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NREM 461
Dr. Greg Bruland
ERODIBILITY
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
MANAGEMENT
CROP
MGMT
LAND
MGMT
B. USLE developed
p by
y scientists at ARS,, SCS,, Purdue
Univ. under leadership of Walter Wishmeier
1 1st took form in
1.
2. Equation published by Wishmeier & Smith in
3. Developed to predict long-term average annual soil
loss from
erosion on uniform cultivated
fields in eastern U.S.
How universal is it?
Dr. W.
Wischmeier
3
USLE Term
English Units
A: avg. annual
soil loss
R rainfall
R:
i f ll
erosivity
tons/acre-year
K: soil erodibility
y
Metric Units
Mg/hectare-year
100s off ft
100
ft-tons
t
rainfall/ac-yr
i f ll/
(MJ mm)/(ha
)/(h h yr))
range: 0-2000
range: 0-700
( g ha h)/(ha
(Mg
) ( MJ mm))
range: 0.001-0.09
dimensionless
range:
C: cover-mgmt
factor
dimensionless
range:
g
dimensionless
range:
g
P: supportingpractice factor
dimensionless
range:
dimensionless
range:
4
Components
p
of USLE
Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
A = R x K x LS x C x P
R estimated from maximum 30 minute rainstorm
intensity values displayed on map in Troeh pg. 140
10
Slope Length
g & Steepness
Factor (LS)
Ratio
R
ti off soilil lloss per unitit area off plot
l t with
ith
slope X, compared to what would be lost
f
from
a fallow
f ll
72
72.6-ft-long
6 ft l
plot
l t with
ith 9%
slope (can be <1 or >1)
A = R x K x LS x C x P
11
12
Cover-Management
Cover
Management Factor (C)
Ratio of soil loss under specific
cover conditions compared to fallow
A = R x K x LS x C x P
13
14
Supporting-Practice
Supporting
Practice (P) Factor
The fractional amount of erosion that
occurs when special practices, i.e.
contour cultivation
cultivation, contour strip cropping
cropping,
& terracing are used compared to erosion
that would occur w/o them
A = R x K x LS x C x P
16
d. Interdependence
p
among
g variables & nonlinear
relationships
18
21
(
(Troeh
et
al. 2004)
22
23
26
27
28
29
31
32
II Other
II.
Oth erosion
i models
d l
A Empirical Models
A.
1. RUSLE2: computerized extension of RUSLE
a. includes much more detailed information
about slope, veg, residues, P factors, etc.
b. used to compare erosion under
34
35
input parameters
d.
37
38
39
40
B. Process-based models
1. WEPP: Water Erosion Prediction Project
a. process-based,
b
d di
distributed
t ib t d parameter,
t
continuous simulation, erosion prediction model
b. 1st model for erosion prediction in the
U.S. not based on USLE
c. Based on equation:
Di = KiI2CeGe(Rs/w)
Di = interrill erosion rate
Ki = interrill erodibility
I=
Ce = effect of plant canopy
Ge = effect of ground cover
Rs = spacing of rills
w = width of rills
Ce = 1 Fe-0.34PH
Fe = fraction of soil protected by canopy
PH =
Ge = e-2.5gi
gi = fraction of interrill surface covered by vegetation or residue
42
Df = Dc(1-Qs/Tc)
Df = rate of detachment of soil particles by rill flow
Dc = detachment capacity
Qs = sediment load in the flow
Tc = sediment load at transport capacity
Dc = Kr( - c)
Kr =
= flow sheer stress acting on soil
c = critical flow sheer stress for detachment to occur
Tc = kt3/2
kt = is a transport coefficient
= hydraulic shear acting on the soil
43
44
45
46
d.
49
50
(Morgan
2005)
51