1.

0 LIGHTING
1.1 DAYLIGHTING
1.1.1 READING SPACE AND BOOK COLLECTIONS
According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution is as below.
Daylight Factor, DF (%)
> 6
3-6
1-3
0-1

Distribution
Very bright with thermal and glare problem
Bright
Average
Dark

The selected area (Reading space and book collections) is located on first floor. With only two blade walls and surrounded by full
height floor to ceiling glazing, this space is exposed to maximum sunlight.

Figure: First Floor Plan

Illuminance (lux)
120,000
110,000
20,000
2,000
> 200
400
40
>1

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
Typical overcast day, midday
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination)
Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunset

READING SPACE AND BOOK COLLECTIONS

Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (m2)
Area of faade exposed to sunlight (m2)
Exposed area/Floor area (DF)

40
52.5
(52.5 40) X 100
= 131.3%
131.3% X 0.1
= 13.13%

Natural Illumination Calculation

E external = 20,000 lx
DF =
13.13 =
Ei =

x 100%

20 000
13.13
100

x 100%

x 20 000

Ei = 2626 lux

MS1525 RECOMMENDATION
Recommended DF and Illumination Level
DF =
3=

x 100%

3
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 600 lux

6=

6
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 1200 lux

Based on MS1525, the recommended daylight factor lies between 3-6%, resulting in a recommended range of 600 to 1200 lux.

Figure: Daylight analysis for reading space and book collection

Figure: Second floor plan showing designated space

CONCLUSION
The reading space and book collections has a daylight factor of 13.13% and a natural illumination of 2626 lux. Specifically, MS1525
recommended an illumination level of 500 lux for reading areas but in general, MS1525 recommended a daylight factor of 3-6%
which resulted with a recommended illumination level of 600-1200 lux.
From the daylight analysis diagram, it can be seen that the areas next to the glazing are exposed with 5000-6000 lux whereas the
shaded regions are lower with 1000-2000 lux. From these results, it can be seen that the reading space and book collections will
face thermal and glare problems as it is far greater than the recommendations by MS1525. To solve it, double glazed low curtain
walls are used to reduce heat gain into the space. Not only that, curtains will also be installed to filter sun penetration.

1.1.2 CAFTERIA
The selected area (Cafteria) is located on ground floor. Situated just beside the 5 foot-walkway, it is easy to access by both
users and sunlight.

Figure: Ground Floor Plan

CAFTERIA
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (m2)
Area of faade exposed to sunlight (m2)
Exposed area/Floor area (DF)

41.7
65.2
(65.2 41.7) X 100
= 156.4%
156.4% X 0.1
= 15.64%

Natural Illumination Calculation

E external = 20,000 lx
DF =
15.64 =
Ei =

x 100%

20 000
15.64
100

x 100%

x 20 000

Ei = 3128 lux

MS1525 RECOMMENDATION
Recommended DF and Illumination Level
DF =
3=

x 100%

3
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 600 lux

6=

6
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 1200 lux

Based on MS1525, the recommended daylight factor lies between 3-6%, resulting in a recommended range of 600 to 1200 lux.

Figure: Daylight analysis for cafeteria

Figure: Ground floor plan showing cafeteria

CONCLUSION
The Cafteria has a daylight factor of 15.64% and a natural illumination of 3128 lux. Specifically, MS1525 recommended an
illumination level of 200 for a Cafteria and in general, MS1525 recommended daylight factor of 3-6% which resulted with a
recommended illumination level of 600-1200 lux.
From the daylight analysis diagram, it can be seen that the areas in the middle has an illumination level of 10,000 lux. This is
because it is next to glazing unlike the other glazing with shade from outside. From these results, it can be seen that the Cafteria
faces severe thermal and glare problems. To counter the issue, trees will be planted by the glazing to partially block sunlight and
to beautify space. Not only that, double glazed low curtain walls are used to reduce heat gain into the space. They are used as
they are able to minimize ultraviolet and infrared penetration without compromising light transmission.

1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

1.2.1 SEMINAR ROOM
The seminar room is located on the second floor and operated during the day and also night. The back of the seminar room is
opened to full height floor to ceiling glazing acquiring natural lighting but may be insufficient and dim at the front entrance of
seminar room. Therefore artificial lighting would be optimum.

