ABSTRACT

It is IoT which allows objects to be sensed & controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of physical world into computerbased systems, & resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy & economic benefit. IoT is expected
to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, & services that goes beyond machine-tomachine (M2M) communications & covers a variety of protocols, domains, & applications. Endto-end health monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal & chronic patients, helping
one manage health vitals & recurring medication requirements. The IoT could assist in
integration of communications, control, & information processing across various transportation
systems.
There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of IoT, to enable better
management of cities & systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, first of its kind fully
equipped & wired smart city, is near completion. Ambient intelligence & autonomous control are
not part of original concept of Internet of Things. Ambient intelligence & autonomous control do
not necessarily require Internet structures, either.
In future Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic & open network in which auto-organized
or intelligent entities Web services, SOA components, virtual objects also known as avatars will
be interoperable & able to act independently pursuing their own objectives or shared ones
depending on context, circumstances or environments.
Environmental monitoring applications of IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental
protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions,and could even
include areas like monitoring movements of wildlife & their habitats.
Usage of IoT devices for monitoring & operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident
management & emergency response coordination, & quality of service, up-times & reduce costs
of operation in all infrastructure related areas.
The objective of research is Home automation using IOT with integration of Solar based energy
system. Integration of sensing & actuation systems, connected to Internet, is likely to optimize
energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of
energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) & be able to
communicate with utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation &
energy usage. Solar Energy System that is properly installed & adequately sized will not really
require much in way of management. To make this relationship clear, & for those who might
think solar energy is complicated, I designed & wrote this simulation to demonstrate basic
operation of a solar energy electric power system. Only 3 things need to be considered first is
level of charge on battery bank. (AmpHour Meter), Second is Amount of charging power coming
in. (Solar Amps Meter), Third is Amount of power being used. (AC Amps Meter)
IoT is especially relevant to Smart Grid since this provides systems to gather & act on energy &
power-related information in an automated fashion with goal to improve efficiency, reliability,
economics, & sustainability of production & distribution of electricity.
1. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is network of physical objectsdevices, vehicles, buildings &
other itemsembedded with electronics, software, sensors, & network connectivity that enables
these objects to collect & exchange data.The IoT allows objects to be sensed & controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration
of physical world into computer-based systems, & resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy &
economic benefit;when IoT is augmented with sensors & actuators, technology becomes an
instance of more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies
such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation & smart cities. Each thing is uniquely
identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within existing
Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by
2020.
British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs
(originally called Auto-ID centers, referring to a global network of objects connected to radiofrequency identification, or RFID). Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of
devices, systems, & services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications &
covers a variety of protocols, domains, & applications.The interconnection of these embedded
devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while
also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, & expanding to areas such as smart cities.
"Things," in IoT sense, could refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles
with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field
operation devices that assist firefighters in search & rescue operations. Legal scholars suggest to
look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data & service".These
devices collect useful data with help of various existing technologies & then autonomously flow
data between other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems &
washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.
As well as expansion of Internet-connected automation into a plethora of new application areas,
IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations, with consequent
necessity for quick aggregation of data, & an increase in need to index, store, & process such
data more effectively. IoT is one of platforms of today's Smart City, & Smart Energy
Management Systems.
Medical & healthcare systems
IoT devices could be used to enable remote health monitoring & emergency notification systems.
These health monitoring devices could range from blood pressure & heart rate monitors to
advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit
electronic wristbands or advanced hearing aids. Specialized sensors could also be equipped
within living spaces to monitor health & general well-being of senior citizens, while also

ensuring that proper treatment is being administered & assisting people regain lost mobility via
therapy as well. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected scales
or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with IoT. More & more end-to-end health
monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal & chronic patients, helping one manage
health vitals & recurring medication requirements.
Building & home automation
IoT devices could be used to monitor & control mechanical, electrical & electronic systems used
in various types of buildings (e.g., public & private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in
home automation & building automation systems.
Transportation

Digital variable speed-limit sign

The IoT could assist in integration of communications, control, & information processing across
various transportation systems. Application of IoT extends to all aspects of transportation
systems (i.e. vehicle, infrastructure, & driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these
components of a transport system enables inter & intra vehicular communication, smart traffic
control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic & fleet management, vehicle
control, & safety & road assistance.
Large scale deployments
There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of IoT, to enable better
management of cities & systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, first of its kind fully
equipped & wired smart city, is near completion. Nearly everything in this city is planned to be
wired, connected & turned into a constant stream of data that would be monitored & analyzed by
an array of computers with little, or no human intervention.
Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this deployment,
two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants, has already seen 18,000 city
application downloads for their smartphones. This application is connected to 10,000 sensors that
enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda among others.

