VFR

REF

1. RADIO AIDS

3.1

Basic Radio Theory

3.1.1

Electromagnetic waves

3.1.2

3.1.3

I
A

frequency, wave length, cycle, phase, amplitude

frequency bands

sidebands, double sideband, single sideband,

band width

carrier wave, modulation, demodulation

amplitude modulation

frequency modulation

pulse modulation

designation of emission

signal/noise ratio

characteristics

polarisation

polar diagram

types of antennas

ground waves

direct waves

sky waves

ionosphere, critical angle, skip distance

dead space, refraction

fading

Antennas

Wave propagation

3.2

3.3

3.4

factors affecting propagation (reflection,

absorption, attenuation, coastline, mountain, static)

AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)

ADF loop theory, rotating and fixed loop antennas

principles

presentation and interpretation

coverage

range

errors and accuracy

factors affecting range and accuracy

RBI and RMI

principles

presentation and interpretation

coverage

range

errors and accuracy

factors affecting range and accuracy

CDI and RMI

Doppler VOR

principles

presentation and interpretation

coverage

range

errors and accuracy

VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)

3.5

3.6

3.7

factors affecting range and accuracy

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)

n/a

n/a

principles

n/a

n/a

presentation and interpretation

n/a

n/a

coverage

n/a

n/a

range

n/a

n/a

errors and accuracy

n/a

n/a

factors affecting range and accuracy

n/a

n/a

BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES

n/a

n/a

pulse techniques and associated terms

n/a

n/a

GROUND RADAR

n/a

n/a

principles

n/a

n/a

presentation and interpretation

n/a

n/a

coverage

n/a

n/a

range

n/a

n/a

errors and accuracy

n/a

n/a

factors affecting range and accuracy

n/a

n/a

AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR

n/a

n/a

principles

n/a

n/a

presentation and interpretation

n/a

n/a

coverage

n/a

n/a

range

n/a

n/a

errors and accuracy

n/a

n/a

factors affecting range and accuracy

n/a

n/a

application for navigation

n/a

n/a

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR)

principles

presentation and interpretation

modes and codes, including mode S

RADIO ALTIMETER

principles

frequency band

presentation and interpretation

errors and accuracy

GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM (GPWS)

n/a

n/a

principles

n/a

n/a

warning modes

n/a

n/a

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)

principles

frequencies

testing

AREA NAVIGATION

n/a

n/a

VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV)

n/a

n/a

principle of operation

n/a

n/a

advantages and disadvantages

n/a

n/a

accuracy, reliability and coverage

n/a

n/a

flight deck equipment

n/a

n/a

SATELLITE ASSISTED NAVIGATION: GPS/GNSS

System Components and principle of operation

advantages and disadvantages

- Navigation System Performance Requirements

reliability/integrity

- Authorisation and Documentation

- Errors and Limitations

- Human Factors and GNSS