Music of Colombia

in musical expressions found in Colombia can be seen as

the result of a mixture of African, native Indigenous, and
European (especially Spanish) inuences, as well as more
modern American.
Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a
full spectrum of rhythms ranging from Pop music and
Classical music to Salsa and Rock music. Colombian
music is promoted mainly by the support of the largest
record labels, independent companies and the Government of Colombia, through the Ministry of Culture.

Caribbean Region of Colombia

Musical Regions
of Colombia
Western
Caribbean

Eastern
Caribbean
Colombia is known as The land of a thousand rhythms
but actually holds over 1,025 folk rhythms.
Some of the best known genres are cumbia and
vallenato. The most recognized interpreters of traditional
Caribbean and Afrocolombian music are Tot la Momposina and Francisco Zumaqu.
Colombian tiple

1.1 Cumbia
The music of Colombia is an expression of Colombian
culture, which contains diverse music genres, both tradi- Main article: Cumbia
tional and modern, according with the features of each Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish, Native Colombian and
geographic region, although it is not uncommon to nd African music. The style of dance is designed to recall
dierent musical styles in the same region. The diversity the shackles worn around the ankles of the slaves. In the
19th century, slavery was abolished and Africans, Indians
1

1 CARIBBEAN REGION OF COLOMBIA

1.2 Champeta and African-diasporic music

Monument to the dance and music of cumbia in El Banco.

Some Colombian communities, such as Choc,

Cartagena, San Andres and Providence Island, have
large African-descendant communities. Unlike most of
the country, cultural mixing with native and European
inuences have been rare, and, especially in El Choc,
music has changed little since being imported from West
Africa. Providencia Island is also home to a type of
folk music which is closely related to mento, a Jamaican
folk form. Most inuentially, however, is the city of
Cartagena and its champeta music which has been inuenced by soukous, compas, zouk, and reggae. Champeta
musicians have included Luis Towers, El Anato, El
Sayayn, El Pupy, and Boogaloo, while others like Elio
Boom have incorporated Jamaican raggamun music to
champeta.

1.3 Porro
and other ethnic groups got a more complete integration
in the Colombian culture.
Cumbia is a complex, rhythmic music which arose on
Colombias Atlantic coast. In its original form, cumbia
bands included only percussion and vocals; modern
groups include saxophones, trumpets, keyboards and
trombones as well. It evolved out of native inuences,
combining both traditions. Some observers have claimed
that the dance originally associated with iron chains
around the ankle. Others still believe that it is a direct import from Guinea, which has a popular dance form called
cumbe.
Cumbias form was solidied in the 1940s when it spread
from the rural countryside to urban and middle-class audiences. Mambo, big band and porro brass band inuences were combined by artists like Lucho Bermdez
to form a rened form of cumbia that soon entered
the Golden Age of Cumbia during the 1950s. Discos
Fuentes, the largest and most inuential record label in
the country, was founded during this time. Fruko, known
as the Godfather of Salsa, introduced Cuban salsa to
Colombia and helped bring Discos Fuentes to national
prominence by nding artists like La Sonora Dinamita,
who brought cumbia to Mexico, where it remains popular.

Main article: Porro

Porro bands are an enthusiastic form of big band music that came from Sucre, Crdoba and Sabana de Bolvar. The brass ensembles are modeled after European
military bands. Inuential porros include La Orquestra Lucho Bermudez, Matilde Diaz, Pacho Galan, Banda
de 11 Enero, La Sonora Cordobesa, La Sonora Cienaguera, Orquesta Climaco Sarmiento and Pedro Laza y sus
Pelayeros.

1.4 Vallenato
Actually Vallenato is not a rhythm. It is a Genre. It
is made up of four rhythms: Son, Puya, Merengue and
Paseo. Vallenato arose in Valledupar on Colombias Atlantic Coast and only gained popularity elsewhere in the
country in the 1980s. Its origins are shrouded in mystery but are said to have begun with Francisco el Hombre, who allegedly defeated Satan in a musical contest.
Based around the accordion,the guacharaca, and the caja
vallenata(a larger version of the bongo), vallenato has
long been connected with cumbia. Inuential artists include Alejo Duran and more recently, Alfredo Gutirrez and Lisandro Meza. In addition to the accordion, the
bass guitar has been a common part of vallenato ensembles since it was introduced by Caliya in the mid-1960s.
The most recent modernization of vallenato occurred in
1993 when Carlos Vives released Clsicos de la Provincia, which made him into a star and changed the face of
vallenato.

