SOLUTIONS TO THE CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 PROBLEMS IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA WARREN E. STEWART EDWIN N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin New York ~ London, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHaerer 4 — Checked by | T. J. Sadowski L.A Computation | Rn of Goses at Low Den Two methods of solution are given in the texts the kinetic theory method based on Eq. |.4-18, and the corresponding states method baxd on Fig. 1.3-1, The kineivc Huory method is mor acurale, Coluulahons by both methods are summarized here. _ Me a Dap y dan [Mei] gmc | =e] nites | 0, 32.00| 3433) 113, 200 | 108 0.02029 | Ne | 202 3681 | as 320 | 1oan 0. 01747 ees 16.04 | | S822] Bt 24 | Lis 0. 01044 | _ Corresponding Stans Merned: oe [ Constants from lable 5-I Pr Me Brvalcted | | Gas | T. (K) | peat) | pe Cop) | = = BE | (fg. bao preny | O. | ies [487 [o0250 tao | 6.020 O82 | Na 126.2 335 0.0180 2.32, 0.030 0.97 0.075 | CHy | 191-0 458 0.0159 1.64 0.022 0.64 0.0110 ‘The observed valus are: 0, (0.0203cp), Na (0.017Sep) , CHy (0.0109 cp), as given wn Table 11-2, L.B Calculation of Viscosities of Gas Mixhares ak Low Density For the binary »yiem bang considered re seo “be He cs CchF, — 2h0 According to Eq, 4-20, & é i. =1, and “Le (HIM (ERIM = 008 an els Bs1 120.4 124, zoie \"4 == 2.) I. 1 f= flies (BR) MCREYAT® = coro Application of Eq. 14-19 than gives: Ze i 2.2 A= Be AtB= | xy | 2xjhy | Lx yhy xi / Ey xpi/ Sa Paine” Hongx 108 er nin Ht i 6.00, 3.434 ie00 0.0 124.0 (124.0) ato | o2s | 3.200 0.13 o4 tau. 3 ant (aa. | OSO! 2.467 0.546 17-4 113.6 130s" 43-4 i o7s | 1734 0.314 32 91, Bos las | 1.00} [.000 0.04z a4 0.0 (88%) Bas (8) Fom lable 8-1 we find that 1,= 126.2°K , pe= 33Satm., and He= 180x 1O~ g crn} sec '. Hence: Pe = pipe = (1000 + 147 )/(33.59C147) = 1-40 b From fig. 13-1) Mr = Lo! = Wh = (400468 / (126.218) = 232 iil Hence the predic viscosity 1S = By He = (-0F)(18Ox 107%) = 1.93 x 107% cow sect (bo) Fem Table lt-2, at 20°C (68°F), po al (6 107 g cmt see. Tom Mig, 13-2 for the vabics 3 Pe Gnd Tp Calculated above, pi = 1, Hence the predicied viseasily 8 i b= pp? = (an yciasxio4) = 1.93 %107* g cmtsec A.D Estimation of Liquid Wiscosity (a) Equation 15-10 may be used with valugof N,h, R fom TableC.2, and nn oT (R) 273-2 373-2 e (gy cm=3) 0.9948 0.4584 V=Mip (cm? g-molcn") 18-02. isso} AG np (cag) at rormal boiling pt) 4989 aq DU np = MAD yup (eat g-mncie™") 3,982 | 8,988 | exp 0-408 AU yu, /RT B.6ox10% | 1.40 x0™ Nas P(g et eet) 2aixio*| aaiaxiot Redined Viscouiry (4 € 0-19 0.02973 (by Use Eq. 15 42 te get: (Hew Tp = 373974) At 213.2% At 373.2°% a2 x10) exp (5.89(919.29/(278.2) = 4.04107 "gun's fh = (Zur) exp (3.3) = 9.5 x10} go sect Summary of results: orc lootc, Ovserved viscosity Cop? L737 0.2821 Prediuicd by Eq. 15-10 484 2.97 Preaiciea by Eq, 15-18 t.0 gs Both equahons give poor predichons. This is not Surprisirig inasmuch a5 Phe cmpriveal forevuta in Eqs. LS=| Gt seq. donot hold for wake, nor for mest astouakd sub stances. LE Molecular Vetocity and Mean Free Path From Eq. \.4-l the mean speed of A molecule is we [BRR =f 8 eam 107 x273.2)' 2 425 x10 em sect ™M wT (32.00) From Eq 14-3 the mean free path is (82.057X273.2) -6 = 4340 NZ re (3x 10-8)* (41) (6.023% 1074) Hence the mean fice path is (43% 169/ (34107?) = 310 molecular dia encten under these conditions. cm In the liquid state, on Hu other hand, te correspondiag Tatio wbuld be of the order of magnitude of or een less than, unihy L.F Compartson of the Uyehara-Wation Chart with Kinetic Theory (:) Gmbination of Eqs. 4-H and 18 gies Sree 2 BO acoqexios SE YM PB In addition, from Eq. L4-il we knew that T= O17 wT/e The calculations for the kwiehic thedry blo! are summarized below| V6 Tt Oye | Ondine = y Be Bom from Table | 2.6093 VED, i Aig. 13-1 | B-2 fa O38 0.23) 2785 0.464 } _ | OF 0.308 2aie 054s : _ 05 0.385 2.287 a.735° Hl - | 0.8 0.616 | 1780 tag ! 