Figure: Second Floor Plan

According to MS1525, the recommended illumination level required for a seminar room is 400 lux.
The type of luminaire used is shown below:
Type of fixture
Type of light bulb

Material
Product Brand and Code
Nominal Life (Hours)
Input Voltage
CRI
Colour Temperature (K)
Colour Designation
Lumen

LED Downlight

Aluminium
Philips 871829193597100
50 000
54V
80
4 000
Neutral White
2400

Material
Concrete Finish
Plastered Brick
Glass
Timber
Timber

Function
Ceiling
Wall
Glazing
Divider
Floor

Space
Dimension
Area
Recommended illumination level (lux)
Lumen of Lighting Fixture (lm)
Height of Luminaire
Working Height
Mounting Height, Hm
Reflectance Value
Room Index, RI (K)

RI = (+)

Utilization Factor
Maintenance Factor
Number of lighting fixture required, N

N=
( )

Spacing, S-max
SMax = 1.0 x Hm
Lighting Fixture Layout

Colour
Grey
Black
Translucent
Dark Brown
Dark Brown

Area (m2)
22.92
36.48
16.95
19.53
22.92

Surface Type
Matte
Matte
Glossy
Matte
Matte

Reflectance Value
0.30
0.15
0.06
0.25
0.20

Seminar Room
5.14m (L) x 4.46m (W) x 3.8m (H)
22.92m2
400
2400
3.8m
0.6m
3.2m
Ceiling: 0.30 , Floor: 0.20 , Wall: 0.46
5.14 4.46

RI = (5.14

+ 4.46) 3.2

= 0.75
0.46
0.8
400 22.92
N=
2400 0.46 0.8
= 10.38
11
SMax = 1.0 x 3.2
= 3.2m
Spacing along 5.14m wall
5.14m/5 = 1m
Spacing along 4.46m wall
4.46m/4 = 1.15m

Figure: Artificial lighting analysis for seminar room

Figure: Second floor plan showing seminar room

CONCLUSION
12 led down lights are used to illuminate the seminar room to achieve the 400 lux as suggested by MS1525. As shown in the
artificial lighting analysis diagram above, 12 led down light is capable of creating an illumination level ranging from 300-500 lux
depending on the concentrating of the fixture, therefore sufficient. With sufficient illumination, users are able to enjoy the seminar
and concentrate without having they eyes strained due to too bright or too dim.

1.2.2 CAFTERIA
The Cafteria is located on ground floor. Situated just beside the 5 foot-walkway, it is easy to access by both users and sunlight.
Other than two blade walls, the rest of the walls are glazing. However, the long operation hour requires artificial lighting.

Figure: Ground Floor Plan

According to MS1525, the recommended illumination level required for a seminar room is 400 lux.
The type of luminaire used is shown below:
Type of fixture
Type of light bulb

Material
Product Brand and Code
Nominal Life (Hours)
Wattage
CRI
Colour Temperature (K)
Colour Designation
Lumen

LED Bulb

Nickel Plated Brass

Feit BR40
25 000
38W
80
3000
Warm White
2500

Material
Concrete Finish
Plastered Brick
Glass
Timber

Function
Ceiling
Wall
Glazing
Floor

Space
Dimension
Area
Recommended illumination level (lux)
Lumen of Lighting Fixture (lm)
Height of Luminaire
Working Height
Mounting Height, Hm
Reflectance Value
Room Index, RI (K)

RI = (+)

Colour
Grey
Black
Translucent
Dark Brown

Reflectance Value
0.30
0.15
0.06
0.20

7.9 5.3

RI = (7.9

+ 5.3) 4.0

Utilization Factor
Maintenance Factor
Number of lighting fixture required, N

N=

Spacing, S-max
SMax = 1.0 x Hm
Lighting Fixture Layout

SMax = 1.0 x 4.8

= 4.8m
Spacing along 7.9m wall

( )

Surface Type
Matte
Matte
Glossy
Matte

Cafteria
7.9m (L) x 5.3m (W) x 4.8m (H)
41.87m2
200
2500
4.8m
0.8m
4.0m
Ceiling: 0.30 , Floor: 0.20 , Wall: 0.21
= 0.79
0.43
0.8
200 41.87
N=
2500 0.43 0.8
= 9.74
10

Area (m2)
41.87
65.28
32.88
41.87

Spacing along 5.3 m wall

Figure: Artificial lighting analysis for cafeteria

Figure: Ground floor plan showing cafeteria

CONCLUSION
Only 10 led bulbs are needed to illuminate the seminar room to achieve the 200 lux as suggested by MS1525 due to its high lumen.
As shown in the artificial lighting analysis diagram above, the 10 bulbs are capable of creating an illumination level ranging from
200-400 lux depending on the concentrating of the fixture, therefore sufficient. With sufficient illumination, users are able to enjoy
their coffee at a comfortable level and would not be disrupted by poor lighting.