City context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark
deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing impact of each notification.
Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include Sino-Singapore Guangzhou
Knowledge City; work on improving air & water quality, reducing noise pollution, & increasing
transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; & smart traffic management in western
Singapore.French company, Sigfox, commenced building an ultra-narrowband wireless data
network in San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, first business to achieve such a deployment in U.S.
It subsequently announced this would set up a total of 4000 base stations to cover a total of 30
cities in U.S. by end of 2016, making this largest IoT network coverage provider in country thus
far.
Another example of a large deployment is one completed by New York Waterways in New York
City to connect all their vessels & being able to monitor them live 24/7. The network was
designed & engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago-based company developing wireless
networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on
Hudson River, East River, & Upper New York Bay. With wireless network in place, NY
Waterway is able to take control of its fleet & passengers in a way that was not previously
possible. New applications could include security, energy & fleet management, digital signage,
public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing & others.
Unique addressability of things
The original idea of Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags & unique identification through
Electronic Product Code however this has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI.
An alternative view, from world of Semantic Web focuses instead on making all things (not just
those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by existing naming protocols, such as
URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents,
such as powerful centralized servers acting for their human owners.
The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) would be
able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human-made objects because of
extremely large address space of IPv6 protocol. This system would therefore be able to scale to
large numbers of objects envisaged.
A combination of these ideas could be found in current GS1/EPCglobal EPC Information
Services (EPCIS) specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries
ranging from aerospace to fast moving consumer products & transportation logistics.
Trends & characteristics

Technology Roadmap: Internet of Things

Intelligence
Ambient intelligence & autonomous control are not part of original concept of Internet of
Things. Ambient intelligence & autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet
structures, either. However, there is a shift in research to integrate concepts of Internet of Things
& autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects as
driving force for autonomous IoT.
In future Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic & open network in which auto-organized
or intelligent entities (Web services, SOA components), virtual objects (avatars) will be
interoperable & able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or shared ones)
depending on context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior through collection
& reasoning of context information as well as objects ability to detect changes in environment,
faults affecting sensors & introduce suitable mitigation measures constitute a major research
trend, clearly needed to provide credibility to IoT technology. Modern IoT products & solutions
in marketplace use a variety of different technologies to support such context-aware automation
but more sophisticated forms of intelligence are requested to permit sensor units to be deployed
in real environments.
Network architecture
Internet of Things requires huge scalability in network space to handle surge of devices. IETF
6LoWPAN would be used to connect devices to IP networks.With billions of devices being added
to internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling network layer scalability. IETF's
Constrained Application Protocol, MQTT & ZeroMQ would provide lightweight data transport.

Fog computing is a viable alternative to prevent such large burst of data flow through Internet.
The edge devices' computation power could be used to analyse & process data, thus providing
easy real time scalability.
Complex system
In semi-open or closed loops (i.e. value chains, whenever a global finality could be settled) this
will therefore be considered & studied as a Complex system due to huge number of different
links & interactions between autonomous actors, & its capacity to integrate new actors. At
overall stage (full open loop) this will likely be seen as a chaotic environment (since systems
have always finality).
Size considerations
The Internet of objects would encode 50 to 100 trillion objects, & be able to follow movement of
those objects. Human beings in surveyed urban environments are each surrounded by 1000 to
5000 trackable objects.
Space considerations
In an Internet of Things, precise geographic location of a thingand also precise geographic
dimensions of a thingwill be critical.Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its location in time
& space, have been less critical to track because person processing information could decide
whether or not that information was important to action being taken, & if so, add missing
information (or decide to not take action). (Note that some things in Internet of Things will be
sensors, & sensor location is usually important).The GeoWeb & Digital Earth are promising
applications that become possible when things could become organized & connected by location.
However, challenges that remain include constraints of variable spatial scales, need to handle
massive amounts of data, & an indexing for fast search & neighbor operations. If in Internet of
Things, things are able to take actions on their own initiative, this human-centric mediation role
is eliminated, & time-space context that we as humans take for granted must be given a central
role in this information ecosystem. Just as standards play a key role in Internet & Web, geospatial
standards will play a key role in Internet of Things.
Sectors
There are three core sectors of IoT: enterprise, home, & government, with Enterprise Internet of
Things (EIoT) being largest of three. By 2019, EIoT sector is estimated to account for nearly
40% or 9.1 billion devices.
A "basket of remotes"
According to CEO of Cisco, commercial opportunity for "connected products ranging from cars
to household goods" is expected to be a $USD 19 trillion.Many IoT devices have a potential to
take a piece of this market. Jean-Louis Gasse (Apple initial alumni team, & BeOS co-founder)
has addressed this topic in an article on Monday Note,where he predicts that most likely problem

will be what he calls "basket of remotes" problem, where we'll have hundreds of applications to
interface with hundreds of devices that don't share protocols for speaking with one another.
There are multiple approaches to solve this problem, one of them called "predictive interaction",
where cloud or fog based decision maker will predict user's next action & trigger some reaction.
For user interaction, new technology leaders are joining forces to create standards for
communication between devices. While AllJoyn alliance is composed top 20 World technology
leaders, there are also big companies that promote their own protocol like CCF from Intel.
This problem is also a competitive advantage for some very technical startup companies with fast
capabilities.

AT&T Digital Life provides one solution for "basket of remotes" problem. This product
features home-automation & digital-life experiences. It provides a mobile application to
control their closed ecosystem of branded devices;

Nuve has developed a new technology based on sensors, a cloud-based platform & a
mobile application that allows asset management industry to better protect, control &
monitor their property.

