Q 1 Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during

photosynthesis?
A. H2O > NADPH > Calvin Cycle
B. NADPH > Chlorophyll > Calvin Cycle
C. NADPH > Electron transport chain > O2
D. NADPH > O2 > CO2
E. H20 > Photosystem 1 > Photosystem 2
Ans A. H2O > NADPH > Calvin cycle
Q 2 Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H 2O is _____ during the light reactions and

CO2 is _____ during the Calvin cycle.

A. Oxidized ... Reduced
B. Reduced ... Reduced
C. Consumed ... Consumed
D. Consumed ... Reduced
E. Reduced ... Oxidized
Ans A. Oxidized ... Reduced
Q 3 What is the basic role of CO2 in photosynthesis?

A. CO2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules.

B. CO2 is taken in by plants as a form of inverse respiration, in which carbon dioxide is breathed in
and oxygen is breathed out.
C. CO2 is a source of electrons in the formation of organic molecules.
Ans A. CO2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules.
Q 4 Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B. High-energy photons
C. Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
D. NADP+ and RuBP
E. Water and CO2
Ans C. Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Q 5 Choose sequence

Photosystem 1
Photosystem 2
Photosystem 1 & 2
Reduction of NADP+
Reduction of primary electron acceptor
Oxidation of electron transport chain between two photosystems
Reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems
Light absorption
Oxidation of water
Ans
Photosystem 1
Oxidization of water
Reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems
P2
Reduction of NADP+
Oxidation of electron transport chain between two photosystems
P1&2
Reduction of primary electron acceptor
Light absorption
Q 6 Electron transport step l Energy input required

1. Water > P680+

2. P680 > Pq (plastoquinone)
3. Pq > P700+
4. P700 > Fd (ferredoxin)
5. Fd > NADP+
Ans Electron transport step l Energy input required
1. Water > P680+ no energy
2. P680 > Pq (plastoquinone)
energy
3. Pq > P700+ no energy

4. P700 > Fd (ferredoxin) ...

energy
5. Fd > NADP+ no energy

Q7 Diagram of H+ movement

1. P.
2. P.Site of H+ release
3. P. Site of ATP synthesis
4. B. H+ pumped across
membrane
5. B.
6. B. H+ diffuses across
membrane
Q 8 When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by

A. Oxidizing glucose
B. Fixing carbon
C. Splitting water
D. Breaking down ATP
E. Removing them from NADPH
Ans C. Splitting water
Q 9 C4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because _____.

A. They store carbon by incorporating CO2 into organic acids that are later catabolized
B. They produce water as a product of their photosynthetic pathways
C. The stomata open at night and close in the day
D. They can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed
E. They produce carbon dioxide internally via photorespiration
Ans D. They can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are
closed
Q 10 Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

A. Rubisco
B. G3P
C. NADPH
D. RuBP
E. 3-PGA
Ans D. RuBP
Q 11 After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.

A. CO2
B. NADPH
C. ATP
D. ADP
E. NADP+
Ans B. NADPH
Q 12 How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of

glucose?
A. 6
B. 2
C. 10
D. 4
E. 8
Ans A. 6
13 In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P

molecules?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
E. 5
Ans B. 3

Q 14 Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?

A. Substrate-level phosphorylation
B. Photophosphorylation
C. Dephosphorylation
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
Ans B. Photophosphorylation
Q 15 True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton

gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.

True or False
Ans False
Q 16

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP
synthesis?
A. Temperature gradient
B. Osmotic gradient
C. Electrons
D. Proton gradient
Ans D. Proton gradient
Q 17 Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?

A. ATP
B. ADP
C. Inorganic phosphate
D. Protons
Ans D. Protons
Q 18 True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and

inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

True/ False
Ans False
Q 19 Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5. The solution is

then adjusted to pH 8.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?
A. ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP
synthase channels.
B. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.
C. The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that
there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside.
D. Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles.
Ans B. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.
Q 20 _____ has a longer wavelength than _____.

A. Yellow ... red

B. Red ... green
C. Violet ... blue
D. Green ... yellow
E. Blue ... green
Ans B. Red ... green
Q 21 The overall function of the Calvin cycle is _____.