0.215 Lo 0.170 1.587 1.492, 0.342 We Liss 1314 28S 0.515 2° tse fo waias Dar : 0.64 3.0 23) |! Loaq 3.90 | 0.96 50 335 | 0997 | 565 : 43g Bo Ge 0. e584 116 | 138 10.0 2.70 O.8LY4 400 2.16 SS = As may br seen th the figure both Hy kinehe theory plot and the Uyehara- Watson plot predict essentially the sams kempernhure cpencanceef visosity, as fs seen by the Similar shapes of tha hwo cures. (b) Using an asemge value for the ratio of Hhe ordinates of the wo curves, we get: poe ME To a — = 42 x 1075 Bie where pL [2] 9 on! seen! Pe in micropones we get: wet 42 MPT ater A, and Te [=] °K. Solving for {) Estirnation of of by Bq. L412 gives bee 42M 7% Loess EA]? = 59am heh ve Eq. 1.3-2 gives a coeffiuent of 61-6 but is otherwise i dantcal, Estrnation of oF by Eq. 14-14 gives: Bes 42 Me TU [zat (teyp.y \ ~ T.06 M'& pM Tos This should be compared vaith Eq. bos in wien the namarial wottracnt is 770. In View of He epprovimalt manteop Eqs. b4-il 2, 43, Uyshara and Watson's relahons re to be picterrea,Figure fer Problem 1.6c 1.G Companion ofthe Simple Kinetic Theory with the Exact Theory for Rigid Spheres When Eq. 1-4-9 is written tn terms of the units uscd in Eq. 14-18, and dis assurmd 4e be the Same as o” we get: = 2% A(M/N aT p= 4%. 3 ve ae 2 (1.3805 x 107" ) th (MT ane 6.023 x 107% (oe 4) = 1.813 x 107% “SS Eq. L418 reduas to the same form as thal above (by setting Quy cqual te unity) but the numerical constant is 2.6693 x 1075, Hence the simple kines Heong I low by about 22% for rigid spheres. CuapreR 2 — Checked by V.D Shah 2.A Determination of Capillary Radius by Flow Measurements Solve the Hagen-Poiseuille formula for R to get R- 4/8&kelo . 4/ 8P?Lw AI x Ap or Ap in whith P=p/p and w= pQ. formula to get! R= 4/ 8(4:03 x 1078 )(0.5002 2.997 x10°9)_ (3. 1416 )(4.829 x 105) = [3.105 x 107° = 751x107 m or OLTSI_mm, The Reynolds number for the system (s: Using mks units we subbshhute into this (mks unite Used here) Re = Dwrp _ 2(# 2 (2.997 x Io) EOE \RPp T (7.512 x107*)(4.03 x10 0.9552. x10)7 Hence Re = 66.0, and the flow is laminar (this justifies use of fre. Hagen Poiseuille law. Inasmuch as Le = 0.035 DRe = 0.35 cm. , allowance for he tnd effects would wot change R by mor than a factor of: 2.B Volume Rake of through an Annu We use Eq. 24-16 im which KS O88e Oe p= (136.9 Ib, FO he ) (see he = 380x107? Ib, feo! (R-PL) = (8.37 Ip i*)(32.17 poundals Thy!) (144 in" fe) = 2.44 x10" poundals fe R= (li in)\(& Hi") = 0.0417 fF Thensubstthibon into Eq. 24-16 gives Q= we (24-4 “to* IL fen! S07) (0.0 ostT ey (0.163) 9 og B (3.8 x 10-* Ibm FE see) (21 Fe) - Ft 3 sect Te verify that it was proper to use the laminar flow formula of Eq.24—Ib we compuk the Reynolds number: = 2R (I-*) dvyp 2 ( Re ee ES ae) (Te) - z& (0. 108)( 80.3) = (090 ® (0. O917 C3. B x10 YI. 45) 2-C Loss of Catelyst Partices ma Slack Gos @) Rearrangement of Eq, 26-16 give: v= v= Dy-p)g /18 in which Dis the sphere diameter, When vy Is larger than 1.0 ft sec! (vertically lowmward) then the porticle will not * 40 up the shade, Henue we want is und that vaheo} D for whic vj = LO ft see! This will be the maginvim cliameter of partides that can be lost.Using cgs units we get: vy7 OF ft seo *) (42 ae fAN(2.546 em et) = BOS On seel P = (0.045 Ib, ft 22(454 g tba! (12 x 2.54)77 (ft? em) = 1.2 x10 g cd Therefore: ae — Dro =f BR 2 [ (8X 0.00026 20.5 (pg (1.2 = 7.2107") ( 981) = bel x 107% cm = LO microns (b) Fa. 26-16 fs of course valid only for ReZO.4 although it mony be Applied approximately Up ty about Re=d . Far the system ot hand Re = Dup (l-L x 107? X 30-5 )(7.2 x1 b (0. 00026) In Chapter © , methods are giv for handimiy flow around spnuc fue Re 7 1. 