It is worth pointing out that the classic cumbia known

throughout Colombia is the Cumbia Cienaguera. This
song reects a uniquely Colombian feel known as sabor
(avour) and ambiente (atmosphere). Arguably, this
song has remained a Colombian staple through the years
and is widely known as Colombias unocial national anthem. Some artists are Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto, Los Vallenato has spawned several subgenres, including
Graduados, Los Black Stars, Los Golden Boys, Los Teen vallenato-protesta, which is known for socially aware
Agers, and Los Corraleros de Majagual.
lyrics, and charanga vallenata, which was invented by

2.2

Other Pacic genres

Cubans in the United States like progenitor Roberto Tor- of music. Currently, the most renowned groups include
res.
Grupo Socavn, Grupo Gualaj, and Grups Bahia Trio.
A well renowned gure among the old marimbero masters in Colombia is Baudilio Cuama Rentera from Bue1.5 Other Caribbean genres
naventura Colombia.
Main article: Vallenato

Pacic Region of Colombia

In the United States two Colombian Bands performing this genre with authentic traditional instruments are
La Cumbiamba NY, on the east coast (New York),
and Aluna Band in the west coast (San Francisco). In
2010, Currulao has been added to the UNESCO list of
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[1]

2.2 Other Pacic genres

Andean Region of Colombia

North Pacic

Center-East Andean

South Pacic
North-Western Andean

2.1

Currulao

This is one of the most African inuenced-styles in

all of Colombia, and has its roots among the AfroColombian/African-descendant/Black people of the
Pacic coast.

South-Western Andean

In its most basic form, the currulao is played by a group

of four musicians.
One musician plays a 6-8 rhythm on a drum known as
a cununo, which supercially resembles the alegre
drum (used in Cumbia) to the untrained eye, but is narrower and taller. The Currulao rhythm is created by both
striking the skin of the drum with the ones hand and tapping the side of the drum with a small stick.

Center-South Andean

The second musician keeps time on a shaker known

in parts of Colombia as a guas"(goo-ah-SAH) or
guache"(goo-AH-cheh), which is typically a hollow
cylinder made of metal, wooden, or guadua bamboo,
lled with light seeds, rice is sometimes used in homemade guass.

Pacic inter-Andean valleys

But the main instrument of the currulao style is perhaps 3.1 Bambuco
the Colombian marimba, a wooden xilophone which resembles the African balafon also for the style of playing. Main article: Bambuco
Many groups in Colombia perform this traditional style

7 CONTEMPORARY MUSIC

Bambuco is an indigenous form of music with European

inuence, sometimes known as Msica del interior. Bambuco is said to have originated from the Muisca Indians due to it sad and slow rhythm. Its popularity has
long been, but was extremely popular across Colombia
from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Artists include
Estudiantina, Los Carranguerros de Raquira, Jaime Llano
Gonzlez, Jorge Villamil, and the Morales Pino Tro.

3.2

Other Andean Genres

Orinoqua Region of Colombia

Insular Region

Amazon Region
Eastern Plains

Shakers

4.1

Joropo
Drum

Main article: Joropo

Tambourine
Msica llanera is a harp-led genre of music from Los
Llanos popular throughout Colombia. It includes the traditional joropo musical style, and is known for verbal con- 6.2 Musical genres
tests called contrapunteo. Artists in this genre include
Alfredo Rolando Ortiz (born in Cuba), Alma Llanera
(band), Grupo Cimarrn (band), Luis Ariel Rey, Carlos 7 Contemporary
Rojas, Sabor Llanero, Arnulfo Briceo, and Orlando
Valdemarra. This particular type of music is also popular
in Venezuela due to the shared llanos. It is considered to
be the national music of Venezuela. Listen joropo music
.

4.2

Other Orinoco region genres

Insular Region (Colombia)

Amazon Region of Colombia

6.1

music

Musical instruments

Guitar
Menguar

Escopetarra is a Machine gun-guitar sculpture made as a peace

gesture.

