2016/6/24

Development of aquaculture productivity 4.0

and seafood traceability system in Taiwan,
ROC

J.K Lu Ph.D.

6-28-2016

National Taiwan Ocean University

The Oceans are Harvested at Maximal Sustainable

Yields

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More people eat more fish

We are very efficient fishers

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...and fish is the last major

hunt-and-gather animal crop

and we catch more than we report

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Out of Fish by 2048 ??

Science, 11/3/06

USA Today, 11/3/06

Fisheries and Aquaculture:

The Crisis and the Promise

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Aquaculture Production is Increasing

2010 Aquaculture Production

79 million mTons, 125 billion US $

fish 39 mT (55% in value)

molluscs 14 mT (15 % in value)

crustaceans 6 mT (20% in value)

seaweeds 19mT (10% in value)

FAO, 2012

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The Global Seafood Gap

Projected Landings and Demand

Aquaculture: Meeting the Challenge

Currently a 63 million ton, $78 billion industry,
aquaculture must increase production 2-3 times by
2030
Become more efficient and cost-effective
Overcome biological obstacles
Strong input from modern biology and
biotechnology

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Production
Main suppliers

2,15 MT

Dominating position of Asia with 2,15 millions

tons, representing 88% of shrimp production

0,12 MT

0,008 MT
0,006 MT

0,17 MT

FOOD versus BUSINESS aquaculture

FOOD aquaculture

Asia, esp. China

- long history
- large production
- integrated farming

BUSINESS aquaculture

Recent developments (since 1960s)

Japan, later Europe, Americas, etc
successful new industry
monoculture

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BUSINESS aquaculture

biotechnology
profitability

monoculture approach

Current problems
in aquaculture

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Open pond shrimp culture

Aquaculture practices

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from an empiricial approach

towards
a knowledge-based bio-industry

resulting in new concepts & products

for a sustainable aquaculture

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Fully Contained, Recirculated, Land-based

Marine Aquaculture
No pollution, disease-free, clean, flexible, generic,
biosecure, genetically engineered and non-native species
Land-based & applicable for rural and urban locations;
reduced carbon footprint

Growth rate of gilthead seabream in cages

and recirculating marine aquaculture system

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Aquaculture 4.0

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Summary

A national policy in Productivity 4.0 has been promoted.

Taiwan Productivity 4.0 covers manufacturing, service and
agriculture sectors.
Taiwan with existing strength in computer,
communication, and control has unfair advantage towards
4.0.
Priority in manufacturing industry includes rapid response,
to increase performance and to enhance flexibility.
Significant improved machine performance by cyber
physics-system was demonstrated.

The Objectives of Marine Aquaculture Biotechnology for Research and Industry

Water quality mediation

Probiotics
Bioremediation
Bio-control
Smart facility
Environment
Recirculation system
Automation
Aquaponics
Smart facility

Industry

Aquaculture
sustainability
ICT & IOT
Traceability
E-commerce

ICT & IOT

Food safety
Traceability system
E-commerce

Molecular Breeding
Seeds

MAS
-omics studies
Genetic engineering
SPF/SPR seeds

Biotech R & D

Biosecurity management
Disease control Molecular diagnosis
Novel antibiotic agents
Vaccine
Aquafeed
Direct-fed microbials (probiotics)
Biozest system
Molecular nutrition
Nutrigenomics
Functional additives
Fishmeal alternative s

*ICT: information communication technology

* IOT: internet of things

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Patented Green Energy Smart Greenhouse

Cloud technology & ICT integrated system

Photovoltaic generator

Growth and environmental automatic regulators

Warm Walls Insulation

Recirculation system

Modular Raceway Aquaculture Tank

Patented active air convection
Recirculation design

Organic growhing medium & smart micro-drip system

Photovoltaic smart greenhouse

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IOT/M2M and Cloud technology

platform

iAqua smart facility integrating intelligence ecological simulation technique

to provide an optimized culture condition for aquatic animals and employ
ES/IOT/Biotech solutions to manage aquatic environment and health culture
To provide non-toxic, organic and healthier seafood

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IoT & M2M for aquaculture

IoT & M2M solutions for aquaculture are being used for the following applications

IoT (sensor)

M2M

Inlet & outlet

Recirculation system

Waste (SS; COD, BOD)

Mechanic filtration

Toxics (NH3, NO2, H2S) Dosing system

Temperature

Heating & cooling system

Dissolved O2

Aeration system

pH meter

pH adjustment (titration system)

Tel-disease diagnostics sterilization system

system
Growth performance

Autofeeding system

Chlorophyll a

Dosing system

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Achieving good aquaculture practice through

improving water quality, biosecurity, and nutrition
Weather & Water quality monitoring

OBJECTIVES

Web-GIS based Tel-diagnosis of disease system

Medical advice & treatment

Environmental safety
Bio-safety
Growth performance
Food security

Auto-feeding and growth performance

Automatic fish
weighting system

Auto feeder

Functional f eed

iAqua smart facility integrating intelligence

ecological simulation technique to provide
an optimized culture condition for aquatic
animals and employ ES/IOT/Biotech
solutions to manage aquatic environment
and health culture

IoT/M2M crab culture

- Temperature
- DO
- pH
- NH3, NO2, HS

air blower
pH regulator
dosing system (water mediators)
auto-feeder

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Aquaculture problems & solutions

Item
Water quality
management

Modern Biotechnology
1. Probiotics & biofloc

Seeds and
Genetics &
breeding
Reproduction and
spawning
technique
Feeds technology

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Biosecurity
management
(disease control)

1.
2.
3.
4.

MAS technique
Genomics studies
Breeding & selection programs
Maturation induction
Sex manipulation
Artificial spawning technique
Aquafeed formula
Functional feed development
Larval starter development
Molecular nutrition and
nutrigenomics studies
Molecular diagnostic
Vaccine development
Antimicrobial agents
Immunity enhancers

Solutions & Products

CBM products
Water quality mediator
reagents
Good quality seeds supply

Maturation stimulators

1. Functional Aquafeeds
2. Functional feed additives
3. Larval starter
4. fish meal substitution
1.
2.
3.
4.

Antimicrobial peptides
Immun-ostimulators
Probiotics
Vaccination

Smart intensive recirculation aquaculture system

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In-door (greenhouse) recirculation

system for shrimp culture

Smart Intensive Recirculation Culture System Vs.

Pond Culture (50 mT yield)

Land
Water supply
stocking density

Intensive culture
system
990 m2
30-40 m3/day
80 kg/m2

Pond culture (50 mt )

24,750 m2
3200 m3/day
2 kg /m2

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Aquaponic system
Pant culture

Aquaculture

200kg/m3

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PHOTOVOLTAIC GREENHOUSES
- Photovoltaic solution for agriculture

PV power generation (rooftop) and mushroom

culture (roofinside ) in greenhouse

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Complementation between Fishery and solar power generation

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* Floating photovoltaic
power plant

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WTO/SPS agreement

Standards and safety

Article 20 of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allows
governments to act on trade in order to
protect human, animal or plant life or health,
provided they do not discriminate or use
this as disguised protectionism.
Two specific WTO agreements dealing with
food safety and animal and plant health and
safety, and with product standards in
general. Both try to identify how to meet the
need to apply standards and at the same
time avoid protectionism in disguise. These
issues are becoming more important as
tariff barriers fall some compare this to
seabed rocks appearing when the tide goes
down. In both cases, if a country applies
international standards, it is less likely to be
challenged legally in the WTO than if it sets
its own standards.

Traceability definitions

Traceability is the ability to trace the history,

application or location of that which is under
consideration

When related to a product:

The origin of materials and parts,
The processing history and
The distribution and location of the product after
delivery
(ISO 9000:2000, Point 3.5.4)

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EU regulations on traceability

Food and feed business operators shall be able to

identify any person from whom they have been
supplied with a food, a feed, a food-producing animal,
or any substance to be, or expected to be,
incorporated into a food or feed.

