging,

and

70

Centbbboabds,

88

Rudders,

94

Tabernacles,

97

Tents

and

Stotbsand

100

Lamps,
Canoes,

Canvas
Boat

Beds,

Ill

Building,

115

Appendix,
Description

106

123
op

Plates,

137

INTRODUCTION.
word

^HE
-*-

applied,

long and

has

canoe

for

how

the

to

islands
has

as

small

to

well

used

general

Canada

similar
and

the

for

propelled by

refer

only

importance
given

to

will

Canadian

the

cruises

and

divided

into

which

models,
Blue,

that

be

may

books,

said

models

applied

to

decks,
will

pages
of

as

the

one

as

the

instructions

and

simpler

and

such

There
named

date

most

complicated

less

and

7,

no
are

as

Nautilus,

definite
now

Nautilus,

no

idea

six

early

multiplied

so

than

named

the

years

but

added,

boat's

nine

model

widely

Pearl,

to

the
the

Jersey

Pearl, Shadow,
of

less

years

Nautilus,

and

Roy

have

its

in

afterward

was

some

MacGregor's

Hr.

was

classes. Bob

for

use

from

improvements
names

in

although
to

1865,

distinct

two

etc., convey

dimension.

the

which,

canoe

changes

many

to

third, Ringleader,

and

deck

exclusively.

used
been

given,

main

the

sails and

following

The

builder,

amateur

exploring,

and

fishing, without

and

meaning

limited

more

canoe.

modern

previously,

time

long

the

word

the

pleasure boat,

paddle being

hunting

apply equally
open

The

above, while

for

second

the

to

America

of

long,

years

single paddle.

feet

in

mau,
Esqui-

of the

past twenty

of

double

has

term

100

to

racing, traveling

for

mentioned
the

used

boat,

and

purposes

those

being

the

England

usually added,

are

Within

craft

the

as

essentials

In

in

applied

80

pelled
pro-

family

great

kayak

the

and

Jiaiedfulcrum,

of this

from

canoes,

Pacific.

icithout

of

boats

to

ends

both

at

members

model,

war

knows,

one

no

hand,

the
The

size and

long

of the

been

sense,

in

held

having been

meanings,

proportions, sharp

in

greatly

time

facing forward.

crew

vary

long

narrow

by paddles
the

distinct

two

the

or

ent
differ-

Jersey

INTRODUCTION,

Blae

and
changed entirely,

has

offer

so

sprung up,
Modem
manner,

Shadow,

different

that such

canoes

while

half

dozens

division

however,

may,

is

dozen

builders
models

of other

have

longer possible.

no

classed

be

in

different

according to the relative proportions of

and sailing
thus:
qualities,

their

Paddling (7a""?^a" Propelled solelyby paddle.

/SatiablePaddUnffSail being used as auxiliary,
as
early Rob

Both

being
qualities

Sailin^f"Ylttedmainly for sailing,as

English boats, the paddle being auxiliary.
Sailing Larger boats for
as the Mersey canoes.
"

racing

first

two

with

point in building

his canoe,

she will

the water

similar

details. The

basis for modification and

The

following
small

For

the

made,

and

14ft.x37in. is most
no

with
,

model

full

2 to Sin.

waters,

or

the

on

for himself,
will

use

ent
differas

to suit the builder.

the

novice

in deciding

little

but

used.

portages have

importance,
She should

have

keel, ends well rounded, little sheer.

under

sail and

*paddle,a

canoe

be

to
canoe
a

flat
For

14ft.x

flat floor,
good

enough
a

to

bearings,stempost nearlyupright,
and stores easily,
a keel of
carry crew
For

centerboard.

canoe

centerboard

he

pendix.
Ap-

of his craft:

commonly

generalcruisingwork
80in.

been

in the

be selected

can

aid

rivers,where

sailing is of

has

all the

cover

one

will

iliaries,
aux-

load to be carried,

improvement,

features

streams

floor,little or

them

general directions

the main

on

sail .on, the

later

as

do

for which

purpose

from

given

must

man

designs given

and

classes of canoes,

oars

is to decide

canoe

this each

consideringcarefullythe
and

the

the

classification

English, is

the

dimensions, and

and

three, using

or

different

purposes

adopted here, which,

model

in

equal,as

about

Paddleable

The

dling
pad-

Roy.

Sailingand Paddling"
in most cruisingcanoes.

For

each

of

14ft.x33in.

greateror

or

less

large rivers,bays and

fitted with a
15ftx31iin.,

weight.

The

open
metal

tyro will be safe

AMATEUR
in
as

BUILDING,

CANOE

types, according to hia purpose,

thoy are the ones usuallypreferredby canoeists.
Any objectfloatingin water will sink until it displacesa

followingeither of

these

weight, thus with a

equal to its own
181b6. sails and spars
weighs 901bs. fittings

of water

weight

if the hull

cubic
g2~5""^

feet,as

62.5lbs.

If in salt water, the divisor

the latter

being S^lbs. heavier

Now,

if that

portion of

waterline
cut

the

This

fault is found

lines,as

loaded

hard

be

to

as

when

in

the

way

17.5
contains
This

boat

wide

CTL

cu.

model,

water

yachts

to

the

it varies

draft.

with

canoes

fine

capacitythey sink so deep

To
unsafe
in rough water.
is desirable for

largerboats.

of wood

called

the

^^^

solid

beam

on

of

outside

and

28 of the

between

bottom

latter

next

former

tain
con-

this block,

block.
original
the

ment,
displaceof the

the bulk

dimensions

whose

.40, the

the

of

leadline,and

the

.25 to

**lightdisplacement"

the coeflacient

proportion

and

from

or

largeeach

as

cut from

model, when

our

14in.

taken

be

water. It will

below

canoe

cruisiDg,

hardly necessary

with

is done

block

14ft.

lengthon loadline,the
leadline

the smaller

tended,
in-

was

Increasingthe

and

posed
pro-

ft.,through being

cu.

\m. thick, or one-twelfth

fraction,.28, is
below

her

is below

be carried, it being

in. , itwill be

expresses

foot of

sink deeper than

rather full model

and

and

be 65,

to their full

in., and if

but 5

of

some

portion of

the

as

which

displacement, as

If, in making

long, ^in.

canoe

freeboard

stores, etc., must

to calculate

fresh.

paddle, and

to

guard againstit,a
where

than

will

boat

diminishingthe

would

less than

contains

much,

too

away

our

weighs

foot of fresh water

cubic

one

weight

displaces313 lbs. of water,

being SlSlbs.,it will sink until it

or

total

tent, stores, ets., 501bs., the

1451bs.,and

crew

canoe,

151bs.

the

depth

the

the

are

from

keel.

being

In

called

"heavy displacement**

boats.
The

displacement

weighing the
weighing

can

entire block, and

that also, the

coefilcient of

be

ratio

obtained, if desired, by first

after cutting out the model
of one
to the other being the

displacement mentioned

above.

INTRODUCTION.

10

In the firstclass of
the draft

have

4J

over

5in., the

or

class

of the second

Canoes

keel, which

varies

and

the

freeboard

in most

and

freeboard,"

point of

not

more.

of

6in. exclusive

The

rules.

larger

draw

from

6 to

be

decided

on

should

fixed in the

treme
ex-

design,and

the

nearlyas possibleat first,changes

made

the deck, may

if

from

it is less than

the distance

or

draft

is the distance

canoes

lin.

about

boats, and

The

afterward

ballastingbeing

The

Association

the waterline

to it as

trimmed

canoe

need

they

to

often

8in., the latter belDg the

to

outside keel.

no

positionof

the

adding
usually draw

used

are

flat floor

keel

the

by

important

to, it is

as
possible,
thty

mostly centerboard

are

7in. with

from

limit allowed
canoes

is

If built with

shoal waters.

in very
draw

light as

as

referred

canoos

they

the water

it should
the

from

be 4, 5, and

seem

6in.

necessary.
the

to

be.

water

in

deck,

The

"least
lowest

the

to

for
respectively

each

of the classes.
The

of the

curve

middle

of

sheer.

The

the boat, and

freeboard
and

lower

height

is least,is

than

The

the bow

rocker

line,and

load

on

in
room

round

80 to

is

its

on

be

about

2in.

the

across

model

carry

or

boat,
the

made

be

may
as

sail with

Sin. in

deck
to it.

crown

the

straight

boat

at its

of the boat

little ballast,
a flat

be vertical

rollingin

high

largely
comparatively heavy

sides should

home"

from

14ft. boat.

and being of
stability,

below, frees

objectioncan

upward

section

shape
must

The

of deck

88in.

must

"tumble

detractingfrom
The

2in. for

lightdraft, and

the
flaring,

being

stem

of the keel

curve

canoe

floor is desirable.

the

in each.

section

and

greatestbeam,
depends. As

pointwhere

the

the first class of canoes,

in

latter two, the

be about

midship

The

to the

stern, is called the

the

above

bow

usually 8m.

is the

should

the

downward

the bow

again at

up

of

7in. in the

6 to

from

gunwale

no

of the

or

slightly
streak

upper

use.

S7in. boat, and

adds

Z\m,

greatlyto

quickly of water,

and

no

the

valid

DESIGNING.

'T^O
-^

of
of

the

method
do

to

also

will

intelligent

and

tools

used,

him

hours,

to

enable

small

the
and

boat,

fascinating

importance

the

progressive

will

most

tion
descrip-

short

for

necessary

introduce
leisure

but

yachtsman

of

which

boat

or

ployment
em-

to

sailor

is

generally admitted.

now

The

need

long,

be

right angle

to

wide,

and

hand

each

pair of dividers
of

curves

drawing

weights
to

various

at

scales

had

with

convenient

They

and

by small
those

printed

long, costing twenty

any

desired

scale

for

number
a

canoe

of

of

inch

an

and

bard

at

and

driven

and
into

strips of

parts

to

is two

latter
for

place by lead
cheaper

The

board,

They
inch.

inches

may
The

ta

is

way

board.

bristol

the

ship

used

are

the

each.

cents

drawing

in

held

easier

rubber,

These

splines.

rubber,

an

on

of

thirty-sixinches

better

and

or

pins

feet

pencil points, several

usually

are

canoe

three

straight

about
or

scales

intervals, but

them

inches

wood,

plain

pine

being

square

of

for

three-quarters

edges

strips of wood

short

are

and

patterns,

curves.

confine

best

other;

with

long flexible

are

left

triangles

two

or

one

piece of white

smooth

which

drawing-board,

six inches

lower

the

require

only

foot

one

thick;

long,

will

amateur

work

his

work

is outside

length

at any

work,

and

drawing

the

to

serve

present

our

of
all

for
the

of

scope

the

beginner

subject of desigmng

the

into

go

the

teen
eighbe
most

foot

DESIGNING.

12

(one-sixthfull size),
or
a

two-foot

common

eighth of
the

sail

the

foot.

inch

an

rule

may

scale

half inches, in which

be

be

may

represent

one

one-quarter of

five feet in width

or

also needed

and

to

detail

"roll

had

be

length. Some

of any

For

inch

an

good

four

one-

inch.

paper for working drawings is the

paper" which is strong, buff in color and may
A

case

division of

used, each

will

which

on

the

plan

and

one

of

drawing

paper to the board, or if it

is to remain
be
tacks may
there for some
time" small copper
them
over
used, as the square and trianglewill work
more

pins are

to fasten

the

pencils and an India rubber will complete

the necessary
ings
outfit,a drawing pen being added if the drawto be inked in when
are
completed, as they should be.
If much
be added,
is proposed a few more
work
curves
may
a pair of small
spacing dividers,bow pen and pencil.
easily.

Three

few

views
in

shown
half

used

always

are

Plate

These

I.

in

plan, and body

section, lengthwise of

stem

and

ahCy

and

stem, the

1, 2, 3, 4, and

lines,Nos.

the boat,

lines, as

curved

frame

the

the

The

plan.

lines, the

rabbet

the buttock

called

are

breadth

vertical

delineating a

sheer

showing
sheer

is

the curve

or

lines;and
to

plan,

plan

sheer

lines,1

vessel,as

deck

of
line

the water

13, as straight

lines.
half breadth

The

at the

boat

deck

and

plan

the width

shows

at each

of

the

of

water

one

side of the

lines,these

lines

(aswell as the diagonals Nos. 1 and 2),the frame

and buttock
lines being straight. The body plan shows
the
line or square station (1 to 13);
section at every frame
cross
also,the line of the deck, a " c, as it appears from a point
The
lines in the right-hand
directlyin front of the boat.

being curved

half (1 to X)

are

the sections

(X to 13) the
diagonals are

to the left

lines and
The
out

general type

follows:

table

of

of

of the forward

body, and

those

body. The water lines,buttock

all straightin this plan.
after

canoe

dimensions

being

decided

for

reference

on,

in

we

will make

drafting,as

CANOE

AMATEUR

DIMENSIONS

OANOB.

eztrem6

Beam,
Draft

CBT7ISIKG

OF

13

all

LeDfrth, over
Beam,

BUILDING.

line

at water
of

14

ft.

80

io.

S9

in.

in.

in.

in.

11

in.

water

Depth, water line to rabbet

Depth of keel

(distance fh)

bow

Freeboard,

(distance a e)
midships (distance b/)
stem
(distance c 9)

Freeboard,
Freeboard,
Sheeratbow
Sheer

at

Bound

stem.

of deck

(or crown),

Thickness

of piank and

of stem

With

the

board

coming
in

base

line,A

lay off
numbering them
vertical

at

half breadth

on

in.

in.

before

light

the

us,

of the paper,

comer

tlio

we

edge of the paper

scale,using the T square

our

dividers

the

fiom

1 to 14

as

14

in the

of 1ft.

spaces

drawing, and,

each,
ing
shift-

draw
edge of the board, we
point of division,or 15 in all,prolonging

to the lower

each

distance

from

case

little

plan

or

and

apart, the

in firstthe load water

the sheer plan above.

equal to
draw
15in.,we
the

sheer

water

line at

lines, Nos.
a

the

extreme

horizontal

upper

plan, we
parallel to it,and

the

half

betwe^i

space

of the latter,C D, and

distance

the lower

to cross
sufficiently

beam, in this

Leaving

height

near

with

square
lines at

them
Now

in.

firmly against the left-hand edge of the

startingat 0, the right-hand end of the base

line,we

the X

in.

held

Now

board.

B,

to 14ft.

in.

tightlyas possible,and

left hand

upper

as

convenient

of

length equal

its head

with

stretched

the

from

first draw
and

table

on

in.

2^iii.

post

paper

in.

SHin.
}4in.

deck

Keel, sided (thickness)

Keel, moulded
(depth)
and stem, sided (thickness)
Stem
Bake

draw

limit

of

line.
the

the base line

at any

convenient

1, 2, etc., drawing

distance/ A, above

D, equal

to 5in.

The
water

other water

lines,are

Unes,

spaced

one

above

2in. apart

and
as

two

the

below
most

the

load

convenient

14

LBSIQNING,

division

in this

and

others that may

aoy

half

breadth

drawn

llie middle

case,

bo necessary,

body

and

avoid

confusion

well to draw
work

plans, and
of the

the

the

bow

lines,

drawn

now

in the

diagonalsare

also

completed,
breadth
plan arc

the half

drawn

are

supposed

in full black

boat, exclusive

canoes,

be the bottom

of

red; then

The

The

and

lines
in

blue, the

remaining

base line 0 D

point
point,
plankmg

the

in

drawn

is

of the hull of

lowest

keel, which

of

the frame

are

water

full.

lines.

the

through

to pass

would

former

the

it is

necessary,

constructed,

is

latter lines being broken, the

outlines

lines

lines,"which

is

drawing

drawiug

diagonalsin

in

nearly

all

midships,

at

the keel.

next

Having the paper laid off,we

stations
plan,laying off between
5in,, making

or

bow

at the

that

and

points a

will

begin with

7 and

8 the least

circle to mark
a

"

time

same

stem,

measure

Taking

c.

line

the water

measuring

in

of

the rabbet,

up

9in. and

long spline,we
these

the sheer

freeboard,
place. Now

the

llin. from

or

is to be, outside
the

similarlyat

up

the

line,at
stem

our

small

measure

we

to the deck

the

the

many

these ''construction

which

on

when

bf

are

and

in the latter.

To

the

buttock

the width
in. ; and

1^
in

will

lin. to

lay it

on

three

fining
spots, condrawing so as
pass through
it by lead weights or by small pins on either side of
without
it at each point. If i^does not take a "fair" curve
abrupt bends, other pins or weights must be added at
any
various
points until it is true and fair throughout, when the
in with a pencil.
line may be drawn

the

to

Next

the

be drawn

outline of the bow,

in with

line,showing

of the deck

crown

middle

at

further

on,

to half the extreme

drawn.

The

is E F.
and

on

beam,

each
the
a

and

The

stem

may

also the rabbet

The

also be

may

of

manner

then, using a small splineor

plank.

the

midships

line of the deck

section

given

spline

the curves,

or

ending of

the

of keel and

bottom

height of

laid off,and

the

the

line of the midship

center

findingits positionbeing

side of it at

distance

equal

perpendiculars8 8 are drawn;

curve, the midship section is

AMATEUR

CANOE

drawn, accordingto
at rabbet

is,of

high

other

from

as

ing
correspond-

the

midship section is

pleted
com-

half, measuring with the

F on
each water
line, and

to the

them
transferring

opposite side, afterward

drawing a
The
round of the
through all the points thus foimd.
in the body plan, joiningthe two
also be drawn
may

curve

deck

of the midship

extremes

Now

proceeding
half

in the

draw
a

keel

to

lin.,but in

width

section.

breadth

of

allow

and stem

parallelto

B,

it is called.

keel,as

side of E F in the

to

is

be wider

this

boat the

lay off iin. and draw

**half siding" of the

we

distance

same

In

stem.

must

In

trunk.

represent the

The

and

the keel

lin.,so

will first

we

throughout,from

same

boat

for the

room

plan

the keel, stem

centerboard

breadth

will be the

at the bow

line

half

the

to

the breadths

canoe

amidships, to
a

line

The

plan.

breadths

the

the line beginning

designer,
which
the
at
ending
pointh,

the water

in the

by drawing
dividers

above

in the sheer

point

15

the taste of the

in the keel, and

as

course,

BUILDING.

body plan, being other

is laid off
views

on

of the

each
same

line.
The

from

taken

laid off,the

being

keel

the

half

and

body plan

breadth

set off at

at

deck

the
on

the

is

half

plan. The side line of the deck, of course, passes

through this point,its ends meeting the side of the keel at
the pointsa and c, the distances of these pointsfrom stations 0
and 14 respectively,
being the widths of the stem piece and
breadth

stem

post outside of

points so

the three

stem, and

the

planking.

splineis bent through

give the desired fulness at

line,"or half breadth, on deck

as

the "side

to

bow

and

is drawn

in.
breadth

The

endingsof the
points

in

breadth

sheer
and

plan.

obtain

we

laid off at X

by squaring down
No.

where

to the

2 water

siding of

will

run

the water

line

refer to Table

are

in some

now

I. in the

and the

from

those

line cuts

the

the keel in the half

the-body plan, begiimingwith

points of
others

plan

stern

To test it we

sections in
Three

line is now

line determined

the

of bow

rabbet

No. 2 water

on

of the intermediate
No.

4.

determined, and

Appendix

and

to

find

Ifl

DESIGNING.

that in
first,

section is
in

most

of the

placed

at about

boat would

our

be

described

there

canoes

the middle
aft

2^1n.

load line, which

of the
Station

of

midship

the

7, the

length on

being 13ft. 4iin., the fore body,being 6ft. 8iin. and

body 6ft. Sin. An inspectionof the tables shows that

loadline
after
the

lengthof

''middle

the

type is about
line.

Taking

half

breadths

For

37

36i per
at the

(k I)in

ordinate"

of 29in.

cent

middle

of the fore

lOiin. as

have

we

dium
me-

at the water

of the beam

cent,

per

of

canoes

the

body

a
comparison of the various canoes,
dividingbuttock and body line is also used, being drawn in
the body and half breadth
the center
plans,midway between

and

of

purposes

the extreme

The

beam.

of this line with

of

measure

for the bow

which

length of

tlie fore

of the after

cent,

cent

as

the

the

body,
body,
For

an

of

average

of

degree
from

ranges

finer boat.

sections
{rs"t v) of the interload water
parative
line,afford a com-

distances

29

of the boats,

fullness
47

to

for the

the

larger fraction, of

the

fore

the

25 to 46 per

from

and

stern

of

cent,

per

cating
indi-

course,

will take 36 per

cruisingboats, then 36 per cent, of

body

we

6ft. 8i^in."=2ft.
6in.,which, laid off

along the bow line from

the fore side of the stem
at water
line,gives a point on the
water
line,and similarly,taking 40 per cent, (a rather large
but the boat in question has a very fine run) we
have
figure,
40 per
after

of Oft. 8in.-=2ft. Sin., which

cent,

side of stern

at

splineis readilyset
to
'I'urningnow

and

With

these

is laid off from

five

points given

line drawn

the water

the
a

in.

body plan (the right hand side of

which
represents the frames of the fore body, and the left
those of the afterbody)the sheer or deck line,a be, is drawn.
The TT square is laid across
the board at the height of the
to the half -siding
stem ; a in the sheer plan is squared across
of the stem
at a in the
body plan, and similarlythe heights
the half breadth
at Stations 2, 4, 6, are
squared in. Now
at

Station

6 is taken

dividers and
then
a

4 and

curve

the

from

set off to the

2

are

is drawn

treated
from

the

half

right of
in the

breadth

F at the proper

same

through

plan with

mr.nner,
the

spots

height,

after
to a,

the

which

showing

AMATEUB

BUILDING.

lioe of the port side of the canoe,

the deck
a

CANOE

point directlyin front, after which

17

from

it appears

as

is drawn

the Kne

in the

in the

after

Of course
this line gives the
same
manner.
body
all
the frame
lines,1 to 18.
upper endings of
of
these
is drawn
Only every other one
in, the moulds
2ft.
but
thus being
by layingoff the stations 1ft. apart,
apart,

bulkheads, masts, etc.,are

the

The

ends

lower

of keel in

the

4 and

Stations

line

water

thus

the

Now

being

are

the side line

on

plans, the heights being

each
station in the sheer plan.
completed, the breadths on the

at

now

transferred

from

drawn

curves

linos will be

breadth

half

the

through

breadth

the three

to

the

points in

each

obtained.

remaining water

in the

drawn

rabbet

10

body plan, and

frame

and

body

along

taken

half

easilylocated.

more

all frame

of

half breadth

lines, Nos. 1, 8 and

4, may

plan, their endings being

be

found

by squaring down from their intersections with the rabbet in

the sheer plan and the breadths at 4, X and 10 beingtaken from
all the water
lines are fair,the frame lines
the body plan. When
if necessary, to correspond,
at 4 and 10 being altered slightly,
be completed.
the remaining stations,2, 6, 8 and 12, may
The design is now
ready for the final fairing,for which
the

No.
''diagonals'*
lines should

These

be

so

No.

are

drawn

as

in the

drawn

to intersect

body plan.

all the frame

rightangle as possible.The distances along

diagonal from the point i to the intersection of each

lines at
the

1 and

near

as

line, are taken

frame

in

stations

laid off

off in turn, and

the half

breadth

their

on

plan,

and

ponding
corres-

line

is

be
through the points. If the line is unfair it must
and frame
altered, the corresponding points in the water
lines being changed at the same
time, until all coincide, the
intersection being the same
in
breadths
and heights of every
drawn

all three

plans, when

it may

be assumed

that the

drawing

is

fair.
The
from

endings of the diagonalsare found by squaring across

the siding
the points in the body plan where
they cross

of stem
sheer

and

stem

plan, and

to the

then

rabbet

line

squaringdown

on

stem

these

and

stem

points to

the

in the

siding

DEBIGNUfG.

18

in the half breadth

two

either

ways,

'level"

plan. The diagonalsmay be laid off

"expanded/' as already described,or

an

diagonal,in

body plan to

each

which

distances

the

intersection

measured

are

from

in
a

in the

horizontallyas

qd.
As
be

additional

an

These

in.

run

test of fairness other

drawn

are

in

''buttock''lines may

body

the

half

and

breadth

plans,parallelto the center lines,and are transferred to

the sheer plan by taking the heightof each intersection in
the body plan and settingit oft on the correspondingstation,
the curve
being drawn through the "spots"afterward.
The endings of the buttock
lines are found
by squaring up
from

the

the deck
The

points
line,to

process

of

in

the deck

and

breadths

bieadth

line in the

"fairing"may

all the curved

when

half

the

lines

of every

are

plan where
sheer plan.

be considered

true

and

intersection

the

cross

completed

as

fair,and

are

they

the

heights

in each

same

of

the three

plans.
Tliis completes the "construction
drawing." from which
if any, are made.
the calculations,
Plate II. represents the
showing
canoe,
completed "working drawing" of the same
dimensions

This
added
are

may

of
be

to the

inked

keel,ribs,etc.,and
a

the

separate drawing,

"construction

or

of
position
the

all

details

drawing," after which

in, as before directed.

fittings.
may

be

all lines

MODEL

20
Bions marked

it and

on

each

of the four sides.

plan

is drawn,

MAKING.

numbered
On

and

the

lines

drawn

of the block

the back

the

on

sheer

afterward.

omittingthe keel,if any, which wiU be added

The half breadths on deck are now
taken with

the dividers

from

the half breadth

top of the block,

the

to the

spots, and

The

lines
the

across

the

of the block

the sheer

line A

cut

D E

plan

drawn

to this

away

same

the bow,
The

is

squared

now

up

block

cut

gide and

it is intended

as

line representing

back, leavingof

the

on

the

of the block

is cut

course

the deck

that

to the lines of

bottom.

now
or

the curved

on

the back

and

latter is nailed

firmly,and

are

their proper stations,

and
is now
spots. The wood

on

the

of the deck

Next

stem

block

splinepinned

2.

set oft

through

to the

crown

shall have.

and

line

the middle
the

to

face, Fig.2, the heightsof the deck line taken

new

Fig.

from

transferred

is cut to the line ABC.

the bottom

on

and

in with

run

curve

the block

plan

screwed

screwed

to the

to the

shape

piece of board, which

work-bench., so as to hold it

fast to

desired

by

the builder, the midship

being first roughed out, then the ends being cut

and all finally
finished off with
sandpaper. To com
away,
ing
on
a board, the keel added, bepletethe model it is mounted
glued to the board, it is varnished, and screw
eyes put in
The model
to hang it up by.
itselfshould be sciewed to the
board so as to be easilyremoyed.
section

To

take the lines from

and

the

each

the

laid in turn

block
on

model

the

edge traced thereon, givingthe

the

pieces are

half breadth

water

screwed
un-

plan and

lines,from

which

AMATEUR
tliebody plan may
model

from

reversed, the
off,the

trinmied
each

drawing already completed,

piecesor "lifts" are planed to the
of the

Ihie,all

line

drawn, and the piece

line. After
a
piece is prepared for
screwed
together and the edges

are

off,forming

fair surface.

It is sometimes

model,

to

half breadths

oft by the

deck,
dividers,and

the frame

lines

and

the

The

is traced
deck

heightsto

the lines drawn

by bending a
tracing the outline

and

proper

on

thin

the

taken

arc

paper,

then

stripof

lead

of it on

the deck

solid

paper,

line

the

on

obtained

are

lines from

the

plan

shown
position,
by
drawing being completed,the

the

in

on

the model

around

take

to
necessary
which
the sheer

do

operation is

ness,
proper thickthe half breadths

each, and

across

water

the

to

away

roonded

to make

the

curve

water

21

If it is desired

in.

drawn

be

the stations laid oft

set

BUILDING,

CANOE

and

the

paper

sheer lines.

operationis laying

next

down.

LAYING

DOWN.

is the enlarging of the

This

drawing

boat, and is necessary in all boat and

large vessels, the drawing is made

to the full size of the

ship building. For

on

the

floor

of

the

length,or in the case

of very long vessels,in two portionsoverlapping each other.
board will answer,
16ft. long and 2ft.
For small work
a wide
wide, or less,according to the size of the boat.
loft,"either in

"mould

On
and

this

except

plan
a

that

to

oft,as

of offsets"

lines

heightsabove

was

plan

will

Referring now

room.

is made.

vertical coliunns, one

horizontal

paper is laid and tacked,

described for the detail drawing,

drawing

half breadth

the

save

"table

roll

common

it is divided

continuous

one

as

follows.

base line of

In
the

to

the

overlap the
detail

sheer

drawing,

sheet of

is ruled

in

square
this table

also

in

for each

now

stem,

paper
station, and

rabbet

is

set

and

down

the

sheer, and

MODEL

22
breadth

the half

at the

MAKUSTQ.

deck,

each

on

waterlinCiand

on

the

on

the

diagonals:
Half

Breadths.

t-

"

"?"

"

I
^

"

jg

oR

iiS? ^

"

i_

Q^"

"

or

0^

jS

d^

oj\

oK

wv.

iy"

"

;"

i_

table the lines

distance

line,and

water

the spots thus found.

scale to

1^

this
each

li

paper,

i^

"

From

9"

I
I

larger,aD

are

laid

down

full size

off on its proper frame

being measured
long,thin batten of pine run through
As we are now
working from a smaller
errors

are

increased in the

same

ratio.

AMATEXm
and

the

though
wUl

there

these the

be

CANOE

small

some

same

drawing
of

; running

in all three

the

remaining details,such

are

drawn

in their proper

lines of the

plank,

of the

planking.

are

iatter is

lines

fair

are

over

the

only, then

surface

the

inner

is often

model

the

outside

the
which

is

boat

surface
made

of

to the

taken
breadths,when
If the working drawings
made
the plank, the thickness of the
to include
deducted at some
stage of the draftingprior to layIn

our

all include the

^in.,must

the

the actual size of the frame.

ing down.

To

show

now

correspond with

outside of the frames

off,show

lines,and

and

moulds

large work

In

all the curved

fore
be-

was

places.

the

built must, of course,

as

lines,frame

masts, bulkheads, floor,etc.,

as

drawing

but

to correct

heightsof every point

the drawing is faired
plans. When

are

The

accurate

and

is necessary,

in the water

the

same

been

large one,

"fairing"

diagonalswith the battens until

the breadths
and regular,and

28

have

may

in the

errors

process

described

BUILDmQ.

for convenience, the

canoe,

in

plank, so

the moulds

making

y^
.

drawings will

'"

its thickness,

be deducted.
the frame

board
lines,a piece of thin board or cardis
XIX.,
BCD,
slippedunder the paper of the
the line to be copied, and
large drawing, adjusted under
held in placeby a couple of tacks.
Settingthe pointsof the
^in. apart, a row of spots is pricked through the
compasses
the board, Jin. inside the frame
into
line,shown
by
paper
in
time pointson the
the small circles
Fig. 8. At the same
line and
the diagonalsDl and
center line,E F, load water

copy

also marked.

D2

are

nm

through

the

The

and
laid

batten

held
on

is then

spots,and the wood

.^^ If the drawing is made

Itakenoff,as in Fig. 4.
A

board

about
down

board

f x^in. is bent

by

top of the

on

flat-headed

batten

and

removed,

trimmed
or

along

the line

nails.

mark

.'jI

^^ I
c~"^^
(^

batten

lines may

on

piece of

scratched

"
\r

to the line.

away

floor the

^^

Hate

''^^

on

the

be

floor

boarcf is

WLiDofluLJt
^^A;Jj

its under

num.wv
.

side with

the

piece of

bent

wire

shown

at A.

In this case,

..
.

cuttingto the
inside the edge, and
after

mark
a

another

second

cut

line must

made

to

be

gauged Jin.

it,after which

it

24

MODEL

is laid

on

the

MAKING,

drawing and

diagonalslaid off

on

the

make

the

planed up on one
at right angles

complete mould,
edge, H I,Fig, 5,
to

line and

it.

PiQ.

To

line,water

center

it,and also

a
a

piece
center

the load

of

lin.

pine

is

line E F, is drawn

water

line,then

the

pattern is laid on this boaid, adjusted to the center and

water
lines,and one-half marked
off; then the pattern is
turned over, adjusted on the other side of E F, and that side
also marked
time.

off,the diagonalsbeing

marked

at

the

same

AMATEUR

JL

CANOE

Fig. 6,

BXnLDING.

25
L

30

MODEL

As

the boat

evident

tapers from

the

that

after

than
larp^cr
slightly
with

case

Ishow.

6 must

the

complete
to admit

mould
made

and

depth

each

portion of the keel

explained later.

of the deck

may

which

bar the boat

the

drawings are
amidships than
are

allowed

they have
great care

to

not

in

from

These

is taken.

so

beam

when

should

similar moulds

be made

racing,the
one

deck

as
previously,

beams

often

curve

of

^in^
f

methods,

width

small

about

stem

mould

rabbet

of the canoe,
the

inside of

requireda

spread in

where

made

sometimes

done

if to

her class in

spread

keelson

either of the above

canoe,

the desired

or

the

at

cut

mould, showing the

beam

off

be

is curved

stern

by
pine. They are
The tendency of lightboats
to avoid

must

there will be

beams.

taken

each

outline of the stem,

(ifthe

it)and

notch

described

line

2, 4,

diagonal
carpenter's
and the
of the above points,
accordingly.

tbat

required for

the

the marlis

iin. larger than

mould,

to the rabbet

sides

both

having

the

the moulds

will be the

reverse

for this bevel, moulds

out

trimmed

(Fig.6) givingthe

will be

the

be

will be

moulds

height and on
drawing with a common

to

are

allow

sawed

the

will be

rabbet,as

Besides

be

turn

of the mould

bottom

To

from

taken

To

the fore sides,and

No.

ends, it will

to the

forward

the

bevels at the deck

bevel, applied in

edges

side of

canoes.

