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OBJECTIVE:
INTRODUCTION:
The Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) configuration is widely used in
industrial applications and in wastewater treatment units. The CSTR are simple and
easier to design for isothermal operation. CSTR are useful in quantitatively evaluating
gas, liquid and slow flow behaviors.
The general working principle of CSTR : CSTR are open systems, which mean the
material free to enter or exit the system. CSTR are operated on a steady-state basis,
where the conditions in the reactor don't change with time.
Reactants are
continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed.
CSTR are the reactor was well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform
properties such as temperature, density and concentration of the reaction mixture.
Other than that, conditions in the reactor's exit stream are the same as those inside the
tank.
MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SETUP:
RESULT:
Experiment 1: Calibration Curve Conductivity versus Conversion
Conversion
(%)
0
25
50
75
100
2.3% Sodium
5 % Ethyl
Deionised
Hydroxide
Acetate
water, (mL)
(NaOH)
(Et(Ac))
solution (mL) solution (mL)
100
0
100
75
25
100
50
50
100
25
75
100
0
100
100
Table 1: Results for experiment 1
Conductivity
(mS/cm)
58.0
41.0
26.1
11.09
0.0266
50
40
Conductivity (mS/cm) 30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Conversion (%)
120
Time (min)
0
3
6
9
12
15
Conductivity (mS/cm))
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
22.1
4.0
83.41
97.64
45.5
4.0
65.02
97.64
43.6
3.8
66.51
97.80
35.7
3.7
72.72
97.88
34.2
4.7
73.90
97.09
32.1
4.8
75.55
97.01
Table 2: Result for experiment 2 of dosing rate: 20%
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
15.1
4.2
88.92
97.48
34.2
4.3
73.90
97.41
27.2
4.1
79.40
97.56
29.2
4.5
77.83
97.25
27.6
4.0
79.09
97.64
25.4
4.0
80.82
97.64
Table 3: Result for experiment 2 of dosing rate: 30%
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
6.6
3.7
95.60
97.88
28.1
3.8
78.69
97.80
28.7
4.2
78.22
97.48
28.6
3.7
78.30
97.88
31.5
5.8
76.02
96.23
31.4
4.7
76.10
97.09
Table 4: Result for experiment 2 of dosing rate: 40%
Time (min)
0
3
6
9
12
15
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
8.4
3.7
94.18
97.88
44.1
17.6
66.12
86.95
42.6
18.0
67.30
86.64
41.8
8.2
67.92
94.34
41.8
10.3
67.92
92.69
41.2
8.8
68.40
93.87
Table 5: Result for experiment 2 of dosing rate: 50%
30
Conductivity 1
25
20
15
10
5
0
10 12 14 16
time
Conductivity 2
10
5
0
10 12 14 16
Time
60
40
20
0
10 12 14 16
time
conversion 2
90
85
80
10 12 14 16
time
Conductivity 1
Conductivity (mS/cm) 20
Conductivity 2
15
10
5
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Conversion (%)
Conversion 1
60
Conversion 2
40
20
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Experiment 3:
Dosing rate at 30% and reaction temperature at 35
Time (min)
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
0
22.6
4.2
83.02
97.48
3
36.4
4.2
72.17
97.48
6
35.0
4.6
73.27
97.17
9
34.4
4.9
73.74
96.93
12
32.1
5.3
75.55
96.62
15
31.8
5.5
75.79
96.46
Table 7: Result for experiment 3 of dosing rate 30% at 35
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Conversion (%)
1
2
1
2
20.0
2.9
85.06
98.51
35.5
3.7
72.88
97.88
33.3
3.1
74.61
98.35
32.3
3.3
75.39
98.19
31.7
3.7
75.86
97.88
31.2
4.1
76.26
97.56
Table 8: Result for experiment 3 of dosing rate 30% at 40
Time
(min)
0
3
6
9
12
15
Time
(min)
0
3
6
9
12
15
1
0.6034
0.5015
0.5388
0.5282
0.5367
0.5484
1
0.1886
0.0610
0.0672
0.0700
0.0828
0.0847
1
0.4744
0.0711
0.1225
0.1037
0.1185
0.1439
2
10.0535
10.0535
7.9462
6.7357
5.5390
5.0413
1
0.2496
0.0649
0.0758
0.0815
0.0853
0.0886
ln k
2
29.0609
14.2634
23.6596
19.6296
14.2634
10.7323
45
2
0.6615
0.6610
0.6620
0.6599
0.6626
0.6626
45
2
10.0535
9.5105
10.7323
8.4222
11.4817
11.4817
Time
30
40