7.3

7.1

Colombian pop music

Colombian salsa

Salsa music was born among Puerto Ricans and Cubans,

but soon spread to Colombia. Native salsa groups like
Fruko y sus Tesos and labels that recorded them like
Discos Fuentes emerged. Artists like Joe Arroyo followed, inventing a distinctively Colombian form of salsa.
Other inuential Colombian salsa artists include Cristian
Del Real The Timbal Genius, Grupo Niche, Alquimia,
La Misma Gente, Los Titanes, Los Nemus del Pacco,
Orquesta Guayacn, Grupo Gal and La Sonora Carruseles. Some of the most prolic composers in the genre are
Jairo Varela and Nino Caicedo whose compositions have
been recorded by Grupo Niche and Orquesta Guayacn
respectively. Several Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians
who have established in Colombia, such as Diego Valds
and Israel Tanenbaum, have collaborated with Colombians in salsa projects. Recently Colombian dancers have
become World Champions year after year and the style is
becoming more popular and admired among Salsa professionals worldwide; with two of the most prominent salsa
schools being Swing Latino driven by the dance choreographer Eduardo 'El Mulato' Hernandez, and Constelacin
Latina driven by one of the worlds most beloved dancers
Jhoanna 'KKO' Agudelo. As a dance, Colombian Salsa
is unique and dierent from New York/Puerto Rico and
Cuban salsa. Colombian Salsa concentrates on footwork
and does not incorporate cross-body leads. Dancers leave
the upper part of the body still and relaxed while the feet
do extremely fast and complex movements.

7.2

Colombian rock music

Main article: Colombian rock

In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique
Guzmn and Csar Costa became very popular in Colombia. Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers and The
Flippers gained a wide following. Starting in 1967 (see
1967 in music), native bands like Gnesis (unrelated to
the more famous band Genesis of a similar name) fused
native musical forms (like cumbia) with rock. Marco, the
voice of the Rock and Roll, was a pioneer and promoter
of the Rockabilly Colombian performed with his unmistakable personal stamp in their own language. Virtuality is in their rst recordings routed to the sensitive
listener to enjoy the simplicity of rock bass, guitar and
drums, combined into a whole to produce a very particular and in an atmosphere of a home recording studio, lled
with reel tapes and three microphones mixed in mono
line. (Marco Tulio Sanchez B) contributed to the Colombian rock and roll look to the past to remember our roots,
dabbling in country and rockabilly music evokes Elvis
Presley, is called today the Elvis colombiano, awarded
abroad for their ability on stage as a whole Showman
and the unmistakable voice of Cronn rocker.

5
1980s with the arrival of bands such as Soda Stereo
(Argentina), Los Prisioneros (Chile), and Hombres G
(Spain). During the 90s, many punk and heavy metal
bands appeared in Bogot, Medelln, and Cali. Colombia has possibly the biggest underground, hardcore, metal
and punk movement of the continent, and is known in
Latin America as the punk corner. Aterciopelados,
Kraken and Masacre are some of the most important
Colombian rock bands.
The music event Rock al Parque celebrated yearly in
Bogot is the largest free Rock festival in Latin America; around 100 bands playing their music along 3 days
and 400,000 people in attendance. Currently, Doctor
Krpula, a rock band with strong ska inuences that is
known for making covers of traditional Latin American
songs, enjoys great popularity. The most popular Colombian Rock band outside of Colombia is The Monas, winners of a Billboard Award and Mick Jaggers favorite
Latin Rock Band. Aside from playing to sold out crowds
from New York to Los Angeles, They played at SXSW
festival in Austin, TX and to fty thousand people at
the Latin Grammys in L.A. The Monas have played with
Rage Against The Machine, Iggy Pop, The Presidents
of The United States of America, Bowling for Soup, La
Secta, Lucybell and others.
Other popular and interesting bands are Ekhymosis, a
group led by Juanes, who began making music in 1988
and are known for doing Rock with a Colombian inuence, The Hall Eect who make English pop/rock linked
with Britpop inuences. SOUNDACITY[2] a mix of Brit
Rock, Pop and Andean sounds, rhythms and instrumentation, sing both in English and Spanish and have toured
the United States east coast. Proper Strangers avantgarde rock. Two Way Analog an eclectic band whose
inuence are roadmovies and its soundtracks, Divagash
electronic soft-rock, La Pestilencia post-hardcore, Bajo
Tierra, Palenke Soultribe (traditional Colombin roots
music fused with electronic beats). But, possibly, the
most successful indie band is Sidestepper, with its
fusion of Colombian traditional music, electronic and
African rhythms, who already appeared in Coachella Festival in 2006. Some musical groups in the death metal
genre are the world famous Internal Suering, Carnivore
Diprosopus, Goretrade, Mindly Rotten, Suppuration, and
Amputated Genitals. Colombia is also the birthplace of
the well known black metal band Inquisition, now based
in Seattle, Washington. Miguel Fernando Trapezaris, the
bassist of Cyprus-based Epic power metal band Winters
Verge, is of Colombian descent.

7.3 Colombian pop music

This musical genre has been growing recently with artists

like Los de Adentro, San Alejo, Sebastian Yepes, Lucas
Arnau or Mauricio & Palodeagua. Pop with strong traces
of traditional Colombian music, named Tropipop, is also
Rock in Colombia gained great popularity during the rising currently. Fonseca and Maa represent this trend.

7 CONTEMPORARY MUSIC

Shakira

Some of Colombias most internationally recognized

artists include the following:
Juanes

Shakira is the highest selling and most recognized

Colombian artist. After the success of her album
Pies Descalzos in 1995, Shakira began working with
producer Emilio Estefan Jr. and recorded Dnde Estn los Ladrones? which sold millions worldwide.
Proving herself as more than a studio pop-diva in
her MTV Unplugged presentation, Shakira went on
to make an English album Laundry Service which
debuted at #3 in the Billboard Charts of the USA.
Her most successful songs are "Hips Don't Lie", which
sold over 10 million copies and downloads worldwide,
topped in over 70 countries #1, and the song Whenever Wherever She is winner of 2 American and 7 Latin
Grammies. 2008, Shakira was nominated for a Golden
Globe.
Singer-songwriter Juanes swept the Latin Grammys
in 2003 with his album Un Da Normal which has
become very popular in the US and Europe.
Juanes is the most important Colombian artist of the last
decade as he has said Billboard magazine and the newspaper El Espectador in Colombia due to the success of
songs such as "Fjate Bien", "A Dios le Pido", "La Camisa
Negra", "Me Enamora" and Yerbatero which have occupied at # 1 on the charts in America, Europe, Asia,
Africa, Australia and New Zealand and albums Fjate
Bien, Un Da Normal, Mi Sangre, La Vida... Es Un Ratico

Platinum release and P.A.R.C.E.. Juanes was chosen by

CNN as a global icon and is the youngest of the list. His
humanitarian activism has characterized him as the most
supportive artist in the history of Spanish music. Since
he began in the music Juanes has broken records with the
Latin Grammys since their creation.
Fanny L, from the southern city of Santiago de Cali
has released three full-length albums, Lgrimas Clidas, Dos and Felicidad y Perpetua. The rst produced two hits, No Te Pido Flores, and Y Si Te
Digo. The second,T No Eres Para Mi and recently
Fanfarrn from her third studio album. She also
serves as Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations.
Maa, hailing from the same port city as Shakira,
Barranquilla, the trilingual artist has topped the
charts with several international hits including Nia
Bonita, Se Me Acab El Amor, and Ingenuidad
from her debut album, El Baile de los Sueos.
Ilona, a native of Colombias capital city, Bogot,
she cut her teeth singing in the public transport bus
service at the age of 15. She has released two fulllength studio albums including Desde Mi Ventana
and the Latin Grammy Award nominated All en el
Sur.
Carlos Vives, from the coastal city of Santa

7
Marta, Vives is famous for fusing classic vallenato
sounds with rock music. He has collaborated
with diverse international artists such as Marc Anthony and Daddy Yankee as well as countrymen
ChocQuibTown and Maluma.
Soraya
Anasol
Naty Botero
Paula Arenas
Lucas Arnau
Marbelle
Ali Stone

7.4

Colombian urban and hip-hop music

Colombian Party Cartel Recording Chico Malo Carey James

Balboa on the mic.