The

larenow

midships

after moulds,

the

I same in most
I and perhaps

MAKING.

excess

model
inch

in building,
of beam
and

all

narrower

and

the sides

are

put in, if

happens unless

28

METHODS

OF

kept perfectly
clean, if not,
will wash

out

down

under

all dirt.

from

of water

stream

The

BUILDING.
hose

third

phasized
point is the one most emthe
of
but
the
look
overby
opponents
lapstreak,
they
the fact that the laps, or lands, as they are usually
called in England, are
the
not with
very nearly parallel,
Water
of the water, which
is largely
lines,bat with the course

and

the boat.

At

the ends

lands

the

ished
dimin-

are

nothing, if the boat is properly built,and that they

detract nothing from the speed is well proved by the fact
that a very large majorityof all canoe
been won
have
races
by lapstreakboats.
to

As

their

light,easily repaired
when
damaged and they will stand harder and rougher usage
than any other boats of their weight without
injury. The
lands on the bottom
ashore, and if
protect it greatly when
tD the initial stability.
anything they add slightly
The oyster skiffs of Staten Island Sound
and Princess Bay,
boats from 18 to 26ft. long,lapstreak,of |in.plank, are considered
the
fishermen
and
rise
be
to
stiffer
to
more
by
quickly
to

advantages,they

than smooth-built boats of

experience with
on

the

same

different modes

of

to

obtain

built,as

this cannot

describe

on

smooth

model.

after

As

building,we

for canoes,

best

the

shall later

we

In order
carvel

the

lapstreakas

amateurs,

are

and

have

some

settled

easiest for

the

it in detail.

skin, canoes

sometimes

are

described, but of iin. stuff,and

before

be caulked,

stripof

wood

about

as

^in. thick and

between
the
placed on the inside of each seam
timbers, the edges of the planks being nailed to it. This is
called the "rib and batten" plan,and is largelyused in Oanad
".
Another
and
similar plan, the ribbon, or more
properly
setts
ribband
in Massachucarvel (not **rib and carvel")is used
and
Connccticul
for whaleboats, and in England for

lin.

wide,

is

iin.,slightlyrounded

They

the ribbands

In these boats

canoes.

are

screwed

just where
plank

is laid on,

entire

length.

seams

the

as

oak

long

nailed

ribs

are

ash, l^x

or
as

the boat.

the latter are

in

tion,
posi-

and

as

each

of the planks come,

its edges ar"

When

back

moulds, when

to the

the

the

on

of

are

and

to the ribbands

put

on

they

for their
must

be

AMATEUR

CANOE

"jogged''or

notched

methods

boat

the

muslin

painted

BUILDING,

the ribbaDds.

over

the

yacht

improved if a strip of
laid along the seam,
under

is

each

Triton

are

fine surface

very

lapstreak,and
In another

these
more

are

method

In

ribband
boats

of wood.

layer,crossing the

second

first layer sometimes

to stem
to cross

it nearlyat

outer

and

also in

both

in the

fore and

run

of the

all the

The

one.

edges,

the

together. While
heavy, and when

of

seams

of

the

canoes,

skin

one

of the other, rivets

method

"Herald"

aft,the

planks

boat, and

being

buildingfollowed

largestcutter yachts.

our

paint between

^in. boards

inner

the

across

well-known

either of these methods

With
in

runs

centers

of

some

skin

aft,as

coming in the
placed along

the

lifeboats.

the inner

sometimes

the

diagonally,slopingaft from bow

layer sloping the other way, so as
used
in U. S.
right angles; a method

and

fore and

first planked with

second

the

Sometimes

having

is laid

with

launches

While

usuallynot as tightas
easilydamaged.
sometimes
employed for canoes,

and

Navy

or

the ribband,

are

being

varniahed

skin is double, the boat

then with

of these

similar way the boats of

smoolli built,with a stripof brass inside

instead of

seam

In both

is

but this is often difficult to do.

"

20

thickness

skins, and

two

making
water

both

of muslin
are

is laid

well

nailed

strong boat, it is often

the skins,
penetrates between

very

once

(with the thin plank used in boat building),

will soon
the wood
rot.
be stopped, and
the leaks cannot
serious objection to it is the great difficulty
of
Another
making repairs.
in time

it win

as

and

Boats

are

canoes

sometimes
and

galvanizediron, soldered
usually

confined

riveted

ships' boats

to

built

and

of tin, copper

together,a
lifeboats.

or

method
Two

tin

in 1880, and seemed

present at the first meet
strong, lightand serviceable, though of poor shape. Ko
canoes

were

doubt
would
and

an

excellent

could

leak, and would

not

weight

In order

canoe

would

be built of sheet copper,

be

indestructible;but

that

the cost

be considerable.

to obtain

smooth

skin with

the

advantage

of the

80

METHODS

the planks are

lapetreak,

edges,half

BUILDINO,

OF

rabbeted

sometimes

the

thickness

taken

being

joining
ad-

their

on

each

from

plank, leavingsmooth surfaces, inside and out, but thicker

plank must be used than in the lapstreak,and the working
is

difficult. In another mode

more

plankingis in

the

strips,perhaps Ixfin. One of these

nailed through from edge to edge, into
is laid

it and

alongsideof

until the

is

boat

stiffen the boat

In the
are
strips

tongued
stripsin some
running around

boats

Paper

the boat, from

has

ased

been

in three

veneer

their great

weight,

long immersed

when

as

before

frame

length

one

the

boats

of

of the boat,
transverse

two

or

canoes.
a

as

years

terial
ma-

strong, tight,

are

lapstreak,they

have

not

process of
tools and experience
The

little used.

requiresboth

no

glue or

in water

the oldest modes

of wickeiwork
method

or

cement

be

same

on

tions
objecof time

matter

they are practioaUyruined.

a
to make
of boat building was
with
it
similar material, covering
which

This

mode

easiest of all for the amateur,

it further

depended

open to the

they are

still followed, except that

for the leather.

to
specially

can

boats, it is only

leakagebegins,after
of

of paper, but, besides

instead

thicknesses

all double-skinned

leather,a
the

but

wale.
gunis of much

Spanish
pieces,joining

six

past thirteen
the

patented,and

is

to

have been
Canoes
beyond the reach of the amateur.
during the last five years on a similar system, using

built

One

than
are

gunwale

strong enough for

although

but

aft,and

or

in the

forced

fore and

the skin is made

and

for the

popular, and

construction

thin

is not

and

fine surface

very

twice

or

little heavier

but

become

longitudinalseam

for canoes,
and

once

but this method

ones;

to

these

Company

steamed

iin. thick, laid in four

the keel, and

one

needed

are

Boat

running

in canoes,

than

greater importance
cedar, about

another

in succession

so

frames

grooved, then

In shell boats, where

making

keel,then

few

Ontario

by the

together,the

on

the

and

place

the masts.

made
and

in others

laid in

it,and

to

completed.

near

boats

nailed

is

narrow

on.

and

is substituted

canvas

is

of

building

we

shall devote

perliaps
a chapter

TOOLS

In small

AND

lightness and

boats, where
it is necessary

importance,

carefully selected, both

each

for

kind

splinters and

direction

one

lies smooth
that
be

end

the

of

The

noticed.

be

between

not

nails

will

two

used
For

in

the

will

make

boat,

by

from

into

sawn

stern.

out

of

to

the

rib

it will

looking

layers will
in such

the

in

layers,
keel

it

Next

length
and

fore

nails
of

the

aft, thus

either

oak,

to

which

ash

or

never

be

may

to ten

inches

are

straight plank.

thick,

be

or

almost

of

larger. For

if of full thickness

used,

will
and

had, the

stem

and

be

stem

and

good,

but

very

any

canoes

it may

make
are

the

it is sometimes

as

in knees

of which

also

cannot

as

or

had

curved,

usually

are

is hackmatack,

far

ribs, the

decays rapidly.

slabs, each

knees

running

the

should

i^"od keel, but hickory should

is the best,

If knees

heavier.
cut

three

Oak

right angles

stem,

three

knee

three-inch

as

which

called, tamarack,
curvature,

the

each

and

stem

material

best

at

layers in

of

it

boat

the

In

through

true

is

same

to split.
liability

avoiding any

yellow pine

the

being

the

boat, and

in

concentric

instance,

in

other

mostly vertical, so the layers of the wood

be

them

through

in the

ground.

pass

for

the

wood

the

possible,be placed

it will

in

of them,

horizontally,and

lie

be

nails

of

with

a/", otherwise

of

if

of

placed

so

rough

series

piece should,

the

position that

and

wood,

very

clear, straightgrain.

while

point
and

rocks

over

be

first

the fitness

to

grain

up,
be

ends

should

as

the

roughs

rough

or

dragging

in

torn

that

of

are

Beginning

oak, with

should

keel

the

splinters

the

at the

and

material

purpose.

found

be

the

strength

quality and

to

as

is white

it will

planing

that

required

the

keel, the best wood

In

MATERIALS.

stem

may

be

TOOLS

33
For

the sides of

MATERIALS.

A2W

centerboard

trunk, clear,dry white

is good, but mahoprany is better,though

The

timbers

ribs

or

usually of

are

much

pine

costly.

more

lent
oak, though elm is excel-

for this purpose.

The
wood
be clear and
must
of the
best quality in order to bend easily. The
for this
best oak
ia found

purpose

for the staves

five feet

being

in the

of barrels.

planking,the

of which

are

of stave timber used

should

coopers
three to

best material

very

found

These

along the

12 to 20 feet

from

be clear from

and

sap

is white

entire

seaboard. It is usually sold in boards

boat work, and

by

pieces are from

about
two
by five inches square,
an
ordinary lapstreakboat.

long, and

sufficient for

For

shape

For

knots, but

painted, the latter,if hard

much, in fact,the knotty cedar

and

the Atlantic

thick
and^l^in.

long.

that is

ties
cedar, varie-

lengthof

f 1

one

small

for

for
it

boats

larger work

sound, do

is considered

matter

not

tougher

and

stronger than the clear.

cedar

Where

be had, white

cannot

advantage ; in fact,the amateur

thick cedar
in

Where

neither of these

working,

it is inferior.

Most

more.

oak

for

of

source

are

and

to

the

up

change

its

cedar.

trouble with

be used, but
spruce may
Spanish cedar make excellent
than

better

no

of the

much

work

to

easier

be had

can

Mahogany

planking,but they
much

will often find it much

of

shape

be used

can

iin.alreadyplaned than to
himself, while pine is not so apt

buy pine

to

pine

English books

planking, but

it is never

white
on

cedar

and

cost

mend
canoeing recom-

used here, being too

heavy.
For

the

bulkheads, floor boards

and

inside

work

white

pine is the best; for decks, rudder and upper streak of planking,
and carlings,
mahogany, and for deck beams
spruce.
The
gunwale may be of spruce or pine, or, if outside, as
will be shown, of mahogany, oak
or
yellow pine, the
coamings of the cockpit being of oak. Paddles and spars
made

are

stiffer and

The
etc.

"

either of white

stronger,but

pine or

spruce,
littleheavier.

other necessary materials

in detail
will be mentioned
"

the

nails,screws,
as

are

latter

being

metal work,

required.

AMATEUR
The

exceUence
the

on

and

of amiiteur

devoted

few

very

much

If the amateur

outlayfor

as

many

hand, but

on

the

caio

may

be

done

can

be

done

at

The

best work
it

hand,

but

one

boat,

at

small

as

to the

$100
8 00

inch

40

saw^lSin

1 00

Jack

plane, double iron

Smoothing plane,double
Thumb

iron

plane

Claw

85
85

hammer

76

Riveting hammer

40

Cutting pliers,Stubbs*8

85c. to

Hall's

or

1 25

Small

screwdriver

Three

gimlets, 1-16, J6,J41n

60

Three

brad

25

60

awls

86

Six-inch

try-square
Spokeshave

60

Marking

10

gauge

Chisels,J^,^, lin

76

Two-

26

rule

foot

60

Gauges, H-"lin" iiisiclebevel

1 00

Oilstone

4d

6in

Compasses,

200

iron clamps, 4tD

Four
Chalk

25

awl

scratch

line and

$16
The

above

cheap

ones

of small

being worth

not

save

and

pricesof the
buying, and

best
with

be built,but the addition

can
some

Eight-inch ratchet
Center

the

about

are

boat

tools will

and

time

them

any

of the

trouble:
$1 85

bits,various

1 60

sizes

SSH
60

Babbetplane
Draw

60

plane, one-quarter inch

knife, nine-inch

Screwdriver,

kind

following

brace

German

26

quality tools,

Countersink

Bead

an

be sufficient:

16in.,8 teethtotbeinch

Compass

agine,
im-

largernumber.

possible,the following will

as

28ixiM 6 teeth

saw,

88

depends not,

the other

on

desires to build

tools

Panelsaw,

Bip

tools
to it.

tools; but,

quickly with

more

BUILDING,

work

of

number

perseverance

with

CANOE

wide

1 60

blade

66

ten-inch

Twenty-six-inchhand
"ight-mch back saw

saw

of sixteeni Instead
f inch panel saw

1 76
1 10

TOOLS

84

will be

These
two

the

as

all that

stemband,

though by
Two-foot
Bench

MATERIALS.

needed, except

are

drills to fit the brace, for

three

or

AND

but

no

there

are

brass work,

the

others

some

that

are

such
ful,
use-

very

follows:

indispensable,as

means

and
files,

few

steel square.
axe.

Expansion bit, seven-eighthsto three-inch.

Level.
Convex

spokeshave,for

Mortise

and paddles.

oars

gauge.

Adze, for largerboats.

Small

hand-drill

Two

or

Besides
called

or

brass

round

these

tools there will

in

some

wooden

by

clamps,

to hold

and

against the head

is a piece of iron

long and
The

the back,

solid

The

lin. thick,

others
bolt

size,

In

other ends

closingthe

are

same

rivet.

or

ones

strengthened

of the

are

small

nails,and

to the

on

iron

of

block

long, with

Fig. 7.

through
two
pieces, joined by
in

Sin.

the burrs

in

shown

them.

is driven

wedge

'*burr starter,"which

of oak, 6 to 8in.

rivet
in

but

spars.

needed

be

fin. in diameter
end, used to drive

one

out

sole

riveting;a

rod

hole

sawed

planes for

three

nail in

drills.

''set,'*
or riveting
iron, used

of

with

stock

use

of the

jaws.
work

A
form

bench

being

several feet
for

room

boards.

of

plank 2in.
longer than
a

vise

This

plank

boards, making
smooth,
A
an

iron

answer,

some

one

and

being

intended
well

as

be

space

securely
with

to

as

plane

fastened

its outer

to allow

long

up

along
edge

to be

must

be

planed
placed

cheaper.

on
near

common

20in.

being fiUed in with

20in. wide, the top being level

the best, but the

is much

as

boat, so

at the back

bench

kind

be

must

floor and

the

the material

as

vise of

the

should

wall, the space

the

had, the simplest

thick, lOin. wide, and, if possible,

end,

one

on

wall, 2ft. Sin. above

from

kind

some

lin.
and

be very

thin.

the left hand

end,

it wiU

wooden

one

will

TOOLS

"6

MATERIALS.

AND

permaDent bench fastened to the wall. The

be 24in. wide, and at
lop is Sin. thick, of oak, and should

Fig.

8 shows

least 10ft.

long,a piece of

righthand
stuff.

end

by

2in.
of

way

plank beins: fastened

series of fin. holes about

leg, a peg being inserted in

each

boards, in
bolted
and

pieces,one end being

restingon the bracket.

other

Drawers

At

etc.

screws,

wide, carries
small

tools, above

uprightboard 12in.
chisels, gouges,
gimlets and

for the

rack

it,

an

the wall,

on

the

spokeshave, brace, etc., are

hung,
planes,and another for sandpaper
boxes

for such

Two

saw

2ft.

long.

driven

screws

as

benches

are

thick, 6in. wide

and

Two

or

of

pins

tightlyinto

holes

When

in

benches.
.

horses

Sin.

being

nails and

hard

18in.
and

on

top and

the other

18in.

small

the

small

is fastened, also
.most

are

also

quired.
frequentlyre-

necessary,

Sft.

wood

about

for

rack

draw-knife,

saws,

long,

lin.

in

and

liin. apart in

use

high, one-half

the

tops

the

legs

diameter

they are driven down

in slitting
the top, but
long boards, they are
and the board wedged between
them.
useful piece of furniture is a stool
Another
not

is

tools, nails,

for

bench

of the bench

the back

stuff and

2in.

spars, paddles
in the vise, and the

held

the

under

provided

are

placed

(a) is

support

to

similar

in

long

to support

of

out

cut

bored

are

hook

bench

bench, being used

to the

apart

of them

one

planing the edges.

vise;the bracket {c)is

the

near

Sin.

planinglong

for

extension

an

the

at

of the top

of

one

are

the

flush with
driven

about

being a

up

1ft.x
seat

half,the

right hand side, making a tray to

hold
nails, screws,
hammer,
pliers,and other small tools
in fastening the plank, thus
used
avoiding the necessity
of stooping over
the work, and
also keeping the tools off
the floor.
A

framework

of

support the boat

the keel is laid

or
on

blocks

work, the "stocks,"

set on

edge, at

descriptionis always necessary to

vessel in building. If a ship or yacht,

some

such

short

they

as

are

distance apart, but

called, are

height above

the

in boat

usuallya plank
floor as will bring

AMATEUR

CANOE

BUILDING.

37

TOOLS

88
in

the boat

AND

convenient

MATERIALS,

pine or sprnco board, lin. thick. 8

18ft.
and
long,tlie upper edge being cut to the
keel, as taken from the drawing. This board
a

common

Pig.

three

on

legs

being 20in.
garboards.
Another

and

the floor,so

18ft.

in breadth; the

level.

to

stoc;ks is shown

styleof

built about

as

in

is

supported

to work

give room
in

Fig. 10,

the

being
canoe

floor,is perfectly

the center, while

down

on

table

like

the

is 20in. from

line is drawn

of the

rocker

all directions,the top

long and 80in. wide, somewhat

top, which

lOin. wide

or

9.

securely braced

from

piece(a)is

The

position(Fig.9).

across

PiQ. 10.
the

board, battens, lin. wide

apart, to each
course,

This

being

of

which

when

to

be
once

of

screw-holes

nailed,2ft.

are

is screwed, the

or

will pay
set of moulds

in

its

that

best, but involves

of the table

built,it
a

mould

upward.
building(similarto

boats) is the easiest and

are

l^in.deep,

boat, of

built keel

method

construction

and

employed for

stocks;however,
to
are

make
made

labor

more

shell

in the

if several boats

strong level table, as

and

each

respective crosspiece,they

fltted to the

may

be set in

AMATEUR

place in

minutes

few

CANOE

correctlyplaced^and
tahle makes

Finallya

which

may

box

the work

requiredfor

that

convenient

steam

on

with

canoe

be done

BUILDING.

certaintythat they

every

they

89

remain

must

so, while

are

the

placeto lay tools.

of

kind

some

is necessary, its size depending

to be done.

Usually all the steaming

is the timbers, perhaps i or V^in.thick,
in a trough of boilingwater,
with care

anything largeris to be bent, akettle, holding a couple

of pailsof water, should be arranged over
a stove,or roughly
bricked
in if out of doors, a top of 2in. plank being fitted
closelyto it with a pipe leading from the top to the steambut if

box, which
inside and

is of li

or

even

lin. boards, and

7ft. long, supported

kettle,and

fitted

tightly,or

the end

on

may

one

end

trestles

on

with

be closed

with

may
or

hinged
a

bundle

be

1"^
door

8x6in.

near

the

to

close

of rags.

BUILDING.

drawing

^HE
-*-

made

the

of

from

it and

previously described,
is

building,

the

centerboard
thickness

depth
iin.,

below
the

the

rabbet

l^in. deep, the

made

up

for
the

wood

shoal

water,

as

keel

the

varieties
in the

shown

flat keel
of

the

and

stem

keel

the

keel,

than

the

latter

^in.

planed
fore
moulds
The

up

edge,

rabbet

moved
re-

should

lie

or

for

lin.

out

thick,

and

is cut

from

for

bearding

rabbet

the

length

the

size

of the

an

lines

of the

length.
as

and

for

marked

wider
the

garboards.

the

on

thekeeL
and

knee,
canoe,

on

in

shown

lin.

directly

ordinary

for

hackmatack

of

overlapping

nailed, thus

rabbet

the

its

Jin. thick,

be

section

thickness

or

used

be

must

is necessary,

batten

will

to

of the

one

or

cross

width,

lin. throughout

it is

sawed

the

depth

side, forming

is used,

rabbet

made

be

selecting

layers

flat keel

Hie

the

keel

which

to

is next

stem

In

form,

top, tapering

on

to

This

each

on

flat keel

The

fin.

sectioa

trunk,

ends,

its

usual

the

trunk.

edge keel,

cross

If the

at

uniform,

the

With

the

be

may

may

11.

Fig.

represents

S^in.

be

of

which

plate,

stem

being

batten,

requiring

will

trunk,

keel

either

centerboard

and

in

and

If f or'a centerboard,

as

shown

and

required, being

is

it, which

to

its

length,

keel

or

shown.

horizontally, as
patented

screwed

no

siding

drawing

The

more

of

has

boat

same

the

as

work

its entiie

added.
if

the

the

from

taken

depth,

keel

of

made

plank,

extra

false

for

the

If

stern, for

being

of

made

b^

and

stem

thickness

is

actual

the

keel

the

moulds

the

being ready

stocks
in

step

of

keel

the

the

rs

first

the

shaping

trunk,

and

bench

the

completed,

being

boat

and

the

it, using

the

each.

line of

boat, marked

in the

drawing,

is the

AMATEUR

CANOE

BUILDING.

%acJUc/w^fXal

Tig.

11.

41

3C44X'

42

BUILDING.

line where

the outer

of the shin

surface

of the stem, stem, and

surface

h, shown

by

side of

dotted

the

plankingJoinsthe

or

keel; the inner

line,is the line

back

or

which

along

rabbet,
the inner

edge or ends of the same,

and the
shown
by a broken line,is where
the inner surface of the skin joins the dead woods, keel, stem
The
rabbet is found by squaring in from
and stem.
back
the rabbet line, a distance
equal to the thickness of the
plank.
After the rabbet and beardinglines are laid off,the rabbet
the

lower

joinsthe

plank
bearding line,c,

^in. thick
piece of wood
being used, applied to the rabbet
to test its depth and
shape. The
is cut,

its full

depth

at

being

curved

there is

most

the

junction of
keel

by

for

reason

cut,

2iin.

secured

further

quite to

cut

of

so

seldom

knee, the rabbet

of the
the

Dot), but

rake
and

the case,

of the
better

the

and

marked

is not

rabbet

stempost of a straightpiece,as shown,

forming a right angle or a littlemore, at the
keel and post. This piece is planed up, the rabbet

make

rabbet

cutting progresses

(see drawing
doing, unless

bow

stempost is excessive,as is now

plan is to

the

is made

canoes

the

at

as

good

no

as

long

present.

stempost in

The

several inches

and

in

as

of oak

chock

stem, and
into

passing up

screw

by

the

nailed

fastened

shown, and

it,as
or

the

to

screwed

in the

an^^le.
in

shown
driven

the

through

keel

together,a scarf is cut

drawing, about 8in. long, copper
and

fasten stem

To

the keel and

stem, and

The

the top of the former.

keel batten

of keel, buttingagainstthe stem

The

bearding
the

across

at

drawing,

from

these

the

trunk, etc., on
If

is drawn

scarf forward

trimmed

stern, and

line

and

points

which

rivetted

and

the water

forward

is

chock

aft, and
laid

line is marked

on

the chock

it has

frame

being

burrs

nailed

in where

the

shape

nails

over

now

and

of the

the

on

rabbet

the
stem

positionsof moulds, bulkheads, mast

both

centerboard

being constructed

top and bottom

trunk
as

large
and

steps,

of keel.

required,it must be put in

shown
by the sectional views.
is

top
aft.

omitted

been

on

on

now;

The

44

BUILDING,
of
positions

the
down

bulkheads

ribs

and

which

bored

are

They

should

be

where

the

bored

between

seam

jointcrosses

or

the inner

lines.Fig. 12, so as to be covered

by
large boat, or by the edge of the plank
This should
caulked, as in a canoe.
where

is liable to follow

water

Pig.

The

is

rabbet

enough

to

across

moulds,

the wood

cut

of stem

13, which

be 5in.. with

each
seen

end

the ribs

end, and marked

inside

squared down

be done

is not

scam

all scarfs,

at

This

of

stripand

canoe,

long
down

rabbet, and
the outside

laid off,as shown

now

are

of the

and

is held
the

being applied to

with

out

in

set

up

Fig.
on

distance apart of the ribs will

The

intermediate rivet through each lap between

an

laid off toward

from

the

in

13.

fore end

bench.

pair of timbers.

are

caulking, if

wbere

moulds.

two

represents the
or

the

rabbet

outer

seam.

until the surface

away
and stern coincide.

buildingtable
every

one

positionsof

The

and

trimming it
guide,a strip Ix^in.

as

at least

cross

the

the rabbet.

completed by

now

sharp chisel, using

5in.

or

prerent any leakage through the scarfs, stopwaters are

put in. These are small plugs of dry pine,the holes for

next

or

squared up

are

to them.

on

To

the

on

or

Beginning at
bow
on

and

station 7 the
to

stern

top and bottom

outside when

the ribband.

the

within
of keel

plank

a
so

spaces

of

foot

of

as

is on, and

to be

also

AMATEUB

Perhaps the
In order

part, and

one

shape,

to

attain

twisted, it must

which

durability,each piece
it will bring no strain on

or

are

"sprung" edgeways

it

can

be

bent

in the

or

made

unnatural

an

or

tion
direc-

to fit properly.

"sprung on" by experienced

sometimes

the framework

be

never

should

amateur

into

it may

ends, though

be

not

Althoughstrakes

that

way

buildhig,certainly
novice, is the planking.

will not itself be forced

of its breadth,

builders,the

plain to a
strength and

both

in such

on

45

difficult part of boat

most

to obtain

be put

any

BUILDING,

difficult to make

the most

must

CANOE

not

attempt it,as

chances

the

pulled out of shape.

Before commencing
obtain an
to plank, the beginner can
idea of how
the planks must
lie by taking a piece of board
the boat, 4 or 5in. wide and iin. thick, tackingthe
as long as
middle on moulds
6 and 8 at about the turn of the bilge,and
then bending the plank until it lies on all the other moulds,
The ends
but not forcing it edgeways to or from the keel.
will come
and stern than
of course
bow
the
up higher on
middle, and it the piece be laid in a similar manner
along
the keel they will also be higher. The
garboard streak, or
are

that

that
then

the

next

marking

moulds

and

will be

off the width

8,

the

from
mould

the keel and

and

the board

the

the

stem

crosses,

desired, 4iin., for

board

straightedge, is laid over

in

be 4 to 5in. wide

kcd, will

mentioned

most

instance,on

nbove, having one

edge 4iin.

the moulds, its straight

ends

down

bent

stern, and

and

showing

the

and
mark

positionof

tacked

somewhat

from

some

models

it will

this line,of which

the

where

the upper

garboard. By upper edp:eis meant the edge

the boat is built
gunwale, in all cases, whether
With

to each

is made

the

otherwise.

canoes;

be

keel

must

up

to

of

the

nearest

better

builder

edge

or

vary

judge

of the case.
according to the circumstances
Next, to lay off the upper streak, we will take a width of
and
Ifin. at stern, marking
8iin. at midships, 2in. at bow
off these distances
the upper
(Fig. 13) from
edge of the
streak
already marked
by a ribband, and putting a similar
ing
ribband
through these three points,bending it fair and markfor himself,

where

it

crosses

each

mould.

There

should

be

six

46

BUILDING.

streaks
to do

each

on

which,

streak

the

as

edge

into

width

same

the widths

course

from

on

on

of

the upper

toward

differ from

those

another,

on

and

ends, the girthsat bow

the

being-much less than amidships.

planks being laid off.the next operation is to get

stern

The

shape

off;

edge
garboard on bow, stem and
four equal parts, making the
any given mould, though of

mould

one

planks taper

the lower

of the

is divided

planks all the

four to be laid

there stillremain

the distance

to the upper

mould

each

side,so

the

of the

garboard, to do which a ''staff" is necessary.

four or five inches wide, one-quarter
a piece of board
and
or
thick,
as long as the boat, several
having more

This is
inch

less curvature,

being

necessary

For

for the different strakes.

help at hand, it
is best to have two short pieces,each
foot longer
about one
than half the boat's length. One of these piecsis cut roughly
and
fastened in place
to the shape of the forward
rabbet
with a screw
clamp, or a small piece of wood with a nail
(I)Fig. 13. It is then bent
through it called a hutchock
over
carefully

the moulds

with

to each

thickness
cut

so

as

similar

preserve
moulds.
the

manner

needed to

qualityso

to lie in the

as

no

it will reach, and

as

The

hutchock.

and

staff should

to

bend

fitted aft, lapping some

the two

are

nailed

be

of

and
fairly,

rabbet, though it need

piece is now

the former, and

far

as

is

there

where
work, especially

accurate

not

ened
fastform
uni-

is best

fit closely.

two

feet

firmly together, so

over
as

to

removed
from
the
positions when
As the fitting
of the garboard depends mainly on
in which
the
is
spiling is taken, great care
prevent the staff springing or bucklingin applying

their

relative

it.
When
with
also
is

the

made
are
adjusteda series of marks
the
line
the
rabbet
on
frame, and
pencilon

it is properly
rule and

across

curved,

the staff,about
as

at

straighteralong

the
the

two

inches

stem, and
keel.

These

four

apart where
inches

marks

are

the line

where
to insure

it is
the

points in taking the spiling,

being set at the same
compasses
and in tnmsf erringfrom the staff to the plank afterward,as
will be under"tood

later.

AMATEUR

OANOE

BUILDING.

47

48

BUILDING.

I^ow, with
usually from

the compasses
to three

two

staff, to

reset

point

applied

with

is

the

the

on

called

The

Before

of

each

sirmark, by
removing
mould

which
the

the

board

for the

is

plank

at each

If it

is

the

marked

selected

now

line

marked

staff from
be

must

the

on

rabbet

the

line,as

to

made

marks

(m m)

being

finallyadjusted.
moulds
the position
the

it, as

on

and,
line,at o

succession

and

one

at n,

same

applied in

are

the stem

on

will be laid off afterward

A

is made

compasses

line

rabbet

the

on

pointson

staff,one

mark

the

on

then

accidentally changed;

other, a prick mark

staff.

the

distance,

circle is first swept

inches, a

if

by

to

of the other

each
on

them

coovenient

set to any

breadths

mould.-^

free from

knots, sap

or

checks

be had

planed to the thickness,

this is not
trouble will be avoided, but where
^in., much
both
on
possible,a board f or lin. thick is planed smooth
sides,the staff is taken carefullyfrom the moulds, laid on
it and held by a few tacks, then with the compasses
still set
garboard.

to the same

can

distance, the

measurements

on
point of the compasses
measuring out on the board.
performed, will give the exact
the garboard.

The

sirmaik

positionof
a

batten

is

being

drawn

upper

edge, the

as

through

run

in

with

previouslymarked

the

on

staff,and

operation,if accurately
shape of the lower edge of
to the

board, and

also the

the staff is removed

which

and

tlie ends
on
spots, the curves
rabbet
moulds.-\-To lay off thel

the

the

breadths

reversed,placing

This

transferred

moulds, after

the

is

now

marks

the

are

and

each

mould,

transferred

to the

the stem, stem

on

off,are

and

taken

respectivepoints on the board, an extra width

added for the lap,and a line drawn
through

of

|in. being

them

with

batten.-|r
Some

change
if this

woods,

cedar

their

and

especially,will spring or
stripis sawed off one edge, and

the
difficult to make
very
drawn
down
of
the
center

then

oak

shape when a
happens, the shape may

tested

after

one

edge

be

so

plank
the
is

altered

sawn

to

it will be

straightline is
before sawing, and

fit. If

board

that

shape, it will show

AMATEUR
whether

the

should

be

sawn

than

off

instance, after which

If the board
lines

are

piece

if it has,

will

strake
from

anew

the

edges may
springing.

of further

danger

all, and

49

edge, leaving the

finished

the

be laid

BUILDING,
at

off the other

should

plank

has sprung

plank

little wider

CANOE

planed

with

little

be

up,

strakea, gauge
each

side, the

on

the two

uprightpieces previouslymentioned,

through, using

benches,

saw

end

one

wedged

fast between
and

it is

held

rip saw

the

the
first

is laid

the

then

in the

two
enough to make
the ed^es ^in. from
around

run

still

the staff,as

is thick

now

board

be, and

strip

nearly vertical,a few

from one edge, then the piecebeing turned
inches being sawn
and sawn
for a short distance from the other edge, this
over
being repeated until the sawing is finished,as the
process
win certainlyrun if used entirelyfrom one
side
saw
the board is sawn
in two, the piecesare each planed
When
the edges must
the inside, after which
be
on
to thickness
sawn

beveled to fit the rabbet.

of two

made

The

wood

piecesof

best bevel

fin. wide

for this purpose

and

cut in one
piece,iin. thick, having a saw
other piece,^^m. thick, is slipped. The

different
and

the

points of the rabbet

angles transferred

strake, after which

liin. iou^r,one

end,

in which

the

l^pvelis applied

to

6in. apart in succession,

about
the

respectivepoints on the
edge is planed to con'espond to

to

entire

the

is

these spots.
second

"'TThe

at the ends

but
first,
of both

planks

beginning about
until about
stem

and

half

thick, a
T^fiin.
but

the

feather

upper

edge.