Manufacturers are becoming more conscious of this problem, & many companies have
begun releasing their devices with open APIs. Many of these APIs are used by smaller
companies looking to take advantage of quick integration.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
As of 2013, vision of Internet of Things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple
technologies, ranging from wireless communication to Internet & from embedded systems to
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).This means that traditional fields of embedded
systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home & building
automation), & others all contribute to enabling Internet of Things (IoT).
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke
machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming first internet-connected appliance, able to

report its inventory & whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Mark Weiser's seminal 1991 paper
on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as
UbiComp & PerCom produced contemporary vision of IoT. In 1994 Reza Raji described concept
in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate &
automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 & 1996 several
companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. However, only in 1999
did field start gathering momentum. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2D) communication
as part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.
The concept of Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through Auto-ID Center at MIT
& related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen by
Kevin Ashton (one of founders of original Auto-ID Center) as a prerequisite for Internet of
Things at that point. If all objects & people in daily life were equipped with identifiers,
computers could manage & inventory them. Besides using RFID, tagging of things may be
achieved through such technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes & digital
watermarking.
In its original interpretation, one of first consequences of implementing Internet of Things by
equipping all objects in world with minuscule identifying devices or machine-readable identifiers
would be to transform daily life.For instance, instant & ceaseless inventory control would
become ubiquitous.A person's ability to interact with objects could be altered remotely based on
immediate or present needs, in accordance with existing end-user agreements. For example, such
technology could grant motion-picture publishers much more control over end-user private
devices by remotely enforcing copyright restrictions & digital restrictions management, so ability
of a customer who bought a Blu-ray disc to watch movie becomes dependent on so-called
"copyright holder's" decision, similar to Circuit City's failed DIVX.

John A. Stankovic, Life Fellow, IEEE wrote research on Research Directions for the
Internet of Things
Many technical communities are vigorously pursuing research topics that contribute to the
Internet of Things (IoT). Today, as sensing, actuation, communication, and control become ever
more sophisticated and ubiquitous, there is significant overlap in these communities, sometimes
from slightly different perspectives. More cooperation between communities is encouraged. To
provide a basis for discussing open research problems in IoT, a vision for how IoT could change
the world in the distant future is first presented. Then, eight key research topics are enumerated
and research problems within those topics are discussed. one vision of the future is that IoT

becomes a utility with increased sophistication in sensing, actuation, communications, control,

and in creating knowledge from vast amounts of data. This will result in qualitatively different
lifestyles from today. What the lifestyles would be is anyones guess. It would be fair to say that
we cannot predict how lives will change. We did not predict the Internet, the Web, social
networking, Facebook, Twitter, millions of apps for smartphones, etc., and these have all
qualitatively changed societies lifestyle. New research problems arise due to the large scale of
devices, the connection of the physical and cyber worlds, the openness of the systems of systems,
and continuing problems of privacy and security. It is hoped that there is more cooperation
between the research communities in order to solve the myriad of problems sooner as well as to
avoid re-inventing the wheel when a particular community solves a problem.
Jayavardhana Gubbi,Rajkumar Buyya. Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu Palaniswami Internet
of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many
areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand
environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments.
The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of
Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us,
and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture
(COP). Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as
RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is
the the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future
Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3
(ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries
increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation
of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to
drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which
is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. They conclude our IoT vision
by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing
directed at technological research community.
The proliferation of devices with communicating-actuating capabilities is bringing closer the
vision of an Internet of Things, where the sensing and actuation functions seamlessly blend into
the background and new capabilities are made possible through access of rich new information
sources. The evolution of the next generation mobile system will depend on the creativity of the
users in designing new applications. IoT is an ideal emerging technology to influence this
domain by providing new evolving data and the required computational resources for creating
revolutionary apps.
Presented here is a user-centric cloud based model for approaching this goal through the
interaction of private and public clouds. In this manner, the needs of the end-user are brought to
the fore. Allowing for the necessary flexibility to meet the diverse and sometimes competing

needs of different sectors, we propose a framework enabled by a scalable cloud to provide the
capacity to utilize the IoT. The framework allows networking, computation, storage and
visualization themes separate thereby allowing independent growth in every sector but
complementing each other in a shared environment. The standardization which is underway in
each of these themes will not be adversely affected with Cloud at its center. In proposing the new
framework associated challenges have been highlighted ranging from appropriate interpretation
and visualization of the vast amounts of data, through to the privacy, security and data
management issues that must underpin such a platform in order for it to be genuinely viable. The
consolidation of international initiatives is quite clearly accelerating progress towards an IoT,
providing an overarching view for the integration and functional elements that can deliver an
operational IoT.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND NEED OF RESEARCH
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research & advisory corporation), there will be nearly
20.8 billion devices on Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research estimates that more than 30
billion devices will be wirelessly connected to Internet of Things by 2020. As per a recent survey
& study done by Pew Research Internet Project, a large majority of technology experts &
engaged Internet users who responded83 percentagreed with notion that Internet/Cloud of
Things, embedded & wearable computing (and corresponding dynamic systems) will have
widespread & beneficial effects by 2025.As such, this is clear that IoT will consist of a very large
number of devices being connected to Internet.In an active move to accommodate new &
emerging technological innovation, UK Government, in their 2015 budget, allocated
40,000,000 towards research into Internet of Things. The British Chancellor of Exchequer
George Osborne, posited that Internet of Things is next stage of information revolution &
referenced inter-connectivity of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household
appliances.Integration with Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a unique
identifier. However, due to limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion unique
addresses), objects in IoT will have to use IPv6 to accommodate extremely large address space
required. Objects in IoT will not only be devices with sensory capabilities, but also provide
actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over Internet). To a large extent, future of
Internet of Things will not be possible without support of IPv6; & consequently global adoption
of IPv6 in coming years will be critical for successful development of IoT in future.
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory & power resources means
that IoT finds applications in nearly every field. Such systems could be in charge of collecting
information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings & factories, thereby finding
applications
in
fields
of
environmental
sensing
&
urban
planning.
On other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing
things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits
in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with
special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need, which their