Art 18 of Regulation (EC) No 178/ 2002

Possible economic
advantages of traceability

Improved management of stock in all links

Reduced extra purchase to secure delivery
Increase market shares/product value if
information is used actively towards
customers (story telling)

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Possible economic
advantages of traceability

Insurance. Just one incidence can hit

the whole sector
Optimisation of the whole production
chain

More confidence, more and improved

cooperation,
less raw material inspection

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Types of Standards used in Food &

Seafood Production
Management systems ISO9001, ISO14000, OHSAS18001
Corporate responsibility ISO26000
Security ISO27001
Feed and food safety - HACCP, BRC, IFS, SQF, ISO22000,
FSSC22000
Good Agricultural/Aquaculture Practices- GlobalGAP
Integrated Farm Assurance
Traceability -MSC Chain of Custody, ISO22005:2007,

GLOBALGAP CoC

Sustainability -Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Sustainable

Fishing, Product Certification (Voluntary) -EN 45011/ISO
Guide 65, GLOBALGAP
Food PackagingBRC IOP

Why fish traceability?

The growth of the aquaculture industry worldwide

has led to significant changes on how its products
are perceived and marketed.
In becoming an important contributor to the
markets for seafood, aquaculture is increasingly
subject to safety mechanisms and controls, such as
the HACCP particularly in some developed regions.
As both safety and trade regulations are
harmonized at international levels, quantitative risk
assessment and traceability will become integral
components of aquaculture management

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Fish industry: traceability and quality

management systems in the fresh fish trade

Food safety and food quality are important issues nowadays

Quality of raw material for processing it is important to keep the

quality of fish, which is of the most vulnerable and perishable food
items, at a high level in each link of the whole complex fishery chain.
This is necessary to be able to guarantee the consumer a healthy,
fresh and high quality end product

The implementation of quality assurance systems (HACCP), Good

Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and
well recorded harvesting, processing, transportation and distribution
information (traceability) are the keys to increasing fish products
quality, safety, trade and consumption

Food back & forward trace

Tracing is the retrieval of information to reconstruct the history of products. A flow of information
has to be systematically associated with the physical flow of goods.
Tracking is the retrieval of the actual status of a shipment, a package, etc. It is the capability to
follow the path of a specified unit or batch of a trade item downstream through the supply chain as it
moves between trading partners. This does not mean that the information must at all times be visible
by being labelled on the food or being with it.

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Seafood supply chains

Types of traceability systems

require more complex information-sharing systems, and allow one to trace
what happens to a product through all parts of the supply chain, or part of the
supply chain outside of one business entity

are already common within the seafood industry; they allow companies to
trace what happens to a product within a business operation

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Issues of seafood traceability

Seafood is a globally traded commodity.

language and technological barriers hinder the use of standardized electronic
systems for full traceability within supply chains

Limitations in resources, database expertise, and ICT staff often allow for ICT
systems to become antiquated and not effective for comprehensive
traceability. For smaller companies, significant costs may also hinder
progress

Often, full traceability cannot be achieved because product is not traceable at

points of mixing such as processing, auctions, or transshipment at sea.
Traceability is also problematic with small fishing vessels in open access
fisheries and when documents are falsified to conceal illegally caught or
mislabeled product

Efforts in seafood traceability by governments, companies and organizations

are varied and are often not developed in coordination.