Hip Hop came to Colombia in the late 1980s when a few

US Hip-Hop tracks by NWA and MC Hammer spurred
a break-dancing fever among the young of the less privileged areas of major cities such as Medelln, Cali and
Bogot. Towards the end of this decade groups began to
form, eventually leading to complete album productions
in the mid-1990s. La Etnia and Gotas de Rap were two of
the various hip-hop groups that emerged and are widely
considered as the pioneers of Colombian Rap. Promoting a very independent style, both groups expressed extreme political and social views, protesting violence, corruption, inequality and hardships in the marginalized regions of Colombia. Then Asilo 38 from Cali come onto
the scene with the albums, La Hoguera (2000) and La
Descarga (2002), presenting a more commercial and polished sound, while still retaining strong socio-political
messages.
It is about this time that Reggaeton from Puerto Rico
surges in popularity and Hip-Hop in Colombia takes a
back seat for a while as artists try their hand at the
new controversial sound. Artist(s) such as Tres Pesos,
J Balvin, Maluma, Reykon y Yelsid have established

themselves in this genre and hits such as 'Baila (Negra

de trasero grande)' by Leka el Poeta and the explixcitly
worded 'La Quemona' and 'Micaela' by Master Boy take
the country by storm. Even the rst ever Colombian 'X
Factor' in 2006 produces a Reggaeton singer called Farina
Pao Paucar Franco who places third in the competition.
Reggae has always been popular in the Colombian
Caribbean islands of San Andres and Providence and
Spanish Reggae from Panama has helped to strengthen
the movement of Reggae artists in the Colombian interior. Artists such as Voodoo Soul Jah, Nawal and Alerta
Kamarada (Colombian representatives in the Jamaican
Reggae festival) are currently spearheading this ever more
popular genre in Colombia.
2006 brings a renaissance in Colombian Hip-Hop in
the form of Afro-Colombian group ChocQuibTown, fusing traditional rhythms and instruments from their native lands in the Colombian Pacic into their sound. Already hailed as the new phenemomenon in Colombian
Hip-Hop, their popularity is ever increasing and making
way for other Urban artists to emerge. One such artist
is Jiggy Drama, from the island of San Andres, who has
become one of the most loved and controversial rap artist
in Colombia, his lyrics are spicy and intelligent. Jiggy
Drama collaborated with Colombian Party Cartel on the
urban merengue track Chico Malo. *On the international stage Aztek Escobar based in Houston, Colombian
Party Cartel based in Nashville, Tres Coronas based in
New York, Adassa based in Miami and 3 of the sevenman group of Culcha Candela in Berlin, Germany are
representing Colombian urban music worldwide.

8 See also
Glossary of Colombian music
Colombian rock
Muisca music

9 References
[1] Accessed 7 Feb 2011
[2] http://www.soundacity.net

Burton, Kim. El Sonido Dorado. 2000. In

Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World
Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean,
India, Asia and Pacic, pp 372385. Rough Guides
Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

10

10

External links

(French) Audio clips: Traditional music of the

Colombia. Muse d'ethnographie de Genve. Accessed November 25, 2010.
www.antipoda.net
www.soundacity.net
A small trip through Colombian music A small trip
through the music of the natural regions of Colombia including pictures of the dierent instruments
and music samples.
Sounds and Colours South American music and culture magazine, with plenty of features on Colombian
music.
Listen llanera music
Listen Colombian Party Cartel music
Listen Jiggy Drama music

EXTERNAL LINKS

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Music of Colombia Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Colombia?oldid=727000829 Contributors: Merphant, KF, SebastianHelm, Alo, Ellywa, TUF-KAT, Angela, Fibonacci, Robbot, Rolando, RedWolf, Sunray, Wikibot, Alan Liefting, DO'Neil, Genghis86,
Sam Hocevar, Discospinster, Cfailde, CanisRufus, Circeus, Viriditas, Alansohn, Snowolf, Marianocecowski, Drbreznjev, Megan1967,
Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Ajnewbold, JIP, Rjwilmsi, Nivix, King of Hearts, Wavelength, RobotE, KenBailey, Reidca, Gaius Cornelius,
Welsh, BazookaJoe, Nikkimaria, Reyk, JRawle, Curpsbot-unicodify, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Bushhopper, KnowledgeOfSelf, Djhd, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Skizzik, Alejomoundry, Quinsareth, Colonies Chris, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, MaracaMaraca, DRahier, Ben14,
Zero Gravity, DMacks, Singerpat, Camilo Sanchez, Ryulong, Tropicalia115, FairuseBot, Vanisaac, CmdrObot, GHe, Neelix, Cydebot,
Klariep, Damifb, Maguonsa, JamesAM, Barticus88, RickinBaltimore, J. W. Love, Scottmsg, AntiVandalBot, 17Drew, MECU, Paul Farren,
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and Anonymous: 257

11.2

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