fridge has automatically conveyed to phone. Additional examples of sensing & actuating are
reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity & energy management, as well as cruiseassisting transportation systems. Other applications that Internet of Things could provide is
enabling extended home security features & home automation. The concept of an "internet of
living things" has been proposed to describe networks of biological sensors that could use cloudbased analyses to allow users to study DNA or other molecules.All these advances add to
numerous list of IoT applications. Now with IoT, you could control electrical devices installed in
your house while you are sorting out your files in office. Your water will be warm as soon as you
get up in morning for shower. All credit goes to smart devices which make up smart home.
Everything connected with help of Internet.
However, application of IoT is not only restricted to these areas. Other specialized use cases of
IoT may also exist. An overview of some of most prominent application areas is provided here.
Based on application domain, IoT products could be classified broadly into five different
categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart environment, & smart enterprise. The
IoT products & solutions in each of these markets have different characteristics.
Media
In order to hone manner in which Internet of Things (IoT), Media & Big Data are interconnected,
this is first necessary to provide some context into mechanism used for media process. It has
been suggested by Nick Couldry & Joseph Turow that Practitioners in Media approach Big Data
as many actionable points of information about millions of individuals. The industry appears to
be moving away from traditional approach of using specific media environments such as
newspapers, magazines, or television shows & instead tap into consumers with technologies that
reach targeted people at optimal times in optimal locations. The ultimate aim is of course to
serve, or convey, a message or content that is (statistically speaking) in line with consumer's
mindset. For example, publishing environments are increasingly tailoring messages
(advertisements) & content (articles) to appeal to consumers that have been exclusively gleaned
through various data-mining activities.
The media industries process big data in a dual, interconnected manner:

Targeting of consumers (for advertising by marketers)

Data-capture
Thus, internet of things creates an opportunity to measure, collect & analyse an ever-increasing
variety of behavioural statistics. Cross-correlation of this data could revolutionise targeted
marketing of products & services.For example, as noted by Danny Meadows-Klue, combination
of analytics for conversion tracking with behavioural targeting has unlocked a new level of
precision that enables display advertising to be focused on devices of people with relevant
interests.Big Data & IoT work in conjunction. From a media perspective, Data is key derivative

of device inter connectivity, whilst being pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in targeting. The
Internet of Things therefore transforms media industry, companies & even governments, opening
up a new era of economic growth & competitiveness. The wealth of data generated by this
industry (i.e. big data) will allow Practitioners in Advertising & Media to gain an elaborate layer
on present targeting mechanisms used by industry.
Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring applications of IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental
protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions,and could even
include areas like monitoring movements of wildlife & their habitats.Development of resource
constrained devices connected to Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or
tsunami early-warning systems could also be used by emergency services to provide more
effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area & could also
be mobile.It has been argued that standardization IoT brings to wireless sensing will
revolutionize this area.
Infrastructure management
Monitoring & controlling operations of urban & rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks,
on- & offshore- wind-farms is a key application of IoT. The IoT infrastructure could be used for
monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that could compromise safety &
increase risk. It could also be used for scheduling repair & maintenance activities in an efficient
manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers & users of these facilities. IoT
devices could also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to
ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring & operating infrastructure is likely to improve
incident management & emergency response coordination, & quality of service, up-times &
reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste
management could benefit from automation & optimization that could be brought in by IoT.
Manufacturing
Network control & management of manufacturing equipment, asset & situation management, or
manufacturing process control bring IoT within realm on industrial applications & smart
manufacturing as well.The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products,
dynamic response to product demands, & real-time optimization of manufacturing production &
supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors & control systems together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools & service information
systems to optimize plant safety & security are within purview of IoT. But this also extends itself
to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, & measurements to
maximize reliability. Smart industrial management systems could also be integrated with Smart
Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant
optimization, health & safety management, & other functions are provided by a large number of

networked sensors.National Science Foundation established an Industry/University Cooperative

Research Center on Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) in 2001 with a research focus to use
IoT-based predictive analytics technologies to monitor connected machines & to predict machine
degradation, & further to prevent potential failures. The vision to achieve near-zero breakdown
using IoT-based predictive analytics led future development of e-manufacturing & emaintenance activities.The term IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) is often encountered in
manufacturing industries, referring to industrial subset of IoT. IIoT in manufacturing would
probably generate so much business value that this will eventually lead to fourth industrial
revolution, so so-called Industry 4.0. It is estimated that in future, successful companies will be
able to increase their revenue through Internet of Things by creating new business models &
improve productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, & transform workforce.The potential of
growth by implementing IIoT will generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.