18in

of the

from

is taken
This

The

each

may

stem

of
end

with

of

the

edge

at the rabbet.
are

beveled

To

off,

increasingin depth

piece

be done

the

until the surface

both

and

each

from

lower

at

the

rabbet

rabbet

broad

of

plane

or

strake is left

garboard to receive it,

edge of the garboard is simply planed to a
Before
cutting this rabbet the width of ihe

rabbet

lap,fin., should
outside

the

with

lap over

course,

diminish

laps must

is flush

stem.

sharp chisel.

the

will, of

strake

adjoining surfaces

this the

secure

broad

or

be

being

marked

garboard as

cut

in the

with

guide

for

scratch

gauge

settingthe

next

on

the

plank. 4

50

BUILDINCf.

All

being ready,the garboard is now

each part of
help of an assistant,

the

rabbet, to
the

plank
end

held
it

place, with

in

being

tried in the

test the

In doing this,
of the bevels.
accuracy
put in place for its entire length at once, but

is not

is tried,then

middle, and finallythe other end.

The
fittingbeing complete, the stop waters in, and the
hole bored for the centerboard
bolt,if any; the garboard is
one

fitted in
after

end. adjustedby the sirmark, tbe

well up by an assistant,and one
or

part being held

countersunk
and

the fore

place on

clamps

more

the

the

put

are

on

for the

garboard

to hold

screws,

is screwed

it,then holes

which

will be

fast

far

as

bored

are

iin.

and

No^5^brass,|
H

iHics in place.

as

lightplank, great care is needed to avoid

before the screw
it; the pieces must be in contact
splitting
them
nail is put in, otherwise, if it is attempted to draw
or
togetherwith the screws, the plank will usuallysplit.Screws
be
nails cannot
are
ends, where
only used at the extreme
latter
driven througlfand riveted,but along the keel the
are
laid
in
is
put in. After the fore end is fastened,the plank
In fastening such

place along the middle of the

nail being omitted to be put in
after which

the

and

operationsdescribed have been

garboard should fit exactlywithout

greatestcare should be taken

it is very difllcult
not fit at first,

cuttingitafterward.
is taken

similar manner,
After

When

broad

for the

the

the rows

The

on

to

staff,however, in this

the

strake is in

of nails

keel

on

put

by

spiling
on

in

being in one

screwed

at

of
positions
the

the

the

timbers, are

the boat, from

around
the

so

ribband^

to

insure

being straight.

nails for this work

the holes for them

those

to

it do
on.

case

and

bent

if the strake

and

strake; it is got out

the

the

as

make

garboards are

both

off,using a thin batten

marks

place,

correctly,
further cutting,

length.
place
fore end, it is fastened with clamps, and the
nails,omitting all that will pass through
marked

are

carried out

any
to do so,

the

does

in

fast.

If the
the

other

nailed, every

after the timbers

is screwed

stem

and

boat

are

in which
hold at first,

are

of copper,

bored, they
case

block

may

or

lin.

sometimes

long.

As

refuse t^

of soft wood, lin. square

53

by

BUILDING.
bent

one,

of the boat, then

driven

lightlyinto

using a
nail

it

as

driven

As

and

the knee

over

the nails,which

the

on

up

in

the others

nail

lowest

into the bottom

previouslybeen
ber,
through the timalongsideof the
must
always be

the top of latter

through. The

then
first,

down

have

holes, are driven

set to hold

comes

pressed

keel to gunwale.

succession from

possible should be put in before the

moulds
ever,
are
removed, those alongsideof the bulkheads, howbeing omitted entirely.A nail must be put through
ribs

many

middle

the

After

all

of

as

garboard and

the

into

broad

timber.

each

in, the boat is kept from spreading by means

of cross
spalls,
pieces holding the gunwales together,and
the moulds
removed
then pulled off the
are
are
; the blocks
the
ends of
nails,and the rivetingup begins.
A copper burr or washer
driven
is slipped over
a nail and
with a burr starter, an
attendant
home
outside holding the
are

the head

set on

the nail

of

of the nsil.

is cut off close

is headed
(about -^^^in.)

After

down.

put

are

These

should

inside

of the timbers, but

outside, making
The

mahogany.
also

the

ena

projectingpart

from

ing
light rivet-

merely having
rivetingis completed

formerly put

were

is t J put them

serve

the

blows

few

is on, the

their ends
the

wales
gun-

on.

the heads

over

it,and

to

with

burr

the

the tacks at the ends

hammer,
turned

When

boat, being jogged

the

stronger and
of

them

is screwed

deck

hard

to

wood, erably
prefthem, and they
sides.

chafing battens, protecting the

as

be about

after

ends, and

of

canoe.

If in. wide

at

middle, 1^

plan

neater

at

fore and

They
1^

at

rivet is put

through the stem

another
and both fore ends, and
through the stem, thus
what was
points
formerly one of the weakest
strengthening
a

upper

fin. thick.

Nails

streak

and

are

the

also driven
head

of

each

stifter side than the

making a much
gunwales are in, the cross spallsmay
until
and

the

curves

of both

symmetrical.

sides of

through
old

them

timber
method.

and

and

the

riveted,
After

the

be shifted if necessary
the boat are perfectlyfair

CANOE

AMATEUR

place in order

to

which,

piece of

bein^ marked
the timber

this means,

ing

it,the

These

the latter is put

cut

are

operationrepeated until

the

of the timber; it is then

pressedinto place,and
or

""(|
I

if

strake,with

wide

boat, and

side

that

placed on

riveted

are

in the bulkhead
a

hatch.

deck

they

never

are

in

case

of

deck,

there

is the least

plan,

shown

in

garboards from

in

^1

'I

The

face
sur-

thick white

lead,
through

nails

or

of each

strake,

door

end

the

nearest

to the

are

of

the

is sometimes

cut

apt

to

in

compartment

all below, while

wet

tight,is only exposed

the

leakage or a
Plate IV., is
to

place

to

canoes

many

timbers, giving

the

1^

and
on

entire

the

on

the

to

complete capsize.
little more

to

cover

wave

is

shipped

raise the

space

floor if

the

water

to

floor

the

better

floor above

2in.,according to the depth of

boat, thus giving space

water

paint.

pine,fin. thick; they

if not

even

allowing

but

below

crew

them.

are

waves,

directlyon

keeping

remov

with

replaced,and

screws

timbers

the

It is still customary
boards

pressed

on

nails.

two

give access

in the bulkhead,

water

and

also in the middle

to

where

placeof
These
latter are to be avoided
if possible,
as
as
to be relied on
posed
water-tight,and being exto

to rain and

door

of

ately
accur-

tightly

place and

in

piece

by

will be of white

bulkheads

The

on

paint shows
painted with

fastened

lap and

at each

planks

the

as

paint is laid

will be marked

the
slightly,

away

fitted

fitted

are

aft movement,

it touches

pointswhere

be

must

littledark

slightfore and

hackmatack

water-tight joint,to do
to fit closely,
the timbers

is cut

53

from

it. After the timbers

will come,

with

down,

thin board

from

possibleby

They

make

to

sawed

be

fin. deep and iin. wide.

knees

as

will

timbers

Thcbalkhead

^^^^^^^

BUILDING,

stores

below

for ballast if desired, and

dry, even

the

also

is considerable

there

though

the

board.

floor is carried

on

ledges,z

by fin. wide, fitted closelyto the

I screws
through the laps. Small
in each piece to permit the free
pieces also serve to strengthen

l^in.deep at the middle

planking, and secured by

",

limbcrholes
passage
the

should

of water.

bottom

of

the

be cut
These
canoe

54

BUILDING.

materially.The

floor boards,

in lliree widths,

n, are

thick, of pine, the side piecesbeing screwed

the middle

while
below.

^1

An

knees

of

**^beams

oval

the

lifted

be

can

hole in the latter

holds

crew,

pine, spruce

of

"

piece

ballast

stow

under

the

bailing. The

for

hackmatack

or

to

out

piece,about

sponge

fin.
ledges,

to the

marked

are

"

deck
out

'"

beam

|from a
The

mould, which

is made

of

be

amount

decided
for

much

the

by

on

to

crown

herself from

be

wave

Before

cut oft level with

until the sheer

beam

mould

about

21n. brass

Iby
into

each

is

being used
gunwales

the

spaced

are

with

the

deck

must

be

not

too

S^in. is

8 to

below, for air and

stow-

at the
to suit

The

will

beams

guide by

and

and

latter

fastened

upper

deep

which

The

drawing, being

be lin.

planed

end, the

to

beams.

through gunwale

screw

end

as

the deck

in the

the latter

from

time

same

the timbers

beams
and

gunwale,

fair
perfectly

shown

as

end.

large drawing.

the

in the deck

putting

down

to bevel

the

flat deck ; the boat will free

quicker, and there is nothingto be said

greater than

must

to

From

the space

as

ago, is much

against it.

given

builder.

80-in. boat,

from

streak

iin. wide,

except the partner beam that supports the mainmast, which

for the mast
will be 4in. wide, so
to take
a 2iin. hole
as
tube, and

under

the beams

will

butts of the deck, which

the

liin.wide.

be

Canoe
one

seam

decks

only, down
deck

handsome
deck

six

to do this
or

are

made

to open

one

lapping fin. on
piecesare fitted
of the well.

the

They

the
are

deck

beams

but

and

At

center

very
half

to be made.

are

compartments,

very

often laid in
forward

the

head
bulk-

the

of

these

beams
the

to 4in.

are

deck

and

in, ridge

fore and

aft

wide, according to

fin.thick, being halved

bulkheads

pointsthe beams
fin. deep, each piece of deck

After

from

the size of the masts, and

the

of the end

over

beam.

down

alterations

joint being
one.

this makes
off the entire

take

are

and

l^in. wide

to

now

the after

over

one

decks

quicklythe

pieces,one

more

and

repairs or

that

desirable

It is often
and

it is necessary

time

every

center, but while

the

pieces,with

laid in but two

sometimes

are

nailed

down

to them.

into
The

CANOE

AMATEUR
holes for the mast
fitted and

tubes

are

BUILDING.

bored, the steps of oak

now

securely screwed

riveted

or

put in place. These

mast

tubes

ends

soldered

the

to

of copper

are

keel
or

and

are

the

brass, the

that

they are perfectlywatertight. The

flanged oyer the ridge pieces,with a
slightly
and paint under
the flangeto make
a tight

up

upper ends are

little lamp wick

65

so

to drain
put in the bulkheads
joint. Plugs are sometimes
off any leakage, and the holes for them
should
be bored
I
inow,as low down as possible. The frame work of the well,
""^-^consists
V
fore and
aft piecesof spruce, v v, Ixl^in.
of two
%prung partly to the shape of the well, the ends nailed to'*

the

deck

bulkhea(l, and

and

beams

also

of

curved;^

two

chocks, r r, at the forward end, completing the pointed form

side decks are also supported by four
of the cockpit. The

knees, p
screwed

or

side,

each

p, on

from

sawn

oak

riveted to the

passing through the

pieces,i) fj, are screwed

to the inner

while

the

side

ends.

coaming, the decks, which will be

of iin.mahogany or Spanish cedar,should be cut and fitted
roughly to the outline of the well, the final fitting
beingdone
Before

Iafter
^

the

putting in

planking, a brass
gunwale into each,

|in. thick and

screw
l^in.long

coamings

the

are

in.

(white oak, iin. thick.

fthin
hhe
now

These

Their

should

shape

be

is taken

of

clear

tough

by

means

of

into the well, the upper

and lower
it. The
side piecesbeing marked
on
pointed
staff sprung

generallypreferredare

from

to

edges of

coamings
ftiin.high forward,

slopingto liin.amidships and aft,the after end beingeither

round or square. The coamings are riveted to the side pieces
and the after piece to the deck beam
or bulkhead, a piece of
|in. mahogany, q, being fitted in the angle forward, to
strengthenit,and also to hold cleats and belayingpins.
described in the followingchapter,such
The other fittings,
as side fiaps,
footgear,tabernacle, etc.,ate now
put in, then
the boat is turned

fine

sandpaper
i\in.half-round
are
are

over

and

and

file on

the outside smoothed

the nail

heads;

brass,is driDed and put

fitted and riveted fast,and sometimes

stripsof

hard

oak

fin. square

and

down, using
band, of

the stem

on, the rudder

braces

bilgekeels,which
about

4ft. long, are

BUILDING.

66
screwed

to the bottom

the boat in
The

the

the

lead and

lead color.

the

boat

floor,and

inside of well has

the deck

floor,and

securelyblocked
bulkhead

each

the boat, and

been

frame, is painted

up

short distance

in turn

filled with

water, the
After

marked.

end

above

the

be bailed into the middle of

may
also. When
the leaks there marked
these have

tested,the

are

now

the Inside of the compartments,

leaks,if any, being carefullynoted

ends

lap,protectbig

oil,sufQclent black beingadded to make

should
the bulkheads
be tested,to do

Now,

the boat is

the

and

linseed oil,and

raw

with white
a

of the

bottom, under

which

the second

over

hauling up.

outside

of

coat

about

water

tight,the

made

first fitted,and

decks

may

the under

then

laid,the piecesbeing

be

side of

them

being painted,
and
the edges of the gunwales, ridge piecesand bulkheads
While
this
being also covered with thick paint or varnish.
is fresh the piecesof deck are laid in placeand fastened with
fin.Ko. 6 brass screws, placed 3in. apart, along the gunwales,
fI3ge pieces,deck beams, bulkheads and side pieces
of

the

well.

In all the

them

screw

If

show.
the

puttied

decks

hard

flush

will be

deck

the

mahogany

to do

is on,
be

must

half-round, to

deck.

These

The
and

decks
other

are

are

IS

varnished

are

cover

half-inch

oiled,the

some

mast

and

thoroughlydry, a

coat

allowed full time

to

them, and

clearingout

the

no

weU,

and

brass

or

also

of the

the center

nails.

copper

rudder, hatches, etc.

of hull and

This
has

the

plates,cleats,screw-eyes,

fast, the

varietyof

several in the market.

grainof the wood,

and

go around
down
the seam
to

all the outside

with

only

now

the head

quarter-roundbeading of

enough

fittingsscrewed

completed, and

were

so.

nailed with

neict

remove

in

less defaced

out

got

some

wood, allowing

the

or

more

heads

screw

but it is customary

it is difficult to

over

putty in order

After

with

the

canoes

puttied over,

and

countersunk
to

older

wood

inside of the well

of which
filler,

first coat is

merely

polishof its own.

there

to fillthe

After

of spar composition should be

to dry before using the boat.

it is

given,

CANOE

the

T^HILE

and

signed

minor

requisite

constructed

and

is

canoe

essential

properly-de-

would

be

feature

As

and

the

there

must

be

deck,

and,

86in.
above
This

tings/'
'Fit-

make

word

the

and

for

term

up

thesD

fittings

Rob

deck,

necessity,

long

being

taking

the

covered

more

but,

in

bent

boat

the

one

piece,

that

of
so

was

other

the
low

of

32

to

lin.

\(as

in

wet

high

drawing.

the

kayak,
and

wells

and

coaming,
in

hand,

below

The
wide

as

better;

sleeping,

hatches

to

access

are

stowage

permit

to

companion.

hatch,

no

the

on

say-

consid-

well, the

the

elliptical, 20in.

well, resembling
as

important

enough

giving

its
canoes

savage

are

stronger;

were

requiring

long,

small

Ro\s

is

there

below,

occasion,

kayak,

smaller

rule, the

opening

spars

the

from

canoe

position

is much

an

on

early

the

shape

boat

long

and

get below,

can

room,

storing

rigging,

but

modem

the

excepting

general

water

as,

its

and

undecked,

less

of

YTELL.

distinguishes

progenitors,

eratioDS.

head

and

equipment,

THE

age

the

of

used.

generally

This

correct

more

number

are

safety, comfort

to

sails

the

Perhaps

details

there

under

up

with

which,

craft.

complete

numerous

hull,

less

hardly

are

convenience,

as

ia

summed

parts, generally
that

is

first

FITTINGS.

almost

rough

water.

A
from
16^n.

step

in

4ft.

being

advance
Sin.
shut

to

off

the

was

5ft.

by

long,
a

old
and

movable

Nautilus
20in.

well,
wide,

bulkhead

which

length

just abaft

was

of
the

68

CANOE

FITTINGS.

by a movable hatch,
end, leaving an opening

crew's

back; this portionbeing covered

with

similar hatch

of 2ft.

little

or

at the forward

for

more

ugly octagonal form, while

ways,

than

more

the
a

decided

other feature

any

well, with

This

crew.

in many

improvement
for the

earned

its

canoe

the

dismal

so
epithet of coffin,once
frequently applied to it;
it gave
besides which, owing to the number
of pieces(eight)
no
strengthto the deck, and the jointssoon opened and leaked,

while

the almost

from

deck, but

the

In 1878

sent

the Shadow

did not throw

end forward

square

spray
canoe

back

the

over

crew.

well
elliptical

within

out

came

the water

20in.

by 6ft.,covered by four hatches, so arranged as to close

well entirelyin shipping the canoe
by removing one
; or

the

hatches, making

two

or

first point

cruising
below

was

that

with

when

decided
a

on

hatches

they were
the

time

same

it

there
and

was

no

was

found

in

very

hot

became

fittingcloselyaround

removed

afloat. The

when

crew

advantage, but
day the canoe

warm

piledthree high forward,

At

for the

room

the

canoeist, and
unless

for tliem

room

liable to be lost overboard.

the first Jersey Blue

canoe

appeared

with

rectangularwell 18in. by 6ft.,1ft. being abaft the crew,

deck
the coaming at sides of well extending over
the forward
be
and
could
forming slides for a sliding hatch, which
quicklypulled aft,covering as much of the well as desired,
a

while

rubber

completed
hatch

the

of

purpose

the

kept

covering.

rolled

This

up

top of

on

arrangement

same

time

canoe

built

was

in

the hatch,

answered
and

protection,but the square corners

clumsy and heavy in appearance.

were

At

apron,

Hailcm

the

sliding

having

slight flare,the first of its

and
in 1880 the Sandy Hook
at least,and
kind, in America
fitted with
were
pointed coamings, but
Jersey Blue canoes
the fiist of the stylenow
not fiaring,
so
common
being put
in the Dot in place of the Shadow
well in 1881.

pointedcoaming forward,

This
similar

form
to

of

with

in

well, shown

Gothic

arch, and

in

outward, throwing off all spray

end

is

made

either

round

or

Plate

IV,, is in outline

addition
at

the

square,

the

sides.
the

sides
The

latter

fiare
after

giving

60

CANOE

more

when

room

(g) in

the

drawing,
being sometimes

no

put

beat in

can

spray

chock

mahogany
angle, belaying pins

the

the

apron,
the

of

This

it.

on

coaming is well fitted to hold an

which, being fitted to the point of
off,and

carried.

are

is fitted in

cleats

or

two

FITIINQS,

it.

The

end

fore

coaming,

under

well

and shoal boat, such

narrow

18in. will be enough,

water

will

out

windward,

to

danger of
above

come

water

the side decks

as

but in
the

over

side,and

the floor will interfere with

therefore

should

differs
almost

crew

can

deeper boat

the

which
canoe.

width

of

and

less

still lean
there is less

coaming being higher

the crew

leaning over,

and

wider, the usual width

being 201n.
especiallyin racing,
sailing,

be made

American

the

and

Wider

Roy,

be

may

will be wider

side,while

the

over

the Rob

as

of

wash

cannot

covered by hatches, as desired.

partly or entirely
Another
important feature in a well is its width,
be regulatedby the size and intended
must
of the
use
In

of

form

practicein canoe
materiallyfrom the English ; the

invariably
being seated

crew,

in America,

ing
deck, in sailto windward, the feet braced under the lee deck, the body
leaning well to windward, and the steering being done by
of a tiller on the after deck, but in England the crew
means
is seated low down
in the canoe, a portionof the deck abreast
the body being cut away
and the opening closed at will by a
one
being closed and the lee one
hinged flap,the weather
opened at the end of each tack, only the head and shoulders
being above deck, offeringbut little surface to the wind.
this arrangement

With
That

canoeists may

the

judge for

canoe

Messrs.

The

former

of
fittings

not

admit

Where
very

in and

useful ; but

out

as

Tredwen

side deck

Field

ing
concern-

describingthe
flapsmust not

important, but
at least not

travelingcanoe,
where

to the value of

the London

"In

says:

it is all

the chief work

is to

and

day, the

sailingcanoe

in
its great utility

generalwork.
flapswill be

jumping

quote from

gentleman

the present

In

be omitted.

we

themselves

Baden-PoweU

opinions of
them.

well is allowable.

narrow

this feature for their work,

the weather

on

1 do
for

side
is to be lake sailing,
much

be the order

hauling out and

day, side flaps

of the

AMATEUR

BUILDING,

61

utterlyout of place. The side flapwas

the Bob Roy in 1868, hat did not appear

are

in

of that

It has, however,

name.

favorite,and
fitted to the

it is to

of the

stronglyhinged
fitted in every

breeze

at

mile

designed

have

"It has

not

been

of

the

and

beam,

body

in

two

after

and

to

if

canoe,

If

flapshould

it should

be

of

case

sudden

Jump

discarded, and

at the time

in

of the canoes
that he
describingsome
the
during
tinues
past fifteen years, con-

built

observed

alreadybeen
built with
that

caught

laitd.''

from

fitted to all the Pearl

has been

canoe

or

Tredweu,

Mr.
has

general

ed^; and, in short,strongly

just about the place that one's

of to raise the

dangerous mishap

it is

tion
edi-

broken, and perhaps lost overboard,fiapwould

out.

or

as

in the next

sailingcanoe.

the after end

outer

first introduced

become

now

in every

backboard

the

at

way,

lay hold

bands

found

be

traveling
canoe,

just forward

be

up
be

CANOE

the

subsequentlybeen

that the

canoes,

tbem, they

next

have

that where

been

the addition of

by

subsequently

built without

canoe

altered

flapside decks

and

them

has

this contrivance.

result of this varied

The

experience is to establish
if propthem as a very valuable adjunct to a cruisingcanoe
erly
and
o
therwise
better
omitted.
fitted,
are
they
applied
There are two essentials besides the flapsthemselves, consisting
of two
The

deck.
across

the

coamings around the openingscut in the

first coamings are
paralleland close to the cuts

sets of

deck, and consequently at right angles with

ordinarywell coamings,
deck, and their inboard

and

ends

screwed

are

butt

on

to the

the

securely to the
well coamings.

ward
They entirelyprevent any leakage along the deck from forinto
the
side
deck.
or aft,
openings of the flap
"'The second set of coamings are placed transversely,
hinged
to the

deck, and when

againstthe
are

serve

catches

prevent any
must
cover

sea

therefore
when

their

beading or coaming

not intended
as

raised

to exclude

around

the

breaking into

ends

of the hatch

leakage along

which

projectabout
they are raised.

inboard

half

Many

an

inch
canoes

closely

and

cover;

the deck, but

mackintosh

the well.

fit

The

coat

inboard

above
have

they
they

to
fits,

ends

the hatch

had

these

62

CANOE

hinged coamings

fitted without

sufficient width

the fixed

project above
water
running

the

to

they neither exclude

provide a holdfast

for the

!New

and

hatch

back

and

cover,

along the deck,

mackintosh,

In this country the first step in this

Elfin,a

out
with-

coamings, and

the

as

nor

oontri-

whole

condemned."

has been

vance

FITTIXOS.

York

in

which

canoe,

direction

1878 had

in the

was

her

coamings

side

fiaps being put in the

in 1881, since which
they have been tried in
Sandy Hook
Their
into general use.
various
but have not come
canoes,
construction
is shown
in the drawings.
cut

hinged; the

In the Pearl

is covered

by

as

to lie fiat on

skirt also

body, being hinged

the skirt of the

being held, by

to a

similar

forward

part, so

its after end

ing,
bead-

this

jacket is drawn,

band
the

on

to the

canoe

rubber

beading

parts,the after poition,

On

opened.

rectangular,

is almost

in two

hatch

it,when

which

over

edge^

forward

well, which

the

canoe,

the

extending to

first real

run

around

its lower

after hatch, and

the

to

hinged coamings described;the deck fiapsopening inside

wide

skirt,so

Where
covered
shown

by

that

there

it is desired

to

three

four

by

or

in the
bar

drawing
running over

is inserted in
to

an

is

entrance

no

close the

the

below.

the well is
entirely,
as
hatches, fittingcloselytogether,
cjmoe

These

of the Shadow.
them

eyebolt

for water

fore and

at fore end

aft, one
of well,

are

held down
of which

end
the

other

locking
pad-

similar bolt aft.

APRONS.

rough water it is necessary to cover

either by hatches
the well entirely,
or
by an apron fitting
closelyaround the body. The simplest form of apron, and
one
especiallyadapted to the pointed coaming, is a cover of
on
cloth, cut to the shape of the coaming and turned down
heads in the latter,near
the
the edges, to button over
screw
In rainy weather

deck.

or

It also extends

immediately

behind

in

aft about

the back.

6in.
A

over

the hatch

hole is cut

for the

or

deck

body

of

AMA

TEUR

canoeist, and around

the

stitched,bo

the

long enough to lap, as at if),and button on

portion of the apron abaft the body is held
fast to deals

{c)made

being

buttoned

or

screweyes

coaming

to

to which
(df),
is nailed,keeps it arched

In

to it.

under

abreast

so

of

case

deck, the apron

not

by

body.

justforward

of the

be
may
part will

is free, the

body,

If

all water.

after

cord, and the canoeist

the

cord

down

ward
for-

from

pull

remain*

apron

ing on the coaming. Instead of a buttonhole on

loop of lighttwine should be used, so as to break

buttoned

of apron

capsize,the

is

That

side.

one

ia

of the

shed

to

as

is used, the fore end

hatch

on

the apron,

beam

63

piece (a) Gin. wide

Thi3 piece
the body.

edge

around

to be drawn

as

B TTILDINO.

CANOE

flap,a

the
at

once,

if

necessary.
Another

which

Famham,

telescope,and
soldered

framework

by Mr.

covered

with

composed of several brass

slidingin another, as in a
(e\ one
carlins (/) of ^m, springbrass wire,

framework

also of

brazed,

or

of

ends

wire

devised

is

silver tubes

German

or

consists of

This

oiled cloth.

telescopicapron

is Ihe

device

to collars

shown,

as

these carlins

turned,

are

shown,

as

of

the outer

(g)on the

The

tubes.

under

to engaoro

coaming, and are also

beading on
edge
On the after end
bent into loops to avoid cutting the cloth.
a
pieceof -f^wire (A),bent to a curve, is brazed, being also
the

to the after carlin.

braced

slidingbulkhead

of the

This

to it the

screwed

to the

universal

joint,permitting

as

When

shown.

forward,
the

frame

ends of the

it may

or

than

being
cover
comers

the

piece (h) hook

coaming, so

in the

run

to the
or

hem

to

frame, the

edges

are

as

ends
covered

cut

to turn

draw

is

be

into

the
with

block
a

framework,

held

by a strap,
the ends
position,

over

it down,

blocks

about

down,

Sin.
an

it tis^ht. Before
of

3ln. aft

pivotedby

to the

beading, hold

the

side,keeping all in position.

is of stout
The
cover
muslin,
way

extend

of the well is

first tube

is drawn

of the carlins,hooking under

the curved

should

motion

side

holdingit down

but

wire

Forward

to ".

deck, and

the

carlins

and

leather,so

(t)on

and
each

largereach
elastic cord

sewing the
all sharp
as

to avoid

64

APRONS,

cuttingthe
under

apron
lower

is used,

down

extra

the after end

on

also

runs

being a

at
if)

of

the

across

skirt is drawn

the

For

rough water
under the
skirt,fitting

cover.

short

these

over

apron

down

by

on

and

apron,

after

knobs

two

over

held
is sometimes
Roy or small canoe
wood
(w) on either side of the coaming,
is tacked, each striphaving a flat brass

strip of

down

also

holdingall in place.

the apron
in) to hold it to the coaming,

being held

and

coaming
edge of the

lower

Bob

to which

hook

wooden

The

hatch.

coamings,

the sides,the elastic

The

by

rubber

end

the forward

passing around

cord

of apron
the fore

of well.

The
after
well

matecial

for

being cut

and

dampened,

an

and

should

apron

with

coated

linseed oil three

laid

thin, a second

on

very

To

perfectlydry.
hatches

either with

in the

made

in front, the
elastic.
when

or

form

sleeves

The

and

parts, and

To

put

have

in

quickly over

the

to allow

the head, the

which

it may
be
in putting it on,

adjustedat
as

an

the

latter

fioor

coamings,
are

or

used, the

opened inside of
into a ring,slipped

into the sleeves, after

thrust

leisure.

upset while

the

to be

them

arms

touch

with

outside, ju6t under

over

it is rolled

coat

at the wrists
to

flounce

to fasten

long enough

on

oil six parts,

coat

if the
the side flaps,

it.

turpentineone

raw

just long enough

hinged piecesof
coat being full enough

of

tightly,

the first
being given when
complete the covering 'of the well,
sary,
aprons, a waterproof coat is necesof a loose shirt,opening about 6in.

seated,and it should

the arms,

mixture

muslin, and

stout

be stretched

being gathered

is

coat

be

it should

sewed

part, boiled
is

the

side,

the lower

on

sewn

An
edge gathered in by an elastic cord.
wire ijc)
is attached to the framework, forming a coaming
the

arms,

end

stripsare

carlins,to hold

the

extra

an

Extra

cover.

Care

should

entangled

be taken

in it would

be

serious.

be

kind

seat of some

low

possible,in
stillhigh enough to be
as

boat

of

as

llin.

or

more

is necessary
order

to

keep

comfortable

depth

in

the

canoe;

it should

the

weight down,

when

paddling.

crew

must

but
In

sit several

CANOE

AMATEUR

"r

//
n

r\

BUILDINQ.

HI.

M
CL

CANOE

APROKS.

65

66

APE0N8.
^

inches
a

above

boat

in

but
cushion

tent, clothes

though

out

fitted with

in

covered

some

with

all

necessary is

small

seat is

lOin. square
or

is

that

such

and

Some

below

canoes

is used

as

simply
Sin.

stowed

be

moisture.

of any

the

cases

should

seat,

as

serve

may

bedding

pressed wood,

canvas,

feature

blankets

or

of the reach

about

bottom,
A

bag

seat of

seats, and

is

all that

boat

it is better that

deck and

or

shoal

the floor boards.

on

The

to

seat allows

high

paddle comfortably,and in such

ward;
the body to lean further to wind-

the bottom

are

for chair-

without

box

deep, the

top

top being

leather straps.

peculiar to

greatly to the comfort of

with
usually a framework
as shown
at o,
crosspieces,

the

the

canoe,

and

adds

that

canoeist, is the backboard,

vertical

stripsjoined by two
head
and hung from the shiftingbulkand
by a strap. The vertical pieces are 2^in. wide
rounded
the fore side,and are placed 2i
on
f thick, slightly
inches apart, thus supporting the back on
either side of the
and
the
backbone,
crosspieces are ri vetted to them.
Sometimes
flat board, about
a
8xl2in., is used, either
with

or

without

paddling double,

two

the

cushion; but
an

extra

beam

frame

is used

is better.
the

across

For

cockpit,

backboard

or a seat
hung on it for the forward
man.
is made
of two pieces of board hinged together,one forming
the back, being supported by a brace
hinged to it (p). This

with

back

may

be used

of the well

changed
when

and

in

increase

To

point desired, being independent

any

coaming,

will,while

at

not

at

and

it is

the

angle

of the back

easilyfolded

and

may

stowed

be

away

use.

the

stowage

room

and

to secure

better

sition
dispo-

of

cut in
weights fore and aft, hatches are sometimes
the decK, but to.be reallyvaluable,two
points are essential
have
which
never
be quickly
yet been obtained; they must
and
As good a
closed.
when
closed, and airtight
opened
method
as
to the opening
a regularcoaming
any is to make
deck
lin.
in the
to this coaming
on
f to
high, the hatch fitting

with

being

used

beading projectingdown, two thumb

it. Its water-tight
qualitiesmay

to secure

screws

be im-

PADDLES,

68

but

forms

two

single blade,
plate, and the
also shown.

of
so

the

blade, various

maple, beech,

or

The

forms

of wliiich. are

is used

American
and

Sin. wide,

The
the

North

the

end

upper

is

is fashioned

fingersbeingdoubled
continuouslyon the
hands, is

skilled

its motion, in

boat, and

the

accompanying

blade

hand,

singlepaddle

the

from

spruce.

in the
to fit easily

as

of

center

S^ft.long, with

canoeists,the

modern

to

former, derived

about

side of

same

in

double

the top.

over

known

are

shown

The

Indians, is
made

only

noiseless.
The

double

modem

from

canoes

directlyfrom
varies with
size

paddle, the

Esquimau

the

the beam

being the

in

of

and

length has

MacGregor,
his kayak.

with

and

of late many
canoeists have
formerly,for boats of 30in. beam

small

the

been

The

length
but

canoes,

for

going on

some

years,

Oft. instead

adopted
and

is derived

7 to 9ft.,the former

from

of the canoe,
first used

one

gradual increase

time

the

with

in connection

best known

one

of 8,

as

Various patterns

over.

in the
by different builders, are shown
plate,half of each paddle only being given. The blades vary
in width from 6 to 7in.,and in length from 18 to 20in.
the
Paddles
7ft. are usuallycut in two and jointed,
of over
jointconsistingof two brass lubes, the largerone 5iin.long
and from Ij'Vto If^ outside diameter; the smaller one
2-|in.
The short piece
long, and fitting
tightlyinside the former.
is sometimes
in the
notches
fitted with a small pin,fitting
the paddle is set, either with both
\ongerpiece,so that when
blades in the same
plane, or if paddling againstthe wlnd^
of

paddles,as

made

is permitted in
rightangles,no further motion
the joint
the joint;but this plan is not
advisable, as when
the parts to
to turn
sticks,as it often will,it is necessary
of course
loosen them, which
the pin prevents.
the blades

Tips

of sheet brass

them
off.