Taiwan seafood traceability system

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Aquaculture in Taiwan
Taiwan is a small and mountainous island

- aquaculture centered in the southern

regions
- 300 Years of Aquaculture history

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3 key factors for promotion of traceability

system in Taiwan

Good Aqricultural Practices

Legislation
Accreditation & certification

- Information exchange standard

- Barcode standard
- Quality standard

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Taiwan COA initiate seafood

Traceability system
Basic Concepts and the Foundation Work of Agricultural
Products Traceability System Plan

Initially the COA planned the establishment of Taiwan Agricultural Products

Traceability System (TAFTS) , mainly focusing on the following 6 basic
concepts:
(1) according to the agricultural product nature, constructs management
system of consumer-oriented food safety supply chain;
(2) begins from establishing Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) that conforms
to the quality management and the global food safety standard, then
establishes gradually including Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for
the producers and the farmers association, processors, Good Hygienic
Practice (GHP) for distributors and retailers in order to help;
(3) transparency of the production and marketing process;
(4) executes Total Quality Management of the production and marketing
process;
(5) constructs the transmission, traceability mechanism of the productionmarketing process related information
(6) designs the independent fair third-party audit system.

4 big core works as the foundation

Taiwan Agricultural Products Traceability System have the
following 4 big core works as the foundation:

(1) formulates Taiwan version Good Agriculture Practice (TGAP) that

conforms to the quality control and the international safety standard;
(2) related entrepreneurs of the production and marketing supply
chain cooperate together, constructs the information traceability
system and transmission platform that can mutually connect records
of upstream and downstream of production-marketing process, in
order to publicize the related information of production and marketing
process, and make consumers' tracing more convenient;
(3) establishes the independent fair third-party audit system and the
related coordinated sets of measures
(4) enacts completely the safety agriculture related laws and
regulations.

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Project-Participating members and

collaboration

COA planned to promote traceability plan by

3 stages

The first stage, tests the level of agricultural product

operators' adaptability in traceability system, and
evaluates the possibility of completely promoting
traceability system.
The second stage, formulates TGAP conforms to the
quality management and international safety standard,
extends, and develops traceability information system,
and constructs the independent fair third-party audit
system.
the third stage, formulates agricultural products Good
Distribution Practice (GDP), implements the production
and marketing traceability system trial plan in the
agricultural product distribution stage, constructs the
consumer-oriented food safety supply chain gradually,
and completes the legislation, promotes traceability
system completely.

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Types of Standards used in Food &

Seafood Production
Management systems ISO9001, ISO14000, OHSAS18001
Corporate responsibility ISO26000
Security ISO27001
Feed and food safety - HACCP, BRC, IFS, SQF, ISO22000,
FSSC22000
Good Agricultural/Aquaculture Practices- GlobalGAP
Integrated Farm Assurance
Traceability -MSC Chain of Custody, ISO22005:2007,
GLOBALGAP CoC

Sustainability -Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

Sustainable Fishing, Product Certification (Voluntary) -EN
45011/ISO Guide 65, GLOBALGAP
Food PackagingBRC IOP

The European Union (EU) has recognized government

authorities as the competent authority for certification of
seafood exports to the EU. HACCP certification is now
extended to other food industries with auditing being
done by third parties.
HACCP
Good Animal Husbandry Practice (GAHP) at the farm
level.
Good Agriculture Practice (GAP)
Good Aquaculture Practice (GAqP)
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
Good Hygiene Practice (GHP)

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Globalgap Aquaculture Certification

Framework of standards for Aquaculture production

(HACCP, GAP)

Hazard Analysis and Critical

Control Point
- Processing Protocol
- Farm protocol

HACCP

GAqP, GHP
GEP, Traceability

Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP)

Good Hygienic Practices (GHP)
Good Environmental Practices (GEP)
Maintenance of Cold Chain
Traceability or source identification

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HACCP-compliant Facilities
To enable easy introduction of HACCP, a clean, semi-clean, and dirty work
zones in facilities and equipment design and build production lines,
buildings and air conditioning facilities based on GMP (Good
Manufacturing Practices).

Food distribution and processing facilities

Seafood processing plants

GAP Protocols Farmers of Taiwan

+800 GAP protocols for various rice, fruit,

vegetable, fishery, poultry and livestock
products were constructed and reviewed,
which were named TAP (Traceable
Agricultural Practice).

+600 pilot Aquaculture farms covering

these items were implemented.