Design architecture of cyber-physical systems-enabled manufacturing system

4. Proposed Work
While connectivity & data acquisition are imperative for IIoT, they should be foundation & path
to something bigger but not purpose. Among all technologies, predictive maintenance is probably
a relatively "easier win" since this is applicable to existing assets & management systems. The
objective of intelligent maintenance systems is to reduce unexpected downtime & increase
productivity. And to realize that alone would generate around up to 30% over total maintenance
costs. Industrial Big Data analytics will play a vital role in manufacturing asset predictive
maintenance, although that is not only capability of Industrial Big Data. Cyber-physical systems
(CPS) is core technology of Industrial Big Data & this is will be an interface between human &
cyber world. Cyber-physical systems could be designed by following "5C" (Connection,

Conversion, Cyber, Cognition, Configuration) architecture, & this will transform collected data
into actionable information, & eventually interfere with physical assets to optimize processes.
An IoT-enabled intelligent system of such cases has been demonstrated by NSF
Industry/University Collaborative Research Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) at
University of Cincinnati on a band saw machine in IMTS 2014 in Chicago.Band saw machines
are not necessarily expensive, but band saw belt expenses are enormous since they degrade much
faster. However, without sensing & intelligent analytics, this could be only determined by
experience when band saw belt will actually break. The developed prognostics system will be
able to recognize & monitor degradation of band saw belts even if condition is changing, so that
users will know in near real time when is best time to replace band saw. This will significantly
improve user experience & operator safety, & save costs on replacing band saw belts before they
actually break. The developed analytical algorithms were realized on a cloud server, & was made
accessible via Internet & on mobile devices.
Energy management
Integration of sensing & actuation systems, connected to Internet, is likely to optimize energy
consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy
consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) & be able to communicate
with utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation & energy
usage.Such devices would also offer opportunity for users to remotely control their devices, or
centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, & enable advanced functions like scheduling
(e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting
conditions etc.). In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric outlets are already
available in market, e.g., Belkin's WeMo,Ambery Remote Power Switch,Budderfly,Telkonet's
EcoGuard,WhizNets Inc., etc.
Besides home based energy management, IoT is especially relevant to Smart Grid since this
provides systems to gather & act on energy & power-related information in an automated fashion
with goal to improve efficiency, reliability, economics, & sustainability of production &
distribution of electricity.Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to
Internet backbone, electric utilities could not only collect data from end-user connections, but
also manage other distribution automation devices like transformers & reclosers.

Solar Energy Electric Power System Simulation for IOT

Solar Energy System that is properly installed & adequately sized will not really require much in
way of management. For those times of marginal sun or very large power requirements, it is
important to understand relationship between your battery charge level, amount of charge (if
any) that they are receiving, & power being withdrawn (appliances, etc.) from system.

To make this relationship clear, & for those who might think solar energy is complicated, I
designed & wrote this simulation to demonstrate basic operation of a solar energy electric power
system. Only 3 things need to be considered:
1. Level of charge on battery bank. (AmpHour Meter)
2. Amount of charging power coming in. (Solar Amps Meter)
3. Amount of power being used. (AC Amps Meter)
Detailed instructions for Solar Energy Electric Power System Simulation.
This Solar Energy Electric Power System Simulation is representative of a small 4 KiloWatt
solar energy system. solar panel array is eight 100 watt panels or 800 watts total. With a average
solar day of 5 hours, 800 watts times 5 hours equals 4000 watts or 4 KiloWatts (4KW). battery
bank capacity is 1000 AmpHours at 12 volts.
The Simulation may run at 5 different speeds including real time (1 second = 1 second sim time).
At fastest speed, it may be a real challenge to keep things under control. default speed of 1
second = 1 minute of Simulator time is a good starting speed. Click drop down arrow to change
speeds. If you like things to move along a little faster try 1 second = 10 minutes speed.
Starting & stopping Simulator
You may start or stop Simulation any time by clicking Start/Stop button. This way you may take
your time turning appliances on or off & changing Sun Intensity. Simulator clock may also be
reset so you may make timed runs to see how long it would take to charge or discharge batteries
under a variety of configurations. Also, drop down arrow allows you to change Simulator speed
from real time to 1 sec equals 30 minutes of Simulator time.
Setting Sun Intensity
Changing Sun Intensity gives you a way to represent real world weather conditions. A setting of
0 will produce no output at all & highest setting of 7 represents full sunshine & very clear
conditions. At times you will find you cannot increase Sun Intensity beyond a certain point.
reason for this is that when batteries are completely charged, Sun Intensity setting will reduce
automatically to simulate action of Charge Controller whose main job in real world is to prevent
overcharging of batteries.
Turning Appliances On & Off
Any combination of appliances may be On or Off. Hover mouse cursor over indicator lights for
each appliance to see how many amps DC it will use. Although a typical refrigerator
will use 15 to 25 amps when it is running, refrigerator in this simulation uses 8 amps because
refrigerators typically only run about 1/3 of time. Also, if Battery Bank falls below 50% (-500 for
1000 AmpHour capacity), Power Inverter will power down, shutting off all appliances to protect