Pine

style.
rubber

at

from
or

or

copper

put

are

injury against stones

spruce

are

the best materials

dripping
prevent the water
washers
used, or two round rubber
are

end, about

2in. apart, will

answer

the

logs in

for

down

To

the ends

on

and

same

to preserve

pushing

paddles of
on

this

the hands,

bands

on

purpose.

each
One

AMATEUR

CANOE

CANOE

PADDLEB.

BUILDING.

69

70

SAILS

half of the double

paddle is sometimes

piece,similar to the head

extra

an

RIOQUfG,

AJSD

used

shown

as

singleblade,

the double

on

blade,

one
half,
being inserted in the ferrule; or when
sailing,
lengthened out by a handle 18in. long, may be carried on
the other half being stowed
deck, ready for any emergency,
below.
The half paddle, in this case, is held with the blade

under

cord

being

held

latter

are

stretched

the forward

over

deck, the after end

cleat abreast the body.

a
looped over
For racing and
lightpaddling, spoon blades are used, the
as the straight
blades,but the
general outline being the same

by

cord

stronger and better for cruisingwork.

AND

SAILS
The

work

to be done"

all

the

Before

have

the

sails to

the

boat

on

tried

been

been

sail to
with

shape

carry?
the

be calculated

of sail may

are

known

to-daybut

the

and

their

tion
perfecevery

having

the

canoe

to

question

be decided

rigs. Attempts
which

the dimensions
a

the

types are at
leg of mutton, the lateen,

expressions by

; but in

ad

three

question only

when

few

of the sails,the first

boats

to formulate

made

of the boat

the

all but

canoes,

canoeists"

lug.
decidingon

comparison

on

that

rejected,so

much

is,How

by

has

rig
in time

popular with

and

of

sailingcraft depends largely

as

canoe

their proper
and on the
fitting,
of all the smaller details of the rigging. Almost

known
been

proportioning

the

on

of

success

RIGGING.

the

and

area

weight

greatest elements

carrying sail are the personalqualitiesof the canoeist,his

skill,activity,daring, prudence and good judgment; and
when
the same
their value is easilyappreciated
on
one
canoe
in

man

carry 100
be safe with

can

hardly

to calculate

with
the canoeist

feet of

square

fifty. This

what

area

similar boats will

making

will suit his individual

such

an

wants.

sail,while

being

canoe

the

wDl

give the
addition

case

another
it is

carry, but

average
to it as

will

sible
imposa

parison
com-

cruisingrig,
he considers

CANOE

AMATEUR

uncertain element

Another
of
a

the

river

water

which

on

furlingand reefingthem
open
large sail may

is done.

If

and

sudden

squalls are

on

complete

as

the wind

reliable

and

possibk*;
steady,a

as

is strong but

reef for

ample

an

weather.

rough

Whatever
with

sail is the character

the work

carried,fitted with

be

71

small, and the arrangements for

be

water, where

on

carrying
of

most

violent,the sails should

if

in

hills,where

lake, among

or

BUILDING.

canoeists is to

carry

practice
cat rig,though
largeboom and

The

sails.

two

universal

almost

chosen, the

be

area

simple,requireslargerand heavier spars, a

difficult to handle, as far
of effort,and is more
a high center
as
setting,furling and stowing sail,than the main and mizzen
rig; and, on the other hand, a jibhas been proved to be
of little use,

as

go forward;

cannot

benefit when

of

power

and

and

be

can

while
luffing,

is

where

the

crew

needed, it requires

are

of

little

of the sail

always in sight,draws

quickly spilledwithout
the mizzen
aft requires
promptly and keeps way

do
can
if^neglected,

even

boat

running, and
By having the bulk

easilyreached,

running,

when

luffs the boat

little attention,

ner,

on

its best.

be

can

when

losing the
very

number

doing

it

forward,
well

of lines

attention,is useless

constant

in

it is difficult to set

littlebut

bring her

into

the wind.
In

boat

long,narrow

like the

the

canoe,

sail should

spread well fore and aft,long and low, rather than

will be as great,
and high, as the propellingpower
less,and this end
heeling or capsizingpower much
attained with the main and mizzen
rig.
to obtain

In order

their

that

force

center

common

or

of the
the

and

the

is best

sails,it is

point at which,

cessary
ne-

if

applied,it would balance the pressure of the wind

sails,which point is called the center of effort,should

the

be

nearly in

resistance
a

balance

proper

narrow

were

on

the

vertical line with

attached, and

centerboards

advance

same

at

down,

the center

latter is the

of the hull, which

stringwere

and

be

the boat, with

were

rightangles to the

drawn

of

lateral

point at which,
rudder

if

amidships
sideways, it would

string, neither

bow

nor

stem

72

SAILS

BIQGINQ.

AND

being ahead. These points would be described in technical

center of gravityof the sails,and
language as the common
the center of gravity of the immersed
vertical longitudinal
section,includingrudder and centerboard.
The

of

center

lateral resistance

drawing accurately to scale,on

outline of that

then
stuck

in

To

cork.

ascertain
A

hull and

the

is drawn

is the

balance

calculation
is necessary.
some
effort,
showing the sails,masts,
the scale being usually
resistance,

a canoe

small

or

boat.

sail,if triangular,a line

one
angle perpendicular to the opposite side,
will be equal to
the area
produced. Then

determine

from

to that side

one-half of the side

to the

fine needle

of

center

of lateral

center

First,to
or

it will

sheerplan,

sail draft is firstmade

iin. to the foot for

or

balancing it on
which

cluding
line,in-

water

the

the

of lateral resistance.

center

piece and
The point on

the

cuttingout

the

board, taking it from

or

by

of cardboard

below

the hull

portion of

rudder, keel

piece

ascertained

bo

can

the

of the

area

multipliedby

angle; for instance,in

the

triangleBCD

in the

which
figure,

of

square

would

represents the calculations

feet,JEiline perpendicular to 0 D

through B;

C D

so

is

produced
of

-"91.87.H2--45.9ft.,area
it may

be divided

to g

then

into several

first

sail of

not

89

pass

12ft. 3in.x7ft. 6in.

If the

BCD.

the side

from

the distance

sail is not

each
triangles,

angular
tri-

being

sail shown
will first be divided
computed separately.The
by the line C D from throat to clew; the area of B C D
has been ascertained to be 45.9ft.,and similarlythe area
of
A

C D

is 43.9, then

rule, and

that

one

multiply the

product,but

in

in this case,

or

an

where

will be 88.8ft.

sails is

shorter

correct,
sufficiently

by C D, and

high,narrow

to

take

sail,this would

16ft. 4in.xl2ft. 3in."

being known,

area

is next

the

area

half
not

of

is to
the

answer,

100ft.,

200+3

of 1 1ft.

error

side to the

3ntire

in most

distance

as

The

the

the center

of

gravity of

each

angle
tri-

found

by drawing a line from the middle of one

oppositeangle,and laying off ^^of this line,as in

BCD,
triangle,

where

half of C D

is taken

at a,

line.

CANOE

AMATEUR
a

of the

and
on

and

B, drawn,

we

the line

point

that their
d.

78

^ of it taken, givingthe point d, the

triangle.The

know

BUILDING,

Now,

common

is found

in

center

dividingthe

sail

center

similar manner,

of

grayity must

hy

he

line,A B, into

74

SAILS

another

of

set
at

with

will

center

To

of

triangles,ABC

and/,

centers

BIOOING,

AND

and

drawing

the

center

be

and

the line

D,

its intersection

f,

gravity,and

of

their

find

we

consequently

effort,of the entire sail

determine

the

Ycrtical line is drawn

just ahead

distance

of each

of the center

of two

center

common

sails,a

more

or

sail,and

of the forward

the

this line is measured

sail from

and

of the sail. In the drawing,

multiplied by the area
showing two balance lugs of 45 and 20ft.,the cruisiagrig.
for a 14x80 canoe,
these figureswould
be 40x5ft. 2iD." -232,
and 20xl8f t. 7in." 273, or 505.
Now, dividing this sum
by
the total area
of the sails,
or
65ft.,we have W""7.77, or 7ft
9in.,the distance of the center of effort from the vertical

line.

In

center

of lateral resistance

this

the

case,

of

center

of

effort of the sails and

hull will fall in the

the

the
same

vertical.
To
helm

should

be safe, a boat
to luff

or
easily,
leverageof

wind, the

that the helm

always

in other

the after sail should

be carried

free she will luff

that the center

hull

of effort should

both

curved

over

the

aided

by

to shove

and

calculations
and
ahead

greaterweather

with

of effort may

of the center

It will be

seen

left

of lateral
that both

in

reality they are

distributed unequally
wave

the lee bow,

on

quarter, tend
windward, independentlyof her sails,so

show, varying

the center

under

of pressure

the boat to

that she will have

if it be

it is assumed

is
pressure
the pressure of the

decrease

quire
re-

side

weather

the

be aft of the center

wind

sails;while

to

the

requires in theory

this

plane surfaces, while

the

enough

wind, then

do

instantly.To

are

be

slightlyon

resistance,but in the calculations

sails and

on
fcailing

words, when

prevent her coming up into the

to

sufiicient weather

carry

the

helm

lee

in any

the fullness

often be

placed

case

of

than

her

some

the

bows,

distance

of lateral resistance.

from

this

that

calculations

such

are

not

guides we have, and

if the calculated centers, and actual working in practiceof
what
different boats are recorded, a comparison will show
absolutelyexact,

allowance

but

is necessary

they

are

in the

the

case

best

of

similar

boat.

76

8AIL8

board up
under

down,

or

it,the
center

and

should

board

it

with

of lateral resistance

center

come

at once

lowered, on raising
aft,and the
moves

ward,
of effort being unchanged, the greater leverageis forand the boat's head falls off.

it when

the board

tried with

proper

of the

center

the boat balances

If it is necessary
be done by using

and

the

of lateral resistance,otherwise, if the board

the center

be forward

RIQQING,

AND

to
a

place the

small

mizzen,

is raised.

well

board
a

reef

mainsail

forward, it may
in

being shaken

out

is sometimes

rigged

cheaply made mizzen of any shape until the

is obtained,when
is rig^'d
a suitable mizzen

balance

permanently.
The

leg of mutton, or, as

angular
called, sharpie rig, consistingof two trisails,requiringonly mast, boom, halliard and sheet,

simplestrigfor

canoe

is the

it is sometimes

and

on

boat, where

narrow

but

small

area

can

be carried,

will

a
they
answer
large spread is
well, but where
very
the
be so long as to be unmanageable;
needed,
spars must
for instance,to spread 60 square
8ft. boom,
feet,with an

vantage
disadAnother
requirea mast 16ft. above the deck.
is the necessityof using rings on
the mast, as they
are liable to Jam in hoistingand
lowering.
A simple sail,once
but it
used on canoes, is the spritsail,
of handling the
abandoned
of the difficulty
was
account
on
The ordinary boom
in so small a boat.
and gaff sail is
iiprit
also objectionableas it requirestwo halliards and
the rings
would

the mast.

on

The
on

lateen

canoes,

of
but the
furled
for

yard
or

used
sail,as adapted by Lord Ross, is much
It has the advantages
especiallythe smaller ones.
short mast, low
and

reefed

boom
when

must

before

center
be very

of effort,and

long, the

the wind,

and

few

lines;

sail cannot

it is not

be

suited

The lateens introduced

large areas.
by the Cincinnati
C. C. are practicallyleg of mutton
sails,the yard peaking
in the drawing.
up into the positionof a topmast, as shown
The ordinary lateen rig consists of a triangular sail laced to
a yard and
boom, both spars being jointed together at the
tack, and a pole mast with a spike several inches long on

AMATEXTB

CANOE

BUILDING,

77

78

SAILS

A brass

top.
and

jaw

short distance
the

ringis lashed

(a) of wood
from

the mast, then

on

or

yard

to the

forward

the

end.

is drawn

end,

the

boom, a
setting the sail,

to

In

be hooked

ring can

the boom

its lower

near

is fastened

metal

is lifted until the

yard

RIGOING,

AND

spike
yard,

the

over

liftingthe

back,

the mast, the

dropped
place
jaw
ation
operin
sail.
reversed
in
being
taking
The followingmethod
of reefingthe lateen (seep. 83) was de
vised by Gen. Oliver, of the Mohican
C. C.
The fore end of
the boom
is fitted with a jaw (5)which
encircles the mast when
the saii is set, making a leg of mutton
sail,while on the boom
is a jaw (a). In reefing,
from the mast,
the jaw (p)is removed
the mast,
forward until a touches
allowing the boom to come
the slack of the sail being taken in by a reef line,ddd.

and

the

One

end

is

in the

the leach, the slack

a

over

screweye
Another
similar
the boom,
the
first,

fast at the tack, it is then

of this line is made

through grommets
on

around

in

being

second

sail

details of reef line,etc., the

being

the end

boom

of
the

near

little different,but the

same.

sail,is intended

in reefingof
facility

th^

on

aft.

another

by Gen. Oliver, and calledby him

sail devised

"Mohican"

jaw

the cord

by hooking

forward, and
(e)on the boom
plan dispenseswith the jaw on

using instead
shape of the

Another

in

taken

fast

made

end

the other

sail,and

rove

the

to combine

the balance

lug with

and

boom

short

short

the

the

of

mast

the lateen.

Fig. A represents the

and

spars toggled
the addition of a jaw at the end

set in the usual

a

bamboo

lateen manner,

and

high mast,
battens

are

the sail is attached

from

taken
The

short

that

point to

batten

to hand.

The

sail

can

far up

as

(a),and

off mast. A, in the usual

first reef is taken

B,

be

sail is

as

tually
vir-

light

the area, and

the ring, and

this batten is attached

block

through

passes

The

of boom.

pin,
used

lateen, are

put in the sail to increase

to the spar,

with

mast

the spar, B, becomes

Four very
such.
as

and

is treated

by halliard,b, which

back

The

together of the Ross

the

with

sail set.

lowered

manner

by lettinggo

by

to

foot

halliard

to

and

(p)or

of lateens.
halliard

and

pullingin

CANOE

AMATEUR

reef line (one

touches

being the

boom.

instance, and

Fig.

by unshipping
A by the jaw.
is taken up by

boom

continuation

The

works

BUILDING,

Dot's

of

Batten

No.

reef line,as

mast

is used

ten
bat-

in this

reef is taken

Sail.
and

drops to
shown, and
2

second

The

"Mohican"

C from

other)until

reefinggear

admirably.

a."

the

79

hooking

it

againto

No.

4, and the slack

the

sail becomes

an

80

SAILS

ordinary lateen.
fast

on

This

and

boom,

Fig.
sail

lateen,and

The

B."

BIQGING.

AND

should

be

so

**Mohican"

can

be

with

the

unshipped
same

and

haUiard

-when

Sail
and

reef

line may

sail is stowed

Singlb
stowed

advantages.

It is

be

made

away.

Reef.

exactly as the
always gtowcd

AMATEUR
on

advanta/?esof

ropes

and

Fig. C.
A

is the

J'ig.B
First

reef

high

jaw;

shows
can

with

of

none

it has the

reefinf^
height
disadvantages as to

the

and

the

masts.

"MoHiCAK*^

"

81

lug, the short boom,

the balance

lightwinds,

to catch

BUILDING,

fast to side of coaming; and

deck, made

many

CANOE

B,

the

sail with
be taken

Double

Sail.

or

spar
one

topmast;

reef and

in before

the

Reef

C,

the

Fig. C,
wind; second

boom.

with
reef

two.
can

83

SAILS

not, unless
In

first r^^f

leg o'
reduced, but
case

sail made
in

as

The

form

all but

No.

hoist

to

the sail. Several

on

introduced

times,

at

effectiveness

the

to

but

the

is much

area

omitted, and

be

may

by rings, and

lower

or

parallel batten.

of sail is used
4 batten

spar

with

repeated

ordinary leg o' mutton

old slidinggunter is

either
wind

is

mutton

fast to

RIOQINa.

AND

hoisted

the

and

lowered

was

difficult

sails.
no

longer used,

the

topmast with

any

been

simplicity and

inferior in

are

of

pressure

varieties of gunter have

other

they

it

as

lug.
the sails

approach a square, the

and yard they require for any given area, and
shorter boom
and
All things conto handle
stow.
the easier they are
sidered,
furled as the
there is no sail so easilyset, reefed or
simple standing lug. The head of the sail is laced to a yard
On

the

canoe,

nearer

which

on

ring h

end

in the forward
is

An

brazed.
which

the hook

splicedto
lead

halliard

halliard

thence

of

deck; thence

upper
is spliced,while

downhaul

eye in

through

the

on

endless

double

traveler
block

through

line

foot of the mast

through

at foot

double

through

rove

and

togglesplicedinto

which

boom,

the mast
is

hook

in

part of the hook

downhaul

the

it.

screweye
To

sometimes

are

block

traveler,the latter part forming

an

On

spliced.

ring to

to a

is

itself.

and

being from

eye is

an

eye is formed

the

The

of which

traveler a, formed

brass

the foot is laced

is lashed, while

a
a

of

in

block
mast

again

near

masthead,

at

and

to

The
on

from

hook
tack

deck

the well, and

set sail it is taken

side

to cleat on

downhaul.

singleblock

piece,the

one

of
d is

at the

having

below, the

toggled to the tack, hauled out and

to the
the ring hooked
on
belayed, then the yard is lifted,
and
taut
traveler,and the halliard hauled
belayed. The
downhaul
is led outside of the sail,the latter always being on
eye in the end

the

same

of boom

side of the mast.

large area is to be carried,as in racing,the best

of
sail is,beyond all question,the balance lug, a modification
introduced
to
sails long in use
in China, which
the
was
In this sail a portion profifteen years ago.
canoeists some
Where

84

SAILS

BIGGING.

AND

of the mast^ greatlylessening the outboard

jectflforward
weight when running free,as well as the length of the boom.
The sail is spread on
a
yard and boom, as the standinglug,
but is so hung that a portion hangs forward
of the mast,
about
one-seventh
to one-eighthof the boom
being forward ;
sail
of
7ft.
foot
will have
the
thus, a
on
no
longer boom
when
running free than an ordinary sail of 6ft. on the
foot.
To

handle

lines

needed,

are

will of the
One
the

large sail quickly

some

skipper,but

of
peculiarity

Chinese, is that
the sail at every

on

of which

the

will

we

and

of
certainlya number
maybe dispensed with at the
give all in the description.

sails,a feature also derived

these

they have

light batten

sewn

from
a

hem

flat,and permitting
reefordinary

sail very
of reefing gear instead of the

use

in

reef, keeping the

points.
The

sail

either

just
the
eye

on

the

same

side of

the mast,

on

tack, being permanently

forward

eye in

an

always remains
of

end, and

one

is

mast

wooden

thimble, k. The end of the halliard has an

it,then in settingsail" supposing,as is usually

splicedin

the case,

is a

the mast

hung there. On the yard

short piece of line {g),having
toggle in the other,and abaft

that

sail is

the

on

the

port side

"

halliard

the

is

the sta/rboard side of the

passed through the eye k, around
mast, and toggled to the eye in the line g.
The boom
with thimble
is rigged in a similar manner,
(k)
and tack, the latter,about 5ft. long,being splicedto the boom
starboard
side of mast
at I,and
throu^^h k
leading around
and

block

lead

through

through

deck,

on
a

thimble

eye k and

to

cleat; or the tack may

lashed

to cleat on

at starboard
boom.

be set up very taut to keep them

halliard gear must
be strong.
must

be fast at I,

side of mast, then

In these

flat,so

sails the luS.

the

tack

and

{o),called a parrel,is made fast

just forward of the mast, fasteningwith a toggle to an eye
(p) on the batten abaft the mast, allowing such play as Is
in lowering sail or reefing. These
parrelsconfine
necessary
and
the sail to the mast, keeping it flatter,
distributingits
On

each

batten

short line

AMATEUB

\Si^

CANOE

BUILDINO.

86

t.

8AIL8

86

AKD

BIOOINQ.

uniformly over the entire length of the mast,

weight more
thus easing the strain on the masthead.
A topping lift is usually fitted,being in two parts, one
on
side of the

each

the main

shown,

head,

lines

uniting in

and

and

at the deck

case

of

and

leads

an

on

upset.

It

through

fast to

the span,

of the latter

it may

or

led

be

Its purpose

mast

block

or

screweye
a

span,

for

or

the sheet

an

eye

block

fast to the

through

ble
thim-

is to hold

in

is
it.

on

the

up

cleat

deck.

bringing

main

in

up

closehauled

when

the afterdcck, and

on

The

large sail a singleblock

rove
through it,one end
When
running free,the

length of sheet is used, the eye

block and preventing it unreeving. but
over

to the masthead,

A downreefingand loweringsaU.
in
gather in the sail quickly, especially
is made
fast to the yard near
the eye, h,

entire

used

at the

through

Jackstay,is made fast

of the sail,and is made

cleat.

and

having

eye is hooked

block

as

in

rigged to

sheet is made
travels

to

of the boom

is also

outside

the boom

haul

''crowsfeet/'

are

leads

part, which

one

the boom,

lust above

fore end

ends

to a cleat.

leads down

on

lower

leading through

line,t, called

Another

mast

The

sail.

the
the

sheet is

the

double, givinga greater purchase and taking in the slack.

For

racing

with

large sails,backstays

very

are

times
some-

the masthead
to the deck
leading from
each side, one
on
being slacked off,and the other set up, in
not in use, the slack is taken up by a rubber
jibing. When
In riggingthe mizzen, the Jackstay and backstay are
band.
omitted, and the topping liftis a standing one, made fast to
necessary,

and

being single.
of handling a balance lugsail,writThe following method
ten
by Mr. E. B. Tredwen, and published in the London FIM
time since, refers both to the large racing sails,and to a
some
which
is experienced by
difficulty
cruisingrig also: "The
masthead

boom,

the sheet

canoeists,appeal's

many

taking

off the sail every

always found

it best to

mast

and

taken

off their masts

racing

to

arise from

time

keep

mast, and

the
mast

the

the

canoe

for

needless

is housed.
each

saU,

respective sails

except for washing

labor of

or

I have
a

cruising

are

never

repairing. Simi-

TJSirii CANOED

AMA

larlythe

which

mast

always put away

laying it on deck,

has

with
or

lettingit lie with

and

If, however, the

been

on

deck; then

and

tack

the

either

sail,which

must

reeflines should

be

be

used)

it is

open,

is very

the after end

sary
neces-

easilydone.

the boat

house,

of the boom

be slacked,

or

slacked

few

be

is

canoe

unstepping it,and

alongside

come

must

fixture,the jackstay
a

the

on

be left in the

must

canoe

lift is let go and

topping

87

lowering it (ifa lowering mast

a lashing to keep it in place.

Having finished sailingi^nd

the

last used

the canoe,

the mast

to remove

B UILDING,

comes

if the tack

is

inches.

The

into
gathered together,and stowed
fold of the sail,the halliard and
hauling part of the ping
topin a fold on
the opposite side of
stowed
lift,similarly

sail,and

the

next

the

main

sheet cast

three

or

four

times

around

all.
All the lines

etc.) should
above
sail

and

now

be

the whole
boat

then

deck

can

let

the masthead

leadingto

gathered

be

tyer put around.

brought up to the mast
into a long bag and

run

about

mast

The

going out

next

end

tie of the boom

to the

down

for

to the

deck,

after

and

feet

two

of the

end

tied there, and

stowed

end

in the fore
sail may

in the

away

appears

through

to be

detail

and

If the mast

of the sail,there

by

put away

is not

two

when

screweyes,

taken

off the boat

the trouble
When

stranger, I

my

of

set

way
ting
knot-

places,
the

at

end

the knots

sails have

canoe

up,

and

untying

ajways
get

can

to lie

under

their

them

not

even

lines.
a

trouble

the

allowed

jackstay being

of

are

brought

around

in
keeping
discussion.
scarcely worth

sail

of the

saiJ

from

the reeflines
The

stepped, the

the

cleared

The

once.

for the sake

ends

and

well.

reeflines

two

in the ends

at

is

mast

let go, and

mast

up,

the

be hoisted

reeving
the

of

sail,the

mainsheet

the

sail,the topping lift set

been

to

house.

When

of

(topping lift,halliards,
the

under

not

sail in

five minutes.

In

along

cruising sail
the

cruised with

deck,
a

or

there
even

fixed tack

is

no

necessityfor

along

the

a^bout 6in.

the

I have

boom.

long,

tack

made

fast

to lead

always
to

the

88

CENTERBOARDS.

lag of

triplepulley on
through.
The

the mast

only

occasion

to lead

reefinggear

which

the tack

need

be

is veiy

lightand

the

canoe

on

racing,when the wind

between
high banks.

for the

started is in
is

sailing

up until
the yard is hoisted cbock
ablock, so as to get the sail as high
out
will do withas possible;at all other times a standing tack
any

part

on

The

tack may

be eased

then

deck."

CENTERBOARDS.
In all decked

of classes A

canoes

include

B, which

and

in America,
used
probably two-thirds of the canoes
of even
qualitieshave of late been considered
as
of
importance than paddling,and the sailing powers
boats

have

been

developed

the first canoeists.

is its lateral
to

things is

Almost

resistance,
by
and

windward,

lo

fixed

extent

of which

can

enough
keel, or

in

being too clumsy a device to

though at one time occasionally used.
be made

here to the double

leeboard

canoes,

which

handled

but will not

be

may
for

answer

of considerations

on

centerboard,and

as

both

of

be

of the

of two

in

on
an

the

resistance
centerboard

and

handling

boat

canoe,

canoe,

open
a

are

question
is possible,
we

of

number
keel

more

and
easily,

the double

vs.

notice
cide
to de-

lateral

if the keel be rockered, otherwise

will turn

may

Canadian

will
general rule
the leadingpoints on either side,leaving the canoeist
for himself after weighing them.
First" efficiency;
the two
about
are
equal as to
no

by

sailed

exception

There

sides

be
one

use

An

on

one.

of

sailingboat

canoe

used

decked

these

centerboard; the .lee

board

it

more

thought

never

the first quality in

reason

to secure

necessary,

an

ing
sail-

the

board

decidedly better than the keel when running free. Second

strength and weight; the keel boat will be stronger and
lighterthan any centerboard boat can be, but the latter can
be built strong enough without
being too heavy. Third
durability
; the keel is not liable to accident and derangement as
is

"

"

AMATEUR
all boards

arc, and

will stand

there is less danger of

Fourth

rough usage.
usuallyfrom |15 to $25

cost

more

Fifth"

Btmction.

stand

not

centerboard

board

keel

upright

will, which

is

the boat

; the keel will

expense

"

the

89

leakage,while

less than

convenience;

inside, but will

room

bottomed

BUILDING,

CANOE

of proper

boat

gives

shore

on

con-

more

the

as

flat-

great disadvantage in

landing, sleeping on shore and in packing stores aboard,

and sometimes
dangerous In running aground. On the other
hand,

flat keel,
in

rest

to

canoe

as

built

now

for

centerboard, allows

upright positionwhen

an

land,

on

the

very-

great convenience.
Whatever

style of

results

best

it must

in.

comes

with

The

the center

center

of lateral resistance

of this if

in consequence.
the

the board

down,

not

with

the boat.

in order

canoe,

board

board

need

the

of effort
for sitting

room

considerably forward

when
larger mizzcn
avoid this disadvantage

To

up.

place

aft, or

to

large trunk, and

Of

the center

to obtain

be

must

she would

board

requirea

possible in

nearly as
question of

as

of the hull and

adopted, either to

second

the

secure

ward
forrequired for it,and it may be moved
much
harm, provided the aftersail is reduced
The
be
only detriment to this plan would
boat would
balance
properly on a wind with

that while

shoal water

to

is

trunk

without

plans are

sleeping,the

and

add

placed

but

the sails;but in

of

be

adopted,

be

may

accommodation
again the
best position for a board is,in most
boats,
of its immersed
portion a little forward of the

position;

proper

board

use

may

the

board

well forward

folding board

be

the latter class of boards

patented.
The question of weight in a
Most
one.
sailing canoes

in

placed
there

and
will

that

in any

part of

several

are

two

eties,
vari-

all of them

this form

it

be carried

can

drop of 18in.
weight being so
a

than

below
low

insifie ballast

running,
weight is

as

it will

centerboard

is also

in any

than

the keel is allowed

down
can,

will make
and

steady

of little account

in

ballast,and

require some

lower

by

the

other

much

stiffer

boat

be found

the

greatly.
as

as

way,

The

will

handling,

in

the rules.

its value
boat

ant
import-

an

The

the boards

when
extra

may

be

90

CENTEBB0ABD8,

lifted out
no

than

moie

have

landing so

on

occurred

with

canoe

of

that the

fixed

trunks
Several

board.

will

weigh

instances

capsizingunder
well, but coming up

heavy boards

with

canoes

and

canoe

racing sail until water poured

safelyand continuing.

into the

advantages for a
plan presents many
the center of the boat is entirelyclear of trunk, lever
canoe,
two
for sleeping; with
or
gear, Icavirg plenty of room
be handled
to perboards, if properly worked, the boat may
fection
in tacking, the canoe
the
fallingoff quickly when
and
it is lowered
forward
board is raised,and luffingwhen
the after one
raised, while in running free the after board
of
steadies the boat
greatly. The objection on the score
weight is but small, as both boards may be lifted out easily,
The

double

when

the

from

7 to

board

than that of
weight of the two trunks is no more
most
folding boards, while the boards themselves are ballast
in its best shape. The
smaller or after board will weigh

or

boards

121bs.,the
for

are

removed,
The
boat

forward

lightwinds

also made
as

that

trunk

portion of
further
in

importance

for

the

15

board.

to

be made

even

will bo described

first point of
is the

it may

so

from

one

601bs.,as

These

of wood.

the

weight

sired,
de-

be

may

on.

building
In

boat

centerboard
of any

size, a

be
sloop or catboat. of 16ft. or upward, the trunk would
of
two
composed
piecesof oak called bed pieces as long as
and
for
the trunk,
a small
sailboat,2x4in. placed on edge
and bolted to the keel on each side of the slot,stripsof canton
with
thick
white
laid
between
flannel,painted
lead, being
and the keel.
At each end of the slot are ''headledges"
them
also of oak, 2
as

thick

as

or

8in. wide, in

the width

enough to allow
being cut in the

of

the

for the board

keel the

fore

and

aft direction,and

slot,which

swellingwhen

should
wet.

be

The

large
slot

hcadledges are driven into it at each

end and a rivet put through each and the keel, then the bedand bolted
pieces are put in place with the flannel between
to the
down
keel, rivets being also driven through their
ends and the headledges. The sides of the trunk are made
for a sailboat,riveted at
of dry pine from 1 to liins. thick

92

CBNTERBOABDS.

^^^^

AMATEUR
after

trunk

CANOE

will

come

in

BUILDING.
and

deadwoods,

the

on

98

solid

it may
be
the trunk is

bedpiece, on which
set, as above, the sides,however,
being thinner.
Trunks
sometimes
made
of galvanized iron, but are
are
liable to rust and
not as good as wood.
If the sides of
are
the trunk are thick enough holes are sometimes
bored through
to

necessary

from

them

set

top

from

keel, preventing them

usuallyopen

are

\\n. thick, about

stripsof
both

and

riveted

to

sphced
runs

into

over

and

weight

board within
to

first cut

and

each

rivet

the top

they
lower

is usual

as

in

at the top, to avoid

the

is cut

case

board

side

of

through
are

both

board, boing

of

until

away

in the case,

of boiler

out

of

thickness

of Muntz

wrought

two

plate iron galvanized,

latter weighing 60 pounds.
sailboats,would
bring too
that portion of the
which

usually

are

used, but it is liable

Another

per
cop-

lifted out

be

the

is left.

plate of
the

at

form

to

metal,

break.
one

The

of 68

Pearl

cient
suffi-

arm,

board

is

ness,
required thickduced
angles and re-

the

after

upper

pounds

lower
is

canoe

corner

forward

galvanized

cast-iron
has

is

two

for racing.
work

is of

sides of sheet iron, leaving a space

inside

of board, in which

iron, with

an

The

and

at all comers

A^n.

only

the

boards

they

may

liftinggear is fastened, and at the

the pin hole is. Next
the board
where
then it is ready for the fittings. Sometimes

where
comer

on

by

At

to raise and

it is filed smooth

to

fastened

are

\ to iin. thick, the

steady the
to shape

then

be lifted out.