TAP books for different

agriculture products

GAP manual as a guidance for Traceability

and Pond Management

Resouece: Sheu, Fuu(2007)

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Current 14 notification species of aquacutured seafood can be accreditated for GAP

certification by Taiwan Accreditation Foundation (TAF) such as, tilapia, cobia, grouper,
sea perch, ,mullet, ayu, eel, milkfish, clam, oyster, white shrimp (L. vannamei),
freshwater shrimp (M Rosenbergii), yellow-wax pompano (Trachinotus blochii).

Flowchart of Strategy and Expansion

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Taiwan GAP net

Good aquaculture practice

management main menu

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Farm reference & feeding record

Water quality record

Farmer history

Drug record

Test report

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GAP standard

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Verification, Certification and Eco-labeling

Third party verification, by an auditor for

example, assures the credibility of labeling
and advertising claims, and is a necessary
component of trustworthy eco-labeling
Certification of a fishery or aquaculture
operation goes one step further than
verification. This is a voluntary process
that involves assessment of a fishery or
aquaculture operation to determine
whether it meets a given standard.
Certification is more rigorous than
verification, and typically requires entire
chain of custody auditing and certification.
Taiwan Accreditation Foundation (TAF)
is authorized by Taiwan COA since 2004
as the accreditation body in charge
agricultural products (including seafood
products) accreditation and issue
certificates.

Certification logos

Design of Traceability Label

The Bar Code Label for Logistics
GLN Rule of Aquaculture Farm

EAN-13 for Retail

EAN-128 for Logistics

Global Location Number(GLN

for Producer

Global Trade Item Number( GTIN

for Fishery Products

GTIN Rule for Fishery Products

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The Bar Code Label for Logistics

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Certified seafood products

Traceability System in Seafood Supply Chain

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Track /Track Flow of Fisheries Product

Production Resume System

Communication between Fisheries

Product Resume System and Industry
Management System

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Seafood traceability information

by Internet

Inquire Platform of Fisheries

Production Resume System

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Taiwan seafood traceability system

- Query results

Consumer retrieves traceability

information

Consumer retrieves traceability information using barcode terminal.

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Traceability Information
By Cell Phone

Case 1
Competitiveness and supply chain
management study on Taiwan grouper
industry

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Major cultured grouper species in Taiwan

Orange spotted grouper

Epinephelus coioides

Giant grouperE. lanceolatus)

Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus ;

E. tukula

E. malabaricus Plectropomus
leopardus

Cromilepetes ativelis

110

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The Supply Chain of Taiwan Seafood Industry

Producers
GAP
system

Coastal
fisheries

Aquaculture
producers

Inshore
fisheries

Chilly or frozen
product

Live or fresh
product

Frozen product

Seafood
manufacture

Shipping Trader
Live fish
transportation

fish markets

Consumer
families

Far seas
fisheries

cold-chain
system
emphasize
more in this
area and
frozen
processed
aquacultural
products

Super markets

Export

Restaurants

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around 80% of marine cages in Taiwan are devoted to cobia culture.

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Bar code label of individual fish for logistics

Cobia

Giant grouper

ICT and seafood traceability

IoT plays a major role in the perishable supply chain; Delays or changes in
temperature and humidity can compromise product quality, which often
translates into significant losses in revenue.

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A Topology of food supply chains in the era of Internet-of-Things

The food supply chain traceability system model based on IoT

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Fig. Architecture of the traceability system based on the global network

architecture that uses RFID and WSN technologies to collect information.

Business process and information flow of the company in all stages of

the supply chain from the Hatchery to the retail

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ICTs Enable Information Flow from Farmers to Markets

Pilot architecture detailing the type of hardware used, the elements that were tagged with
RFID labels, the processes where sensors were used and the supply chain steps covered by
the pilot.

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From farm to fork

F2F Web page with

traceability information that
includes a description of the
product, its expiry date, a
map with relevant locations
and routes, a graph with the
temperature condition and a
flowchart of the processes
along the supply chain.

ICT & traceability

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