1.3 PERMANENT SUPPLEMENTARY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS (PSALI)

1.3.1 SEMINAR ROOM
According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution is as below.
Daylight Factor, DF (%)
> 6
3-6
1-3
0-1

Distribution
Very bright with thermal and glare problem
Bright
Average
Dark

The seminar room is located on the second floor and operated during the day and also night. The back of the seminar room is
opened to full height floor to ceiling glazing acquiring natural lighting but may be insufficient and dim at the front entrance of
seminar room. Therefore the uses artificial lighting would be optimum even as they day gets darker.

Figure: Second Floor Plan

Illuminance (lux)
120,000
110,000
20,000
2,000
> 200
400
40
>1

Figure: Second Floor Plan with Seminar Room

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
Typical overcast day, midday
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination)
Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunset

SEMINAR ROOM
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (m2)
Area of faade exposed to sunlight (m2)
Exposed area/Floor area (DF)

22.92
16.95
(16.95 22.92) X 100
= 73.95%
73.95% X 0.1
= 7.40%

Natural Illumination Calculation

E external = 20,000 lx
DF =
7.40 =
Ei =

x 100%

20 000
7.40
100

x 100%

x 20 000

Ei = 1480 lux

MS1525 RECOMMENDATION
Recommended DF and Illumination Level
DF =
3=

x 100%

3
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 600 lux

6=

6
20 000

x 100%

Ei3 = 1200 lux

Based on MS1525, the recommended daylight factor lies between 3-6%, resulting in a recommended range of 600 to 1200 lux.

CONCLUSION
The seminar room has a daylight factor of 7.40% and a natural illumination of 1480 lux. Specifically, MS1525 recommended an
illumination level of 300 lux for reading areas but in general, MS1525 recommended a daylight factor of 3-6% which resulted with
a recommended illumination level of 600-1200 lux.
From the results, it can be seen that the reading space and book collections will face slight thermal and glare problems as it is a
little greater than the recommendations by MS1525. To solve it, curtains will be installed to filter sun penetration and reduce heat
gain through glazing.

Figure 1: Daylight

Figure 2: 3 LED

Figure 3: 6 LED

Figure 4: 9 LED

Figure 5: Artificial Lighting

Figure 1
Daylight Analysis Diagram shows the illumination level during daylight. It can be seen that the area exposed to glazing is the
brightest followed by the lower corner which is a glass door and other spaces which are well shaded.
Figure 2
Daylight and Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram shows the illumination level during daylight. 3 led down light are turned on and
it can be seen that the front part is brighter.
Figure 3
Daylight and Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram during daylight as the sun goes down. 6 led down light are turned on and half
the area is lit brightly.
Figure 4
Daylight and Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram as the sun goes down. 9 led lights are turned on and it can be seen that about
75% is illuminated bright.
Figure 5
Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram showing all 12 led down lights are turned on during the night. It can be seen from the
surrounding walls and glazing that is dimmer around the corners as there is no light entry.

CONCLUSION
From calculation the daylighting is sufficient because it is full height floor to ceiling glazing that
stretches to 3.8metres in height. However, day light only access through one side, making the
other end dimmer, thus requiring to turn on lighting fixtures at the front. As it operates till night,
daylight fades and row by row the lighting is turned on to continue providing light. This is done
via daylight harvesting system. As daylight fades, photosensors detect the change and switch on
electric lighting in response.
Beside is a Levitons photocells that is hardwired to Leviton lighting control system.

Figure: Photocells/Photosens

DISCLAIMER: AS SOME LIGHT COUNTOUR RENDERINGS MAY SEEM INACCURATE, BUT THEY
ARE ACCURATE. THE COLOUS MAY SEEM TO BE OFF DUE TO THE DIFFERENCE IN LUX SCALE
AND ARE NOT FIXED. THIS APPLIES TO CERTAIN DIAGRAMS THAT MAY SEEM WRONG. TO
BE SHORT, THEY ARE NOT TO FIXED SCALE. BELOW ARE SOME EXAMPLES.

1.3.2 CAFTERIA
From 1.1.2, the Cafteria has a daylight factor of 15.64% and a natural illumination of 3128 lux. Specifically, MS1525
recommended an illumination level of 200 for a Cafteria and in general, MS1525 recommended daylight factor of 3-6% which
resulted with a recommended illumination level of 600-1200 lux.