This cord
brass eye in the after upper corner.
is also movable.
brass pulleyfitted on deck, which

board,

square

trunks

from

are

much

is used

the

may

thinner, one

the

through

galvanized iron or
long. It is hung by

handle, by which

heavy boards

The

the boards

of the board.

corner

cord

canoes

even

they

small

braided

to which

the

splitting. In

15 to 18in.

brass fxiin., or

board,

the

down

of zinc,

be

may

bolts driven

that

top, so

on

after board

The

and

to bottom

the

frame

in th3
plate of lead can be inserted,is shown
be
By this device a light or heavy boai-d can
Appendix.
had, while the weight is divided for carrying. If the board
be fixed in the canoe, a brass bolt is put through it and the
in

which

94

CEIfTEBBOARDS,

trunk,

which

on

to lift out.

it turns, but the usual

The

board

is

hung

from

brass

brass rod,

stripp(//), as described
top having a handle
(g\ and also
liftingrod from pulling forward.

for the

is screwed

to

two

to the inside of the trunk

slippingaft.
the lower

end

thirtypounds
braided

cord.

side

the

of

rivet is also put

of the rod.

Two

board,

thimble

in which

through

their upper

which

the cord

For
of

end

heavier

as

board

runs

and

block

chock

(Ji)

liftingrod

the

the

through

keel to retain

does not

weigh over
by a singlepennant of
rivetted,one on each
and

after corner,

brass

cleat.

rubber

sheave

ball is then

as

square
to slide

slipped on

to the

made

groove
into

to

is lashed

to the

which

the chain

take

the chain,

place on
the

rod
lifting;

deck, and

at

by

to the chain

taking it off

without

is also lashed

chain

to the centerboard

singlebrass block
deck pulley (k)over

with
so

fastened

The

is also fitted

be used,

purchase must

buffer, and

readilyremoved,

by side, is

of the chain.
has

brass

liftingline is spliced,plays on a rivet

ends.
A pulley is placed on deck, from

leads to

largelinks,a

to act

small

the

flat links side

two

lowered

its upper

at

prevent the

to

prevent

between

board, the

small

catch

plates are

brass

or

If the board

it is raised and

fit the board

plan is to

deck,

chain.

or

be

brass

the line is

by making one end fast to the tail of this block, leading

through the other block, on the chain, and back through the
first block, thence to a cleat.
By taking hold of the chain
the
near
hand, and of the liftinghandle
pulley with one
with the other, the pulley may
be disengagedand the board
readilybfted out.

rove

RUDDERS.
It is most

that there shall

safetyof a canoe
be some
of steering besides the paddle. The
boat
means
is FO long that it cannot
the
be turned
quickly by the latter,
leverage being comparatively short, and on all but the
smallest Rob Roys a rudder is a prime necessity.The
first
built with stem and stem
were
canoes
nearlyalike,both with
essential to the

to which

long curve,
One plan was

such

turn, but

itself

unship

to

false stem

use

rudder.

fitted to

only difficult to ship but will

provocation. In another
plan a

is cot

least

made

was

95

very difficult to fit

rudder
and
braces

was

curved

the

on

it

rudder

BUILDINO,

CANOE

AMATEUR

fittingthe sternpost, to

which

it

was

straighton its after edge, to which the rudder

was
hung. This plan also was clumsy and unsatisfactory,
Another
and finallydiscarded.
plan was to use a long arm
for the lower br"ce, projectingthree or four inches from the
stempost, so that the rudder hung vertically;but this,too,
fastened, but

is

For

littleused.

now

many

the stemposts have

years

straight,
though mostly set at an angle to the keel, as
old Shadows, giving a good support for a rudder.
decided
a
was
objection to thia plan, however, as
difficult to launch

very
water

the

from

canoe

sticking in

shoal, the stempost

was

addition, it made

the

hard

canoe

objections and yet allow the

without
causing a drag, as it will

rudder

from

nearly so,

or

the

rudder,

form

the

drop below
a good hold

sternpost

at

raised

in

parts

is not

recent

tis

by
coming
the

date,
Mr.
into

obviate

To

to 9in.

heel

to

port
supis rounded

without

stickingfast,and

of

ease

water,

With
a

canoes,

new,
one

of the

running
of

The

Stoddard

rudder,

which

idea

of

over

the

to have

as

is

pitching
in the

shown

used, being
in the

sheave
rudder

are

in

1883.

made

portionbeing

of

These

in two

fitted

on

is of
Atalan-

mdders,

sheet brass,
a

be

may

rudder

drop
practicalapplicationto canoes
first having been fitted to the

general use,

drawing,

of

the boat

should

its

but

R.

form

inches, so

tricingline is sometimes

means

water.

when

even

this

deck, by

S.

and, in

turning.
rudder, especiallyfor rouph water,

shoal

if the

of the keel, allowing the boat

first into mud

fast to the rudder, and

made

was

cal,
siernpost verti-

the

the

water

it

hang properly
curved
or
raking

giving 7

up,

the

rocker

the

the

on

largeplatesof

in

below

had

level of the keel several

the

waves.

among

the water

but

quickly away into

to be pushed stern
also increasingthe
In

of late have

canoes

some

There

to

on

mud

the

in the

dock

or

round.

to turn

these

stempost,

bank

been

as

now

shown

pivot like

SUDDBB8,

96

This nidder

the well.

acts, to

raised

be

forward

this it has

removing

the

line from

after

an

as

placed

to be

proper

otherwise

would

than

by

certain extent,

ccnterboard,allowing the centerboard

further

to rise on

to a distance or

ceoterboard,aUowing it to drop
strikingany obstacle, while it may
a

possible. Besides

be

it may
advantage, that on most canoes
be so proportioned as to fold up, leavingnothing below
the
for
water-line,thus obviating to a great extent the necessity

the rudder

further

rudder

all,as

at

and

yoke

The

canoe.

of

stock

are

inside the

of

The

of the

piece of

one

rudder

the

shown.

tom.
to strike bot-

after end

is made

which

with

stronglymade, they

to lift the

on
as

seam

not

as

both

rudder

the

sheet brass doubled, the rod

down

so

up

offer excellent handles by which

be launched

boat may

folded

attached,but

If the rudder

the

hangs

ning
run-

side

top of each

horizontally,and to the two the rudder-yoke

the
The drop portion of the rudder fitsbetween
is rivetted.
two sides,a bolt or rivet passing through the three.
of hanging the common
The usual way
rudder by pintles
and
also.
A
better plan is to have two
braces, is shown
is turned

braces
a

down

on

the

rudder,

iin.brass ruuDing

rod of

rudder to rise

plan

is shown

with

hole through

into it.
with

it.

on

similar
on

one

in it, as

braces, each

two

are

is screwed

rod

is

placed

below

on

riveted ently
permanof the rod is held by a brace

end

upper

shown,

so

as

or

to

allow

the

lower

through it. A somewhat

device
is that patented by Captain Knight, while
different plan has
a
latelybeen perfected by the
the

rudder

rudder

similar brace

stempost, with

the

on

through them, allowingthe

unship. An old but very good

the

brass

The

slot cut

brace

On

"t m.

two

as

down

but not to

up,

stempost, and

the

well

as

to

pass

writer.
rudder

The
as

be

yoke

receives

it sometimes

4^

over

to

Sin.

power

enough.
is fitted to
This

be

long each,
the rudder

gives

strong and well proportioned,

heavy

Sometimes

wheel

groove.

should

control

as

the shorter

instead

head,
of

The

blows.

of

not

length will
yoke

the lines

the rudder

need

arms

give
grooved

running

in any

in the

position.

mizzcQ
or

backing, and

when

even

sheet cannot

BUILDING,

CANOE

AMATEUR

advantage

has another

foul and

the

97

yoke

in that the
in lines

catch

cannot

bashes.

TABERNACLES.
It is

considered

now

necessary

in order to spar

to

canoe

advantage, to place the masts so near the ends that

it is very difficult,
or
even
impossible to unship them when
The requirements,both of
afloat,especiallyin rough water.
be
convenience
and safety,however, dictate that they must
capable of being lowered, both for bridges,trees, warps and
in very rough water.
when
The
arrancrements by which
this end is attained are
called tabernacles, several stylesof

the best

which

heel of the mast

2^xiin. above
4i
deck

above

bolt of
it.

deck, fastened

to

5in. above

with

the deck

with

the

goes

same

These

keel

pieces

and

are

jecting
procovered

the heel

of

the

splitting.A pin or
three, the mast turning on

to prevent

the

through

deck,

the

i^u^* thick, and

after side of the tabernacle

l|in. above

cut, but the

is not

piecesof oak, (p) each

two

securelyto

deck.

sheet brass

fin.brass

The

form

one

is pivoted between

is bound

mast

In

shown.

are

is also of iin. oak, jecting

proto catch the heel of the

enough
The
mast
going forward.
the
is raised and supported by a forestayand tackle from
stemhead, to permit which, the sail,if a balance lug, must
have a great peak.
Another
in 1880 by the
simple form was fitted to a canoe
writer.
A triangularbox was
set in the forward
part of the

mast

and

canoe,

or

prevent the later from

fastened

at the bottom

the deck, in which

1ft.

slot

was

to the

cut,

as

keel, and
wide

as

at the

the mast

top

to

and

width
long, the box, of course, being of the same
in
the well, could
practice,the canoeist,seated
the
in
the
for
mast
box, leaving it,
place
paddling,lying at
45
desired
of
but
when
to raise it,by going
an
angle
degrees,
the knees the mast
could
be thrown
on
easilyinto an upright
the
a
nd
held
wooden
chock
into
a
(o)slipped
position,
by
slot behind it. This chock, with its ^des projectingover
about

inside.

In

98

TABERNACLES.

TENTS

of

tent

kind

some

he

every

canoeist, as

even

on

storm

may

make

it

place

and

force

the

from

short

rain

the

Tents

for

merely

for

enough

to

improvised

from

paddle,

end

in

kept

down

or

shelter

used

on

ridge

has

tent
or

cleat

to

the

piece

mizzenmast
of

hem

sheeting

foot, and

the

with.

tic down

shelter

good

three
little

up

riding
A

head

better

running

and

sheds

to

tent

on

after

the

and

in

and

canoe,

made

fast

cover

is

is

rope

run.

across

edges

the

makes

is

roomy

hardly

is done.
and

edge?, with

flap open,

well, but

being easily set

eye

to

It has, however

taking

stowed,

oftering little

surface

when

wind.

to

stick

rain

the

ridge

the

This

to an

The

along

with

is the

end, running

intervals

sleeping aboard

in the

the
which

tent, shown

advantages,

room

at

sewn

tied

be

device

being

the

the

to

is hooked

after

or

drawing.

arotmd

the

boom

need

deck.

in which

all is

of

mizzenmast

end

8ft. above

to

over

the

which

shelter,

tent, high

better

in

other

small

simplest

will

shown

the

This

much

where

enough

well,

sides

of

end

center

are

or

in; third, shore

the

to

stones.
:

is fitted

tapes

The

drilling hemmed

the

triangular piece

down

also

night

square

hung

The

about
or

sudden

or

for

read

or

is lashed

one

of

end

at fore

three.

Windward

rope,

needed,

proposed stopping

First, a

blanket

place by

the

be

tide

refuge

cook

deck.

the

seek

second,

or

rubber
which

on

the

reach

kinds

to

for two

of

resting

other

and

foul

outfit of

possible.

as

under;

under

it maj

wind,

to

of three

arc

sit

head

canoeist

sleeping

one

the

of

part

when

knows

lmi)06sible to

canoes

BEDa

essential

an

never

trip.

large enough

tents

is

quickly

as

CAMP

AOT)

the

end,

about

is inserted,
mast.

the

sides

plan

same

The
are

is made

20in.
cord

from

after

end

wide,
each

with

having
end

is square

triangular,

all

the

gular,
top trian-

of

the

instead

coming

in

hem

to

stick
of

angular,
tri-

point

AMATEUR

CANOE

BUILDING.

6"tvu"e "4eCt4v

JTwfe
''*j^*'

%i"i^vaAHi/

101

103
at the fore end.

is

easilyset
Of

the

known

This

and

class

This

80in. wide

of

bottom,

at

sides

These

making

curtains

provided

with

under

by

lap

the

to have

CiUkI

J^

'JT^ ^^ circular
For

use

rain and

former, but

is that

commonly

may
1ft.

beading

sides

The

hook

the

near

shore

on

The

sides

wind

under

comes

tent is

bottom

than

only

and
little,
of

small

over

tent is

to

shown.

as

bottom

The

are

the

screw-

supported

It is sometimes

masts.

ends

The

is sewed

side

fast.

which

to

ners,
together at the cor-

in the tent, which

windows

and

be rolled up,

of the deck.

to the

on

round

stuff,which

longer

adjoining

to tie them

sides

The

sewed

may

is also

and

in, to take

be used.

each

which

the

C. L. Norton

221n. wide

long.

are

on

Mr.

able
desirbe made

may

pieces of glass 2iin. diameter, each

holes drilled

the tent.

about

grommets

small

by

canvas,

22in.

ends

over

roi)es fastened

two

the

its present form

is turned

hem

breadth

tapes

tent is fitted with

heads

in

is of

and

curtain

one

stripedawning

and

but the middle

the top,

favorite
first used

that three breadths

so

The

top.

on

made

are

wide,

than

tent

top piece
long. At each end a
stick,fin. in diameter and
7ft.

29in.

is roomier

but

The

of the tent

BEDS,

the

Mohican,

Eittiwake.

shown.

tent

CAMP

stowed.

second
the

as

the

on

AND

TENTB

having

two

fast.
edge by which it is sewn
ground cloth 2^x7f t. may be used under
should
be about 5in. high, to keep out
the

sides.

The

floor cloth

should

be

waterproofed.
In another
end

of

rounded

are

like

for
over

tent

wagon.

being square, with a

A
ridgepole,jointed

supported

the

on

these, and the top extended

oak, let into hems

is fitted with

stowage, is

across

the

at each

uprights,one

bamboo

used, the

top, somewhat

spread

of bent

of tent two

the well,

in the middle
tent

form

top.

uprights,the
by

The

four

Pearl

strips
canoe

this

the uprights being

description,
in two pieces,one
made
tending
sliding in the other, so that by ex^
them the tent is raised,for cooking or reading, but
let down, making the tent lower and less
at night they are
exposed to the wind.
An

tent

of

A tent is sometimes

fitted to

canoe,

using

an

upright

AMATEUR
at each

but

of the well, or

end

with

zenmast,

wider

For

CANOE

the

top,

shore

use

at the

one

painterstretched
shown

as

or

tent, made

6ft.

It is

The

103
end and
as

across

usually carried

three persons.

ordinary A

fore

in the Mohican

tent is

two

BUILDING,

the mlz-

ridge

rope,

tent, is better.

largeenough
simplestform

about

to accommodate

is the

at the bottom, and

6ift.square
supported by two upright poles and a ridge
high.
pole, or the latter may be dispensed with and a ridge rope
used, the ends being made fast to stakes in the ground.
form
A better and roomier
is the wall
tent, a very good
devised
that
of
the
style being
by some
Clyde C. 0. This
6ft. wide, 7ft. long, and 6ft. high, the
tent is usually about
walls being 2ft. high. The
bottom
is sewn
to the sides
and ends, except the flap,which
a door, thus preserves
as
venting
It is well

aU drafts.

laid inside

lightstuff
so

it may

that
and

pole

join

this

four

or

The

tent

out

the roof,

end

hem

cleaningthe

In

ground and
pins for the

comer

each

not

fast,

sewn

tent.

used.

is sewn,

take

set to

of

bottom

second
and

one,

2in. wide

are

ridge

Where
and

in

the tent ropes.

galvanized, lOin. long,

into a ring to draw
them

made

in each

setting this tent, it

fastened

ropes

comer

its comer,

the tent is set and

turned

sometimes

flapis

for ventilation.

for future

of iron rod iin.,

are

upper

from

main
for

five grommets

pins
A

by.

have

upright poles, all jointed,are

two

the

lifted out

be

the walls

with

the

over

to

are

which

marked

measurement;

with

of

is imfolded

pin, then

the

roof

on

the

the
four

driven, each

at

will be found

the firsttime

that

of

poles

permanently
the

side

corner

on

ropes
to hoist

the

one
are

proper

made

the

tance
dis-

fast to

the tent, then the

pins,allowing slack enough
ridgepole is run through, the canoeist goes inside the tent,
raises the after end, slipsthe upright under
the ridge pole,
other
walks to the
end, holding up the latter,and slipsin
Now
the corner
the other pole.
be looked
over
ropes may
made
t
he
and
and tightened,
the ropes
remaining pegs driven
the

fust

to

entire

them,

and

operation,if
by one man

the
the
in

ground sheet spread inside. The

be pertent is properly folded, can
formed
five minutes.
the
Sometimes
ridge

104

TENTS

BEDS,

CAMP

AND

I)oleis made to extend about 18in. beyond the front of the

tent, thus keeping the upright out of the way of the door.
It is a3 well to have the rear
upright inside, as it is useful to
in it. It will
hang clothes on, a few hooks being screwed
also be convenient
to hare
canvas
a few
pockets hung to the
walls for brush, and

comb,

Canosists in America

etc.

have

used

the- past few

for

years a
The
"Marquee."

known
as
good tent, of the form
ground space may be 7x7ft.,the height to peak being about
the same.
But one pole is needed, wliicli is in the center of
very

the tent.

The

extended
to each

down,
the
is

by

four

The

four

lower

the

pole is slippedinto
then the four sticks
latter^
a

These

ground

For

and

portion may be 2ift. on

small sticks running from

corner.

ready.

but

roof

small
for

tents

are

cloth should

the

center

are

of

in any

tents, heavy unbleached

pole

first staked

place,and

without

usually made

is

the roof, raising

into

pushed

be used

the central
are

comers

side, and

each

all

bottom,

case.

be

sheeting may

used,

To render
a
larger ones
light drill or duck.
them
waterproof they may be coated with boiled linseed oil
and terebin,one gillof the latter to two quarts of oil,two
The Mohican
coats being suflBcient.
tent has a top of heavy
and sides of awning stuff,neither being waterproofed,
canvas
and the marquees
of the latter material.
are
generallymade
If a stay is made
in any place for some
time, the shanty
in
Wood craft,"is probably
tent, described by "Nessmuk"
the best known, but in canoeing the halts are usuallybut for
a
day or two, and often for a night,so the tent must be
the

**

quicklyset
Kext

to

and
the

specialinterest
year sleepin a

Many

canoes

stowed.

question of
to most

makes

9 life preserver.

This

Famham,

an

for

point

of

of the

fiftyweeks

at home.

furnished

now

shavings,which

bed

the bed,

comes

canoeists,who

comfortable
are

shelter

excellent

with

mattress

bed, and also

mattress, the invention

is 50in. long, 18io. wide

and

of

cork

answers

as

of Mr.

C. H.

4in. thick, made

of

lightmaterial,such as burlaps or Japanese canvas.

of muslin sewn
It is divided by two
each made
partitions,

some

AMATEXm
to top, bottom
and

in each

placed.

CANOE

BUILDING.

105

and

ends, into tliree parts, each

of these about
1^ pounds of cork

The

partitionsare
and
evenly. Hooks

intended

to

keep

50x6x4in.,

shavings is

the

cork

tributed
dis-

rings at the ends, with straps

it easilyadjustableas a life pre^
for the shoulders, make
server, as it is long enough to encircle the body.
In connection

with

this mattress, Mr.

Farnham,

much

of

canceing has been done in cold climates, has devised

The quilt,when
a sleepingbag or quiltand
cover.
extended,
is nearly heart-shaped,being 7ft. long and 7ft. at the widest
quite to a point,but an
part. The small end does not come
oval end piece is sewn
in. The quiltis made of silk or silesia,
staffed with 2^ pounds of down, evenly quiltedin, the edges
the
being strengthened with a binding of tape. Around
buttons
which
and buttonholes, by
the quilt may
edges are
be converted
into a closed bag, in which
a man
sleep
may
weather.
in
coldest
the
A
of
the
cover
same
warmly
shape
is made
of fine muslin, coated
with boiled oil, and
being
with
be
buttoned
buttonholes, may
closely, keeping
provided
rain.
off entirelythe dampness of the ground or
even
The
of oiled
entire weight of the quiltis 4i pounds, and
and both may
2 pounds 6 ounces,
be rolled into a very
cover
The amount
small bundle for stowage.
of covering may
be
regulatedto suit the weather, the canoeist sleeping with
either oiled cover,
quilt,or both over him, or if very cold,
The cork
rollingup in both and lying on the cork mattress.
is used in several ways as a cushion during the day.
mattress
a good pair of blankets,1
Canoeists usually carry in summer
of a quilt or blanket 1
a sleepingbag, made
and sometimes
doubled and sewn
togetherat the edges and across one end, I
*
the other being kept open for ingress.
short summer
If weight and space are of importance on
blanket
be
with
cruises, a singlegood
a liningof
taken,
may
sheetingor drill sewed to one edge and buttoning along the
and other edge. In very warm
weather
the canoeist
bottom
the drilling
only,or if cooler,under the blanket;
sleeps under
whose

but in stillcolder
warm

as

double

weather
one,

and

the lined blanket

much

will be almost

lighter.A

rubber

as

water^

106

BTO

bed

is sometimes

but

they

One

carried

rubber

and
outfit,
from

and

comfortable

is very

are

blankets
very

sleepon,

to

usually found

are

useful, as

; it is necessary

one

LAMPS.

AND

quite expensive.

are

two

or

VES

on

tent

be

may

ground

damp

in

in

or

ist's
canoe-

improvised
wet

canoe,

ever
Whatday
bedding may
bedding is carried,it is highly necessary that it should
be kept dry, which
is best accomplished by wrapping in a
and carryor bag, strapping it very tightly,
waterproof cover
ing
and

the

it well under

the deck

localities
it may

as

be rolled in it.

during the

scribed.

few

in

or

compartment.

In

many

yards of mosquito netting are indispensable,

be used

in

connection

Several

varieties

of

with
camp

any
cot

of the tents

de-

sold

the

are

sporting goods stores, but, though good in

they are too heavy and bulky for a canoe.
camp,

STOVES

AND

in

permanent

LAMPS.

length cooking apparatus of

kind is of course
short
but on
some
a necessity,
tripsit is
usually dispensed with, a supply of cold provisionsbeing
of making tea, coffee or hot soup is
carried. Some
means
if
even
always necessary, however, and should be at hand
the tripin prospect is to last but a few hours.
Delays are
always possibleon the water, and the prudent canoeist will
For lightcooking an alcohol stove is the
prepare for them.
cleanest and most compact, the best being that known
the
as
"flamme
ford," which
gives a hot flame in a littlewhile,
On

and

may

canoe

cruise

be used

of

afloat.

any

With

this stove,

little coffee

or

pilotbread and a can of prepared soup, a good meal

be quickly prepared. The only objectionis the cost of
may
the fueL
be used
instead of alcohol, and
Wood
spirits
may
is much
sene
cheaper; but the odor is very disagreeable. Kerostoves
have
no
place on a canoe, as they are so dirty,
besides being quite heavy, and the oil is difficult to carry

tea, some

without

over
spilling

the boat.

Alcohol

for the

stove
spirit

108
riveted in.

LAMPS,

AND

STOVES

legs are of iin. round iron, 6ln. long, the

ends
being flattened down and turned over to fit on
upper
wire
staples. These staplespass through holes in the end
in use
pieces of the gridiron,and are riveted fast. When
The

firo is made

the

coffee pot,

pailsand

When

Mr.

to

in

legs
bag.

canvas

and

compact

rest without

will

pans

in use, the

not

gridironstowed
very

down

to burn

of

mass

convenient

of upsetting.
and

down

stove

camp

in

wliich

on

danger

folded

are

hot

stack

the

ground

allowed

legs of the gridironare opened and

it, making a level framework,
over

ashes, then
the

and

the

used

was

by

spring. It was
made
of sheet iron, the top being about 10zl5in., or largerif
desired, in the shape of a flat pan, the edges turning up lin
all around.
The
sides were
two
pieces of sheet iron 6in.
wide and t7in. long, lin. at each end being turned at a right
angle, as
ends
and

of

Smith,

shown,

2ia. wide

put the

were

making a square
together. In the
door,

was

end

hole

made

18in. long.

At

which

The

15in. long.

sides

each

lOin.

long, a strip 6in. long

end

each

across

shown,

as

on

stove

front end,

to

or

through, and

communicate

oval

the bottom
slides in the

hole, covered

circular

put in the wood

cut

was

round

after end,

and

last

camp

together,the projecting pieces

the stripson the ends,
pushed in between
box, and the lid was laid on top, holding all

to

latter is of

square,

the

making

being riveted
To

the sides

the

at

6in. wide

each

were

the inside.
on

Newburg,

with

section,about
it is riveted
two

extra

to

by

in the other

the

pipe.

This

^in.

across,

and

flat

piece Sin.

strips riveted

on

the

in the

drawing.
easilyand cheaply made; it is lightand
may
compact for stowage, all folding into a flat package 10xl5xl^in., except the pipe, and it is quickly set up and taken
bottom
is needed, the stove
being set on the
apart. No
This

shown

as

be

stove

ground.
In another
that when
a

canvas

form

not

bag,

quarters of

an

in

the
use

two

inch

body

of stove

the stove,

feet

long, one
thick,which

covers

is

hinged together,so

and

foot wide
can

be

funnel
and

stowed

all go into
about

under

three-

floor

CANOE

AMATEUR
of

entirelyout of

is

and

canoe,

Iron; the top is 24x12, with

and

sheet iron covers,

chimney
ends

The

12x10, hinged

heavier
such

top in

to

manner

be

it

projections,so
acting both as
Tho

and

The

for fuel and

fittinginto

utensils

8till another

the hole

stove,
cut

to serve

as

in

being

have

not

stove
these

thereby

stove,
draft.

top of

on

and

stove.

holes,as

6x7

and

opening

smoko*

free from

the

At

when

the
the

is cut

are

the

same

stretched

cooking utensils.

bottom

from

and

end

one

rest

is the

the

used, consistingof

Across

draft.

small

^ therdoor, another

end

settingup

121n. in diameter

about

door

stripsof

one

respects without

which

end, which

opening

an

in

from

out

is sometimes

stove

other

and

does

kept clean,

stiff wires, upon

the

At

top, and

of stove, and

to create

cut

some

cylinderof sheet iron, 10 to

in length,open at both ends.
several

to

pieces hinged together,two

half inch projecting
additional

then

are

to hold

of four

top is better in

cooking

end

propped

23ix2i, tho

two

and

below

door

end

small

sides

on

front

be

can

is made

funnel

23x3

riveted

The

one

manner;

project below bottom

pushed into the ground

to Iiold all Arm.

as

same

to

as

can

hole at

24x10, hinged

are

of sheet

Sin. diameter, with

holes

2z8in.

sides

iron,iin.thick, are

pointed,
so

funneL

or

It is made

the way.

two

small

109

BUILDING,

used

edge is
end, opposite

bottom

same

give a

to

as

draft

to the

other side.

When

as

bucket, and

wire

it is reversed, the wires

stove

it to hold

enables

bottom

as

used

not

handle

serving

all the utensils,plates,etc., as

being

fitted to the

bottom

for

that purpose.
Its advantages
with

even

the heat

and

carry the
tin
wood
or

which

are

fire

can

in

an

the usual

and

made

open
cross

it is also very

one

to

fire,and

have

good

renders

fire of

ing
the hunt-

piece for hanging

the pots

cheap.
provisions in and keep them dry, a chest
is used, generally about
10xl5x6in., in
such as
packed tin cans with large screw
covers,

unnecessary,
To

of

to use

cutting of

as

fuel, enables

saves

too small

wood

by

wood,

poor
and

be

very quickly,
the draft is tremendous; it confines

that

are

used

are

vaseline

on

LAMPS

VE8

AND

cans,

for ooftee, tea, sugar,

STO

110

baking powder, rice,and

keep dry. If the largebox

to

articles

be, such

but
drilling,

the

stowed
it

where

forward

of

easily reached,
cooking on board,

In

waterproof, as it should
carried in bags of light

the

This box

best.

the

ally
usu-

spiritlamp being
is drawn

the box

hatch. Is laid

i"

the deck, but

feet,under

the

be

sometimes

lid, or

usuaUy

vre

cans

Just

can

by.

near

sometimes

are

other articles itis desired

any
be

meal,
flour,oat-

the

across

also

out, the
for

coaming

For cooking on shore, a

spiritstove set up.
kettle for boiling water, say two
quarts, a smaller one for
oatmeal, etc., to pack inside the large one, a coffee pot, and
other articles being added if
a frying pan
are indispensable,
there is room.
A very handy implement in a camp
kitchen
is a pair of lightblacksmith's
tongs, with which plates and

table,and

pans

may

the

be lifted when

lightof some
equipment, as the
A

darkness, in which
his

showing

by many
red, the
lard

or

forward

kind

hot.
is

important part of a canoe*s

canoeist may on any triphe overtaken
by
his safety may
case
depend largelyon

light. A
having

kerosene.

deck,

visible from

astern.

for the colored

box

side

having

around

white

This
makes

most

square

canoeists,one
front

lamp,
an

small

white

When

green

glassand

lens.

The

The

light ouly,and serving for use

under way at nightit is hung

slides
of

The

kerosene

candle

from

is

tent

on

the

is not

vantage,
disad-

C. 0. carry

is used,

in the

is

be substituted

may

Mohican

one

oil used

signal light,but

use

it is difficult to carry.
brass lantern in which
a

brass is used

is fitted to slides

white

as

excellent

In camp,
ones.

of

which

lantern

or

giving
in camp.

the mizzenmast.

CANVAS

ONG

before

the

following

-"

astride

paratively

work,

called,

was

from

woven
over

covering,

was

in

so

canoe

fashioned

that

of labor

of

it

and

and

appearance

boat

for

to

all the

nothing

the
a

but
a

cedar

with

boat
50

to

and

so

and

still

it

smaller

of

of

be

tools, and

less expense

similar
in

is still

The

and

the

boat

good

very

skin

canvas

in

to

the

light

or

canoe,

only,
even
a

frame

weigh

or

the

carrying

lighter than
size

14x30,

as

be

must
more

sequently,
con-

which
If

strength.

is

adds

cedar

entire
will

watertight, and

variety, for paddUng

as

weight, strength

requires,

excellence.

boat, which

than

built

of

great

both

to

as

the

sail, the

the

three

equal stiffness, but if of such

90ft.

simplest

possesses

of

boat

greatly

be

the

in

canoeist.

prepared

add

required

course

rival, but

the

frame

similar

considerably

though

of

by the

log.

any

strength

of basket

some

of

use,

of

sail,it may

strongly braced,
cedar.

or

com-

coracle,

implements

being few

its wooden

planking

small

the

usually inferior

stronger

is of the

canoe

bullock,

still in

than

purposes

when

and

form,

is

quite heavy

decks

is

boat

The
frame

open

requires less skill, fewer

canoe

to

of

hollow

of

out

saplings gathered

sewn;

craft

material

canvas

and

from

improved

advantages,

The

such

an

it, in all probability, antedates

style

greatly

hide

the

step, by which

tools.

without

and

of several

obtained

was

simply

was

stretched

form,

boat

branches

which

constructing

This

of

tion
naviga-

at

form

intermediate

the

came

material, and

raw

riverside,

step in the

second

the

proportion

craft

this

as

boards, and

of

closely after the primitive attempt

together,

and

form

constructed

of boats

era

log, and

logs lashed
the

CANOES.

than

very
one

of

CANOES,

CANVAS

113

first steps of the

buildingare similar to those previously

Tbe moulds
described for a lapstreakcanoe.
cut out in
are
the same
the stem and stem
are
manner,
prepared, a rabbet
The
iin.deep being cut to take the edge of the canvas.
inner keel,/, is fin. thick, 2^ to Sin. wide
at middle, and
It is planed up, without
rabbet,
a
tapers to "}at the ends.
The

and

to it the stem

and

fin. wide, and

fin. It is planed
is

when
The
in

up,

keel and

is put

canvas

frame

is

place and

all

f zf

are

on

the surface

with

be

not

cut

used
and

The

drawn

taken

one

very

one,

keel to

only.

may

be

Ixfin., is

Ixfin.,and

fitted.
are

placed as

and

cut

in

planed
quite pliable,
are

keel, and then

is nailed

each

temporarily
to keep the

or

all the

is necessary
lumps. After
faired up,

where

now

the nails

copper

they

cross,

ribs

being

nail is driven
and

riveted,

the

put inside of each gunwale,

heads of the ribs, all three

together. When

They

six being

elastic frame.

strong and

riveted

11,

Care

after which

ribband

or

ash

the knee, and while

to the

and

over

until

over

gunwale,

hollows

be looked

n,

bent

down

A, being jogged to fit over

being well

or

elm, f x^in. They

by

out, if necessary,

inwale,

oak

should

rivets to the dead woods.

boiling water

nail

each rib and

An

notches

ends, which, like the gunwales,

or
or

flush

surface

marked

d d

in

nailed

fair,without

they must

their

oak

one

in turn, from

through
making a

Strips of
jogs

screws

soaked

or

to the lib with

in

the

to receive

stillhot the middle

ribbands

are

ash,

or

in the stem

cut

These

stem.

rabbets.

ribs k will be of

ribband

and

each side,and

up, steamed
and then are

are

jogs or

secured with

are

gunwales
notches

shored

h, of oak

nailed lightlyto the moulds, five

stem

removed

be

them, leaving their outer

the

now

on

it must

as

screwed

the stocks, the moulds

on

of the stem

across

IJxJin.,are
stem

and

to receive

stern

stern,

then the
adjusted,

tacked

keel

outer

on.

set up

now

and

The

d:cp as may be desired,not less than

the grain pointingaft,as described for

as

temporarilyto stem,
the

screwed.

and is fittedto the scaif of stem, and

cedar canoe,

h are

stern

are

cut

out

this is in, the deck beams

of

directed for

oak
a

or

wooden

hackmatack,
canoe,

the

AMATEUR
frame

deck
The

and
is

frame

The

from

gunwales.

twine, with

manner.

rounded

that

off, then

do this

To

entire frame.

At

in, and

the

The

along the keel,with

drawn

canvas

the
effectively,

together,using

tightened

closely woven,

it

the

two

frame
and

few

the

tacks,

strong

edge.

This

lies flat

be cut

is

and

sail needle

canvas

it must

ends

wide

tigbtlj over
edges of the

6in. apart along each

until

'

keel removed,

outer

the

stitches about

lacing is now
turned

same

a]l comers

gunwale.

to

tbe

and

over,

laced

are

and

and

gunwale

fastened

canvas

it is turned

canvas

hard

be

upside down,

of the

the stocks, and

smoothed

are

should

first turned

then

from

over.

to i^each

enough

the

canvas

canvas

middle

taken

113

in in the

coamings being put

now

might cut the

is painted all

BUILDING.

CANOE

over

the

neatly,the edge

tacked

is first
tightly in the rabbet, which
well painted with thick paint.
When
the ends are finished
of tacks driven
the lacing is agrin tightened up, and
a row
and
the lacing is removed
along the gunwale, after which
the

trimmed

canvas

down,

to the inside of

tack

moulds

The

are

the

leaving enough

in and

inwale.

removed,

now

turn

to

and

keelson,

e, is

put

in

stiengthcnthe bottom, being of oak, fin. deep and lin.

It is slipped in, one or two of the deck beams
wide.
being
to

removed, if necessary, and the positionof each lib marked,

the ribs,
then it is removed, and
over
jogs cut to fit down
after

which

it is

enough foiward
strengthenit.
the mast
for
or

tubes

wooden

cedar,

over

the

and

screwed

down,

running

far

lap well over the scarfs and

The deck frame and coaming is next finished,
set, and all preparations for decking made
as
on

canoe.

which

stem

A
the

to

deck
canvas

is sometimes

laid of

is stretched, or

^in. pine

the

canvas

The canvas
for the deck
directlyon the beams.
maybe about 6oz. weight, and is stretched tightlydown
and tacked along the gunwales and around
the well.
After
round
it is on, half
strips m m, are screwed around the edge
of the deck, and an outside keel piece of oak
iin. thick, is
the
the
fitted to
screws
bottom,
passing through into keelson
stiff.
all
e, making
very
may

be laid

replaced

CAJfVAS

114
The

should

canvas

in, after which

mixed

color will finish it off.

rub

painted oftener

than

be

paintmust

The

it may

spots where
bo

painted with two

a little turpentine and
japan dryer
of paint of any desired
coat or two
wetted, and

be

now

boiled oil,with

of

coats

CANOES.

off in use,

but

necessary,

as

the

renewed

on

any

should

canoe

not

its weight is much

creased
in-

thereby.
method

Another

by

writer

in

Forest

model

whatever

of

boat, but

attempt being made

to have

frame

is then

paint,causing it to

adhere

watertightsurface.

Such

who

have

wooden

cheap.

not

the

boat, and

th6

boat

skill and

it would

seams

covered

be

to build

manner

using

the

was

same

to the

boat,

canvas

Stream,

and

desired,in

carvel built wooden

This

building

very
in

with

as

thin
the

canvas

as

the boat, of

ordinary
planking, no
an

latter watertight^
laid in thick

wood, and making

can

be

described

smooth,

easilybuilt by

training necessary to
strong and durable, as

those

build
well

as

BOAT

116
down

of stem
lines

about

BUILDING,

finer,the

become

the

to

waterline,near
itself will

stem

which,
thick

be

the

as

for

enough

The

deadwoods.

be from \\ to 2in. in a fore

apron
may
aft direction,its width
depending on the fullness of the

and

bows.

The

in

stempost

after side

is of

boat

shown

shape

the

/, the

at

to receive
h.
the stem
transom
or
away
to the keel, and in the
stempost is nailed or screwed

The

being

the

angle

between

which

the rabbet

d will

from

run

cut

is cut.

In

the chock

",

or

after deadwood

and

The

frame

is fitted the

two

deadwood

after

^, in

lapstreak boat, the keel batten

from

the stem,

top of keel

on

to the stern.

being fastened

togetherand

the

rabbets

cut, it

is set upon the stocks, the keel is held in place by a few

nails driven through into the stocks (to be cut off when
boat is

removed)

plumb,

and
from

shores

and

above

cut

h.

board

of sufficient
of

out

below;
from

see

hard

some

the

at its lower

size,and

stempost

off

is set

wood,

down

end,

on

of

of

breadth
in now

both

top of

the

to

marked

side and

one

the stem

using

is

nailed

now

the

of

2, the half

at

side.

line is
the
the

this line is laid off the

points 1,
then

the

1.

The

other, and

mould
when

is cut out,

the fore side will, of course,

stem

on

stern, giving the

the

applied
are

the stern, and

by
The

the center

each

up

secured

88, Fig. 9.

page

the

lined

are

at

upper
round

The

sternpost

aft rake, and

rightangles to this center line at the heightof

side of the gunwales, allowing enough above for

drawn

as

and

stem

vertical line is first drawn

mould

breadth

the

the*properfore and

is next

transom

and

with

iron

or

be

allowing enough bevel,

larger than the after side.

screwed

to

the

pleting
sternpost, com-

the frame.
moulds

The

ceilingor
stem

to

from

stern

next

are

put in place,and

the floor,and
and

nailed

to

keeping all in position.

of planking
The operation
as

in

The

canoe

(see page

plankingshould

shored

from

the

ridge piece is stretched from

each as well as to the moulds,
a

is

proceeded with precisely

45),the stop waters being first put in.
be of cedar, in singlelengths if possinow

AMATEUR

ble,but

whero

cedar

hard

wood, oak, walnut

than

the lower

The

streak

upper

and

mahogany,

or

117

obtained, white

be

is

is sometimes

planking,and

in the sectional view.

shown

as

BUILDING.

cannot

be used.

may

spruce

even

CANOE

bead

is
a

pine

or

usuallyof

littlethicker

rabbeted

it,

over

is sometimes

worked

edge, and just above the bead, if a gold stripe

is desired, a shallow depression a?, called a "cove." is plowed,
lower

the

near

in which

put in

and

made

are

planking

the

After

gold is laid

the

as

in

if

or

canoe,

heels, each

the

at

job

neater

are

planed

up

is desired, they

extending

one

gunwale, and are steamed and bent

and cut to fit
then each is fitted to its place,marked
first,
in the section, after
down
closelyto the planks, as shown
it is riveted in.
Between
which
each
pair of timbers a
the

from

only

keel

injury.

is completed, the timbers

little heavier

protect it from

to

to

"*floor'*is fitted,similar to the timber, but

the keel

as

high

After the timbers

is to set the

of the

the turn

as

in and

are

gunwales.

extending across
either side.

bilgeon

nails riveted the next

These

are

piecesof

ash

or

operation

ouk, i t, run-

iringinside

of the upper streak,and covering the heads of the

in the secare
jogged into them as shown
tion
timbers, which
The gunwales,
of upper streak, gunwale and timbers.
called
be
at
inwales, may
sometimes
|in. deep, 1\ wide
and

center

taper to fin. at each

steamed

they

if necessary
are
put in

which

latter have

and

and

the

and
each

After
a

the

iron is put
At

the

riveted
streak.

by
or

more

gunwales
the

the

after

An

the
oak

transom

the

timbers,

top of upper streak,

is marked.
The
gunwales

in,

of

breasthook

the

apron

transom

and

bead, half

inner

knees

at

k,

from

sides of the

throat

also to the
round

I,worked
A

apron.

and

placed
re-

timbers.

the

fittingthe

side

through stem,

of

heads

the

between

are

bow,

after corners,
to

they

planed up,
easily;then

are

bend

jogs cut, after which they are

nail through the
streak
upper

one

knee, is put in
and

the

They
will

iin. below

timber

each

and

and

cut off

been

fastened

timber

until

place resting on

positionof

then removed

are

end.

are

rivet

of

wales
gun-

^in.

of breasthook.

put in, being

gunwale

in section,is

and

upper

usuallyrun

118

BOA

rouDd

the

BUILDING.

edge of the upper streak to complete it,

being nailed through into the gnnwale.
The interior arrangements of the boat depend on the taste
of the builder,but that shown
is the usual one in rowboats.
upper

In the bows
or

thwarts

more

aft

is a small,
o

o,

called the

height to

benches

or

and
risings,

one

size of the boat, and

2xiin., which

about

fastened

are

are

p.

stripsm,

two

on

amidships

n,

the

according to

the stemsheets

are

All of these rest

Eeat
triangular

to the timbers

support the seats, which

should

bo about

are

at

a proper
Tin. below

the top of

and
also
stem
are
gunwale. The seats in bow
supported by ledges,and the forward ends of the latter are
either long enough to rest on the after thwart as shown, or
The thwarts should be strengthare supported by brackets.
ened
by knees of wood j, well riveted. Sometimes a single
knee

is used

in the center

down;

and

thwart

in which

fastened.

sometimes

two

the mast

Lockers

their construction

of

are

used,

are

is

it and riveted

thwart, fitted on

near

one

each

edge.

The

stepped should

be very strongly
built under the seats, but

sometimes

simple, and requiresno specialdirection.

usuallycomposed of several pieces, in the
center the "bottom
board," q, of about 12in. wide, restingon
the ribs and held down
by buttons or staplesin the keelson ;
The

is

floor is

outside of this the button

and

the under

across

side

of these

which

stripsproject iin. from

below

the bottom

board

and

r, H to 5in. wide

at center

stripsare nailed
keep them from splitting,
inner edge, so as to enter

Several

the ends.

at

narrower

boards

to
the

small

hold down

r.

Outside

of these

Sin. wide, and screwed

to
stripss ", about
the timbers.
They are called the footlines,and on each are
the outer edges of the button
two buttons, which
turn
over
Outside
of each
footline,and
boards,holding them down.

pieces are

two

also screwed
stretchers
up

being

to

for

in the

the

the feet when

stern

flttcd,rest on

There

are

timbers,

many

iron, and

are

racks

one
little,

ledges screwed

patterns of rowlock
the old wooden

t t, to hold

Where

rowing.

it is raised
two

the

the floor

wide

the
rows
nar-

piece,u,

to the bottom.

in use, of brass

thole

pins

are

or

vanized
gal-

littleused

u'

AMATEUR
for

CANOE

pleasureboats.

The

center

BUILDING,

119

of the rowlocks

should

be

The rudder
from 9 to lOio. aft of the edge of the thwart.
in
and
fittedwith
as
a
a joke and lines
hung
canoe,

will be

rowing and

tiller for

ally
sailing.A backboard, ", is usufittedacross the stern,making a back to the seat. The
of the boat may be paintedor carved on it. The stem
name
of half-round iron or copper,
is protectedby a stemband
well
down
the
to
on
keel,and the angleat the heel
running
of the stempost is usuallyprotectedby a similar piece,
and
called a scagband. The final processes of finishing
^minting have all been described in canoe building.

for

V*'^
*

The

construction

of

carvel built boat varies somewhat

those emthe operations

ployed
resemblingmore
lapstreak,
j'n shipbuilding. The frame is preparedas for a
lapstreakboat, except that no keel batten is needed. The
rabbets beingcut and the frame set up, the moulds
are put
in placeand a number
ot thin ribbands tacked over them.
Now, instead of the plankingbeinglaid the frame is firstset
up complete. If the timbers are to bo bent,as is usual for

from

small boats up to sailboats of 25ft. or over, a timber block is

than the midship mould.
made of a littlegreater curvature
The

ends

are

cut from

nailed to them,

making

a
a

10-inch board
width

and

piecesare
stripis nailed

cross

of 2 to 8ft. A

few inches,and to these two

each end, projecting
a
across
to insert the heels
ends another pieceis nailed,leavingroom
of the timbers to be bent.

The

timbers

sawed

are

out and

planedup, each beinglongenough to reach from the keel

the gunwale. They are about one-third deeperat the heel

to
or

lower end than at the head; for instance,^in.deep at heel,

It is well to get them out and bend them
and iin.at head.
if
timber is to be fin.thick,|in.deep at
t
hat
the
is,
pairs,

in

heel,and iin.at head, the piecewill be Ifin. wide by ^in.at

and
one end, and iin.at the other. Tills piece is steamed
bent

on

making

the trap, then sawed in half and

two pieceseach fin.thicks

A steam-box

of

size depending on
be made

in

an

some

kind

is necessary

the dimensions

the

edges planed,

for this work, the

of the boat.

iron kettlesupportedover

wood

Steam

may
firein any

120

BOAT

convenient

BUIL1"INQ,

manner.

lid is

wooden

with
fitted,

pipe also

of

wood, leading to the steam chesfc. This may be made of

four pine boards, being 8ft. long and 8xl0in. square inside.
A lightraclc of lath is made
to slide inside,on which
to lay
the pieces to be steamed.
One end is closed permanently,
and

the other

is fitted with

stuffed in, to confine

they are

laid

door,

the steam.

The

They

then

are

block, the

removed

with

cord, a

being ready,

timbers

slid into the

box, which

left there until

they

and

bent

is

must

easily.

will bend

the timber

by one
being inserted under the cross-piece,
slowly and carefullybent down, and fastened
the timbers
screw-clamp or a nail. Of course

heels

then the heads

and

the rack

on

be full of hot steam, and

of rags

bundle

or

one

over

first

in various

parts of the boat will vary in curvature, but all

be bent on
the one
block, some
being pressed down

may
closer than

they are cold they are

from
before recovering their shape
bolted, a stripcalled a stay-latchbeing nailed across
the piecestraighteningout.
All

the timbers

pair

must

The

timbers

be

join them

in

marked
do not

thus, and left

treated

are

some

fl(K)rtimber

plac(d next
straightstuff

each

floors may
from
be sawed
toward
the ends, and at the

in

some

taken
proper
round

from

iron

grown

down

the mould

on

the lines

shape

middle

cut from

and

(not

are

in

and

fltted in their

place, the

on

the

fastened
a

timbers

bent

to

and
timber

must

in

sharp,

has been

boat

being

floor,each
to the

keel

by

sawed

nail

nut). After

or

to

are

the

bolt of

the

floors

taken, one pair at a time,

cide
respectivepositions. Some will not coinbfi
the lines of the ribbons,but they may
are

little greater curvature

allowed

out
to

little.

strai";htenout,
than

the

so

ribbands

all
quire,
re-

straighten a little. Every

all the ribbands, or there will be an
un-

are
fitting

touch

If the

but

cases,

floor,the floor timbers

exactlywith
them
to do so by straightening
made
is
The tendency of bent timbers
are

pair. The

also if the boat is

knees.

bolt with

screw

Each

prevent confusion.
keel, but meet on it,and to
to

they mu^t be
properly laid

to prevent

to

wny

the

cross

stay-

are

to cool.

is

removed

When

others.

the block, and

to

AMATEUR

CANOE

fair spot that cannot

lightto allow

BUILDING,

remedied,

be

any cutting away.

the floor timbers, and

the keel end

to hold

in

them

place, all

square to the keel.

The widths of the planks

121

the

as

The

timbers

timbers

also to

are

few

too

are

nailed

of the

to

bands
rib-

being carefullyset phunb,

and

and

and

stem

and

course;

the wale

stem,

the

from

is taken

streak.

upper

timbers, and

allowance

no

spilingis taken,

or

next

are

on

the stocks, turned

timbers,

lap being necessary,

for the garboard, but

is got out

and

it is also put on;

streak below

the

for

not

This

laid off

and

nailed
then

of
for
the

to

the boat

the

garboardsput
The
on.
planking will be thicker than for lapstreak,not
is as thin as will stand caulking. After
less than fin.,which
the garboards are
laid, the broadstreaks
follow, then tha
until
plankingis continued from top and bottom alternately,
is
an
opening is left on the bilgefor the last plank, which
called the

shutter.
this

When
and

home

over,

is

in

and

riveted, the

fastened,

inside work

the

nails

driven

are

completed, the bottom

are
ready for caulking.

roughly planed off,when the seams

This operation is performed with
a
wide, blunt chisel
mallet.
The
iron is
called a caulking iron, and a wooden
the
it
into
t
hen
driven
thread
of
a
slightly,
opening
seam,
driven
is
the
iron
and
mallet. On small
cotton
in,using
raw
instead
used
is
of
cotton.
raw
To
work, cotton lampwick
and
boat
and
caulk a
the
properly requires care
practice,
default
of
in
will
do
well
amateur,
practicalinstructions,
employ

to

should

be

After

caulker.

well

painted

over

paint will

the

the

scams

are

caulked

cotton, using

a very
in the cotton.

they

narrow

help
keep
smooth,
sandpapered and painted,
planed
and nail holes are
all seams
after which
puttied,all is well
sandpapered again, and painted with two coats.

brush,
The

as the

to

hull is next

If the boat

deck

and

waterways,

as

shown

in

designs,no gunwale will be necessary; but the

upper streak will be heavy enough to take the fasteningsat
the edge of the deck.
A
in
clamp or shelf will be worked
place of a gunwale along the timbers inside,and low enough
some

of

is to have

the

for the deck

to
about

beams

upper

the

14ft. ; beam

streak
The

covered

the

and

clamp

with

deck
with

may

knees

be of f

or

The

canvas.
are

beams

as

will be
on

each

beam

^in.pine, eitber

dimensions

follows:

ened
fast-

of the

Length ovier all,

ward,
extreme, 4ft. ; depth amidships. 17in. ; sheer for-

are

actual

l^in. aft.

These

in the illustration

7iin.; sheer
waterlines

it.

to rest on

mast.

painted or
boat given

but

BUILDmO.

BOAT

123

Keel

drawn

aft. Sin.

Waterlines, 81n. apart. The

for convenience
parallelto the keel,

draft of

the

boat

will

outside, lin.; keel,

be

7in. forward
and

and

sided,
Hin.; keel batten, |x2iin.; timbers, fxfln.; spaced 12in.,
with bent floors between
each
pair of timbers; planking,
ships,
|in.; uppcrstreak, iin. ; gunwale, lin. deep, 1^ wide amidfin.at ends.
stem

stem

of

OF

COMPARISON

124

the

aflerbody. By

lines may

be

in

run

decimals.

Elxkknts

ov

Canoss.

Nautilus, Crulslng,1880
NautUusNo.
8, Bacln^,
1879

Nautflns

No.

9. Racing

Cruising,

and

1881.
.

No. 6. Racing
Nautilus
and Cruising, 1874...
Pearl
No. 8, Cruising,
1882

Pearl
and

Pearl
and

No! 6,'Racing
Cruising, 1880...
No.
6, Racing
Cruising, 1882.

Clyde Wreu,

Cruising.

1879

Clyde
and

Laloo, Racing
Cruising, 1881...

Shadow,

Cruising, 1878

Rob Roy, Cruising, 1867

Blue
No.
1,
Jersey

Cruising,

1878

No.
2,
Jersey Blue
Cruising, 1880
Cruising,
Raritania,
1883
EiU

Ton

EuU, 1880

ELEMENTS,

aid of these three columns

readilyin

the

for the convenience

measurements,
and

CANOE

the water-

preliminarydrawing.
of calculation,are

All

in feet

AMATEUR

BUILDING.

CANOE

RULES.

MEASUREMENT

AMERICAN
Rule

1.

"

be

must

ASSOCIATION.

compete in any race of the A. C. A.,

som,
ends, with no counter stem, or tran-

to

at both

sharp

and

CANOE

canoe

126

capable of being efficiently

paddled by one
To compete in A. C. A. paddling races, it must
man.
come
within the limits of one
of the numbered
classes,I.,II..III.,
within
rV., and to compete in sailingraces, it must
come
be

must

the limits of either Class A

Class

I.

Class

II.

PaddUng,

"

under

28in.

17.

Class

30in.

under

"

over

under

"

Paddling. ^Length not

Depth as in Class III.
"

not

15ft., beam

not

16ft., beam

not

Sin.
over

9in.
over

over

16ft.,beam

not

16ft., beam

not

28in.

over

B."JSaUing.^Lengih.

Class
limit

of

increased

end

of

shall
band

each

^in. for

well,from

garboardnext
In

for

28iin. beam

centerboard
not

of

exceed
not

centerboards

they must

over

shall

keel, shall
the

canoes,

ISio.

17in.,

over

with

length. The beam

may
of length decreased.
in Classes A

canoe

not

keel

and

amidships

exceed

B,

be

at

fore

to inner

side

16in.

outside

of the

garboard

l^in. in depth, including a metal keel

total weight of all
iin. deep. The
not

exceed

not project below

than

not

side of deck

under
to

that

full inch

greatest depth of

The

more

not

PaddUng. ^Length not

Depth as above, not under

A."SaiHng. ^Length

Class

of

canoe.

"

lU.."

Class

Any

"

Paddling. Length
Depth as above not

"

26in.

under

B.

or

below

the
the

60

pounds; when hauled up

keel,or they must not drop
onegarboard, nor if over

126
of

third

the

canoe*s

garboard. In
but not

or

total

not

weighing more

the

beam

the

stem;
which

shall

depth,

The

beam.

length

fore

side of stem

beading

any

word

paddling

built with

'beam"

shall

Class

B,

The

class may

one

not

CLASSES

length,not
construction
First
Second
decked

set out

Class.

greatestbeam
Third

and

in the

Any

"

CiiASs"
with

these

not

Class"

the

the waterline

in

proportionto

the

shall have

the above
the

allowed

in

measuring
come

well

out of another.

ruled

must

must

be

not

of the

be

of greater

nutterial and

following classes:

canoe.

Roy). Any
greatest length

more

"

than

material
not

more

or

than

"

not

build,

15ft.,

26tn.

Clinker
built, of
(Rob Roy).
with wood; greatestlength not more

material,decked
loft.,greatest beam

in

maximum

built to

canoe

As

rules.

PADDLmG.

races

(Rob

wood;

in the

CLUB.

CAIVOE8

less beam

of

CANOE

eligiblefor

Canoes

that

FOB

formed

Committee

with

be

to

thereby be

ROYAL

l^in. in

which, in their opinion, is

canoe

^in. is

of

pendiculars
per-

by

near

reasonable

Regatta

classes,in order

for these
within

margin

at and

the beam

Class lY. coincides

in

carried

included

the breadth

intention to evade

evident

the minimum

not

between

exceed

B,

depth being

mean

classes shall bear

an

may

and

includingbeading,

not

and

this

over

gunwale.
disqualifyany

to

power

15

at the aft side of

and

part

classes

at the

beam

shall be taken

widest

fair lines of the boat, and

the

centerboards

without

The

in

not,

parts,

exceed

deep from.garboards,
be
pounds. Lceboards
may

the

at

not

centerboards.

having

at

movable

must

cases,

ballast,

without

races

Sin.
85

Meabubbmknt."

or

Canoes

over

than

not

canoes

trunks

weight.

keels,

to

the

below

6iD.

than

more

boards, including bolt and

includingfixed

pounds
carry

length,

to be admitted

order

the centerboard

by

B ULE8.

MEASUREMENT

less than

26in.

any
than

AMATEUR

CANOE

CLASSES

CANOB8

FOB

eligiblefor

Canoes

these

dimensions, viz. :
Class."

PmsT
'

all,from

over

limit

"

whole

foot of

board, not

more

metal

the center

boards

more

exceeding
exceeding half

Fixed

16in.

than

deep;

not

band

are

to the garmore

exceeding ^in. in depth,

keel, in which case the depth
not

must

not

exceed

if

length; depth

fixed

the

greatestdeplii

keel of wood, not

allowed of any

the canoe's

of the deck

fin.; length,combined

18in. below
hauled

build; greatest length

length decreased

be added
to the wooden
may
of band
keel
inclusive
of the
or

and
not

of well, under

One

the following

over

than 20ft.,with a
more
stempost,
of 2ft.,but the beam
may be increased by

each

2in.

shall not be

races

to

at fore end

than

127

SiJLIKa.

material

Any

stem

of beam

l^in.for

BUILDING.

keel

or

2in.

material,thickness
than

more

of

drop

its metal

one,

not

not exceeding

band.

When

completelyhoused within the canoe.

All ballast,anchors or other metal weights (except centerboard and keelband before described,and metal deck fittings)
shaU be carried within the canoe,
above the garboards. Ballast
shifted
be
but
all
ballast on board at
during a race,
may
carried
be
the
must
throughout
race.
starting
up

Second
shall not

they must

be

Class Crumng
exceed

centerboards

as

all spars, gear,

the

Canoes."

dimensions

in First Class.
and
fitting

The

canoes

in

of First Class.

this

class

Keels and

Weight of canoe, including

not over
200 pounds.
ballast,

STEERING

detail

lyrO
"^^

of

the

and

safety
and

GEAR.

comfort,
is

part

no

of

fittings

that

as

for

important

as

which

by

the

ill-contrived

often

so

is

canoes

is

rudder

trolled,
con-

badly

fitted

be

used,

of the

boat,

and

up.

The

owing
and

and

strong
the

to

also

hands

distance

the

to

strong,

as

of

be

powerful

briDg disaster
The

action

without
heels

be

of the

as

lean
as

upright
until

swinging

second

the

second

From

man

the

McGregor,
in the

hands

footgear

days

the
or

the

is

to

also

often

while

paddle only
resting

in

was
a

the

leg

great relief,
the

out

gear,
foot-

the

the

is settled

body

ened
short-

footgear
it for

arranged

so

be

so

or

to

loDg,
as

to

carry

fitted that

paddling.

earliest

the

the

paddling slowly,

or

be

of

length

firmly against
must

for

steering, and

sleeping, stowing luggage,

steer

of

in

in prospect,
and

certain

bearing

slacken

sailiDg

braced

and

prompt

and, if possible, it should

can

ure
fail-

the

rapids, might

in

firm

it

backboard,

The
for

be

must

and

knees,

cen-

it involuntarily

on

or

suit

to

is

are

removed

person,

the

footgear

of the foot

long time,

feet

the

stroke.

readily

baU

know,

paddle

against

the

the

steering,

thrown

be
be

must

easily while

hard

for

crew.

for the

for

back

the

water

must

canoeists

canoe

soon

up

and

As

and

rough

and

there

feet

is often

readily adjustable

crew.

in the

use,

rudder

the

paddling,

must

when*

of

real

in

boat

lost motion,
in

both

to the

the

toggle-jointsof

part, when

any

stern

sheets, paddle and

with

strain

cannot

the

the

using

any

heavy

very

the

of

sailboat

from

crew

of

necessity

To

by

be

of the

being fully occupied

terboard.

but

tiller of the

simple

used

small

canoeist
for
rowlock

to

the

time

steering, either
on

either

of

held

side.

AMATEUR
called
small

crutcli

CANOE

Yig, 1

"

sail then

used ; but

with

of sails

something more
fitted,controlled by
deck

and

side
hands

around

hitherto been

further
a

gave

the

apt

to

slip off

the lines

might

canoeist's

addition

and

sensitive
there

much

spindleof
the

wood

In

run

still

arrangement

an

metal

stirrups. This
not

in

defects

in

was

while

in

of

case

an

set
up-

would

and

entangle
case
a
canoeist,forgettingto
fiat
thrown
suddenly and was

one

lines"
devised
As

canoe.

end

upper

were

paddling,the stirrups
it was
impossibleto stop

when

by

Mr.

shown
end

has its lower

keelson, the

the

loopstied in the ends

free themselves

-by the rudder

better plan was

his first Nautilus

lines

it
gear, and
serious
some

replacethem,

feet.

on

for the feet in

at times

not

thrown

rudder

of

were

loosen his feet,leaped ashore

in the water

the

the

the

and

either

on

spinnaker,
steeringto the feet,

inserted,

were

brace

no

lean forward

the

idle,so

in the least,but

it; there being

and

feet

pull

work

into the well, and

improved by
very powerful

the way

were

to transfer

coaming

which

area

of ballast,centerboard,

which

into

of the well,
increased

The

it necessary

through

and

the

necessary, and rudders were

continuous
lino passing along the

etc., made

the

well with

answered

that

the greater number

fore end

the

12d

became

steeringthe boat.
by the addition
had

plan

"

BUILDING.

in

Baden-Powell

Fig. 8,

fitted to turn

running through

in
the

for

vertical

step on
deck, the
a

Below
the deck a crossbar,
projectingportion being square.
fitted to the spindle, and above
called the **foot yoke," was
the **deck yoke," was
fitted to the
deck a second crosspiecc,
head, the rudder lines running along the deck to it.
square
and all
used for a long time on
This gear was
the Nautilus
its descendants, and

defects,there
fixed,could
or

too

short

be

for

changed,
the

crew,

brass

there, and

bushings

Several of these

at

the
the

with.

met

It had

it
was

position,once
usuallyjust too long
the way in stowing,

was

in

lines

the

on

added

deck

parts required careful

joints,or

were
objections

many

paddling, its

so

it

sleeping,or carrying double,

confusion

in

brace

no

was

not

is still often

they

removed

soon

by

and
fitting,

worked
some

to the

loose.

ingenious

130

STEERING

canoeist,who
yoke and ran

aside

cast

GEAR,

the declL

yoke, lengthened

foot

the

the well, to the extremities

the lines inside

of

tbe latter.
The

gear shown
Janctte, in 1877.
lOin.

long, were
keel,running

in

Fig.

Two

of

pieces

screwed

to

first fitted to

was

the

hottom

side of tbe

each

on

canoe

l^zliin. and

each

wood,

the

piece having four vertical

notches to receive the stretcher,a piece of oak ^in. thick.
On the foreside of the stretcher a piece of oak lin. square
was
screwed, the upper end rounded for the foot yoke to
The stretcher could
be slippedinto either of the
pivot on.
four pairsof notches, and was
then held down
hy a hook
and

fore

in

screweye

and

aft, each

keel.

the

This

gear

gave

strong in construction, there

motion, and it could be quickly shifted (to make

paddling, it was
second

person)to

An

improvement

pair of similar notches

was

lost

no

for

room

forward.

placed
Fig. 5, in

in

which
plan
the two fore and aft piecesare
grooved on the sides facing
each
other, and a piece of oak {in. thick and 6in. wide
To this piece the
is fitted to slide freely between
them.
stretcher or footpiece is fastened,and in the angle between
is

them

of which

forms

this

on

knee

of

the top
separately,
footyoke. An eye is cast

brace, shown

or

for

pivot

afterside

the

on

brass

is shown

finn rest in

the

brace, in which

the

short

lanyard

spliced. This lanyard reeves

through a screweye in the
keel, and by it the gear may be held in any position,or by
be removed.
Another
castingit off,the entire piece may
is

pair of slides can

for carrying two.

This

Raven

canoe

has

of two
6, consisting
a

brass rod,

of
on

each.
the

stout

is

the rudder

the rudder
The

line

is

so

desired

requisite,

tried.
in

arrangement, shown

Fig.

pedals hinged at the bottom

being attached to the outer comer

spring maintains
formed

lines

are

as

in two

to hold

cast

off.

always kept amidship

brass rod is held

be

aft,as may

to fulfillevery

seems

novel

brass

or

well wherever

wooden

rudder

pedals,and

floor when

gear

far answered

and has thus

The

be fitted forward

to

coi^stant tension
flat

them

By
when

holes in the fore

on

the

this arrangement
left to itself.
and

aft

cleats,

it from

keeps
is used
from

GEAR

STEERING

183

goiog adrift

if

in the left hand, and

dropped suddenly.
is not well adapted

This

gear

steering

to

deck.