45
1
2
1
2
1
2
(min)
0
-1.6682
2.3079
-1.3879
3.3694
-0.7458
2.3079
3
-2.7964
2.3079
-2.7349
2.6577
-2.6444
2.2524
6
-2.7006
2.0727
-2.5796
3.1638
-2.0993
2.3733
9
-2.6588
1.9074
-2.5068
2.9770
-2.2662
2.1309
12
-2.4917
1.7118
-2.4621
2.6577
-2.1331
2.4408
15
-2.4688
1.6177
-2.4234
2.3733
-1.9387
2.4408
Table 9: Result for experiment 3 of rate of reaction, rate constant and ln k data
Temperature, K
1/T, K-1
ln k1
ln k2
308.15
0.0032
-2.4688
1.6177
313.15
0.0032
-2.4234
2.3733
318.15
0.0031
-1.9387
2.4408
2.0000
1.0000
ln k
lnk1
0.0000
0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0033 0.0033
Linear (lnk1)
lnk2
Linear (lnk2)
-1.0000
-2.0000
-3.0000
1/T
CALCULATION:
Part 1: Conversion, X
X = 1
Where
( K K e )
100
( K o K e )
X = 1
(25.41 )
100
( 128.21 )
80.82
For conversion 2 ( K = 4.8 mS/cm)
X = 1
( 4.01 )
100
( 128.21 )
97.64
Part 2: Rate of Reaction, -rA
The rate of reaction is determined with the formula:
r A=
F AO X A
V
L
h
L
L
L
30 dose=0.3 x 19 =5.7 =0.095
h
h
min
Since the time of reaction is 15 min,
V =0.095
L
15 min
min
1.425 L
L
g 1 mol
897
min
L 88.11 g
0.967
mol
min
(0.967)(0.8082)
1.425
0.5484
mol
L min
(0.967)(0.9764)
1.425
0.6626
mol
L min
k=
r A
2
C Ao (1X )
F
C Ao = A 0 =
v
mol
min
mol
=10.179
L
L
0.095
min
0.967
0.5484
( 10.179 )2 (10.8082)2
0.1439
L
mol min
0.6626
( 10.179 )2 (10.9764)2
11.4817
L
mol min
k =A e
E
)
RT
k =
E 1
+ ln A
R T
ln
()
[Y = m X + C]
From Graph 7,
The line equation for ln k1 is given by:
y=5173.2 x +14.246
E 1
+ ln A
R T
Compare : ln
k =
()
E
Slope : =5173.2
R
E=5173.2 K x 8.314
J
K mol
E=43009.98
J
kJ
=43
mol
mol
E 1
+ ln A
R T
Compare : ln
k =
()
E
Slope : =8104.6
R
E=8104.6 K x 8.314
J
K mol
E=67381.64
J
kJ
=67.38
mol
mol
DISCUSSION:
Findings
In this experiment, the relationship between the flow rate and the conversion of ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide has been determined and observed. It is known that the
saponification for ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide will form sodium acetate and
ethanol.
C H 3 COOC H 2 C H 3 + NaOH C H 3 COONa+C H 3 C H 2 OH
According to the calibration curve, when the volume of sodium hydroxide is reduced
and volume of ethyl acetate is increased, the conductivity of the solution will decrease
linearly. This is because sodium hydroxide is a high conductivity compound due to
OH ion. When the volume of NaOH decrease, there will be less OH ions and it will
react to form sodium acetate which is lower in conductivity. At high volume of NaOH
solution, NaOH will be in excess and unreacted which lead to high conductivity of
solution.
From the result for dosing rate of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% at 45C, the conductivity
of the solution mixture fluctuate every 3 minutes in a total of 15 minutes. In other
word, the conversion of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide will not affect by time.
According to theoretical result, the conductivity of product solution will decrease and
it means that the conversion will increase. This is because there will be more reaction
occur when the reactants stay longer in the CSTR and it leads to formation of more
products. By changing the dosing rate of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide, the
conductivity and conversion of the product changed as well. The conversion of the
product increase when the dosing rate increase from 20% to 30% and it decrease
again when dosing rate increase from 30% to 50%. But in theoretical result, the
conversion of the reaction will decrease when we increase the flow rate of the
reactants into the reactor. This is because when the flow rate into the reactor
increased, the outlet flow rate of the reactor will increase as well. The solution will
have a lesser residence time in the reactor and hence it lead to lesser conversion into
products.