Figure 6 Daylight

Figure 7 Daylight and artificial combined

Figure 8 Artificial Lighting

Figure 6
Daylight Analysis Diagram shows the illumination level during daylight. It can be seen that the area exposed to glazing is the
brightest followed by the other glazing and openings.
Figure 7
Daylight and Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram during daylight as the sun goes down. 6 LED bulb light are turned on and the
area is lit but the area that receives daylight is still brightest.
Figure 8
Artificial Lighting Analysis Diagram showing all 10 LED bulbs are turned on during the night. It can be seen from the surrounding
walls and glazing that is dimmer around the corners as there is no light entry at night fall.

CONCLUSION
From calculation the day lighting is sufficient because it is full height floor to ceiling glazing that stretches to 4.8metres in height.
However, the Cafteria operates till night. As daylight fades, the lighting is turned on to continue providing light. Similar as the
above, this is done via daylight harvesting system. As daylight fades, photosensors detect the change and switch on electric lighting
in response.

2.0 ACOUSTICS
2.1 EXTERNAL NOISE
2.1.1 EXHIBITION HALL
BACKLANE

BUFFER ZONE
GALLERY HALL

Figure: Ground Floor Plan with Gallery Hall and Buffer Zone

According to ANSI/ASA S12.2-2008, The noise criteria for an exhibition space is within the range of NC 35-40 about 45-50dB
(medium loud). However, the noise from the back lane traffic is 70dB, which is much higher than the noise criteria for the exhibition
hall. This would disturb the peace and calm of mind needed to enjoy the exhibits. To reduce the noise, a buffer space is planned
and made. The entire back of house (services) and a corridor is treated as a buffer space to reduce sound transmission. With 3
concrete walls in between the two spaces, users can enjoy the exhibits with least concern.

Notes: Concrete walls are good sound barrier as they can reflect up to 97% of sound per wall.

2.1.2 CAFTERIA
Cafteria

CAFE

Figure: Ground Floor Plan with Cafe

Noise Source
a) Busy traffic = 80dB
80 = 10 log
Antilog 8 =

1
0

1
1 1012

I1 = 1 x 10-4
b) Five foot walkway = 60 dB
60 = 10 log
Antilog 6 =

2
0

1 1012

I2 = 1 x 10-6
Total Intensity, I
I1 + I2 = (1 x 10-4) + (1 x 10-6)
= 1.01 X 10-4
Combined SPL
SPL = 10 log
= 10 log

1
0
1.01 104
1 1012

= 80.04dB

Conclusion
The noise criteria for a caf ranges within NC 40-45 with 50-55dB. The main road, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah is a very busy road
with congestion and can go up to 80dB. With the caf only situated obstructed 12m from it, the intrusive traffic noise can
disrupt conversations. To counter this issue, curtain and water wall are installed.

Figure: Water wall to create white noise and mask traffic noise

Figure: Curtains to absorb noise

2.2 REVERBERATION TIME

2.2.1 SEMINAR ROOM

Figure: Second Floor Plan

Figure: Second Floor Plan with Seminar Room

Component

Material

Surface Area,
S/m2

Ceiling
Floor
Wall

Concrete
Concrete
Plastered Brick
Glazing
Timber Partition
Fabric Cushion

22.92
22.92
36.48
16.95
19.53
14.40
24

Furniture
People
Total Absorption (A)

Absorption
Coefficient, A
(500HZ)
0.02
0.25
0.02
0.04
0.14
0.28
0.46

Sound
Absorption, Sa
(500Hz)
0.46
0.46
0.73
0.68
2.73
4.03
11.04
20.13

Absorption
Coefficient, A
(2 000HZ)
0.03
0.3
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.28
0.51

Sound
Absorption, Sa
(2 000Hz)
0.69
0.69
0.73
0.51
2.54
4.03
12.24
21.43

500Hz
Room Volume, V
5.14m x 4.46m x 3.80m = 87.11m2
Total Absorption, A
RT = 0.16 x
= 0.16 x

87.11
20.13

= 0.69s

CONCLUSION

2000Hz
Room Volume, V
5.14m x 4.46m x 3.80m = 87.11m2
Total Absorption, A
RT = 0.16 x
= 0.16 x
= 0.65s

87.11
21.43

Based on the calculation above, the total reverberation time for

500Hz is 0.69 seconds whereas 0.65 seconds for 2000Hz.
According to ANSI Standard 12.60, the standard reverberation
time for a seminar room is 0.8 seconds. As a result, it can be seen
that the calculated reverberation time for both 500Hz and
2000Hz is 1-1.5s shorter compared to the standards. This is
because the seminar room has a high occupant to floor area
ratio. However, the calculation is based on the assumption that
all 24 seats were filled up.