Another

device, only mentioned

canoeists

against
it.has a singlestirrup on one side,with a powerful spring
tbe foot be suddenly removed
from
the other.
Should
on
the stirrupthe rudder is drawn
quickly to one side and held
there.
The proper material for rudder lines has long been a
canoeists, and is still undecided,
subjectof dispute among
a
some
chain, some
advocating copper wire, some
rope of
brass

or

the last

wire, and

copper

to

braided

some

warn

hard-laid

or

cord,

being probably the best, if well stretched and oiled.

the disagreeableclang of
easily and without

It will work

wire, and will

kink

not

is used, it sliould lead

The

smooth.
brass

they

are

best

Some

those used

in around

led

be used

in use, the

kept

in

receive

perfect

away,

as

and

mishaps

and

perfectly

be

cases

small

Fig. 4.

through

run

Before

required,and
of

to

care

justsuch

is

often,
all parts
it will

course,

parts that appear

the lack of

sary,
neces-

yokes.

examined

be

race,

Such

ing.
coam-

If obtainable, small

should

and

similar

"fiddle"

the lines to the

in if

the occasion.

occur.

some

to attach

lines put

order.

it is from

holes

the slack in the line is

in

special attention,any

strengthenedfor

gear
foot-

necessary,
the after side of the well

steeringgear

the parts oiled,new

the

this is seldom

taking up
being to use

for tent ropes,

snap-hooks should
When

in

of
way

should

passes

are

deck, but

means

the usual

it

lines

rudder

tubes below

material

Whatever

as

which

through

screweyes

will do.

directlyas possiblefrom
rudder, with no
sharp turns, and

the

to

chain

as

weak

never

attention

bdng
thrown

that provoking

THE

FARNHAM

FARNHAM

MR.

offers the

wires

beading

of

beading,

for

the

free in

forward

The

latch

just

forward

The

5.

apron

the

two

thicknesses
the

where

wear

THE

sides

in

meet

the

this

from

ing
com-

the

ing,
coam-

far

pushed
of

enough

hem

and

/,

the

top

hem.
must

i.

at

not

The

at *.

larger each

way^

enough

give

wide

is then

along

the carlines

stretched

to 6 inches

4^

the

of

to

coaming,

greatest.
CANOE

the

being

TENT.

described

one

sides

The

2ft.

on

The

at after ends.

now

triangle, the

also

are

fore ends

is fastened

point, which

100 is

page

top is

The

the Windward.

apron

free if fastened

cloth

2ift. wide

about

under

the apron

carline

cut

The

after end

at the

hook

the elastic in the

by

keep

last

is better

of

but

to

the

tent than

on

outside

the ends

by

WINDWARD

ABETTER
used
width

of

is

hook

directlyto
be

not

down

kept

catch

coaming.

than

63.

page

cockpit.

readily come

will not

apron

the

fastened

could

beading,

or

on

not

prevent

were

all the

the

they do

but

apron

is not

under

to form

as

then

tube

the

described

tions
instruc-

capsize.

forward

apron

hooking
be

of

to uncover

8. The

would

they

shown,

as

so

coaming,

case

2. If the

bent

are

additional

following

the apron

concerning
1. Carline

APRON.

to the

lar,
triangu-

of top and
bow

of

the

canoe.

The

after

edge

upper

part of
is

hem,

in which

from

the

ends

of

should
out

of

small

mizzenmast
the

be

stick

sewn

shape.

to

to
to
a

the

is square,

tent

the

to

sewn

is

the

after end

stick.
this

The

tent

stick.

bow, where

light

of

rope,

or

The

2x2ift., and
the
is

top, making

hung

seams,

the sides
the

the

by
from

Join

sides will

line
the

the roof,

be

drawn

COMPOSITE

'T^HE

CENTERBOARDS.

following plan

is iUustrated
The

sailing

of

canoes

frequently carried
fifty or
have

this

on

forms

been

side

of

built

excellent

most

especially if

latter

wharf.

makes

When

roll.

to

Acting

Stephens,
have

of

the

lower

part

first

made,

Qeorge

iron

i^^in. thick.

of the

This

makes

of fin.

and

iron

frames, -,Vi^*wide,

into

the lower

thus

-total

the

fully

loaded.

possess

The

board
I

with

making

when
to

part of

loaded

are

the

weight
gives

hope

carrying

power

I have

the

lead, and

board

new

Two

will,

of
a

light
to fit

These

pounds,

13

centerboard
I

is

of

made

are

weighs

then

the

sheet

centerboard.

the

each

of

weight

This

of

iron

bar

pounds.

28

long handles,

inside

of

and

in the

centerboard

hollow

P.

lead, in

with

riveted

is

canoe

W.

is concentrated

this
a

the

designed,

frame

it

box,

Mr.

by

me

by

water

helps

loaded

weighing

with

broken

49

think,

pounds

be

found

following advantages:
being

better

that

to

some

of the canoe,

out

and

skeleton
of

it has

but

centerboard

August,

side

each

frames

given

centerboard

on

the

centerboard

board.

on

total thickness

in

last

iron

and

about

part of the weight

greater

and

bobbing

hint

constructed

which

to lift in

housed

centerboards

lowered,

when

top-heavy weight,

on

at Lake

had

is

heavy

heavy

unhandy

fully

deal

good

similar

carry

ballast

It is

the

to

plate, weighing

chiefly 'Tearls/'

canoes,

Atlantic.

the

disadvantages.

Several

iron

England,

of

Club,

Canoe

of thick

centerboards

centerboard

Royal

the

sixty pounds.

recently

XVIII.

in Plate

of

construction

for the

ballasting
49

my
as

concentrated

pound

power
board

65-pound

iron

in the

bottom

with

less

will

give

plate

would.

of the centeractual
as

much

weight.
sail-

AMATEUR
The

]ead-]oaded

boosed

in the

BUILDING,

CANOE
board

will

the greater part of the

as

ballast

make

the

act

will

and

canoo,

not

135

weight is then

within

when

even

roll,as

canoe

6 inches

of the

line of the keel.

bottom
For

the

same

rightingthe
slipback

into the

the

across

when

canoe

slot

box

shipped in the event

When
sailingin
lead

can

Sin.

only.

shallow
the

board

lowered.

turningbottom
whole

the

water

in

lostead

of

beiog

lui-

up.
of the

the centerboard

it from

removing

button

weight

by lowering

keel

in

should

prevent the board

canoe

easier to handle
it

if the

been

not

will

of the

be got below

It is much

had

or

is afforded

help

capsized,even

deck

on

valuable

most

reason,

the

canoe

lift of 60

putting
heavy
13
of
first
then lift another
remove
lead,
pounds, you
pounds
13, and finish with a liftof 23 pounds.
When
a light centerboard
only is wanted, leave the lead
or

board.

on

This

at home.

will

In

the

shown

E,

at

comer

side

one

to

C,

but

doubles

back

gives

doubled

strain is.

and

removed,

of

sort

strength
dotted

The

as

frame

the

is welded

loop, and

at

line A

and
B

up

Bb,

shows

where
the

is

internal
to

to the top

M, continuing

to

across

board

is continued

It is not continued

L.

is taken

in

figure 1, the
to bring the

at

so

Startingat F,

to view.

thence

of
necessity

the

save

cases

drawing,

accompanying

with

economy

some

centerboards.

keepingtwo

man

in

one

at

the

to

N.

I, it
This

greatest

line of the

keel

portion of the frdme from

of bar iron i deep by ^in. thick.
M is made
E to about
off to an
E to L it is chamfered
From
edge, as shown
by
the line B R R, so as to cut the water
easily. A hook is
hooks
Where
to the king bolt.
welded
at P, which
on
on
the sheet iron

with

sheet

give a
The

is,the frame

iron"

uniform
sheet

Startingat P,
is level with

The

is lowered.

the board

when

is iin. thick; where

G, I, A, and

F to O"

not

covered

it is f thick, so

as

to

throughout.
by the lightly shaded
part.
and
G
where
Aa
to
it
edge passes H,

thickness
iron

is shown

its outer
the

outer

edge

of

the

centerboard.

It

con-

186
tinues
half

past
inch

an

along the
The

CBNTERBOARDR

COMPOSITE

C to L, whore

and

line B

to the

of the board

bottom

B.

jog inward

It follows
E

to near

and

chamfer

the
up

for

to P

again.

composed merely of the two

thicknesses of sheet iron, and is only an eighth of an inch
it approaches the bar
out
thick, except where it widens
as
for
L H.
This, while giving plenty of strength,gives room
the chain shackle
down
and
ing
weakenwithout
at 0
thinning
somewhat
the top-heavy
the frame, and it also reduces
comer

upper

weight of

L C

it takes

frame

the

at

riveted

shown, and

chamfered

correspond with

edges of

the

sharp edge. Figure

rivets.

made

the sheets

The

off from

chamfer

the

are

sheets of iron,

rivets as
copper
to D and D to E, to

by
L

frame.

of the

From

0 to L

brought togetherso as to
gives a full-sized section
which

frames

two

two

frame

the

to

the

the

These

comer.

"^^in.thick, are
are

is

contain

the

continue
of

at one

lead

are

of

the edge down

to iV,
on
ixi^^in.
iron, hammered
increases the thickness
at
slightly. They are shown
and
O.
The lead is held by pieces of
X, Y, Z,
B, T, U, V,

which

wire which

stout

lead is

poured

lines.

The

which

into them.

frames

terminate

K, working
below.

To

are

in
on

is

These

fitted with

eyes I and

J.

wires

are

long

it impossiblefor

the

The

the melted

shown

by

two

lead

dotted

Y I and

the eye J is

Above

by

upside down.

before

handles

bolt F, secured

This makes

the centerboard

above

riveted in the frames

are

O
a

jammed

nuts

to fall out

eyes I and

J,

ton
but-

if

J project

the deck.
take out the lead when

the board

is housed

in its box,

K, put your fingerin the eye J, and lift out

the forward
lead fiame, then by means
of the eye I, drag
aft
frame
the
forward, and lift it out.
turn

the button

BoBBBT
The

smaller sketch
with

the

same

is

Tyson, Toronto

Canoe

Club.

suggestion of Mr. King's,in

design.
a

nection
con-

DESCRIPTION

Plate
The
Mr.
for

P.

Cbuising

"

sheer, long
hatches,

deck

with

schooner,

and

boom

two

subsequently changed
model

The

lug.
in 1880

the

for
and

cruising,

them

putting

lines

on

paper

as

In

22.

45ft., with

cruising

as

explained
table

will

canoe

in

method

of

ing.
design-

on

given

racing,

it.

from

also

carry

was

general

one,

built

are

rig

as

designed

chapter

of offsets

the

to balance

was

preceding

in the

of 18 to 20, and

mizzen

II.

boats, and

and

The

later

been

fitted

rigged

jib.

I. and

the

same

was

was

and

have

of

this

and

the

canoes

and

dimensions

The
13 and

of

the

I. shows

Plate

Plate

purpose

number

sails

of mutton,

in

shown
same

leg

to

and

XVII.,

gaff

She

well, rudder,

to

Plate

Fig. 4,

in

shown

footgear

the

quite different,with

quarters.

hatch

sliding

nearly

were
was

full

built

by
being intended

of 1877-78,

model

and

bow

desi":ned and

was

dimensions

the

Blub."

"Jbbsby

winter

The

boat.

present boat, but

greater

Dame

in the

Stephens

PLATES.

Canoe

this

of

canoe

cruising

the

as

I.

first

W.

OF

on

pages

mainsail

of

mainsail

of

65 to 70 sq. ft.
Plate
This

II.

drawing

and

etc.

the

Blue,"

''Jersey

"

the

shows

general

Constbuction

of decks,

arrangement

construction

of

Dbawtng.

the

same

bulkheads,
and

canoe,

is

described

on

Plate
This
for

work

III.

on

can

small
can

be

River

"

rivers

and

be fitted with
screwed

on.

**Raritania."

Canoe,

designed by

was

canoe

flat keel, and

of wood

52-55.

pages

Mr.

W.

streams.
a

The

P.

Stephens
She

centerboard
floor

in

1882,

is built with
or

is flat,the

false

keel

keel

pro-

138

jecU

LBBCRIPTION
but

square.

iin.,and
On

side

each

on

the

and

these

to

OF

PLATE8,
oak

are

mahi

keel

bilge keels fin.

the

boat

rests

squarely,and
are

be dragged without
injury. Two sails
may
latter being the
used" either leg of mutton
or lateen,the

better.

Their

areas

Length 14ft.,beam
bow

8iin.,sheer

at

Half

15

be

may

and

80ft.

for

cruising.

27in.,depth amidships 9iin., sheer

of deck Sin.
stern ^in., crown

Breadths.

at

Heights.

1 1 f " I f
1 f '" '^ " "
M
1 1 1
I f I S

nil

i^

i^ S

is

oR S

pg

gggg^f'ysig
S g

'

HA

I-*

Jjj!_l_?_l_l
"

J.J_i_iJU_2.
g ^
g

ii ^
^

i"

"

"

^ g g "

"

I II

"

"

yu.

t-i.

t-k

t~k

"8

00

ee

"R
"

5 s

"
ii

i" ^
"

of

l^gyg^ggygg
--$

g""^^#

Googl^

DESCRIPTION

140

OF

TABLE

OF

OFFSETS

PLATES,

FOB

Half

OANOE

''DOT.*

Breftdtbs.

Diagonals.

K
Deck.

W.

L.

No. 8.

No.S.

A. B.

C. D

11
18-

I
The

keel,stem
streak, 5 planks on

and

stem

each

lin. thick;

are

ribs of oak, izfin., spaced 6in.

been

in the boat

made

the

necessary;
been

removed,

fore
the

as

Many

apart.
has

experience

planking (lap-

and

side),^in,; decks

hatches, ^in. ;

changes

have

them

to be

shown

by dotted lines,has
permanently fastened down,

bulkhead, shown

fore

hatch

Sin. of keel added, foremast

shifted

tube

larged from If

to

deck

below, replaced by

forward

2in.,the old steeringgear, with

and

en.

yoke

on

yoke below deck on a

vertical pivot,and
well entirelycovered
with
the elliptical
hatches changed to one
with
a
pointed, flaringcoaming,
with an
The
paddle used for several seasons
apron.
past
has been 9ft long.
and

one

Plate
The

Y."

Racing

racing rig of

the Dot

70ft. and

25ft.,the

largerof
DIMENSIONS

Sail

consists of
which
OF

"Dot."

the

of

two

is shown

balance
in Plate

Y.

BAIIiS.

Main.
Luff

6f t.

Leach

lues, of

;pin.

10ft, 9in.

Mizzen.
4ft.
6ft. 4In.

Foot

flft. 8in.

6ft.9in.

Head

7ft.

4ft. 4iii.

Tack

to

peak

8in.

18ft.

7ft. Sin.

Clewtothroat

10ft.

Area

TOsqft.

Battens

94in. apart

on

leach

and

221n.

on

7iii.

luff.

6ft. Sin.
SS sq.ft.

AMATEUR

CANOE

the sail is taut the

When

littlefurther
into

hooked

ring on

raisingthe yard

in to the mast,

forward
an

than

and

141

the

tack

hhi%

which

it leads to

seized to the boom

leads

through

hook

in the deck, and

The

hook

parrelse

on

made

fast to

which
a

it leads

block

abaft

boom

the

made

and aft of the mast, and

deadeyes,///,

mast, under

fast to the battens

in

when

place,hold

just forward

the sail in to tho

relievingthe masthead
reefinggear is rigged as follows

The

seized to the

the leach, is in two

line hf from

The

mast, and

and
mast, keeping it flatter,

are

near

to its cleats.

e, are

strain.

the

d, at

to the mast,

of the

a, is

cleat abreast the well.

just forward

the

end

halliard

parrel,"j, (the latter

of the mast) from

yard just forward
through a ring on the yard, thence through
mast
head, and down
through a ring lashed

close

the fore

The

the

the deck, from

is drawn

yard
throwing

it is shown.

the

on

eye

BVILDING.

boom

as

the

siderable
con-

Three

The

shown.

parts from

of

batten

reef
to the

deadeye, one part on each side of the sail. At the deadeye,

along the boom,
they unite into one part, leadingforward
through the middle deadeye, thence through the block f',on
This

fore reef line.

line g also

deadeye, and

down

runs

is then

each

lashed

side

of the

siDgle
A pull on the hauling part (the halliard being first
block e.
and batten snugly together,the
slacked away) brings boom
line is belayed to the cleat on the boom, and the middle reefpoints I hooked
together,or a third line may be added in
place of the points. A similar arrangement may be rigged
reef.
The points on
the batten, drawing down
a second
on
down
it is belayed when
reef is hauled
the halliard where
a
sail,through

marked

are

with

the proper

away
and

the

belayed.

to the boom.

A
On

colored thread, so the halliard

distance, made

fast,and

the

to

be slacked

can

the reef hauled

sling about 18in. long has

this a deadeye travels,to

both

ends

which

the

in

seized
sheet

is fastened.

Plate
The

VI.

"

Clyde

following descriptionof
was

furnished

by

Mr.

Cawob
the

C. G. Y.

*'Laloo."

Laloo, with

King,

of the

the

ings,
draw-

Clyde

C.

O., a well-koowD
builder. The

PLATES.

OF

DESCRIPTION

142

well

canoeist,as

designer and

amateur

as an

in many
respects from Americaa
been tried in competition with them.

designdiffers

models, and

has

never

It will be noticed

in

narrowed

planking,are

lines,which

the

that

show

the boat

allow

amidships to

inside of

the

to

spread in building.
Mr. King says:
Talking one evening over
a quiet pipe
with an old canoeing friend, Chailie Livingstone,of Liver
was
neces.
design of canoe
pool,we both agreed that a new
and
if not actually promoting canoeing,
sary (toour ideas),
it would

give us

new

some

sketching free-hand

to work

the idea of

hit upon

canoe

experience in
designs,and
having very

the floor well forward,

bow

which

fine.

aim

to build

was

be the stiffestunder
We

dry seaboat.
drawing are
To

time

at the same

Our

to

as

would
a

or

do not

set

we

of time

course

full lines aft,carrying

basis of

give the
as

if it

full

extra

were

that would, for her size,

canoe

succeeded.

in

look

under

sail,quickest

the inside

those who

so

So

canoes.

paddle, and a good

lines of accompanying

The

skin lines.

understand

what

that

means,

few

explain. The principal dimensions of the canoe

are:
Length, 16ft. ; beam, Sl^Jn.; depth from inside of garboards to top of top-streakamidships, ll|in.; depth of keel,
includingmetal band, 2^in. In settingup the frames it is a
lin. less beam
at most
wise thing to cut them
amidship
than beam
finished,as the thickness of the
requiredwhen
will

words

planks each
dead

side has to be allowed

down

screwing
drawings give

to

The

lines A

The

plan.

waterlines

The

8, 6, 6, 7.
is

Shadow
lies over
The

or

cross

what

has too

sheer

and

are

is almost

removed

plan, a body plan

B in all three

vious
pre-

midship

buttock

are

and

deck

lines. The

in the

sections in

body and deck plans by 1.,

body and deck plans by 1, 2,

section is somewhat

the writer knows

much

tie beams

the boat

the deck.

indicated

are

2,,8,,4" and
what

after the

certain to fall out

for, and

tumble

as

home

different from

the Shadow
and

loses

model.

as
stability

The
she

to a breeze.

Laloo

has her

greatest beam

at the

gunwale,

and

has

CANOE

AMATEUR
from

tumble

no

waterline

her

from

143

thereby increasingher stability

deck, and enabling her to carry an
sail power
He
is
by calculution

to stem,
to her

of

amount

extra

bow

BUILDING.

sail.

last.
bal5S sq. ft.,and she is able to carry that spread without
She can carry safelyfor racing purposes
114 pounds
she can
of lead, and with that amount
carry 85 sq. ft.sail.
The

style of

best

sail to have,

sail with

the batten

in
especially

running reefing gear,

the canoeist to reef his sail close down

without

exertion

more

arranged for

while

hauling

than

on

waters, is

which
under

enables
way,

cord

and

specially

the purpose.

Laloo's

The

Scotch

rig is one lug sail of

cruisingor racing, and

handy size for

pounds placed at
ger.r, and

fore end

is a
sq. ft.,which
70 pounds of lead, 40

65

in front

of well

of the foot-steering

80

come

at
pounds placed aft the slidingbulkhead
To those who
might contemplate building
craft
few
over-all
a
dimensions
of deck fittings
a
might
in handy. Lengt.hover
bow
from
to
all,
sternpost,16ft. ;

from

bow

aft end

such

of well.

to center

of mast

step, 2ft. lOin. ; from center of

fore end of well
of well, 4ft. ; from

step to fore end

mast

to aft end

of well, 3ft. 5iin. from

aft end

of well to aft end

of hatch, 1ft. 6iin. ; from aft end of hatch to sternpost,4ft.;

of well at aft end,
width of well at fore end, 1ft. ; width
/.ft.; width
locker

of locker

hatch

fore end, 1ft. Sin. ; width

of
aft end, 1ft. lin. ; height of well coaminpcs,

at

l^in.; diameter

hatch

of mast

head, liin., height of

studying these

lines and

craft,the difference

by

those

who

saw

at

at

deck, 2iin.; diameter

mast

comparing

will be very
the

deck, 10ft.

from

canoe

them

marked.

under

with

It

of
To

those
was

construction

mast

at

anyone
of other

predicted
that

she "

She
heavy drag aft,but such is not the case.
with
and leaves it without
enters the water
perfect sweetness
when
a ripple even
running before a good breeze in a
and sail-carrying
Her
leave no
calm
stability
sea.
powers
loophole for adverse criticism. To Mr. Livingstone is all
for insistingon
the credit due
carrying out and building
She is easy to padthese strange lines for a canoe
to have.
dle
considering her 81iin. beam, and her stowage capacity

would

have

OF

DBSCBIPTION

144

iB most

for

ample

long

PLATB8,

She

cruise.

is

down

perfectly
open

water-tight bulkheads, but has

instead probably India rubber
air bags fitted to her shape
(beforedeck is screwed down at bow and stem). These bags
will be about a couple of feet long, and
be inflated at
can
than enough, buoyancy to float the canoe
will,and have more
below, fore and aft; has

no

full of water, and

when
At

it and
made

of well

aft end

the

for

with

her

is

of two;

crew

tent a comfortable

oouch

Plate

be obtained

Sail

H,

Plan

in

by

moving
re-

be

can

room

cruising alone

when

can

VIL"

hatch-lid

the

or

and

slidingbulkhead,

folding back

board.

on

crew

withaut

few

seconds.

"Laloo."

of

of "0 sq. ft. ; the first reef has 16 sq.

ft. for a close reef
ft. ; second reef, 15 sq. ft. ; leaving 29 'sq.
when
Figure 1 is a full sail plan,showing all
blowing hard.
This

the

sail has

an

area

halliard

blocks

being complicated. A

without

rigging necessary

and

at masthead

block for

toppinglift;K
J S, jackstay;M
H, main

foot

of

mast;

main

are

is double

to secure

singlesmall block for jackstay;

halliard;T L, topping lifts" one
side of sail ; B, reefingbattens; R, reef points; RC,
reef cord; R C 3, after reef cord; P, loop and toggle
lower end of topping lift;C, cleat to receive R C

2 when

reef is hauled

on

each

forward

parrel on

"

is fastened

the block

is at

strain

on

boom; when

S and

main

on

to mast

block.

so

on

that

each

it won't

bag

2 illustrates

yard so

T at the throat is
which

passes

free

toggle on

deadeye or block,
lying close hauled
helps to distribute

block

is at fore

in the water.

are

with
on

the

large scale

how

to

which
then

to fasten
a

The

the oppositeside of the mast,

passes round
yard and sail are, is reeved through block B on

through

block

at

masthead,

then

down

eler.
trav-

yard through

of the halliard.

then

O, jack

services of
the

of

sail close up
W

the

end

mast.

"

wind.

loop fastened
the end

parrelsto keep

dispense with

to

as

When

of S, and

running
not drag
batten

runs

sheet.

the after end

Figure

halliard to

which

on

main

sheet does

and

boom

down.

boom,

to which

is

liard
halfrom

yard,

to block

at

AMATEUR
foot and

"ANOE

BXIILDING.

145

topping lifts are toggled

to boom
so as to he easilydespatched when
spinnaker is to he
hoisted, spinnaker head lying ready to be fastened to either
the other topping lift remaining in its place.
as required,
The
jackstay is rigged on the outside of the sail, so that
sail is lowered
when
the triangularpart at boom, T Z, prevents
the deck on the one
the sail from floppingover
side,
mast

while

prevents it on

the mast

the

masthead

the

sail

for

the writer

shown

at the back

and

wherever

handiest

several

brass rod at

plans by which

to work

back, and

at the

is

here

one

Let

the best.

the first reef all round.

follow

is secured

are

is

"instantaneously."The

has found

the cord

the other.

fly. There

reefed

be

can

The

to cleat.

thence

start

us

One

end

of

through brass
sail where
sewn
on
shown, then through
rings -^ diameter
block at luff of first batten, then through block in line of
to a deadeye at mast
foot,then to cleat
mast, then down
looked
and

on

Then

owner.

in

Rig cord

to.

cleat

for

the

at boom.

the after part has to be

startingat the clew

gives a very handy plan for
squall while racing. When

same

This

rove

way,

reefing quickly if caught in a

the squall has passed slack out reef cords and hoist yard at
For a good, deliberate reef while cruising
it would be
once.
reef points as
well to tie down
weU, as the extra time it
It is a capital plan to have all blocks
takes is not wasted.
for

about

use

deck,

so

the

that when

one

rigging can

sail and

fastened

mast

the mast

to

ashore

comes

be removed

to

and

and

to the

not

dismantle, the mast,

returned

without

the

"!"
always re-rigs:ing.
to^be
Laloo
The
sailed without
a mizzen,
was
designed
although an aft sail is of great service in mostly all weather.

bother

of

Plate
For

VIII.
the

ones,

and

Boat

Nautilus

"

Raging

drawings of this
and

the

canoe

Sailing." This

Powell, for open

as

canoe,

yawls, we
canoe

and

was

well
are

Cruising
as

Canoe.

the two

indebted

to

ing
follow*

'Yacht

designed by Mr. Baden-

cruising and for racing under the

objects in view were
sleepingroom,
and
lines
Centerboard
of platc"iron,
draft.
good sailing
light
R. C. C, rules.

The

water

main

88 llML

PLATEB.

Length, 14ft. ; beam, dSin. ; depth amidship,14iiD.;

sheer at bow,
AA"

OF

DE8CRIPTI0N

146

Mast

7}in.; do.

keel,lin.

D" Fore
O-Centerboard.
Headledges.
F" Footyoke.
pipes to compartment.
of
I" Hauling up gear
centerboard.

BB"

tubes.

5iin.; draft,7m.

at stem,

B"
bulkhead, with door.
G" Deckyoke.
H -Handle

Drain
of

hatch.
Lr"After
K" Fore hatch.
cleats.
boards.
O" FloorAfter
bulkhead, with door.
for paddling.
S" Sheer for rudder tridngline.

centerboard.
J" Rack
M" Seat
for paddUng.
P" Backboard

for
N"

Half

Breeulths.

Ml
n

Depths.

it

g
3

f
i
"u

i-i

jg

jg

00

" S f
i^
CO

\JT

ct

lO

g:

i(^

":
"

ilK i^

_^

.S

a"

;ig

is;

^ ^

"

Ol

t(^

;^

iS_^_"_^
i^
.o

g
"

t^

y
or

O)

g:

'

o"

i^
g"

a"

"o

g^
^g

The

sails are

two

g g

s;

balance

lugs of

95 and

25sq. ft.

148

DESCRIPTION
Plate

This

canoe

bat in the
canoes,

th( m

of Muntz
thick.

own

metal,

been
class.

the

Length

sheer at bow

No.

Canos

6.

only

not

gigs,boats much

remarkably

successful

She is fitted with

forward

one

of 68

two

being

14ft., beam

7in., at stem

with

canoes,

largerthan
both

with

centerboards

pounds, being fin.

sail carried is 105ft. in mainsail, and

in mizs'^n, the latter

boom.

PLATES.

designedto compete

she has

her

The

X.--Pbarl

of the Thames

races

and

and

was

OF

about

40ft.

rollingon the
SSin., depth amidships, 14in.,

fitted to reef, by

4in.

AMATEUR
Plate

This
New

canoe

York

XI."

C.

Association
The

Ambricait

of

boats

in the club

the
and
and

races.

in

for

Canoe.

similar dimensions

in

America,

the

properly,the

details from

some

the

length on waterline,with
and

Obttibing

149

designed by Mr. W. P. Stephens, of

C, for general cruisingabout New
York,

design differs

conmion

BUILDING.

was

also 'iXisail with

'

CANOE

as

the type heretofore

being plumb to gain the

little over
all length as possible;
well as
as
to hang the rudder

stem

same

reason,

stern

is vertical

above

waterline, while

the

boldly away into a rocker of 2in. in the

keel, by which ease in turning is secured; there is no sharp
keel to dig in the mud
when
launching stem on, and there
is no
deadwood
outside to warp,
or
as
large
they
scag
do.
The
section
little
has a
always
midship
deadrise, as
below

it is rounded

the boat is intended

under
sides
the

boat

bottom
open

are

the

to

carry

floor; the

ballast,for which

bilge has

an

home.
straightwirh no tumble
are
nearly straight,with veiy
than
i" usual
resembling more

Canadian

centerboard

boats.

either of

The

keel

room

is provided

easy turn, and the

of
The waterlines

slighthollow,
in

is wide

our

and

canoes,

the
the

flat,for

plate iron or of the foldingvarieties,

and
projectsonly ^in. outside of the garboards. This
is a little deeper amidships than
is usual, with
less
canoe
to the deck.
sheer, and a high crown
The
movable
is placed 8ft. Sin. from the bow,
bulkhead
and shapes aft,giving an
easier positionto the body than
when
vertical.
The
after bulkhead
is placed 9ft. 9in. from
is fitted so as to be watertight up to the top
the bow" and
of the coaming, which
aft 15in. further,the bulkhead
runs
the thickness
of the hatches,above the
or
projecting-f^in,,
On
the
of
this
is screwed
bulkhead
a stripof
coaming.
top
flatbrass d, Ain. thick (seePlate XVIII.) and wide enough to
is
thus, if the bulkhead
projectfin. on each side of the latter;
iin. thick, the brass should be IJin. The cuddy hatch h
is Vein, thick, flat,with
from
the
and extends
no
crown,
fore side of the bulkhead
to the shiftingbulkhead, and may
projecta littleover the latter. In width it extends fin. over

DESCRIPTION

150
the

coaming

each

on

be nailed to it,the
should

grain

run

strengthenedby
fore and

aft.