In this experiment, there is lack of information to find the reaction rate constant, k due
to not conducting the experiment in different temperature. In the theoretical result, the
conversion of saponification between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide will
increase when the temperature of the reactor and reactant increases. The reaction rate
constant will also increase eventually.
The result that we obtain is less accurate when it is compared to the theoretical result.
This is cause by some error of obtaining the result and the operation of the CSTR.
First, it is observed that the flow rate of ethyl acetate into the CSTR is different with
the flow rate of sodium hydroxide although the dosing rate that is adjusted are the
same. Next, the outlet flow rate of the CSTR is not steady and it leads to fluctuation
of the conductivity for the outlet flow.
Residence time
Residence time is the mean amount of times that a particle stays in a particular system
which used in non-ideality of industrial and natural processes. This measurement
varies directly with the amount of substance that is present in the system as follow:
systemcapacity
V
q
Where
is a distribution of residence times of materials within the reactor. There are few
assumptions to be made which are the reactor is at steady-state which indicate
constant volume, the fluid is incompressible and the transport at the inlet and outlet
take places only by advection when using the RTD theory. External residence time
distribution, E(t) is used to present the distribution of residence time. It has the units
-1
E ( t ) dt=1
0
F AO X
(r A )exit
Where
F AO
is the inlet of A,
is the
From the design equation, we know that as volume of CSTR increase, the conversion
of reactant A will increase as well. For more precision, the residence time,
of the
reactant in the reactor increase with the higher volume of reactant in the reactor, V
with a fixed volumetric flow rate, Q . Therefore, the reactant has more time to react
in the reactor hence the conversion will be higher.
From experimental study of the research article of the effect of operating condition on
CSTR performance, the result of Figure 4 has showed that the volume of the reactor is
increase linearly with the conversion of the reaction.
NaOH
Et(Ac)
Na(Ac)
EtOH
2) Since the product and reactant of this reaction is in gas phase, Thus, change of
system pressure will change the conversion. . Pressure is the consequence of
the collision between gas molecules and the container wall. The more gas
molecules present in the container, the higher the pressure. The equation above
show the left hand side has 4 moles of gas while the right hand side has 2 mole
of gas. If the system pressure is increase, the position of equilibrium will move
to the right to produce fewer molecules. As a result, the pressure will be
reduced.
3) The concentration either the N2 or H2 can be increase to increase the
conversion. When the concentration of reactant is increase, the position of
equilibrium will move such a way to decrease the concentration again. This
can be accomplish by formation of NH3and the conversion rate of Haber
process will increase.
Application
The application of CSTR is these reactors are normally employed on commercial
scale mainly for liquid phase reaction at low or medium pressure. Beside, It is
commonly used in industrial processing of homogeneous reactions (only liquid phase)
and usually used in series
Precautionary Steps
Several precautions have to be taken this experiment as it can affect the data results
significantly. First of all, do not add any water to the how water tank in order to
decrease the temperature in the process of the experiment as the apparatus will
immediately shut down when it running. Besides that, ensure that the valves are fixed
and tighten to ensure the there is no chemical split out during the experiment.
Recommendations
Some recommendations can be applied to improve the reliability of result. First, make
sure there is sufficient NaOh and Et(Ac) in the NaOH feed tank and Et(Ac) feed tank
respectively. This can prevent the interruption of the reactant supply when the reaction
is run at high flow rate. Second, a more reliable dosing pump should be used in this
experiment as the existing dosing pump in the CSTR is not reliable where the setting
flow rate of the pump will experience fluctuation. Lastly, when the experiment is
repeated with different dosing rate, the previous solution that has been left inside the
CSTR reactor should drain out completely. This will make the obtained result more
precise.
CONCLUSION:
According to the result, the conductivity and conversion of saponification between
ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide is not affected by time. When dosing rate or flow
rate of the reactant into the reactor increase, the conversion of the reaction decreases.
The reaction rate constant is depends on the temperature by referring the theoretical
result. The conversion is not really accurate due to the uneven flow rate of the reactant
into the reactor and cause inaccurate of the result.
REFERENCES: