Branches of Zoology

1. Entomology= Study of insects.

2. Ichthyology= Study of fishes
3. Helminthology= Study of helminthes worms.
4. Mammalogy= Study of mammals.
5. Orinthology= Study of birds.
6. Parasitology= Study of parasitic worms.
7. Virology= Study of virus.
8. Herpetology=Study of reptiles.
9. Anthropology= Study of human evolution and culture.
10. Cindology= Study of coelenterates.
11. Euthenics= Study of improvement of human race through laws of heredity.
12. Karyology= Study of nucleus.
13. Malacology= Study of molluscs.
14. Microbiology= Study of microorganisms.
15. Protozoology=Study of unicellular organisms.
Branches of Zoology related to the medical science
1. Bacteriology=study of bacteria.
2. Virology= Study of virus causing diseases.
3. Epidemiology=Study of epidemic diseases.
4. Immunology=Study of defense and resistance against any diseases.
5. Helminthology= Study of helminthes Parasites.
6. Parasitology= Study of parasites.
7. Enzymology= Study of enzymes.
8. Hematology=Study of blood.
9. Cardiology=Study of heart.
1o.Oesteology=Study of bones.
11. Endocrinology=study of endocrine glands and hormones.

BOTANY
Botany is defined as being the scientific study of plant life. It is known to be
split up into five main subcategories which are:
Plant anatomy: An area of botany which focuses the internal structure of plants,
concentrating on mature structures and their origin, development and evolution.
Dendrology: An area of botany which studies trees, shrubs and other woody
plants.
Plant morphology: An area of botany which focuses on the external structure
and appearance of plants, namely their visual characteristics.
Plant physiology: An area of botany which focuses on the function (or
physiology) of plants such as their daily functions and processes.

 Phytopathology (plant pathology): An area of botany which studies the

disease and disease-causing pathogens that affect plants. Environmental
conditions such as pollution are studied too.
Other branches of botany include:
Agrostology: A branch of botany which studies grasses.
Bicarpellatae: A branch of botany which studies 'bicarpellatae' plants - a group
based solely on Bentham and Hooker's classification system. The plants involved
are gamopetalae and dicotyledons.
Bryology: A branch of botany which studies bryophytes such as liver worts and
mosses.
Calyciflorae: A branch of botany which studies 'calyciflorae' plants - similar to
bicarpellatae in that they are based on an artificial grouping system. The plants
involved are polypetalae and dicotyledonous.
Disciflorae: A branch of botany which studies the same plants involved in
calyciflorae but is based around the old second artificial classification system.
Ethnobotany: A branch of botany which focuses on the relationship between
plants and humans and how plants are perceived amidst different classes of
people and cultures.
Ethnolichenology: A branch of botany similar to ethnobotany but focuses on
lichens specifically.
Micropaleontology: A branch of paleontology which studies microfossils.
Paleobotany: A branch of paleontology which focuses on the recovery of plant
fossils and their evolutionary steps across the ages.
Paleoethnobotany: A branch of archaeology which focuses on the remains of
plant fossils found in archaeology sites and the discovery of how such plants were
used in society and agriculture in the past.
Palynology: A branch of earth science which studies palynomorphs (very small
particles), in particular spores and pollen found from contemporary sources or
fossils.
Pomology: A branch of botany which studies 'pome' fruit, although it has been
used in reference to the study of all fruits.
ECOLOGY
Specialized branches of ecology include, among others:

Applied ecology, the practice of employing ecological principles and

understanding to solve real world problems (includes agroecology and conservation
biology);

Biogeochemistry, effect of biota on global chemistry, and the cycles of matter

and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space.

Biogeography, the study of the geographic distributions of species ;

Chemical ecology, which deals with the ecological role of biological chemicals
used in a wide range of areas including defense against predators and attraction of
mates;

Conservation ecology, which studies how to reduce the risk of species

extinction;

Ecological succession, which focuses on understanding directed vegetation

change;

Ecophysiology which studies the interaction of physiological traits with the

abiotic environment;

Ecotoxicology, which looks at the ecological role of toxic chemicals

(often pollutants, but also naturally occurring compounds);

Evolutionary ecology or ecoevolution which looks at evolutionary changes in

the context of the populations and communities in which the organisms exist;

Fire ecology, which looks at the role of fire in the environment of plants and
animals and its effect on ecological communities;

Functional ecology, the study of the roles, or functions, that certain species (or
groups thereof) play in an ecosystem;

Global ecology, which examines ecological phenomena at the largest possible

scale, addressing macroecological questions;

Landscape ecology, which studies the interactions between discrete elements

of a landscape;

Macroecology, the study of large scale phenomena;

Marine ecology, and aquatic ecology, where the dominant environmental milieu
is water;

Microbial ecology, the ecology of micro-organisms;

Microecology, the study of small scale phenomena;

Paleoecology, which seeks to understand the relationships between species in

fossil assemblages;

Quantitative ecology, the development of mathematical and statistical tools to

interpret and analyze ecological data.

Restoration ecology, which attempts to understand the ecological basis

needed to restore impaired or damaged ecosystems;

Soil ecology, the ecology of the pedosphere;

Theoretical ecology, the development of ecological theory, usually with

mathematical, statistical and/or computer modeling tools;

Urban ecology, the study of ecosystems in urban areas.

ECOLOGIST

Notable figure
Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek
Carl Linnaeus

Lifespan
1632-1723

Major contribution & citation

First to develop concept of food chains

17071778

Charles Darwin

1809-1882

Herbert Spencer

18201903

Karl Mbius

1825-1908

Ernst Haeckel

1834-1919

Victor Hensen

1835-1924

Eugenius Warming
Ellen
Swallow
Richards
Stephen Forbes

1841-1924
18421911

Influential naturalist, inventor of science on

the economy of nature
Founder of evolution by means of natural
selection, founder of ecological studies of
soils
Early founder of social ecology, coined the
phrase 'survival of the fittest'
First to develop concept of ecological
community,
biocenosis,
or
living
community
Invented the term ecology, popularized
research links between ecology and
evolution
Invented
term
plankton,
developed
quantitative and statistical measures of
productivity in the seas
Early founder of Ecological Plant Geography
Pioneer and educator who linked urban
ecology to human health
Early founder of entomology and ecological
concepts in 1887

18441930

Vladimir Vernadsky
Henry C. Cowles

1869-1939
1869-1939

Jan Christian Smuts

1870-1950

Arthur G. Tansley

18711955

Charles
Adams

1873-1955

Christopher

Friedrich Ratzel

1844-1904

Victor
Shelford

1877-1968

Ernest

Alfred J. Lotka

1880-1949

Henry Gleason

1882-1975

Charles S. Elton

1900-1991

Founded the biosphere concept

Pioneering
studies
and
conceptual
development in studies of ecological
succession
Coined the term holism in a 1926
book Holism and Evolution.
First to coin the term ecosystem in 1936
and notable researcher.
Animal ecologist, biogeographer, author of
first American book on animal ecology in
1913, founded ecological energetics.
German geographer who first coined the
term biogeography in 1891.
Founded physiological ecology, pioneered
food-web and biome concepts, founded The
Nature Conservancy
First to pioneer mathematical populations
models explaining trophic (predator-prey)
interactions using logistic equation
Early ecology pioneer, quantitative theorist,
author, and founder of the individualistic
concept of ecology
'Father' of animal ecology, pioneered foodweb & niche concepts and authored
influential Animal Ecology text