A. Making sugar
B. Producing carbon dioxide
C. Capturing sunlight
D. Splitting water
E. Oxidizing glucose
Ans A. Making sugar
Q 22 In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

A. Reduction of NADP+.
B. Carbon fixation.
C. The Calvin cycle.
D. Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
E. Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.
Ans D. Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

Q 23

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

a. A
b. D
c. E
d. C
e. B
Ans C. E
Q 24

_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid
compartment.
A. E
B. C
C. B
D. D
E. A
Ans C. B
Q25

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .

A. B
B. C
C. A
D. E
E. D
Ans C. A
Q 26

Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP +.
A. B
B. E
C. A

D. C
E. D
Ans D. C
Q 27

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

A. B and C
B. A and C
C. A and B
D. B and D
E. B and E
Ans B. A and C

Q 28

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

A. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
B. H2O 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2eC. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
D. 6 CO2 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
E. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Ans C. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Q 29

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A. C
B. E
C. D
D. B
E. A
Ans B. E

Q 30 The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

A. Water ... NADPH

B. NADPH ... oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide ... oxygen
D. NADPH ... NADP+
E. Carbon dioxide ... sugar
Ans A. Water ... NADPH
Q 31 Select the correct molecule that is the main product of the Calvin cycle.

A. G3P
B. NADPH
C. Glucose
Ans A. G3P
Q 32 In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

A. A shift to C4 photosynthesis
B. The light reactions
C. The opening of stomata
D. Photosynthesis
E. Photorespiration
Ans E. Photorespiration
Q 33 In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

A. Grana
B. Thylakoids
C. Cytoplasm
D. Stomata
E. Stroma
Ans C. Cytoplasm
Q 34 C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

A. Use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle

B. Transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
C. Are better adapted to wet conditions
D. Open their stomata only at night
Ans E. Use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide B. Transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which
the Calvin cycle occurs
Q 35 How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?

A. In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

B. Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin cycle.
C. In both cases, only photosystem I is used.
D. Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark.
E. In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in photosynthesis.
Ans A. In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN RuBisCO and RuBP

RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,) is an
enzyme involved with the Calvin Cycle that catalyzes an important step in carbon
fixation. If you're unaware, carbon fixation is the process whereby molecules of
atmospheric carbon dioxide are reduced to generate glucose. RuBisCO catalyzes
either the carboxylation or oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, which
coincidentally is the RuBP about which you were asking.
It is probably the most abundant enzyme on Earth
It is rate-limiting for photosynthesis in plants,so can be improved through genetic
engineering to give increased photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants,
The rubisco active site is arranged around a magnesium ion. The center
magnesium ion connects to a small sugar molecule, three amino acids, lysine, and
carbon dioxide molecules
RuBP then is a 5-carbon intermediate involved with the Calvin cycle. RuBP is the
substrate that the enzyme Rubisco uses to fix carbon dioxide and ultimately
generate two molecules of glyceraldyde-3-phosphate, which is later reduced to
create glucose in the Calvin Cycle.

Thus, three molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH are consumed in
incorporating a single CO2 molecule into a hexose such as glucose or fructose.
SUCROSE
sucrose (common table sugar), a disaccharide, is synthesized in the cytosol.
Plants lack the ability to transport hexose phosphates across the chloroplast
membrane, but an abundant phosphate translocator mediates the transport of
triose phosphates from chloroplasts to the cytosol in exchange for phosphate.
Fructose 6-phosphate formed from triose phosphates joins the glucose unit
of UDP-glucose to form sucrose 6-phosphate . Hydrolysis of the phosphate ester
yields sucrose, a readily transportable and mobilizable sugar that is stored in
many plant cells, as in sugar beets and sugar cane.
BRAIN SUGAR : GALACTOSE

FIGURE : Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane

In substate level phosphorylation energy is transferred from low to

high energy and is due to direct phosphorylation of ADP to form ADP but does not involve the
ATP synthase.
It takes place during glycolysis (cytoplasm) and citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix)

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a lowenergy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O 2) through an
electron transport chain.
Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the formation of ATP via chemiosmosis during cellular
respiration

In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a highenergy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then
transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron
transport chain.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the
oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers
(quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also
contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump
in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III.