2.D Flow of Falling Film--- Aliemate Derivations (@) Set up a Momentum balance as before and obtain the differential equation: kz 22 = 9q cos dx + p which may be Integrated to give? Ty, = pGX cop + Cy Inasmuch as Ne moammbum is transfered at Z=8, then at that plane we have T , =O. This boundary condition enables us to determine Cx to be + Gs - 9 & ase and hence the momentum flux dishibution ist Tre = —pgS csp [1 -( 2/81) Note that thy momentum flux ism the negative X- directionInsertion of Newton's law of viscosity Tz, = —f Gv, /d%) into the above expression then gives the differential ¢quation for the Velocity distribution ae (Ajo (0-9) PB This first-order differential equation fs easily integrated to give : ve = easy. EZ _ 1(zy ( B oh (os 2 (3) the constant of integration, C,, being zero becaux Vz=0 of H=0. Now we nole that Z and x are related thus? @ - +-(@) where 2 i the Coordinak used 4 $2.2. If the above relation fs subsHhuted inte the velecity dismbution we get + Ve = (285) cas [1-3 -4{a-2 which, upon Simplification, —— > (Be )ee [+ GY) which is the same as EQ. 22-16 This just illushaks that the choice of Coordinate syste makes no diffcrena im the final answer, ole ye cal we pee (b) Sulsstibulion of Eq. 2.2 12 wh Eq. 22-8 gyes for combank pe dv, oe 3) cos ae 7 (ele Integration dwrce gives: Y= pose txt ot Get, Application of the boundary conditions Be 4 At x=0, Az/dx=0 Bc Zz At x=8) y =-0 gives two Simultaneous equations for He iilegration constants Cy ond Cyt10 O = (P9/PI (cs B20 + Cy Oo-+ (937) (cos p)- £87 + Cy8 + Cr whence Cy =0 and Ca= £ (9q57/p) cos B+ Insertion of the valass into the last expression for Vz than grees finally! Ve = (995°/2p) (cosa) Li - (x/5 I which is the same as Eq. 22-16. A. differential momentum balance leads to dtz _ Q-R = Mort dx Lt Then, tnserhon of Newton's law gives ay, _ _(R-%) due “po Two successive integrations then yield - — (RA) Ma nt t+ Ox + Use of the boundery enditions that v.sO at x= +B then gives the values of Cy and C, 5 when these are Wiserted inte the last equation we get for te velocity distribution: ye (BRB [. (3) . 2pt B Onee the velocity profiles are known we Can get Various derived gquanhhest Go-F The momentin flax dishababin fs Ty. = —p ee Dy Tha average velocity is: kaye SSP ve dade = eye dxdz OB = (A) E lt 27 ie Sa). GY] 48) = (BR) BY/3pbdi The marumum velocity is: Vz,mox = Rake of avg. to makvelocity Siny / Va, mone P\ BR Volume rate of Flow: Q-= BW) = 3 @i® Ww The latter result is the analeg of the Hagen-Foiseuille law 2.F Interrelation of Slit and Annulus Formulas Subshiution of K = 41-€ info Eq. 24-16 gives: Q= = (R R)RT (4-1 4+ 4e ~6er + 43-64) B i (4-4 +2€ - €2)* Len 4er-be -é * w(B-R)R* | 4e ~ ez + tes — * Bpl 4e% -4e34e4 etbet+gerre When the indicated long division i» performed we then get + or x (BR) RE? Siete) [4 If € CL , tan the term ge and higher terms may be neglected. = Fe + |2.G Laminar Flow of a Falling Film on Outside of a Circular Tube (a) We set up a momentum balance over a thin shell of thickness Or: {Momentum IN} — {MomENTIM OUT? 4 {Force} = 0 QnrL ty.) \ ~ (Aer t)| + InLdr pq =0 . rear PY Divide by 2nL Or and take the limit as Ar +O - wk = (rt) + rpg =e Substitution of Newton's law into this equation gives: (for constant [L) a dua) th a(n Ss) = — $qr Two integrations then give: ve = = PTT i + Cyinr + Application of the boundary conditions : Bei: At r= R, Vz 20 Bc. 2: At rzaR, dvzldr=o Qives the followirig two equations for Cy and Cz 2 Beau: o- - £9Rt +C,&R +G 4p 2 Boz: o= —~882R , Ga 2p oR Thex mon be solved for Cy and Cz, and the Tesults subshhikd int He expression for Vz Gbove ; hence we finally get: = Re re 2 r me PE (yy ew &] {b) The volume rate of flo: is: me pak pa Qs= Cj verdrda® = &mk*| wy § dg whee F- lo IeSubsti futon of the velocity profile intu this integral gives+ 43 Q= ee (tg Pa 2a EE) ab & {; - 2 4 = regi pe sty ee lPte ap (3 e+ ela ] og RY ~ "E— (- i+4a?—3a) + 4at ta) ae ©) \f we sct asd+e€ (where € Is small) and expand im power of € This ts in agreement with §q.2.2-19 with W=2wR , S= eR and os=4. 2.H Non-Newlonten Flow mi a Tube (a) Combination of Eq, 2.H—I and fq.2.3-12 gives: diz)” (Fo-P.) r m(-@=)" = (- Ss) a let sedi/w 3 tin: ude C ( PP y rs ‘or amb -P.\S post a (® *) fone + c| mL sel The boundary condition of Zero Velocity at He Wall allows ont fo evaluate C, with fhe reait that : Integration gives:ae (Soe R i r\ st 2m s+l [4 7 (=) | The volurac rai of flow tstran: Qa an(RAI) RTs (5) (g) 20g) Hence, when tha integralion is performed: (RRR Note that whin eed and Q=tk on FL mrp» this becomes the 2mL s+3 Hagen- Poiseuille formula (b) For the Ellis fluid the velocity drstabution is: = WARRIR* [eye & [TORR wn eo SEE [Cay] + SPREE [7] Gnd the volume rate of flow ts: 2L BL 2L Q= w(R-A)R*D 4 TBR | Re +3 These results may be obtained by the same process described in (w. R.L Flow of o Bingham Fluid from a_ Circular Tube There will be flow only if the qreakst Value of te momentum flux Ths exceeds thavalue of T characterizing the Birgham fluid. “The greekst val Of Tz occunat thewall and Is £gR/2 Henw: ') pgR/2 < %% Flura will not flow If pa R/2 > Te Flaia will flo45 2.3. Annular Flow Inner Cylinder Moving Axially A shell romenturn balana leads to the difleential equation A (p We S:(" Ze) = 0 This has to be integrated with the boundary conditions Boi: At rekR, we Bet At or-R, v2 + 0 When the tntegration ts performed and the two titegration constants arc evaluaked from the above two boundary conditions, we get: ve , tr(/R) v tk Then the volume rate of Flow Js found to be: R Q= 2n fon ve r dr " 7 4 ane (a (5) &) (8) = 2nRV tee [Te tee HS] |S se Ls - 2] 2. Non-Newtonien Film Flow Accoroing te P%% for any fluid Ty, = pgx. When the rheologia! equation for the Bingham fluid is inserted into this , we get: ve T) — Po dx ~ £3% When this is integrated we get : Ve = eat Be tyAt x=8, vz=0 so that 46 o= -ft gr 4 Bs 4+ q@ Ho & Subtracting these last two equations gives: oo EL] EL] Gee) for re veiouy eat m ae Heh xs &. Th velocity in Pre “plug flows region* (OS xox) Is: ve = seh [4 - 7? De 5 (0¢%¢ xe) where To — gxe is tha defining equation for Xo- Next, we get the mass rate of flow ( with W=usidth of film, GQ= volume rate of flav): Q 8 = foe 3 i W £ J, Vz OX = o[ue|t- fe) x] ) ntegntn by pacts = s. x (~ SE) ae 5 ae Finally : ee pe ple Pos sa [a 2(3) + 4(8)'] Hence 5 would have to be obtawied from oa. graphical solution , by plotting ST pe x p7gs* "8 isCHAPTER 3 — Checked by V. D. Shah 3A Torque Required to Turn a Fricton Bearing In Eq. 3.5-13 is given an expression for calaulating the torque needad to turn an outer rotating cylinder at an angular velocity ho. For the problum described wi Prob. 3.A we necd & Similar formula for the torque need to turn an inner rotatmy cylader aban angular velouly Oi. Ib should be obviows thar the two expressions mut be the same, If ito nob one can easily Show that when the winer cyindar 1S volaked at Le and Ha oul held stationary, Hun the velocth, dismbution Gb * KR: and the torque is then: = QmreR )( + ) («R) rekeR I wi or Ton te paer® (2s) Which is the same 1h form as Eq. 3.5-13 For the situation described in Problem 3.A we evaluate the various quantihes needed : toner radius t000 |. oaas 5 0.996 ouker radus 4.002" Ke 0.996 Text) = Boog * 244 y These conversion factors come from Table, C.3-+ H = 229 @ = (2006.72 x107%) Ub, févhsec? = O.1344 IB FET sect = (200% 2.04 x107F ) Ube sec fi = 4.19 x107 "y see ft~ Dui = Qoo rem (5 EE )(20 Foden = 22 raters Ree (am) = (GaP fe = Lo = &m = tee 1 2 iaa Fe # See Problem 3-FHence the torque is “= Gm )(4) (418 10) ( 238) (ita. )(2) = 0.32 Ib ft And the power Is P=IQ (0.32 fe) (22m sec"') (<4 tl 0.012 hp if In using the above formulae tt has been tacitly assurmad that the flow is Stable and laminar. We must Verify Hnat this is indeed so by using Eq. 35-1. Henw We must chide fo be sun that: Baeke )O-*)™ < A 4s Inserting tha values from this example we have: 3) (0.498) ( rex) (Se) (@.1344) which is well helows the cribtead limit of 412. »y (0.002) “ae mR 10 3.8. The Cone-and- Plate Viscornekr Throughout this problem we recognize that 1 the conical slit O = Wa that Sih 6 can everywhere be set equal to unity te a very good approximation; hence ‘the expressions for torque, Mmomertim flux, and velocthy profile may be writen as follows : and Fom &q. 2.5-32: T= Suk’ T,, — a/v, Rom Eq. 3.5-33: Teg * -p SC4) From Eq. 3.5 -37: Yea (9) =~)When these three relations are combined we get fs 2, 3 g- Fe FuRP pa. /(E-%) which is 8 very good approximation for Very fing cone angles. [This same result is given by S.Oka m Vol. IL of Eirtch's "Rhedogy" (Academic Press, 1160)— see p. 62.] For the situation at hand R=lOem p= lOocp = bg crt sect 10 radians 1 radians = mit = S, fadians 2 1 radiant Seen ete rate 60 Sec ese = = 05% 2 ian Fn = BE = ag Tadlens Hence the torque is: T= Ex (40) (4) ( 2) /& = 4% 10" dynem B.C The Effect of Altitude on Air Pressure, If we assume @ staltonary atmosphere —te.no wind currents — then the equation of mation is: 4 se = PY (~ is measured from level of Late Superior) If it be assumed that the ideal gas lew (s applicable, then p= PM RI From the given temperature data. the ternperature in PR is: Ti) = 530 —(3xlo*)z “Thin the equation of motion may be integrated: > l42t \aat M dz dp = dz = a. { j P [ra R 530 — (3x1o3)z 150 ° ° When the integrations are performed, we get:a tm (i750) = (E)(sta) & HESS CHG a) [a- (2.421) 5 use serves ("2) (shes) (2 Keen . ) ta (Id = R / \ 3x10 B30 = (x4 Ss Bey Ce) Now thsert the values q= — 32.19 ft seo i it M= 29 |b,, (Ib-mole)t R= 1545 fe lby (Ib-mole)™' CRI™ and obtain: at x= 1421 ft above Lake Superior B.D, Viscosity Determination with a Couette-Hatschele Viscomelr Here it will be desirable to wie a. sufficientty high torque that accuracy of viscosity determinations Is primarily limied by the error In measuring angular velocity. A torque of 10* dyn-cm , corresponding to a torque uncertairity of 4% , appears reasonable, if this Corresponds 40 & Reynolds number th the stable lamuhar range. The angular velodhy corresponding to this torque (ss Qs TF (t-KY) _ fot) Ci~ 0-719) = 4.98 = Oa ret pL RE An (079) (0-579(49(29-25) The Reynolds number for this case is: Re = eR _ G58) 20.2572) sag & (0.87) Accordmy ty Fig. 3.5-2 thisis well Whltih the stable, larmhar range, ard Harton & torque of 10% dyne-cm is acceplable,B.E Use of Navier-Stokes Equattons to Set-Up Simple Problems Problem ‘Start with equations | Assumptions Results given In: (2) Flow of iso- Contmuity: Fable 3-4-1 (A) thermal film | Moton: Tabla 3.42 (Der) L (b) Two-phare Gontrmutty: Tame 4-1 (4) | 2 5 a Flows wi aw Motien: Table 34-2. Omh TR horizental slit (Der) ip both phases] {c) Axial an- Gorknuity: Table 34-1 (A) | nular Flow Hotton: Tabu 3: o= pte i * 43 Vg=‘e=0 7 OF Pror i (D,e,FD 8 i Vp = Var) 4 p scorahant G0 i 13 L == Note that in each of these cases tha €quation of continuity is autematiaily satished by tha assumpkons in the 3d column. 3.F Nelocity Distibution 1h a Stormer Viseometer_ Frum Table 34-3 (D,E,F) , assurmng that Yp 8-compeonent of the equation af motion becames: o- SCE (eve) When this is tegrated we get(by “peeling off" the g's one ata hme): Ve lr) and Vr ave eo the - CL Ves Grit &22 When tha boundary conditions (n rekR, Vyes KROY Atr=R 5 vy=0 are used, Cy and Ca areevaluated to giver or We rey now use Gy.(D) of Table 34-6 to get the torque a5 follows: a J = (2nkRL)+ (4+ %,) * (eR) R reve [area] force perunitarea] — [levtrarm] ) r=kR = (2nK*R*L) (- pr2 (3) Than useof the velocihy dishribution above gives: P= 4nlp Qi R (75) Whan this ts solved for (i and rserked inte Hu velocity distibution we get (e)= ge (#- a) 4xpl Which Is the expression geniin the text. Noke that Ve/r is the angular velouhy dishibution. An alternate solution may be effected by starting with &q(B) of Tabu 34-3 And imfegratng once, getting JT into the momentum flux expression by application Of the boundary condihon at rere,age) = 3 Beto = -e (Sat Re ay (td = —e(BB) = -e (et RE Belt = pRB = ew (Ber BB) (ix) Then add the various contiibutions Bret Stet he = (Ses See BR Ve ayy - HB (F + at 9) This collection of derivatives ¢s Just (U2) and is zero for @ Fluid of constant p. 3-H Velocity Distribution behveen Tro Rotating Cylndes This problem Is setup exacHy as 3.F. Theve locity distribution is Vy = Cir + Car”! Qs before, but now the constants Cy and C, are determined from the boundary con- ditior on Atrs Ry 9 Ve= xR Os [at inner wail] At r= R, Yes Ride (at outer wat] Both O.; and Que are considued to be positive 1A the @untertodastse (posshve 8) direeh’on Solution for the constants griet: (kKR)*May — Ry Cy = eae) (eK)* - RE and hene, fnally: eR (O4- Mey Gs (xe Re St 2 med) — Re ~ 2.) | % Barn [Rr (Oe Mui) (= Aa) r24 3.T Changing the Form of the Equation of Motion (a The equivalence of Eqs. 3:2-8 and 32-10 may easily be Shown by Showing that their 2c¢ Yr and Z-components are the same. For the x- components this comesponds. to dumonshating the equivalence of Eqs. 3.2-5 and 32-4, We begih by performmiy the differenbiations of pmdiucte ih Eq, 32-5: 3 3, Ux Ue = OV Px £ + pm me | + tM Boy + py +¥n 35 pYe + pve means the addihonal terms which ar common te both equatrons. Nok that underlined erms are a em 2 2B) we (on Pt ay POY Bee) = (- # where the equation of conhnuity has been used toget the m’gnt side. Note that tha, wee Underlined ferms are: 2. a 2 = D 2 (Ps + Py by TPS) Me = PEO POE where the definition of the Substanhal derivative has been used. Substhution of These expressions inte Hu equation of mohon above gives: Dy L FD which is Eq. $2-9. (i) Alternatively one can use some of the vector tensor formulosop th pendix A. We note that C4. Ash 30 allows us te wnile setting equal toy i 1) SY squat toe Lvs pyy 1 = [ee Vy] + vr py) are x cau fe px.) Then using Hie equation ofconhiuity we get! Lv py l= ply-¥s) - vy 22 y = +WwIj- 2B py + p & ply w1l- 2px + ep 3 Daan = Dz = PRE 7 BeretInsertion of this result into Eq. 32-8 Mun gives Eq. 32-10, B.S. The Equation of Continuity in Gyhindrical Codrdinates (0) Consider a volume element fixed (Pedr, Ord0,2+A2, Wi space. es shown 11 Ihe accompanying diagram. The volume of #his element is approximately equal t FAB Ar Ar Whe fate of increase of mass wit this volume Is:given Very nearly by: ee) r A@ Ar Az st “The net rate of input of mass is: (pvr raean)/ =( Pye rbAs)/ hor +(pvg- Ards)] —(pvg- Arde (pve Ards 6 (p¥e- Ar at + (pier rOOO2)| (pve PAP Ae) When the rate of increase of mass fs equated to the net rate of inpub, we then have @ shutement of Hx lows of conservation of mass. Ibis nok quike exad inasmuch as one really Should speuity an opproprialt. overage value for rand fer p in tu volume elmunt If now wedimdeby Arde ana let Ar, 96, he all yo fo tery, hen the above tentionta cro become Unimportant and we get! rE aun Prt = PPV Dera yy (PVE re PM orae ari3 ‘ar B70 AD ele p Letedhe — Crone Bewo Ba TT This yields finally, After division by rs ic} 2 p= [Eten + This # the same ay Eq. (by mh Table 34-1.26 (8) Using the chain rule of partial differentiation a ox (om) =O Cz*),.@),.+ CH), (88) + CE Oz ae), 2B [ pyr cos =P% 38 | + cos + 2; L pvr oe - pe sine | + (- 3%) +o Bees) = (32), AD, CRG, CED 08 fA I, Fh Oz DOs 2 [pve sin® + pvp cose | + sin 8 2 e + 3 [ pve ome + pve ]-(S8) +0 When these two expressions are added, cansidembu cancellation occurs Gnd one obtains * Solem + Blew = Be (reves + +30 (Pv) Insertion of this into Eq.(A)of Table 34-1 gves “Eq (6). (©) This mas be done easily by using Summply frigonomedrical ana geomebical arguments as seen at Fhe rrght27 .K Radial Flow between Two Faralle) Disks _ (a. (Equation of comhnuity : Airey =o ti motion: Ve Ove a — ap Bw(L_]> ie Oy, Sai Pre Se =~ Bt hae (ee (PH) tH SE From the coninnuity equation It follows that rv, = Pl) , that is, some function of Z Becaas of symmehy we know that of dots not dipnd on & (b) Becouse of the result th (a), the second term on the myhtside of the equation of motion is identically zero. And becouse We = P@O/r We mroy re wine the equation of motion thus: pte GA) =-B tee Gh or -p fi ue 4 be 3 dr - de ©) We now integrnte this equation wilh ispect tor te get. wy Vb shee (ao) = Se +e) GE (d) When the left side & small we get: eb Ap dz B Int B And wntegmmhing we get: A =~ SP ot + 4G apn " Hence Cy rmust be ano Now ¢ must be zero ok Z= +b and z=-b + Ab 2p ine and C= so Hrat finally:) The Volurme vate of flow fs given by: +b Q= nine | ry de 28 2 a = an. Aee _y> 7 apt (rainy je erat 3 = Zn. Ap 2 [t- Ap tm (nin) 1 = 4m Ap bP 2p tm (Ia) 3. Symmety of the Tensor T The moment of inertia of a rectangular body, of dimensions Ax by Ay and mass My with vespect-to an axis through its Cenkr of gravity and perpendicular tothe surface Axdy iw rem (@ 2 2") For the volume element undar consideration, Newtons 24 lars of motion bevomes: 2 Y(t, Azan 2 ( yy * Tye hyeay ) — Ayan & (S5).+ Flea) (x) +@ypY =p Axby Az 2 (aren) vibe Os 1s Hie instantanceus ungutar velouhy- Divide by QvdyAz and fet AnByAz go fe iro. “the Kem containing OL Clearly of hightr onder amd drops out. We are Haan left wath Tay = Tye 3.M. Aur Entrammant it a Drainitig Tank Ay thts syste fs foo wmplex to permit analytic talment, we are dimensional analysis. We rusk establish operating condihons so that the differential equations and boundary conditions dasuibing the system are both the Same. This means that Hae large andsmall tanks must be geometvically similar, and that the Froude and 24 Reynolds numbers must be equal Choose D Clank diamekr) as a characteriste length, and (4Q/"b*) as the characteristic Velocity, Where Q is the volumetric flow rate out of tha. tank. Then : . Re - 26 . R= lee De ? Teg Denote quantihes assodakd with the large and small tanks by subscripts Land Tespechvely. We excluds tha possibility of attening the grovitatronal eld. thin the requirement of equel Reynolds and Froude numizes is: ee (B)(B) = YA) = (EGR) - ce Re: () = (By* Then: from the abort bro statenunts: (=) = (00227) 2 6.080 Gonsequentiy, Dy = ©.080)(cofe) = 4.8 fe @g = (0.080) ( 00 gal mn = 146 galm Therefore: a. The modal lank should be 4-8 fl in diameter b. The drawolf Hube should be 0. 0P0 ft in diameler, and 0.080 fi high C. The drawolf- Aube should be plaud 0.32 feet from the side of thu tanke. IE In thistank Waters wiHthdruan at 1.46 golem, air will be entraind when te liquid level (2 G8 /60) of Hu level producing entoiiment in the large tank at a. witthdrawal rake of 800 3c rant30 CHaprter 4 — Checked by T J. Sadowski 4.A ‘Time for Attainment of Steady State in lube Flow @) From Figure 4.13 the velocify will be within 10% of Its final value when Pt/R® = 0.45. Hence: t= (0.45)R2/9 = (o.4sy OTK OE = 6.39 x10" sec. (3.45 x 107%) (b) For water P= 107° m* sec”! hence: t= (0.48) Cte” = 22 sec A.B Velocity near a Moving Sphere From Eq.4.2-!3 for @= x/2 oss = - [1 4(8) -4(8 where Rir <4. If “Rie KA then tha cubic ferm will be unimpor tant. Then we get: oot = 3(8) or we = %R r= Soa R i (Clearly the neglect of the cubic tarm was yustifiable: y 3 J314.D Comparison of Exact Result and Boundary-Layer Result 32, For the exact sclution , we simply look up the appropriate values of the error function: (2) 0.177 (b) 0.480 (c) 157 From Gy, 4.4-10 we get for the boundary-layer solution: @) 4- 2% (02) + $$ (029%. 1 0212 + 0.00; = 0.789 (e) 4- 3 (os) 4 £A(os)= | —0530+0.022 = 0.442 OM 4- FE Clo + ££ Gos | — lob 40.177 = ONG Hena the percent error ins tre boundary-layer treatment is: @+41.5% (b) + 25% () - 26%. 4-E Unsteady Pseudoplastic Flo~ near a Moving Wall The partial differential equation to be solved is: Oe -(= Be mH man (_ Oe) Dw ot P) dy By) OP Oy ) We now assume that ~ # (30) = dp Substitute these "Similar profiles" inte the onginal differential equation and Inegrak. from 0 to yet [rear] ms [STL ea] 0 —_ SO call tis -B call this (&) call this +A len Then stg A B itv orWhen we take $(y) tobe f(y) = 1-3 a/8 and A= (3/2)™(I/n) lence (& y= (2 y x mi monV™" sw = | g(ay mow “+ describes how tne boundary layer thiclaress advances with hme 21+ AP we dind that B= + (met) Whence: 4,F Use of the von Kirmdén Momentum Balance (a) For flow pasta flat plate Vea IS @ constant and: = yy we S&L ER) 4 We assume the Following similar profiles: 2d dx pty Cs) = doy Se JPA A) ay u Now we fet ep Then: oop 7 800 = where { coos * T * = 3 x 3 - Ey and $0) = JP 80-6149 = So (44-49) 0-24 4 2 + Hence the boundary loyer momentum balanu ay rts us Pye, 8 br 3 3 3 ah dx = ve 38. ~ eax 140 13 Veo 4y3)dy = 3h a3)dy S 8lntgmtion then gives 7 (280" [PZ be = fie fab (b) The drag force on a plate with climensions W*L wetkd on both sides oF would be: i Q (Try \yoo? We 0 : i$ [oe dx opr We [Ee = 1.292 pp lLwrv3" 4.G. Ideal Flow near a Stagnation Point (@) Complex potential is casos Vo = zt a = (x+ity)® = = (x -y*) — i (2xy) Hence the velocity potlentral and stream funchonare eOoy) = — (x*-y*) Vo WY Gy = - 2xyvo the curves of P= C are sheambines: ys -£0% a v positive values of C we get hyperbolas 14 the seoand quadrant as Fig4@ For negater valucsof C we get hyperbolic in the fret quadmant When C=O we get the x-axis as a Streaming. “This steambru moy be repla ed by a solid sur face. (by The velocity components are: vy = ~ BA = tdvox Vy= -2B 2 ‘y By 7 Aves fer (eel = [yl = wnan = Ed and ys 4b. That ts, vo specthes the “Speco level” of the Flow netA.H Ideal Flow around a Sphere _ 7 (a) From Eq, 4.H-I Ves - LE ob r2sin@ 30 =. ve Rt Vo F* = “2 sho = Braging 70 8 + 5 Tae TE sh8 os = = Veo RE cos8 + Vp cor 8 = _ R Vag Cos 8 (1 =) Ve = 7 \ Yoo 1 a= 7 ra) ~ Bsm8 shee (ee) Re 7 ae) os R3 Then vz = Veg os? @ ('-%) “t+ Veo sin (1 + REY When reo, the terms with 194 the denominatr gchamali and V2 = Veo Cos" + Veg Sin*@ = Voo (b) At the surface r=R, from part (a) we gett Vg =~ vo smO+ (itt, = — te sine (C) Fir ideal, trrotahynal flow P+ tpyt = Po + £p veo and hence: a , ~ bev te. 7 oe lat poPe ~ dyvd Li -Ge)"] by @& (1 = $oiate) 4.1. Vortex Flow (a) w= t(f/2e) wz = -(L/2e)@ + i(Dyun) tar Hence { ¢= - (L/20)6 LW = + (L/an) tar and Ye= - ttf = & rye > te(6) For a. “free vortex" vg = B/r [fem @J 36 For a "Fareed vortex” vg = Qur C From Ex. 34-2] Ka. u Vy ZZ ” Forced Voritx a a "Free Vortex” ts rc CHAPTER 5 — Checked by T.J- Sadowski 5-A Pressure Dro uited for Laminar-Tur bu lent Transition At thetransition point Re = D&dp/p = 2-1 x10 Now from a rearrangement of Pofseuille's law, We can get Ap/L in terms of the Reynolds number, thus: 4 Qe RaPR LC nRtew BpL Solving for the pressure gradient, we get: Apa 8h0? _ Sp Dorp 1 4 ip L Re pRD F gr? IF we now insert the crihcal valucof Re given abort, and the following values for Pp, and Ri P= 0-183 pose 5 p= 132 gem 5 R= O21 thin we get? ap. # (ounsy* C (oun asp + (210 10°?) - [eat tasot no (1.32) (0.21 x 2.54) 68 B/y5B Velocity Distribution i Turbulent Pipe Flow _ 37 y = ApR ~ R (Ap) = @5) (,, a.) = 4, mF ast © To ek BR (Ar) > (#0 * gta5) = 473 x10 ps (b) For the sthiation described we ux the following values: p= lO gums = e24 Ib pL = 0-01 g em! sec! Vie 0.01 cm*sect = bi KIO Fr see! Hence: Hip = 5390 ft-! And Atolp = Bug d X10 Ft sect thus vt = eae 3 St= 520 s At the tube center , r=O , s=R =0.5 ft , so that S| = (63490) (0.5) = 2695 lpoR Which enables as fo get from Fig 5.371 the following value for He rraximuan Velocity vt = 25.2 Sek Conse quen ry unit vt= 25.3 >- 5 st = 5390s We are now In & position to calculate Ihe following table: V* (cate) st (Fig. 5-3-1) s (ft) [1 stn) — | 00 | ao ~~ t O0. ° 2.58 2.58 4.19 «104 0.0081S 5.16 Se Ox 1073 0.01250 10.32 Iso 2.83 x103 0.0340 18,00 (73 3.31% 10% 0.397 | 204s B10 so x10" 1.800 } 258 | 269s 0.50 | Gone(C) See Gropn on next page ZL Just, a reatonable number 38 GG) If we assume that <¥27/Vismex = 0-83 then wecan calculate an approximate value for te Reynolds number. Vay = 0.83 Vin = 0.83 (5.43K10™ vt) = 0-83 (593x107 (268) = [270 fe sec? Then the Reynolds number (s ethmakd to be: = D&> 5) (1. Re = 4% 2p _ (OF) (4270) _ 5.76 x10" Cl x107S) Hence the flow is Certainly turbuent (e) “The volume rate of flow is obtained by inkgrating the velodty profile over the cross-section. ey, AME E/E ymon)) Par V, [ Get Aor) 2D rt (4-) man’) he I That is we evaluate the integral using “Simpson's Rule The terms ini the Dracket are Omputd below to ae 1.000)( 0.0) 0.0c0 9.492)( 0.5) Lagy Bane Los Lasy Therefore 0-965 1.5) is s (20(0.450)( 2.05 eo ia) 2 86.3 = 0.80 (4)(0-933)(2.5> @.330 Non 6 Ss (2) (0.413) ( 3.0) 5-478 smox 4) (0.89) (3.5) 12.474 and ()( 0.865) 4.0) 6.920 @) (0.830) ( 45) 14.440 27 = ©80)(5-43 xi0™ Kas) (2)(0-784X b.0) 1840 ) (0-717)C Ss) Is.74 = UL23 ft see! UU) (0.00060) = _ 2-000 and B= 86.284 Q = (os) (1.223) = 0.963 ft} sec!