2.2.2 Quiet Room

Figure: Second Floor Plan

Figure: Second Floor Plan with Quiet Zone

Component

Material

Surface Area,
S/m2

Ceiling
Floor
Wall

Concrete
Thick Carpet
Plastered Brick
Glazing
Fabric Cushion
Wooden Table

22.14
22.14
59.60
18.75
7.2
5.76
8

Furniture

People
Total Absorption (A)

Absorption
Coefficient, A
(500HZ)
0.02
0.50
0.02
0.04
0.28
0.22
0.46

Sound
Absorption, Sa
(500Hz)
0.44
11.07
1.19
0.75
2.02
1.27
3.68
21.61

Absorption
Coefficient, A
(2 000HZ)
0.03
0.60
0.02
0.03
0.28
0.38
0.51

Sound
Absorption, Sa
(2 000Hz)
0.66
13.28
1.19
0.56
2.02
2.19
4.08
23.98

500Hz
Room Volume, V
7.26m x 3.05m x 3.80m = 84.14m2
Total Absorption, A
RT = 0.16 x
= 0.16 x

84.14
21.61

= 0.62s
2000Hz

CONCLUSION

Room Volume, V
7.26m x 3.05m x 3.80m = 84.14m2

Based on the calculation above, the total reverberation time for

500Hz is 0.62 seconds whereas 0.56 seconds for 2000Hz.
According to ANSI Standard 12.60, the standard reverberation
time for a quiet room is 0.6 seconds. As a result, it can be seen
that the calculated reverberation time for both 500Hz and
2000Hz is very near to the standards. Therefore, the
reverberation time for quiet room is within the standard
comfort.

Total Absorption, A
RT = 0.16 x
= 0.16 x
= 0.56s

84.14
23.98

2.3 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX

2.3.1 WALKWAY

Figure: Second Floor Plan

Components
Wall
Door
Total ST

Materials

Surface Area, S/m2

Plastered Brick
Timber

33.9 - 3.6 = 30.3

3.6
33.9

Transmission coefficient of materials

a) Plastered brick wall
1

SRI = 10 log
1

T=
=

10

45
10

= 3.16 X 10-5
b) Timber door
SRI = 10 log
T=
=

10

40
10

= 1 X 10-4

Figure: Second Floor Plan with Walkway and Seminar Room

Sound Reduction
Index (SRI)
45
40

Transmission
Coefficient, T
3.16 x 10-5
1.00 x 10-4

ST
9.57 x 10-4
3.60 x 10-4
1.32 x 10-3

Transmission Loss
Tav =
=

11+22+

1.32103
33.9

= 3.89 x 10-5

SRI = 10 log10
= 10 log10

1
3.89 103

= 24dB

Transmission Percentage =
=

7224
72

x 100%

x 100%

= 66% (48dB)

Based on the calculation above, it can be seen that the entire wall allows 66% of noise transmission from the seminar room to the
walkway. This means it allows more than half of the sound produced to travel through and definitely disturb the exterior walkway.
The transmission can be reduced by adding acoustic panels as they have higher absorption coefficient.

2.3.2 QUIET ZONE

Figure: Second Floor Plan

Materials

Surface Area, S/m2

Plastered Brick

10.26
10.26

Components
Wall
Total ST

Transmission coefficient of materials

Plastered brick wall
1

SRI = 10 log
T=
=

10

45
10

= 3.16 X 10-5

Transmission Loss
Tav =
=

11+22+

3.24104
10.26

= 3.16 x 10-5

SRI = 10 log10
= 10 log10
= 45dB

Figure: Second Floor Plan with Quiet Zone and Discussion Room

1
3.16 105

Sound Reduction
Index (SRI)
45

Transmission
Coefficient, T
3.16 x 10-5

ST
3.24 x 10-4
3.24 x 10-4

Transmission Percentage =
=

6045
60

x 100%

x 100%

= 25% (15dB)

Based on the calculation above, it can be seen that the plastered brick wall allows 25% of noise transmission from the discussion
room to the quiet zone. This means it allows a quarter of the sound produced to travel through. This is because the two spaces
only has a wall between them. The transmission can be reduced by adding acoustic panels as they have higher absorption
coefficient.

REFERENCES
1. Architects Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.
2. ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
3. In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building
Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Publishing
Co. Ltd.
4. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non
residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.
5. Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.

REFERENCES
1. Architects Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.
2. ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
3. In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building
Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Publishing
Co. Ltd.
4. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non
residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.
5. Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.