batteries. In real world, a quality Power Inverter will let you set this 'cut out' point anywhere you
like. It is good practice not to discharge below 50%.
What 5 Meters used in Simulator show :
In a real Solar Energy Electric Power System, a single quality multi-function meter is capable of
displaying all readings of first 4 meters in Simulator. To better see what is happening, Simulator
displays all these readings at same time. I added AC meter so you may easily see that power
appliances use does not go into batteries. (Battery Amps Meter).
1) Solar Panel Amps Meter
This meter shows output Amps from solar panel array. Simulator uses 8 solar panels rated at 100
watts each for a total output of 4 KiloWatts based on an average solar day of 5 hours. 800 watts
times 5 hours equals 4000 watts or 4 KiloWatts (4KW). meter will display 0 amps to 56 amps in
8 amp increments. For example: a Sun Intensity setting of 1 will produce 1 amp from each of 8
solar panels for a total output of 8 amps displayed on meter. 0 is of course completely 'OFF' & a
Sun Intensity of 7 will produce maximum output of 56 amps. This power may charge batteries or
run appliances. Of course, any power appliances use will not go into batteries.
2) Battery Bank Amps Meter
This meter shows Amps going into or out of batteries. If you are using more power than solar
panels are delivering, this number will be negative & you will be using power stored in your
battery bank. At same time you will notice AmpHour meter become more negative as your
batteries lose charge. When batteries are 100% charged, 8 amps represents float charge level &
will not go any higher. batteries have all they want!
3) Battery Bank Voltage Meter
This meter monitors battery bank voltage level. If it is below 12.7 batteries are less than full or
under load. If greater than 12.7 batteries are full or are charging. To see actual battery voltage,
turn off all appliances & set sun intensity to 0. voltage level will now be determined solely by
AmpHour reading.
4) Battery Bank AmpHours Meter
The AmpHour meter shows Amps into & out of battery bank relative to battery bank size.
Simulator uses a battery bank size of 1000 AmpHours of battery capacity. So if meter shows
negative 100 AmpHours, batteries are 10% discharged or 90% charged. In practice this number
will normally be negative unless battery bank is fully charged. As power is withdrawn from
batteries negative reading will increase. When batteries are being charged readings will become
less & less negative. When meter reading reaches 0, battery bank is fully charged. When
AmpHour meter reading is at 0, Simulator (like a charge controller) will reduce charging
automatically (by reducing Sun intensity) to prevent over charging of batteries. Also, if batteries
become more than 50% discharged, the Simulator will disconnect AC power from inverter,
shutting off all appliances. (In real world, this AC cut out point may be set at any battery voltage
level on better quality power inverters.)

5) AC Amps load Meter This is combined Amps of all appliances you have turned on.
Normally, at 120 volts AC it would display 1/10 amps that you would be using at 12 volts DC (1
amp at 120 volts is 10 amps at 12 volts). To make simulator easier to understand, this meter will
display Amps at 12 volts instead of at 120 volts. This way you may easily see that if solar panels
are putting out 24 amps & TV is using 15 amps, this leaves only 9 amps charging batteries.
CASE 1
Refrigerator is on & sun intensity is 3

Case 2
Refrigerator & tv is on & sun intensity is 3

Case 3: Refrigerator,tv,Desk computer is on & sun intensity is 3

5. Tools & Technology

Enabling technologies for the IOT

There are many technologies that enable IOT.
1. RFID and near-field communication In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant technology.
Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC have become common in smartphones during
the early 2010s, with uses such as reading NFC tags or for access to public transportation.
[citation needed]

2. Optical tags and quick response codes This is used for low cost tagging. Phone cameras
decode QR code using image-processing techniques. In reality QR advertisement
campaigns gives less turnout as users need to have another application to read QR codes.
3. Bluetooth low energy This is one of the latest tech. All newly releasing smartphones
have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal their presence at a power
budget that enables them to operate for up to one year on a lithium coin cell battery.
4. Low energy wireless IP networks embedded radio in system-on-a-chip designs, lower
power WiFi, sub-GHz radio in an ISM band, often using a compressed version of IPv6
called 6LowPAN.
5. ZigBee This communication technology is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol to
implement physical and MAC layer for low-rate wireless Private Area Networks. Some
of its main characteristics like low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high
message throughput make it an interesting IoT enabler technology.
6. Z-Wave is a communication protocol that is mostly used in smart home applications.
7. LTE-Advanced LTE-A is a high-speed communication specification for mobile
networks. Compared to its original LTE, LTE-A has been improved to have extended
coverage, higher throughput and lower latency. One important application of this
technology is Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications.
8. WiFi-Direct It is essentially WiFi for peer-to-peer communication without needing to
have an access point. This feature attracts IoT applications to be built on top of WiFiDirect to get benefit from the speed of WiFi while they experience lower latency.

Simulation
IOT modeling and simulation (and emulation) is typically carried out at the design stage before
deployment of the network. Network simulators like OPNET, NetSim and NS2 can be used to
simulate IOT networks.
Politics and civic engagement

Some scholars and activists argue that the IoT can be used to create new models of civic
engagement if device networks can be open to user control and inter-operable platforms. Philip
N. Howard, a professor and author, writes that political life in both democracies and authoritarian
regimes will be shaped by the way the IoT will be used for civic engagement. For that to happen,
he argues that any connected device should be able to divulge a list of the "ultimate
beneficiaries" of its sensor data, and that individual citizens should be able to add new
organizations to the beneficiary list. In addition, he argues that civil society groups need to start
developing their IoT strategy for making use of data and engaging with the public.
Criticism and controversies
While many technologists tout the Internet of Things as a step towards a better world, scholars
and social observers have doubts about the promises of the ubiquitous computing revolution.
Privacy, autonomy and control
Philip N. Howard, a professor and author, writes that the Internet of Things offers immense
potential for empowering citizens, making government transparent, and broadening information
access. Howard cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for
social control and political manipulation.
A research team of the National Science Foundation and University of Arkansas at Little Rock
discovered that the privacy of households using smart home devices could be compromised by
analyzing network traffic.
Peter-Paul Verbeek, a professor of philosophy of technology at the University of Twente,
Netherlands, writes that technology already influences our moral decision making, which in turn
affects human agency, privacy and autonomy. He cautions against viewing technology merely as
a human tool and advocates instead to consider it as an active agent.
Justin Brookman, of the Center for Democracy and Technology, expressed concern regarding the
impact of IoT on consumer privacy, saying that "There are some people in the commercial space
who say, 'Oh, big data well, let's collect everything, keep it around forever, we'll pay for
somebody to think about security later.' The question is whether they want to have some sort of
policy framework in place to limit that."
Tim O'Reilly believes that the way companies sell the IoT devices on consumers are misplaced,
disputing the notion that the IoT is about gaining efficiency from putting all kinds of devices
online and postulating that "IoT is really about human augmentation. The applications are
profoundly different when you have sensors and data driving the decision-making."

Editorials at WIRED have also expressed concern, one stating "What you're about to lose is your
privacy. Actually, it's worse than that. You aren't just going to lose your privacy, you're going to
have to watch the very concept of privacy be rewritten under your nose."
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) expressed concern regarding the ability of IoT to
erode people's control over their own lives. The ACLU wrote that "There's simply no way to
forecast how these immense powers disproportionately accumulating in the hands of
corporations seeking financial advantage and governments craving ever more control will be
used. Chances are Big Data and the Internet of Things will make it harder for us to control our
own lives, as they grow increasingly transparent to powerful corporations and government
institutions that are becoming more opaque to us."
Researchers have identified privacy challenges faced by all stakeholders in IoT domain, from the
manufacturers and app developers to the consumers themselves, and examined the responsibility
of each party in order to ensure user privacy at all times. Problems highlighted by the report
include:

User consent somehow, the report says, users need to be able to give informed consent
to data collection. Users, however, have limited time and technical knowledge.
Freedom of choice both privacy protections and underlying standards should promote
freedom of choice.
Anonymity IoT platforms pay scant attention to user anonymity when transmitting data,
the researchers note. Future platforms could, for example, use TOR or similar
technologies so that users can't be too deeply profiled based on the behaviors of their
"things".

6. SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The system will likely be an example of event-driven architecture bottom-up made (based on
context of processes & operations, in real-time) & will consider any subsidiary level. Therefore,
model driven & functional approaches will coexist with new ones able to treat exceptions &
unusual evolution of processes (Multi-agent systems, B-ADSc, etc.).
In an Internet of Things, meaning of an event will not necessarily be based on a deterministic or
syntactic model but would instead be based on context of event itself: this will also be a semantic
web. Consequently, this will not necessarily need common standards that would not be able to
address every context or use: some actors (services, components, avatars) will accordingly be
self-referenced and, if ever needed, adaptive to existing common standards (predicting
everything would be no more than defining a "global finality" for everything that is just not
possible with any of current top-down approaches & standardizations). Some researchers argue
that sensor networks are most essential components of Internet of Things.

Building on top of Internet of Things, Web of Things is an architecture for application layer of
Internet of Things looking at convergence of data from IoT devices into Web applications to
create innovative use-cases. In order to program & control flow of information in Internet of
Things, a predicted architectural direction is being called BPM Everywhere which is a blending
of traditional process management with process mining & special capabilities to automate
control of large numbers of coordinated devices.

REFERENCES
[1] M1 Security and Automation Controls. http://www.elkproducts.com/m1 controls.html.
[2] Apple app store. http://www.apple.com/osx/apps/app-store.html.
[3] Control4 Home Automation and Control. http://www.control4.com.
[4] http://www.phonearena.com/news/Androids-Google-Playbeats- App-Store-with-over-1million-apps-now-o_ciallylargestid45680.
[5] T. Abdelzaher, S. Prabh, and R. Kiran, On Real-Time Capacity Limits of ad hoc Wireless
Sensor Networks, RTSS, December 2004.
[6] Y. Aguiar, M. Vieira, E. Galy, J. Mercantini, and C. Santoni, Refining a User Behavior Model
based on the Observation of Emotional States. COGNITIVE , 2011.
[7] V. Bradshaw. The Building Environment: Active and Passive Control Systems. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., River Street, NJ, USA, 2006.
[8] B. Brumitt, B. Meyers, J. Krumm, A. Kern, and S. A. Shafer. Easyliving: Technologies for
Intelligent Environments. HUC, 2000.
[9] G. Burnham, J. Seo G. Bekey, A. Identification of Human Driver Models in Car Following.
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19, 6, 1974, pp. 911915.
[10] J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, Secure Code Distribution in Dynamically Programmable
Wireless Sensor Networks, Proc. of ACM/IEEE IPSN, 2006. pp. 292-300.
[11] R. Dickerson, E. Gorlin, and J. Stankovic, Empath: a Continuous Remote Emotional Health
Monitoring System for Depressive Illness. Wireless Health , 2011.
[12] C. Dixon, R. Mahajan, S. Agarwal, A. Brush, B. Lee, S. Saroiu, and P. Bahl, An Operating
System for the Home, NSDI, 2012.
[13] T. He, J. Stankovic, C. Lu and T. Abdelzaher, A Spatiotemporal Communication Protocol for
Wireless
Sensor Networks, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 16, No. 10, Oct.
2005, pp. 995-1006.

[14] M. Huang, J. Li, X. Song, and H. Guo, Modeling Impulsive Injections of Insulin: Towards
Artificial Pancreas. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics 72, 5, 2012, pp. 15241548.
[15] M. Kay, E. Choe, J. Shepherd, B. Greenstein, N. Watson, S. Consolvo, and J. Kientz,
Lullaby: a Capture & Access System for Understanding the Sleep Environment. UbiComp, 2012.
[16] A Liu, and D. Salvucci, Modeling and Prediction of Human Driver Behavior, Intl.
Conference on HCI , 2001.
[17] J. Lu, T. Sookoor, V. Srinivasan, G. Gao, B. Holben J. Stankovic, E. Field, and K.
Whitehouse, The Smart Thermostat: Using Occupancy Sensors to Save Energy in Homes, ACM
SenSys, 2010.
[18] M. Maroti, B. Kusy, G. Simon, and A. Ledeczi, The Flooding Time Synchronization
Protocol, ACM SenSys, November 2004.
[19] S. Mohammed, P. Fraisse, D. Guiraud, P. Poignet, and H. Makssoud, Towards a Cocontraction Muscle Control strategy for Paraplegics. CDC-ECC, 2005.
[20] S. Munir, J. Stankovic, C. Liang, and S. Lin, New Cyber Physical System Challenges for
Human-in-the-Loop Control, 8th International Workshop on Feedback Computing, June 2013.
[21] S. Munir and J. Stankovic, DepSys: Dependency Aware Integration of Systems for Smart
Homes, submitted for publication.
[22] S. Ravi, A. Raghunathan, S. Chakradhar. Tamper Resistance Mechanisms for Secure,
Embedded Systems, Proc. of 17th International Conference on VLSI Design, 2004. p. 605.
[23] B. Rong Chen, G. Peterson, G. Mainland, and M. Welsh, LiveNet: Using Passive
Monitoring to Reconstruct Sensor Network Dynamics, DCOSS 2008, June 2008.
[24] S. Rost and H. Balakrishnan, Memento: A Health Monitoring System for Wireless Sensor
Networks. SECON 2006, September 2006.
[25] L. Ruiz, J. Nogueira, and A. Loureiro, MANNA: A Management Architecture for Wireless
Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2003.
[26] G. Schirner, D. Erdogmus, K. Chowdhury, and T. Padir, The Future of Human-in-the-Loop
Cyber-Physical Systems. Computer 46, 1, 2013, pp. 3645.
[27] J. Stankovic, When Sensor and Actuator Networks Cover the World, invited Keynote
Article, Special Issue on Ubiquitous Sensor Networks, ETRI Journal, Korea, Vol. 30. No. 5,
October 2008, pp. 627-633.
[28] J. Stankovic, I. Lee, A. Mok, R. Rajkumar, Opportunities and Obligations for Physical
Computing Systems, IEEE Computer, Vol. 38, No. 11, Nov. 2005, pp. 23-31.
[29] J. Stankovic, A Vision of a Smart City in the Future, Smart Cities, Vol. 1, Issue 10, Oct.
2013.
[30] K. Tsui, D. Kim, A. Behal, D. Kontak, and H. Yanco, I Want That : Human-in-the-Loop
Control of a Wheelchair-Mounted Robotic Arm. Journal of Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 8,
2011.
[31] P. A. Vicaire, E. Hoque, Z. Xie, and J. A. Stankovic, Bundles: a Group Based Programming
Abstraction for Cyber Physical Systems, ICCPS, 2010.