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Research Paper
Abstract
Relationship between shrimp (black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon) production and the dynamics of
environmental parameters, in particular, phytoplankton community structure was investigated in three
shrimp cultural ponds in the southern part of Thailand in 2007 and 2008. The results showed that the
environmental parameters were not so much different among 3 ponds and that concentration of dissolved
organic nitrogen and phosphorus were higher than dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic
phosphorus throughout the culturing period. Mean concentration of chlorophyll a was more than 100 g/l
all the ponds. When chlorophyll a concentration increased the total food consumption of shrimp decreased.
However, the reduced average daily growth (ADG) of shrimp was observed when dinoflagellate density
was high, and ADG was the highest when dinoflagellate density decreased. On the contrary, in the pond
where diatom, cyanobacteria and green algae were predominated, relatively high values in ADG and the
shown throughout the culturing period. These results indicate that shrimp growth, survival rate and net
production were negatively affected by dinoflagellate blooming.
Key words: Nutrient, dinoflagellate, phytoplankton, shrimp production, Thailand
Introduction
Shrimp aquaculture is one of the developing economic activities in the Asia-Pacific region, where about
80% of cultured shrimp was produced in the world (Trott
and Along, 2000; Wolanski et al., 2000). Extensive
shrimp culture in Thailand started around 1930, and
commercial shrimp hatchery was established in 1974.
Intensive shrimp culture has promoted Thailand to be
the largest shrimp exporter of the world since 1985
(Richardson, 1997). Intensive shrimp aquaculture
system requires high protein in order to maximize the
production per unit area (Kureshy and Davis, 2002).
Feed in shrimp pond is typically enriched with both
organic and inorganic nutrients. Water quality depends
on the management of shrimp farming practice, i.e.
stocking density of shrimp, water supply the amount and
quality of feed and the use of fertilizers (Songsangjinda
et al., 2006). Organic matters in uneaten feed, solubilized
Received 12 May 2011; accepted 29 February 2012.
*Corresponding author: e-mail teeya19@hotmail.com
protein and waste metabolizes such as ammonia are usually accumulated in the water column and bottom sediment of shrimp ponds and resulting in eutrophication in
surrounding aquatic environment (Burford and Williams,
2001; Songsangjinda et al., 2004). Several reports have
indicated that the eutrophication of shrimp culture
ponds with organic matters and nutrients resulted in the
blooming of variable phytoplankton community in the
ponds. (Alonso and Osuna, 2003; Songsangjinda, 1994).
Occurrences of the blooming of phytoplankton often
results in farm industry in shrimp mortality and economic
loss (Alonso and Osuna, 2003). Many reports showed
mass mortality by phytoplankton blooming many regions
in the word. For example, the blooming of dinoflagellates
Alexandrium tamarense caused mortality of Penaeus
monodon in Taiwan (Huei et al., 1993). Similarly dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum in Ecuador and the
cyanobacteria Synechocystis diplococcus, Schizothrixcal
cicola, and the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum
also caused mortality of shrimp in NW Mexico (Alonso
and Osuna, 2003). These facts suggest that the blooming
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Nutrient, phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms in the shrimp culture ponds in Thailand
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytoplankton were carried out on the basis of weekly intervals. Two litter of phytoplankton samples were collected
from the ponds by water sampler and filtrated through
fine-meshed (25 m) plankton net. The samples trapped
on the net were immediately preserved with 0.7%
Lugols solution in plastic bottles (APHA et al., 1995).
Phytoplankton density was estimated using a sub-sampling technique and SedgwickRafter (SR) cells under
microscope. Cell density of phytoplankton was counted
using the formula proposed by Yamiji (1980) and
Wongrat (2001) and were expressed as the number of
cells per ml of water. Taxonomic community structures
of phytoplankton were identified in a general level. The
relationship between phytoplankton (chlorophyll a and
dinoflagelate density) and shrimp conditions (total food
consumption and average daily growth) were performed
using linear regression analysis with add-on statistical
software for Microsoft Excel (P<0.05).
Total food consumption, food conversion ratio (FCR)
and average daily growth (ADG)
Shrimps were fed with commercial shrimp feed
(crude protein content 42%, C.P. Shrimp feed No. 1-3)
at 3 or 4 times a day. The amount of feed taken up by
shrimp in each meal was recorded and calculated as total
food consumption per day. FCR was calculated during
shrimp harvesting by dividing total food consumption by
total shrimp production. About 250-500 shrimps were
collected and their body weights were measured for calculating the average growth of shrimp. Average daily
growth (ADG; g/shrimp/day) was calculated from the
daily body weight change within a period of time as the
following equation
ADG = BW2 BW1/ (T2-T1)
BW1 and BW2 = A
verage of Shrimp body weight
(g) of day 1 and day 2
T1 and T2 = T
ime of shrimp culturing of day 1 and
day 2
Results
Growth, survival and production of shrimp
Results of shrimp performance indices are presented in Table 1. Total periods of shrimp culturing were
207, 181 and 139 days in Pond 1, Pond 2 and Pond 3,
respectively. Average net production, final body weight,
and percentage of shrimp survival were highest in Pond
2, and were 0.56 kg/m2, 34.5 g/shrimp/day and 83%,
respectively. In Pond 3, although FCR was the lowest
(1.88), net production (0.32 kg/m2) and percentage of
Pond 1
207
0.47
Pond 2
181
0.56
Pond 3
139
0.32
28.6
34.5
33.3
2.58
2.13
1.88
80
83
63
pH
Salinity (ppt)
Temperature (C)
Transparency (cm)
TSS (mg/l)
Pond 1
Pond 2
Pond 3
5.91.3
5.80.7
6.90.5
19.81.2
29.31.1
29.31.1
94.731.3
8.10.3
23.32.1
29.70.9
18.616.8
11762.0
8.00.1
23.71.8
29.20.4
48.34.1
94.731.3
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Nutrient, phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms in the shrimp culture ponds in Thailand
Table 3. Mean values of inorganic nutrient and organic
matter concentrations in three shrimp ponds.
Nutrients (M)
DOC
POC
Pond 1
Pond 2
Pond 3
901
1350
237
Mean
1360
17.4
125
24.7
111
6.9
107
0.48
0.87
13.7
PON
138
DIP
DOP
Mean
825
NH4-N
DIN
DON
Mean
2.39
2.41
22.0
229
3.26
583
4.8
121
6.96
Discussion
Fig. 4. Fluctuations of phytoplankton cell density (cells/ml)
of dinoflagellates, diatom, cyanobacteria and green algae in
Pond 1 (a), Pond 2 (b) and Pond 3 (c), respectively.
This study was carried out to understand the environmental conditions including physico-chemical and
biological (chlorophyll a and phytoplankton community)
133
Nutrient, phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms in the shrimp culture ponds in Thailand
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
(Monbukagakusho), Japanese Government, JSPS, and
the Fund of the President of Kochi University. We are
thankful to the staffs of Dumrong farm for their valuable
helps with field work and collecting samples.
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Nutrient, phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms in the shrimp culture ponds in Thailand
20072008Penaeus
monodon
a
100g/l
aP. monodon
P. monodonADGADG
P. monodonADG
P. monodon
136