The

as-well

meet

at the

Both

to
a

the under

is made

side,running

in

similar

ner,
man-

fin.,with a piece across the

The side piecesof both hatches

jointshftwn.
turn

flat brass

on

riveted to thu brass

are

with

fastened

after hatch

the sides.

on

hatches

which

and

as

screwed

aft of the well

but extends
end

PLATES,

side,aHowing side piecesiin. thick to

latter extending down
to the deck.
The
the
hatch
be
athwartship, and
may

batten

OF

hooks

and

hingeswith

The

deck,

on

screwcyes

brass

the hatches

strip,and

or

pins,
be

may

with

hasps

hatch

is

both

hatches, covering the strip

cuddy
opened by
forward, each when open lying flat
The
side pieces,reaching to the deck,
on
top of the other.
and the brass strip,if not perkeep out any spray or waves,
fectlymade
be
of
rubber
a
so
strip
water-light,
by
may
padlocks.

while

the after one

cloth

Sin. wide

and

its

turns

tacked

joints. Of

all water

turning it aft,

to

neither

course

of these

batches

will

keep
dryer

capsized,but they will be much

ordinary deck hatches, they cannot be lost or left
the
behind,
cuddy hatch is quickly turned over out of the
easilyopened and shut and cannot
drop off
way, they are
and
allow the contents
to fall out if capsized,while being
be made
flat,they can
as aU
very strong and will not warp
out

when

the

than

hatches

curved
Now

do.

make

after

water-tight. The coaming

inside wiU
be probably 2iin. deep or
little more, and
a
its lower
cround
the bulkhead, a
edge, as well as across
beading made of four stripsg, g, each iin. square, is screwed
strongly,and on this beading is laid a small tube or band of
The
inner hatch "; is a board
soft rubber.
fin. thick, with
side to prevent warping, and is
battens
the under
on
two
inside
the coaming, restingon the
largeenough to fit neatly
to

tube

rubber
beam
brass

or

washer.

is used, of

thumbscrew/

thick at the ends.

the

the

coandng

to

oak

To

hold

lin. square

passes
It is lin.

the

one

this hatch
at

and

through,
longer than

bulkhead.

the

This

down,

middle,
lin. wide

the distance
beam

a
T^

cross

here

by fin.
between

slipsinto

two

AMATEUR

CANOE

BUILDING,

151

in

bulkhead, and one in the coaming at after end

of well, at such
a
height that it can be slippedin freely,
the hatch c is in place,when
when
of the
turns
a couple of
thumbscrew
/ brings the hatch down firmly on the rubber.
this inner
is a flat board, and is completely prohatch
As
tected
from sun and water, it cannot
hatches
as
exposed
warp
do, and it is so covered by the outer hatch, that no water
notches,

one

reach

can

it unless

As

water.

the

boat

quickly worked, the outer

over, making a flat table on
is turned

the thumbscrew

in the

and

the

hatch

hatch, thus
made

lanyard

the curved

folding flat on
not

should

have

and

opened
with

and

thumbscrew

hatch

into

run

may
latter
and
the

the

on

other

is less ful
gracehand
it can
be

like

socket

small

pin. The fore end

beading to prevent

Plate

AVlII.

shows

opened,

side views

closed, and

details of

crossbeam

parts.

but

after hatch

the outer

lay articles in packing,

not

over

into the welL

with

turned

that the flat hatch

tilleris used, it will fit ia

hatch

and

warp, and will certainlybe dryer,

when
top, it takes little room
opened.

while

fastening and

long explanationit

the beam,
attaching
but
long enough to allow
inside,
off,will prevent either being lost,so

one,

stronger, it will

The

be made

much

If

to

twice, the

detached

no

objectionmay

than

the

the

fast

lifted

be

to

that there will be

Tbo

which

all is open.

level with

masts

is unhooked

hatch

is

socket

her

in spiteof
simplicity,

for

lifted out, aud

has

vertical section

and

beam

the

of the
any

view

from

through

cuddy

water

with

and

thumbscrew

whiffletree

ning
run-

above,

the

same

the center,

brass-covered

joint.
With
devoted
be

this

division

of

boat, the

the

clothingand

bedding, extra
kept dry, usually the lighterportion

forward
heavier
The

to

will be stowed
articles until
masts

canoeists, and

the

mess

proper

trim

after

end

articles which
of the

will

be

must

load, while

chest, cooking traps, and

is obtained.

stepped according to the latest practice of

if it were
not for the necessity of sometimes

are

while afloat,it would

be better to
unstepping the mainmast
place it 9in. further forward, or 15in. from the bow, and for

racing it sbould
size,2in.

same

be used
may
cf the new

be

PLATES.

placed. Both

so

and

at deck

in

forward

1^
high

tabes

bottom,

at

that the

so

The

winds.

of fh"

shown

are

rodder

mizzen
be

may

drop form, or of fin. mahogany, and will

tain
quickly oft from the watcrline, so that it will not re-

curve

weeds
The
differ
be

OF

DESCRIPTION

153

so

or

lines which
bulkhead

forward
so

much

is not

in their ideas
to leave

placed as
being made

drift under

may

as

it.

shown,

as

to its proper

it and

7ft. between

canoeists

now

It may
after bulkhead,

place.
the

be omitted
tightas possible,or it may
air tanks being used instead.
entirely,
The rig for cruising will be about 50 and 20 ft.,and for
racing,70ft. in the mainsail and about 25 in mizzen.
is recommended
The following construction
as being the
will
fastened
and
be strong
best,andif properly
light.8tem and
knees with proper grain lin. thick (sided);
stem, hackmatack
keel %t white
oak fin. thick (iin.outside, ^in. for rabbet^
width at center 2in. outside and 8in. inside.
and iin.inside);
keel batten
will be needed, the entire rabbet
No
being
The
will
in the keel.
be
of
clear
worked
white
planking
laid
with
cedar m,
thick,
fin. lap, the lands outside being

rounded

down

as

at

ends.

the

The

upper

streak, shown

in

plans,will be of mahogany, fin. thick, and should be of

This
streak will be rabbeted
its
on
strong, tough wood.
The
lower
the streak below.
ribs
edge, lapping fin. over
will be of white oak stave timber ixfin.,spaced Sin. apart,
from gunwale to gunwale, except at the
each running across
trunk.
ends and abreast the centerboard
extreme
They are
the

fastened

with

copper

nails cut

off and

copper tacks, except at the extreme

point of a canoe, especiallythose with
not

of the bottom,

which

in this boat

ends.

over

The

burrs,
weakest

flat keels, is the middle

is stiffened

by

the floor

placed on each alternate

fin. thick, and deep
rib, are of oak, or better,hackmatack
be
enough to raise the floor 2 or 2iin. They will of course
and
will
fit
the rib on
straighton top, where the floor lies,
fastened
with
slim
the lower side.
long,
They are
copper
riveted
and
side
the
ribs,
on
nails,through the laps
upper
ledgesz

e, Plate II.

These, which

riveted

are

of the

CANOE

This

construction

ledge.
the

than

AMATEUR

of

use

thicker

BUILDING.
is both

stronger and lighter

The

keel.

153

decks

^ill

of

be

mahogany iin.thick, and will be screwed to the upper edge

of the gunwale, which
takes the place of the inner wale and
beading, making a strong, light top. The general arrangement
of deck frame and coaming has been fullydescribed on
pages
In

52-58.

the inside below

decks is painted
finishingthe canoe
inside of well, and
entire outside is yarnished, and
a
gold
stripefin. wide is laid along the mahogany upper streak ^in.
from the lower edge. This gold stripeshould be slightly
below
the surface of the streak, to protect it, a "cove"
or
groove
being ploughed to receive it ( Plate XVT.).
Plate

Perhaps

boat taxes

no

than

modern

qualitiesto combine
narrow

task

as

canoe,

in

there

boat, and

the

Such

canoe

many

conflicting

is

very

difficultas

draft,but

expected
points to others

should

the designer

whole, within

be

can

desirable

sacrificing
many

so

it is still harder

single canoe,
best that

are

harmonious

one

skill of

severelythe

more

limits of size,weight and

is with

Canoe.

XII."- Tandem

with
a

still

the

double

compromise,

tant.
impor-

more

ment
have, first,sufficient displace-

of average weight with their

easilytwo men
for both men
ing
to sit in comfort, allowstores; secondly,room
around
and stretch the legs; third, room
to move
room
for their stores and clothing;fourth,a foot-steering
gear by
also
either can steer.
which
Such a boat is usuallyintended
if required,to accomplish which
to be paddled by one
man,
to

no

float

greater length is admissible

and

16ft. both

than

on

account

increased

weight.
for a long cruise,where
much
If the boat is intended
gage
lugof 82in.
be carried, a length of 17ft. with a beam
must
be better, but the same
would
plans may be used, laying
the sections 29iD. apart in the working drawing,
down
of handiness

and

placing the
the

the

beam

the

heights at

moulds
boat

stem

may
and

at

the

be
stem

distance.

same

made

lin.

being

the

To

increase

deeper amidships,
same

; then

when

timbered, bat

and

planked
deck

OF

PLATES.

before

patting

DESCRIPTION

154

be

the sides may

tube.

A.

Floorboards.

i.

Middle

a.

Mainmast

h.

Fore

c.

Slides for steerins gear.

Jb. After

d.

Fore

I.

Door

m.

After

bulkhead.

hatch.

Backboards.

e".

/.

Bhding hatch.

g.

Footgear

for after man.

TABLE

OF

inches.

I...
U

No.l.
W.L.

Deck.

or

out
with-

hatch.
hatch.
in bulkhead,

n.

Mizzen

o.

Rudder

bulkhead,
mast

tubes,

lines.

OFFSETS.

Half

Helffhts

inches

two

apart
sprung
the
lines.
of
fairness
the
affecting
beams,

in bulkheads

Breadths.

No. 8.
W.L.

L.W.L.

DiaiT.1. Diag.2.

la'*

)n

IV.
v..

16
15

12JI

14

10

18

6"

VI.

Distance
To

from

fore

mainmast,

side of stem:
Mi2zen

8ft.

bulkbead,

Fore

To

2ft. Oin.

end of weU, 6ft.

Slidhig bulkhead, 8ft.
Fore

Sections
measured

rabbet

18ft.

After

bulkhead, 12ft.

After

bulkhead,

27iin. centers, waterlines

from

bulkhead,

6in.

Sin.

12ft.

apart, heights

line at

midships, planking ^in.lap of

planks fin.,timbers -i^xfin.,
spaced 6in.,keel, stem and stem
sided lin.,keelson or keel batten -}\x2in.,deck ^in.
A yoke is provided on the afterside of the slidingbulkhead,
that the after man
so
steer, while another styleof foot
may
in the body plan, is fitted to the slides forward,
gear, shown
which
be used either by the forward
can
man
or
by a man
In the latter case
who
is sailing alone.
the hatch
is
%
removed
fore

and

edge

closed

stowed

of hatch

with

painted,and

below, the bulkhead

k, and

canvas

fits down

the

opening
This

cover.
over

the

shifted aft to the

at after end

cover

coaming

is made
and

the

of the well
of duck,

edge

of the

DEaCRIPTION

156

is lashed

and

The
the

mizzen

leads to

Tbe

mizzen

and

also

mizzen

in

terminates

crowfeet

allowed

XIV."

Canvas

canvas

XV."

on

is of the

fishingon

of the

sail),

ends.

The

in it.

111-114.

pages

of

for

pleasure boat
Full

rivers.

details

ing
row-

given

are

115-122.

pages

Plate

XVI."

Rowikq

Sailiko

and

Boat.

designed for sailingin a small bay, where

distance the
frequently happens that after sailing some

This
it

wind

boat

dry

was

falls and

keep

to

and

Her

it is necessary

her in

ready
length

over

to her

iron, and
handle

removed
of oak

the

It is of oak

top.

mast

for

This

when

is

desired

be

always

aft when

1ft.Sin. , at stem
which
as

bolted

1ft. 4in.

is rather
much

out

long,
of the

through with ^in.

liftingrod of fin. brass, with

rod is so hinged as to turn down
a

the board

stepped
This

rowiog.
8x2iin. at deck,

might

4ft.,draft

thwarts, and

two

well be.

top of the trunk

The

1ft.,at bow

is fitted with

at the

that she

depth, the centerboard,

entirely under
as

home, and it was

all is 18ft., beam

Owing
way

row

required.

when

use

lOin., freeboard

it can

to

in order

boathouse

for

loaded

is

of the well,

Rowboat.

ordinary type

lakes and

sheet

Oahob.

building are given on

canoe

Plate
boat

lower

hang

to

after

mizzen

The

the

on

and

be lowered

Details of

and

ride.

near

the

near

the

on

Plate

This

cleat

deck

single block

coaming on the port side

toppingliftis doubled (on both sides

may

jackstay,

the

on

through

belayed to

the starboard

on

cleat

is

cleat

leads

halliard

the

the well

of

end

lowering

toppingliftand

tbe

leads direct to

mast, and

lashe"l to the

In

the boom.

saO,

of the

fallingoverboard.

tack

and

mast,

portsideoutside

the

sail,it lies in

prevent its

which

PLATES,

just above

to tLe mast

setting the

or

leads down

masthead,

at the

OF

in

is up, being held by

tabernacle
so
as to be

tabernacle

above

which

a
on

ton.
but-

easily
pieces
they projectliin. At
is made

of two

AMATEUR
the bottom
is

they

CANOE
Fecured

are

BUILDING.

to

heei of the

mortise for the

oak

an

157

step, in which

mast

mast, and

at deck

they are
let into a piece of board 5in. wide, running athwartship,and
the mast to the bow
screwed firmly to each gunwale. From
is laid which, with
of iin.mahogany
its framing,
a deck
holds the tabernacle
firmly,and prevents any strainingof
a

forward

The

the boat.

side of the tabernacle

is closed from

the step up to within Sin. of the deck, so that the mast

will
when
not slip forward
being stepped. The heel is slipped

tabernacle,the mast raised up, fallinginto the step,

brass
the
catch, pivoted at one end, is thrown
across

into the
and

and

after side at deck

sail is

The

shown.

fastened
a

with

balance

of the thumb

turn

lug, fitted with

nut

batten:

one

Foot, 18ft. ; head, 9ft. 6in. ; luff,6ft. ; leach, 14ft. 6in. ; tack
to

peak,

15ft. ; clew

9in.

"2ft.

The

The

throat, I3ft. Sin.

on

leach ; mast

; batten

at

above

deck, Sin. ;

boom

at

head,

which

it is

heel to truck, 13ft. Sin.

in

is square

mast

round.

luJZ,8ft.

on

l^in.; mast,

to

the

tabernacle,above

of tbe sail is cut with

head

round

of 9in.,the

yard being bent to fit it. The sail is hoisted by a halliard

running through a strap on the yard Just aft the mast, and
it
Below
hooking into a similar strap forward of the mast.
block
brass
snatch
heel
the
of the mast,
on
is led through a
and
The

aft to

cleat

the trunk, within

on

tack is

through

splicedto the
bullseyelashed

to a cleat on

the

easilytaken

from

cannot

be done

keel

the

with

of the helmsman.

Just forward

boom

of mast, leads

abaft the mast, and

to boom

after side of

reacn

the

mast.

The

down

sail may

be

mast

and

stowed, for rowing, which

boom

and

gaff sail.

of white oak, the

former

The
sided

stem, stem

l^in.,the
Iin.
The planking is
latter sided 4in. outside and moulded
of white cedar, lapstreak,i^in.thick, the upper streak being
ribs are
The
of fin.mahogany.
f x^in.,spaced 9in.,being
and
the
to
plank
copper riveted,the thwarts
Jogged down
rudder
15in.
wide, of Iin. mahogany,
are of fin. mahogany;
tiller and
fitted with
yoke. The gunwales, of oak, are
The sides of the
Ixl^in. at midships and Ixfin. at ends.
trunk, which is covered on top, are of dry white pine,liin.
and

are

two

158

DESCRIPTION

At bottom

and

stripof

canton

fastened

with

fin. at top.
flannel well

fin. brass

ballast is of graTol" in
Half

"-

19

They

are

Depths.

fTi
s. s. s

III
s

tit
IFI

^ ^ ;S

s-j
jp^ y

^_

jR

1^

oK

M^

oK

OB

tys

QP^

oK

I
?

"

i^

ws

oK

off^

g^'

the keel" a

laid between,

outside of keel.

from

80-pottndcanvas

'^

set fiat on

painted being

screws

Breadths.

PLATES.

OF

g ^
5 f
^ ;^

bags.

and
The

AMATEUR

XVIL"

Platb
The

by Com.

sail of the

result

Oliver.

of the Stoddard

by

for

time

come

the sail

and

sail,from

to find

somewhat

by Mr. S.

used

Oliver

Com.

have

described,

now

sail resembles

made

fitted

was

This

Albany,

their work, river Baling

to

being

Gear,

of

C,

haye labored

Alatantis,as
it

but

C.

sail unsuited

lug
and
cruising,and
something better, the

159

Sail"Stbbrikg

Mohican

the

the balance

devised

BUILDING.

MomcAN
of

members

found

CANOE

without

the

R.

dard,
Stod-

edge
knowl-

any

the idea of

which, however,

reefinggear was afterwards taken.

In shape the sail is an ordinary balance
lug, cut off at the
firstreef, thus leaving a short luff,and one batten above
the
The
sail is hoisted by a halliard ef,which
boom.
is practically

the

with

continuous
made

fast to

through

block

snatch

masthead, thence

through

brass

block

ring

ring n, lashed

",

runs

mast,

down

and

The

on

returns

downhaul

through rine:son
The

it leads

block

deck,

at

brass hook.

halliard is

thence

yard, through

block
a

The

e.

the

on

the

c on

through a
^\ ending in

is fast to the batten

downhaul

the

the

sail to

reef

lines// are
double, one on each side of the sail,running through block
is also part
the boom, and uniting in a singleline,which
on

brass

of e,

to the

mast.

that the three lines from

so

two

batten

to boom

at

middle,

after ends

reallyrun through n, as a singleline,the

the halliard hooks, ODly
small ring in the bight, into which
serving to equalizethe pull.
is held to the mast by a brass jaw g^ above and
The boom
fore and

below

which

are

leather

collars

(7,which

prevent the

risingor falling,and render a tack line unnecessary.

be used on
the batten, ctr a Jaw h.
The tension
A parrelmay
halliard
and
lines
reef
obtained
the
is
the
line
on
on
by
all is hauled taut.
block j, by which
To set the sail the jaws are placed around
the mast {g
the collars C C), the bight of the halliard,
being between
block c, the downnext the ring is slipped into the snatch
haul and reef lines e f are
passed through ring n, and the
into the ring. Now
the block
end of the halliard hooked
boom

160

DESCRIPTION

PLATES,

OF

aft and its line

is drawn

belayed,putting a tension on the

halliard and downhaul.
The sail is now
ready to hoist. It
will be Been
that the halliard,with block m, always remains
the mast; in stowing the latter the blocks' is cast off,
on

leavingthe halliard

free.

halliard to which

and

slackingaway
.

the other

the sail down.

To

The

to

is hauled

little brass

clutch, k,

cam

deck, the halliard d being slipped into it.

Jam the cord as it pullsforward, but a pull

release
instantly

it.

Foot

fiffc.eta.

Head

IQft.

Leach

12ft. 61n.

Luff

8ft.
12ft. 6iii.

Tack

to peak

aew

to throat

Total

area

"f t. KMn.

fiSft.

Beefed

For

the

the

roller will

aft will

reef,that part of

attached

prevent this

aft,thus
time taking in
part, and at the same
ends to coil away
or belay. It js
the halliard will slipa little,
letting

neatly,with no
in practice that

is screwed

take in

/are

the reef
found

To

8^^t.

of steeringgears,
description

Plate

XVIII."

See page

Canob

see

Hatches

pages

128-182.

and

Fittikgb.

149.

Plate

Although

the

XIX. "Canoe

ordinary canoe

from

Yawx.
its small

size is unfitted

surpassed for safety,

and those qualities
requiredin a cruisingboat. Plate XVIII.
ing
size largerthan a canoe
shows
a boat one
designed for cruisand also for racing with
small boats, and
plates XIX.
signed
The canoe
similar boats.
and XX
show
yawl Gassy was defor many

waters, its model

and

Dixon

with

the

wen,

the

by

Mr.

be

G. F. Holmes, for

use

on

the Humber

following are taken from

Kemp's "Yacht and Boat Sailing." She is fitted
devised by Mr. Tred"
tabernacle
and centerboard
latter of 70 pounds being all the ballast used with

This

River.
Mr.

built

cannot

designwith

the two

Google.

CANOE

AMATEUR

161

BUILDING.

cruisiDg rig, but sandbags are carried in racing,about 100

be placed 2in.
thwart
forward
The
can
pounds being used.
below the gunwale for rowing, or about 6in. above the bottom
for sailing. The rigincludes two balance lugs as in a canoe,
with

tiller.

deck

14ft.

Length
Beam

8ft.

Depth midships

1ft.

5in.

stem

Sheer,

to after

Bow
^

to fore

4ft.

of trunk

to after

end

of trank

Bow

to after

end

of well

Bow

to

Area,

mainsail"

Area,

mizzen

Length of

6in.

cruising

60-70 sq. ft.

ISsq.ft.
181n.
8ft".

oars

cut

1ft. 61n.

is described

Plate

XX."

Vital Spark is of

2ft. 2in. draft.

Oln.

Oft

racing:

of rudder

smaller

lift.

120 sq. ft.

of tabernacle

Length

The

7ft.

rowlocks

Area, malnsafl"

The

8ft.

side of tabernacle
end

Bow

Width

4in.

llJl^

Sheep, bow

Bo

iln.

on

page

Canob

canoe

23.

Yawls.

model, 18ft. long, 5ft. beam,

She is carvel built,with

fin. planking, keel

neath,
4icwt of lead undermiddle, li
and an equal amount
of lead inside.
The sail plan is that of a similar boat, the Viper, whose
in the drawing; she is 20ft. long,
sheer plan and rig are shown
Deck
.beam 5ft. 5in.,depth to gunwale amidships, 2ffc.6in.
with
has
of 5in., and is of light wood
covered
crown
a
Her keel has
19cwt., 2qrs., 191b8. of lead, with
canvas.
2cwt., Iqr.,181bs. inside,and an iron keelson of 75 pounds.
The depth of keel is 1ft. 9in., and the total depth 8ft. 4in.
The
rig is a convenient one for small boats, as jib and
mizzen
be used together in strong winds, the mainsail
may
The
as
Viper, as shown, carries a staysail,
being stowed.
well as jib,and a small gaff trysail.
sided

Bi

at

at

ends, with

DB80BIPTI0N

163

XXL"

Plate
The
small

but

on

Mersey

canoes

canoes,

and

more

or

great to

Lead

consists of two

ballast is stored

lugs,main

for

used,

are

of the

general cruising,
are:
Length 17ft.,

as

the

beam

is too

deck

and

well is similar to

under

the

floors.

mizzen, the

and

out

grown

dimensions

6in.,depth 2ft. Oars

admit of paddling. The

canoe.

have

like them

The

waters.

Cakoes.

yawls,

canoe

used

are

PLATES,

Mebset

4ft.

beam

open

OF

The

rig
dimensions being:

CruisiDj;

Bacine

mainsail.

mainsail.

Ft. In.

Mizzetn.

Ft. In.

Ft. In.

Foot

10

00

06

08

Head

10

00

06

06
04

00

06

Leaeh

14

06

10

00

00

Tacktopeak

14

08

00

09

Clttwto

10

09

00

09

Luff

As

throat

there is

centerboard the interior of the well is entirely

no

unobstructed, and
a

cruise two,

be enough.

there is

with

the necessary

Beds

wide, flat floor,a

for
tent

may be removed
after decks is ample
seats

steeringis done
In building
would

be of oak

keelson

thick.
every

such
or

of

6 to
The

and

stores

though on
bags^age,would

persons,

might easilybe made

up on
being pitched over the well, while
entirelyat night. Under the fore
two

room

deck

for

storage of all
tiller,
as in a canoe.

boat, the

the former

stem,

stores.

steropost and

of hackmatack-Hsided

the
the
and
The

keel

liin.;

of cedar,

i^ or fin. lapstreak;
oak or mahogany;
fin. pine, covered
8oz. drill laid in paint; coamings of oak, fin.
ribs would
be fxf spaced 9in.,with floors at

of oak, Sx^in. ;

gunwale
with

with

"

for three

room

plank

deck

of

alternate

frame.

rigged as
'standinglugs," or a yawl tig
be carried.
similar to the Viper may
They will be of 6oz.
drill,double highted; rigging of ''small 6-thread" manilla;
The

blocks
The

sails

are

of wood,
dimensions

iron
of

or
a

brass.
similar

canoe

given in "Cruises in
folMr. H. F. Speed, as lows:
are

Big Canoes," by
16ft. long, 4ft. liin. beam, 20in. deep amidships, with

Small Yachts

and

DE8CBIPTI0N

164

OF

Bides,tumbling home

at the stern

tender

for

is remarkable

which
stifEness,

makes

she

and

carries

reliable and

more

This

along the side.

and

load

the

her

FLATEB.

useful

for her

adjunct

dingys twice the length. She is only 6ft. 6in.

of 8ft. l^in. "er fault
beam
long over aU, witti an extreme
is towing heavily when
of
sailingfast, and the difficulty
than

many

stowing on deck

of her width.

account

on

Plate

XXin.

Spobting

"

Boats.

The

for

larger drawing repVesentsa boat

shooting,thus described by her builder:
She shows
so

be used

can

the water, draws

but littleabove

in shoal water,

easilybe

can

and

ducking

Httle,and

but

transformed

into

capitalblind by using a little grass, weed, or brush on the

8he is not easilyturned over, and a person
shoot
deck.
can
from any positionin her, which
do in a canoe.
he cannot
I
know
this from
experience,as I have spent miany a day in
a

one.

In
floor

or

frames

length,and

Then
boat

the ends

on

is

bottom, and you

Stay

far

as

Material
which
stem

is

now^

are

and

as

only

escutcheon

hammer

the

or

end, top and

you

the
6 wire

Saw

have

the bottom

Screw

fin. No.

each

through
pins, driving
piece of iron.

and

ribs iin. oak, also

liin. wide.

where

side of the center

each

for the ribs.

cockpit comes,
floor,and put on
and

the sides,which

on

curves

for the bottom.

l^in., clinched

the

on

in my
stripof thin stuff,and from

the

for frames

and

of

of sides at each

the width

sternpost with

in width,

out

the boat, full size; lay off

for the width

have

to the

ready

take

Then

make

spring the stripto

them

lay

apart the whole

leave the width

only 3 2iin.

dot that you

center

foot

of

ways

ribs

or

length,and taking
the horizontal
each
one
on
plan gives you
in the perpendicular section the breadth.

of

measure

the

section both

cross

the ribs
the

first place,to get frames

the

out

the

the forms.

flrst.
for the

sides to
brass

the

sides,
ribs,
It

screws.

i%in. oak ripped to 6in.

a batten
use
-h by
joint comes
Use

about
them

liin. apart with

through

on

the

face

brass
of

AMATSXIB

CANOE

Use plenty of white

of the sides.

Fasten

1 wire

^in. No.

the

the

on

covering

and

screws

floor to the

For

lead

BUILDING.

cockpit

166
and

battens

the

on

to the ribs and

edge

sides with

escutcheon
use

f in"

pins.
pine, and the

washboards

worked
and
down
and
cockpit fin. black walnut
up
screwed
to a striplet into the top of the frames, and at the
bottom
by stripsput between the ribs. The midship section
(No. 8) shows it in detail.
Amount
of material: about 100ft. of i^n. oak, 20ft. of iin.
oak, enough fin. oak for stem, fitempoat and keel, 12ft. of
fin.pine for floor,and r nough material for the washboards,
to

which

be black

can

walnut,

chooses, li gross of -lin.No.

fin. No.

wire

brass

6 wire

This

or

whatever

brass

and

screws,

pins iin long.

escutcheon

oak,

pine,

3 gross

scews,

8oz.

of

is all that is

person

stout

of

brass

required

but

paint.
I shall

rigmy

boat

sharpie rig,and

the outside

placed on

washboards, which

being so
good oarsman

The

smaller

by

The

row.

and

can

wide

boat

sail,using

to

also to

two

legs of

oarlocks

mutton

will want

sails,
to

be

raised up high enough to clear the

be done
by a block or an iron,the
used

it

can

be

it

can

be sent

boat is for

with

quite a long

oar,

and

along very fast.

similar purpose,

but

is built

of

ribs and

long stripsare made of oak

f by scant ^in.; the ribs are placed 5in. apart, and there are
8ft. long to fillup
six long stripson each side, and two
more
each
Where
the largerspace in the middle.
strip and rib
cross
they are clinched together with a copper nail. The
gunwale stripsare | square, and each rib is let into them and
the
nails.
nailed with two
over
Bring the canvas
copper
and stern, and put in a spline;then put on
dado in the stem
as

canvas,

follows

keel made

center

of oak

keelson.

screwed
screwed

on

outside

to the

on

seat is made

ribs,and

canvas

and

screw

it to the

nut
cockpit is made of half -inch black walgunwale strips,and has a piece i by Iin*
the sides and
back, so that it leaves iin.

projection.In front
The

of the

The

to the

top

The

of

piece iin.by Sin.

two|iu. pine pieces.Sin. wide, screwed

use

the top is rabbeted

ixi, and the top is made

of

166

DESCRIPTION

OF

PLATES.

2in. by ^in.pinestrips
placed lin. apart and cleated together.
The

deck

is raised lin. in center

the water, both

Brina^the canvas
gunwale, and the
half-round

and

sideways
around
deck

moulding

it sheds

that

so

endways.
the

the

of boat,

and

boat

then

and

same,

nail it

put

top of
neat iin.

on

top of the tacks, so that it makes

on

job.

neat

PiiAUB
This

XXiy."

curious boat

Baritegat

Sksaebox.

Bamegat Bay, on the New

Jerseycoast, for duck shooting and sailing. Being low on
the water, it is easily converted
into a blind, by covering
with
allows it to
brush, and its flat,spoon-shaped bottom
be drawn

easilyon the
the rig is a

up
and
12x4ft.,

negat boats
small

from

on

mud

size ia

usual

The

sand.

or

sprttsail.Most

small

fitted with

are

trunk

of

the Bar-

dagger centerboard, slidingin a

it may
be drawn
entirely.The
a

which

is used

shown

boat

is used

only for sailing,and is fitted with a

board of the usual form, hung on a bolt. The rig is also
of the boat are: Length over
different. The dimensions
all,
16ft.; beam, 4t. llin. ; depth amidships, 12in. ; draft, Qm. ;
keel, of oak, 5in. wide; frames
l^in.,sided,lin. moulded,
spaced ISin. ; planking (carvelbuild),i^in.; round of deck,
8in. ; deck planking, fin.; coaming 2in. high at sides;width
of rudder, 24in. ; mast
sail is

The
The

yard and

There

is

no

but
sails,

to

the

balance

boom

tack

near

fast
the

clew
In

to

of

throat, 16ft. lOin.

be reached

down,
the

to

mast,

is usual in these

as

free end

where

ing
lead-

it is

belayed, thus
and answering

running forward,
The

of boom,

of the sail

dimensions

are:

6in.; head, 9ft. 8in.;luff,9ft. 7in.;leach,dOft.;

anchoring
walk

tackline.

single halliard.
mast
by parrels.

held in to the

the boom

preventingthe sail from

the purpose
Foot, 15ft.

from

lug, hung
each

are

to hold

line is made
deck

deck, 8in.

at

from

out

on

the

boat

Area, 160 sq. ft.

the

cable

must

the well, as in the smaller

deck to the bow.

be

riggedso

sizes

a man

as

to

not
can-

INDEX.

Plage.
62, 115

Apron

Page,
Canob:

"Shadow"
BackBabbet

43

Backboard

Canoe

Boat

Li]"r

Balance

Bamegatfineakbox

166

Line

Timbers

Bending
Bevel
Block

Keels
Model

Body

Plan

84
119
49
66
19
18
117
49

Breasthook
Broedstreak

27,40

Building
Burrs
ButtockLine
Button
Boards

68

12,18,128

Caulking

S7. 121

Trunks

Center

of

Clinker

Build

141

]08
65

Coefficient

of

189
168
29
124
67
29

Fittings
Herald
Jacket
Blue"

62,64
18,22,187

"Laloo"

141

"Mersey"

161

Metal
"Nautilus"

146

117

CrossSpalls

52

Crown
Crutch

54

ofDeck

129

ii9

CO

Hat-ches
TiUer

66

Yoke

DepthofKeel
Designing

189
10

Draft
Instruments

Drawing

Paper

DripCups
Drop

Rudder

95

Apron

Finishing
Fittings
Floor

12

17

Famham's

28

11

68

Falrtng

Flaps,

9
163

80

187
70
66

12,17

Displacement..

Dingys
"Dot*'

80

1"7

181
129
126
11

Lines

Diagonal

"Ontario"

147,158

64

64,112

Flaps

Paper
"Pearl"
"Raritania"
Ribband
Carvel
River

Displacement

Cove

8, 126

Elements

71
27

Canoe

ClydeTent
Coamings

80,111,156

187,141,146,149

Definition
"Dot"
Doable
Doubleskin

71

Resistance...

84

Clyde

141

Clyde
Cruising

Seat

Effort
Lateral

98, 125, 127, 184

40, 90

Clamps

Canvas
Classiflcation

119
38

Oenterboards.SS,

I"ecks
Deck
Beams

Canadian

Bails

165

118

Canqb:

"Jersey

S7,

42
104

Camp

1"8
160

Cedar

126

BeadlDff

Bilge

119

84,166
84,141

Battens
Beam

Beds.
Bencn.

66

189

Tandem
Yawl
Boat
Canvas
CarvelBuild

68,188
56
57

Deck

Boards
Eiiees

60

58,54,118
117

FootUnes

118

Foot
Yoke
Freeboard

129
10

nmsx.

168

Page,
Garboard

45

Gridiron
Gunwale

107

112,117

Half Breadth
Halliard
Hatches

Plan

12

82,141

Lord

66.149

Luf:8

Inwale

Lateen

76

82,166

164

Measurement
Mohican
Oliver Lateen

113

Sharpie

43,00

Headiedges
HuntlngBoacs

Boss

of

72

78,159
78
76
166

Sneakbox

Jackstay

86

115

TandemOanoe
Yawl
Soai? Band
Seate, Canoe
Bet

102

Sharpie Biff

40,112,1",126

Keel
Ratten
Keelflon
*'Kittiwake**

40
lent

Laying

Down

21

Ledsres
Limber
Lines

58

Sheer
Shutter
Strmark
Skirt Jacket
Sneakbox

Holes

58

Spiling

110
27

Lamps.
Lapstreak

..12

Mast
Btepsand
Materials
Mattress
MeafiurementBules
MesaChest
Middle
Ordinate
Midship SecUon
Models
Moulds

Tubes

55
81

104

10, 125
110

24,115

50,51
of

Lateen

Paddles

46,48
166

46,110

Staff
Stem

...46

Steam

40,116
55,119
89,119
12.^,169

Stirrups

129"182

Band
Box
Steering Gears
Stem

116
86
44
180

Stoves

106,108

^97

Tabernacles

PaperCanoes

Topping

78

Telescopic Apron

67

Tents
Thwarts
'llller

82,45
Off

82,141

21

56
141
80

Painting
Panels

Planking
Plank, Taking

8i
76
10
lal

62, 64

Tack

Oliver

139
66

16,128 Stocks
10,14 Stopwaters
8,19 Stretcher

NailingPlank
OJfpets, Tables

155
ICO

....23

40,115

88
63
100, 138
118
181

Timbers, Bending

119

Timber

119

Block
Timbering Canoe
Tools
Transom

BabbetUne
Backs

Lift

62
83
117
40

Knees

Trunks

Ii8
"T

Beefing

Gear

Bibs
Bib and
Bislngs

Batten

Canoes..

......88
118
62
10

Biveong
Bocker
Bowboals
Bowlocks
Budders

o*

i_

78,141,145 Upper Streak.

44,52,112 VamiBhinir ^

115,123,166
118

yS?
^^

M^m

66
84
"*

Hatches
Helm

Watertight
Weather
Wells
WorkBench

M^

45,117

149
74

65,57
84

04, 119
Fastenings
Lines

06
132

Yachts*
Yoke

Boats

168
67